Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems E-ISSN: 1870-0462 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán México

Githae, Eunice W.; Gachene, Charles K. K.; Odee, David W. IMPLICATION FOR in situ CONSERVATION OF INDIGENOUS SPECIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WILD Coffea arabica L. POPULATION IN MOUNT MARSABIT FOREST, Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, vol. 14, núm. 2, mayo-agosto, 2011, pp. 715-722 Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Yucatán, México

Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=93918231036

How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 14 (2011): 715 - 722

IMPLICATION FOR in situ CONSERVATION OF INDIGENOUS SPECIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WILD Coffea arabica L. POPULATION IN MOUNT MARSABIT FOREST, KENYA

[IMPLICACIONES PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN in situ DE ESPECIES INDIGÉNAS CON ESPECIAL REFERENCIA A LA POBLACIÓN SILVESTRE DE Coffea arabica L. EN EL BOSQUE DE LA MONTAÑA MARSABIT, KENYA]

Eunice W. Githae1*, Charles K. K. Gachene1 and David W. Odee2

1Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya, 2Drylands Research Programme, Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), P. O. Box 20412-00200, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +254 725 286 095 *Corresponding Author

SUMMARY RESUMEN

Mt. Marsabit forest is the only forest in Kenya where El bosque de la montaña Marsabit es el único bosque Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae) occurs naturally in wild de Kenia donde se encuentran población silvestres de populations. This forest however is highly fragmented Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae) de manera natural. Este and decreasing at a rapid rate due to anthropogenic bosque se encuentra en un proceso rápida reducción y activities. This study assesses the diversity and fragmentación debido a actividades antropogénicas. Se structure of species of conservation concern with evaluó la diversidad y estructura de especies de interés reference to wild coffee as basis for management, para su conservación con referencias al café silvestre conservation and use of wild genetic resources in como una base para el manejo, conservación y Kenya. A botanical inventory and diversity study aprovechamiento de recursos genéticos en Kenia. Se identified 52 species of trees and shrubs, 12 species of realizó un inventario y se identificaron 52 especies de herbs and six species of climbers and lianas were árboles y arbustivas, 12 de herbáceas y 6 de trepadoras recorded and belonged to 35 families and 64 genera. y lianas pertenecientes a 35 familias y 64 géneros. Rubiaceae (Coffee family) was the richest family with Rubiaceae (familia del café) fue la familia con mayor nine species followed by Euphorbiaceae with six riqueza (9 especies) seguido de Euphorbiaceae (6 species. Rinorea convallarioides (Bak.f.) Eyles ssp. especies). Rinorea convallarioides (Bak.f.) Eyles ssp. marsabitensis Grey-Wilson (Violaceae), an endemic marsabitensis Grey-Wilson (Violaceae), una especie species, and Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. endémica, y Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae), were the two most important species, (Euphorbiaceae), fueron las dos especies más accounting for more than third of the combined importantes y representaron más de un tercio del valor importance value. Coffea arabica was dominant in the combinado de importancia. Coffea arabica fue forest undergrowth with a higher density occurring in dominante bajo el dosel del bosque, con una mayor the open patches where it was competing with other densidad en las áreas abiertas donde competía con shrubs and small trees in the undergrowth. The success otras especies de arbustivas y árboles pequeños en and future management and conservation strategy of crecimiento. El éxito, manejo futuro y estrategia de this forest depend on how to conserve the forest conservación de este bosque dependerá de cómo genetic resources especially of this wild species. conservar los recursos genéticos, en especial las especies silvestres. Key words: Conservation; Coffea Arabica; Mt. Marsabit forest Palabras clave: Conservación; Coffea Arabica; Bosque de montaña.

INTRODUCTION capacity is often limited (Gordon and Newton, 2006). This tool is able to distinguish between sites not only Biodiversity inventory as a tool for guiding by number of species (richness), but also by number of conservation planning at a local scale is under utilized, threatened species. Quantitative inventories provide especially in tropical countries where technical vital information for identifying economically useful

715 Githae et al., 2011 as well as rare, threatened or vulnerable species, MATERIALS AND METHODS which may require urgent conservation (e.g. Ssegawa and Nkuutu, 2006). Conserving species of special Study site interest in tropical forest ecosystems ensures that the vital socio-economic and environmental services (e.g. The study was conducted within Mt. Marsabit forest in wood and non-wood products, and soil and water Marsabit district in the Eastern Province of Kenya, conservation) are sustained for the livelihoods of the which lies between latitude 245' N and 47' N and dependent or adjacent communities. However, many longitude 3757' E and 3921' E. Mt. Marsabit forest forests in the tropics currently face a variety of threats, covers an area of about 150 km2, and has a unique which include: unsustainable harvesting practices, floral and faunal biodiversity (Beentje, 1994; Adano, illegal encroachment, poor management, as well as 2002). The forest is located on an extinct Holocene degradation by the dependent communities (United shield volcano with an old crater, Lake Paradise Nations Development Programme [UNDP], 2006). (Monr, 1962). It is a sub-humid cloud-montane forest of several hills surrounded at lower altitudes by arid Coffea arabica originates from southwest and south and semi arid areas, and is isolated from the other dry , where it occurs naturally in the undergrowth zone forests of Samburu and Marsabit districts of the montane rainforests between 1,000 and 2,000 (Adano, 2002). It has an elevation of about 1700 m m-asl (Schmitt et al., 2005). Other places where it is above sea level (m asl) with a mean maximum found outside Ethiopia is Mt. Marsabit in northern temperature of 26-28C and a mean minimum Kenya and Mt. Boma in southeast . However, temperature of 14-16C. The mean annual rainfall is these areas and the respective coffee populations have 800-1400 mm while the mean annual evaporation rate not been sufficiently investigated (Gole, 2003). This is 1450-2200 mm (Sombroek et al., 1982). It has rich study highlights the occurrence and distribution of volcanic soils, which are well developed with high species with conservation significance together with water retention capacity (GOK, 1996). wild coffee in Mt. Marsabit forest. Mt Marsabit is an ecologically and socio-economically important Forest sampling, measurement and species ecosystem, located in Marsabit National Reserve. The identification reserve was established by the Kenya Government Notice 936 in 1948 (Synott, 1979) and is the only Three belt transects of 18 × 1.2 km, 12 × 1.2 km and 5 government gazetted forest in Marsabit district × 1 km were laid in three parts of Mt. Marsabit forest (Government of Kenya [GOK], 1996). The forested representative of the vegetation. They were subdivided mountain is surrounded by a vast area of open dryland into 400 × 400 m quadrats, which were further savanna thus attracting a variety of wildlife and is the subdivided into plots of 20 × 5 m. Sampling, only source of permanent surface water in the region. assessments and measurements were carried out on Communities living around the forest utilize it for fuel randomly distributed plots among the quadrats. wood, timber and medicinal plants. They also obtain Eighty-one plots were sampled in the first transect, 61 all their water from the wells and springs fed by the in the second and twelve in the third transect giving a forest. Wild Coffea arabica is among the species of total of 154 sampled plots. In each plot, all trees and conservation concern in this forest. The highly diverse shrubs (≥5 cm dbh), herbs, climbers and lianas were gene pool of these wild coffee populations is of identified and enumerated. The number of individuals international importance, because it constitutes an of each tree and shrub species were counted and important potential for the breeding of new varieties. recorded. The cover of five vegetation layers: Mt. Marsabit forest therefore has a high potential for emergent (trees above 25 m high), overstorey (trees genetic resources and needs to be preserved as a ranging between 9-24.9 m high), understorey (young crucial water catchment and unique biodiversity trees and shrubs ranging 2-8.9 m high), shrub/ saplings refugia in the surrounding harsh arid environment. The (ranging 1-1.9 m high) and herb/seedling layer (

divided by the total number of occurrences of all

species in plots; (2) relative density (Rd), which is the

number of individuals of a species divided by the total

716 Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 14 (2011): 715 - 722 number of individuals of all species; (3) relative Impacts of human activities on species composition dominance (RD), which is the basal area of a species divided by the sum of basal areas of all species; (4) Human activities such as firewood harvesting led to importance value (Iv), which was calculated by removal of canopy cover and undergrowth whereby summation of Rf + Rd + RD. Vegetation data were more light reached the forest floor. This led to increase analyzed with Biodiversity.R software version 2.1.0 in species number and abundance of coffee plants (Kindt and Coe, 2005). together with herbs (e.g. Barleria volkensii Lindau, Achyranthes aspera L, Vernonia brachycalyx O. RESULTS Hoffm., Ricinus communis L., Ocimum gratissimum, Plectranthus ignarius (Schweinf.) Agnew, Indigofera Species composition arrecta A.Rich., Hibiscus calyphyllus Car., Pentas schimperiana (A.Rich) Vatke ssp. schimperiana, A total number of 70 species was recorded Solanum giganteum Jacq. Wuthamnia somnifera (L.) belonging to 35 families and 64 genera. These were 52 Duna and Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.) and species of trees and shrubs, twelve species of herbs herbaceous climbers such as Ryttya fruticosa Lindau, and six species of climbers and lianas. The family Dregea abyssinica (Hochst.) K.Schum, Jasminum represented by the highest number of species was abyssinicum DC, Jasminum fluminense Vell., Helinus Rubiaceae (Coffee family) with nine species followed mystacinus (Ait.) Steud. and Toddalia asiatica (L.) by Euphorbiaceae (six), Oleaceae (five), Rutaceae Lam. The same holds true for shrubs and small trees (four), Capparaceae, Labiatae and Leguminosae (three that compete with coffee in the undergrowth (e.g. each). Rinorea convallarioides (Bak.f.) Eyles ssp. Chionanthus, Oxyanthus and Psychotria). Saplings of marsabitensis Grey-Wilson (Violaceae), an endemic pioneer species like Clausena anisata, Albizia species, and Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. gummifera, Olea capensis and Diospyros abyssinica (Euphorbiaceae), were the two most important species, and were the most abundant in the open patches. accounting for more than third of the combined importance value. The cumulative species area curve Other agroforestry species of conservation concern showed that all the species were detected in the study area. Coffea arabica had the highest density in the Out of the 52 species of trees and shrubs identified in Rubiaceae family with an abundance of 80 trees/ha, Mt. Marsabit forest, and according to the literature which was higher than the abundance of some highly (e.g. from Maundu and Tengnäs, 2005 and Beetje, utilized trees in Kenya that were found in this forest, 1994), ten species were found to be of conservation such as Olea capensis with 73 trees/ha, Casaeria concern in Kenya (Table 2). These were Rinorea battiscombei with 36, kenyensis with 11, convallarioides ssp. marsabitensis (Iv= 53.59), Olea Prunus africana with 10, and Osyris lanceolata with europaea ssp. Africana (Iv= 14.99), Teclea two (Table 1). Coffea arabica was most dominant in hanangensis var. hanangensis (Iv= 9.83), Olea the forest understorey together with Erythroxylum capensis (Iv= 5.34), Coffea arabica (Iv= 2.55), Prunus emarginatum, Rytigynia bugoyensis, Dracaena Africana (0.86), Ocotea kenyensis (0.55), Cordia laxixima, Heinsenia diervilleoides, Teclea africana (0.45), Osyris lanceolata (0.09) and Premna hanangensis, Clausena anisata, Diospyros abyssinica maxima (0.09). Except the first two, which were and Ochna insculpta. among the majority of the species, the rest were of low importance value indicating poor representation in the The dbh of coffee was between 2-7 cm. It grew well forest. The species density was significantly different and fruited in open patches with disturbed canopy and indicating that some species were more preferred by in the forest valleys with open sunlight as compared to the local people than others (Fig. 1). R. convallarioides the one under the canopy, which carried only a few ssp. marsabitensis was the most dominant species fruits. This is because other shrubs and tree species despite being endemic to this forest. that are apparently more competitive than coffee grow in the shade (e.g. Chionanthus, Oxyanthus and Psychotria). The coffee plants under the canopy were thinned out but very large and bushy

717 Githae et al., 2011

Table 1. Relative density (Rd), relative frequency (Rf), relative dominance (RD), importance value (Iv) abundance and canopy position of trees and shrubs encountered in Mt. Marsabit forest

Species Habit Rd Rf RD Iv Abundance Canopy position (trees/ha) Acacia brevispica Shrub 0.445 0.500 0.07 1.02 42 s Albizia gummifera Tree 1.995 1.015 4.31 7.32 151 o Apodytes dimidiata Tree 0.755 2.745 3.04 6.54 61 o Asparagus spp. Shrub 0.165 0.350 0.25 0.77 34 s Bauhinia tomentosa Shrub 1.450 1.400 0.06 2.91 133 u Boscia angustifolia Tree 0.595 0.500 0.22 1.32 15 u Casaeria battiscombei Tree 0.110 0.495 0.06 0.67 36 o Cassipourea malosana Tree 6.590 4.685 6.66 17.94 512 o Chionanthus battiscombei Tree 0.340 0.805 0.35 1.49 32 o Clausena anisata Shrub 2.980 3.765 3.64 10.39 246 o Coffea arabica Shrub 1.040 1.490 0.02 2.55 80 s Cordia africana Tree 0.035 0.195 0.22 0.45 3 e Croton dichogamous Shrub 0.785 1.405 0.08 2.27 74 u Croton megalocarpus Tree 3.545 6.715 12.80 23.06 330 e Diospyros abyssinica Shrub 1.865 5.100 0.09 7.05 172 s Dovyalis abyssinica Shrub 0.755 2.445 0.84 4.04 66 o Dracaena laxixima Shrub 0.025 0.145 0.00 0.17 2 s Drypetes gerrardii Tree 18.235 8.605 23.18 50.02 1907 o Ekerbegia capensis Tree 0.195 0.795 0.69 1.68 17 o Erythoxylum emarginatum Shrub 6.140 6.350 0.30 12.79 12 u Erythrococca bongensis Tree 0.135 0.495 0.01 0.64 554 u Euclea divinorum Tree 0.210 0.650 0.03 0.89 20 u Ficus natalensis Tree 0.065 0.345 0.41 0.82 6 e Flueggea virosa Tree 0.085 0.150 0.02 0.25 8 u Grewia fallax Shrub 0.140 0.400 0.09 0.63 13 u Heinsenia diervillioides Shrub 0.140 1.540 0.07 1.75 43 u Maerua crassifolia Tree 0.380 0.400 0.04 0.82 56 u Maytenus heterophylla Tree 0.160 0.200 0.02 0.36 9 u Ochna insculpta Shrub 2.640 5.055 0.11 7.81 248 u Ocimum suave Shrub 1.410 0.805 0.03 2.24 299 u Ocotea kenyensis Tree 0.145 0.395 0.01 0.55 11 o Olea capensis Tree 0.920 2.49 1.93 5.34 73 o Olea europaea Tree 1.065 2.555 11.37 14.99 103 e Osyris lanceolata Shrub 0.020 0.050 0.02 0.09 2 u Oxyanthus speciosus Shrub 0.675 1.340 0.20 2.22 52 u Premna maxima Tree 0.010 0.050 0.03 0.09 1 o Prunus africana Tree 0.105 0.450 0.31 0.86 10 o Psyadrax schimperiana Tree 0.505 1.755 0.50 2.76 46 o Psychotria kirkii Shrub 0.040 0.100 0.02 0.16 8 s Rhus natalensis Tree 0.030 0.100 0.25 0.38 3 u Rinorea convallarioides Tree 27.230 8.015 18.34 53.59 2274 o Ritchea albersii Tree 0.405 1.145 0.10 1.65 24 u Rytigynia bugoyensis Shrub 0.530 1.240 0.09 1.86 41 u Scutia myrtina Shrub 0.105 0.495 0.06 0.66 9 u Strychnos henningsii Tree 5.310 4.760 3.64 13.71 718 u Strychnos mitis Tree 2.305 4.595 3.51 10.41 193 o Tarenna graveolens Tree 0.700 2.390 0.48 3.57 61 o Teclea hanangensis Tree 3.785 5.905 0.14 9.83 334 u Teclea simplicifolia Tree 1.460 0.700 0.09 2.25 138 u Trema orientalis Tree 0.080 0.195 0.08 0.36 6 o Trichilia emetica Tree 1.070 2.435 1.18 4.68 50 o Vangueria madagascariensis Tree 0.105 0.400 0.05 0.55 39 u e- emergents, o- overstorey, u- understorey and s- shrub layer

718 Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 14 (2011): 715 - 722

Table 2. Description of species of conservation concern encountered in Mt. Marsabit forest

Species Description Growth Significance C. arabica Endemic Fast growing Agroforestry C. africana Threatened Moderate- slow growing Fodder tree during dry season

O. kenyensis Rare Fairly slow growing Hard wood O. capensis Rare Poor seeder Termite- resistant timber Slow growing O.europaea ssp. africana Threatened Poor seeder Heaviest wood known Very slow growing Low germination rate O. lanceolata Endangered Poor seeder Perfume extraction Very slow growing P. maxima Rare/ vulnerable Slow growing Hardwood P. africana Endangered Fairly slow growing Drug industry R. convallarioides ssp. marsabitensis Endemic/ rare Fast growing Fodder tree during the dry season Firewood T. hanangensis var. hanangensis Rare Fairly fast growing Timber

DISCUSSIONS is a crucial variable in the planning process. This also requires limitations for the removal of canopy trees Diversity and structure of coffee in Mt. Marsabit and undergrowth vegetation with particular attention forest to the protection and rejuvenation of old growth canopy species (Shmitt et al., 2005). In the past, Mt. Marsabit forest has been recognized for its socio-economic and ecological services for the Coffee is a crop that can grow intermixed with tropical local communities but not for its unique floristic trees and be produced in a habitat that can maintain richness. Several species are under threat because of birds and other important species (UNDP-GEF, 2004). rarity or, as this study has shown, unsustainable Several shrubs and small trees that compete with methods of utilization. This forest is geographically coffee in the undergrowth were observed in this forest isolated from others, and has several endemic, rare, (e.g. Chionanthus, Oxyanthus and Psychitria). This threatened or vulnerable species of national and small scale differences in the amount of shade and regional importance; all of which are important competing vegetation from different natural forest characteristics for determining areas of conservation areas leads to a high variability in wild coffee yields priority (Githae et al., 2007). Mt. Marsabit forest is the among these forests (Shmitt et al., 2008). Wild C. only source of wild coffee in Kenya. The shade loving arabica will only be conserved in Mt. Marsabit forest species was widely distributed in the forest when the potential value of the coffee genetic diversity understorey and grew well in the open patches as can be transformed into real benefits for the compared with the undisturbed vegetation structure communities in the forest regions. Furthermore, recent and deeply shaded understorey. This is the same case initiatives have shown that wild coffee can attain high as observed in the montane rainforest of southwestern prices on the international specialty market by Ethiopia (Shmitt et al., 2008). emphasizing its wild provenance (Gole, 2003).

This wild coffee is an important gene pool for future Other agroforestry species of conservation concern selection and breeding of improved cultivars (Denich et al., 2003). Natural populations of coffee are likely Ten forest species were observed to be of economic to be the source of new resistance genes needed to significance and majority being threatened and rare. R. cope with future evolution in the pathogens of a crop convallarioides ssp. marsabitensis is endemic to Mt. (Aga et al., 2003). Some of these resistant cultivars Marsabit forest and listed in the IUCN red list of have been identified through molecular markers (e.g. threatened plants (Walter and Gillett, 1998). It was the by Aga et al., 2003 and Sera et al., 2003). This will most dominant species but also critically threatened by especially be the case if host populations are its use as dry season fodder. Harvesting of the whole maintained in situ to allow co-evolution to occur and tree/shrub for products other than timber, as is the case therefore, information on the amount and pattern of of this species, implies that the population size is genetic variation of forest coffee populations in Kenya remarkably reduced and this will have a serious

719 Githae et al., 2011 genetic impact. Reproduction capacity of the affected and conservation. Farmers should be encouraged to population is affected and this may impact on the plant this tree as an agroforestry species since it genetic viability by reducing it and therefore affecting improves the soil. P. africana (Prunus) is an evergreen future adaptability of future generations (Kigomo, tree and rare in the wild due to bark extraction for 2001). Another species, T. hanangensis var. medicinal purposes (Maundu and Tengnäs, 2005). It is hanangensis, is a shrub, which is rare and only found used in manufacturing of drug used to manage in three other localities in Kenya namely: Matakweni complications associated with prostatism. Harvesting hills, Moyale and Kilibasi (Beentje, 1994). This non-productive parts such as leaves or bark for species was among the most dominant in the forest medicine, as is the case with P. africana, will have understorey. O. europaea spp. africana (Brown/wild indirect selection effects on viability and olive) is an evergreen tree and once established can reproductivity of affected individuals (Kigomo, 2001). withstand poor soils with little moisture (Maundu and The heartwood of this species is very resistant to Tengnäs, 2005). It was the main emergent tree termite and fungal attacks and is favorable in together with Croton megalocarpus. This species has agroforestry and afforestation (Mburu et al., 2007). P. the heaviest wood known and the most valuable maxima is a hard wood with good timber and is firewood plant. The main firewood sold in Marsabit vulnerable in Kenya (Beentje, 1994), and is also listed town comes from this species giving a reason for its in the IUCN red list of threatened plants (Walter and selection. O. capensis (East African olive) is another Gillett, 1998). Other than Mt. Marsabit, it also occurs species related to O. europaea and was common in the in Meru, which is located in the northeastern part of forest overstorey. It is becoming rare in Kenya due to Mt. Kenya (Maundu and Tengnäs, 2005). The species over exploitation and has valuable termite-resistant had the least importance value thus confirming its timber. O. lanceolata (African sandal wood) is the vulnerability in Mt. Marsabit forest too. O. kenyensis only species in Santalaceae family and is an evergreen (Camphor wood) is an evergreen tree and good for shrub (Beentje, 1994). It is endangered in Kenya timber and is rare due to overexploitation. having been heavily exploited for extraction of perfumes and is currently the subject of domestication

27.5

25.0

22.5

20.0

17.5

15.0

12.5

10.0 Relative density (%) density Relative 7.5

5.0

2.5

0.0

Olea capensis Olea

Olea europaea Olea arabica Coffea

Cordia africana Cordia

Prunus africana Prunus

Premnamaxima

Ocotea kenyensis Ocotea

Osyris lanceolata Osyris

Ekerbegia capensis Ekerbegia

Teclea hanangensis Teclea Rinorea convallaroides Rinorea

Species

Figure 1. Relative density of all the species of conservation concern in Mt. Marsabit forest

720 Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 14 (2011): 715 - 722

The potential species of conservation significance that humid montane forest in the arid lands of are mentioned are evergreen, slow growing and poor northern Kenya. African Journal of Ecology seeders and therefore more research should address 46: 39-45. their germination potential for use in agroforestry and afforestation. Furthermore, wild coffee populations Gole T.W. 2003. Vegetation of the Yayu Forest in SW contain germplasm, which are tolerant of coffee leaf Ethiopia: Impacts of human Use and rust and coffee berry disease and therefore, this coffee Implications for in situ Conservation of wild population in Marsabit forest should hence be Coffea arabica L. Populations. Ecology and addressed to provide information about its resistance, development series No. 10 2003. yield and conservation. Gordon J.E and Newton C.A. 2006. Efficient floristic CONCLUSIONS inventory for the assessment of tropical tree diversity: A comparative test of four Our study has, therefore, shown that Mt. Marsabit alternative approaches. Forest Ecology and forest has species richness with socio-economic and Management 237: 564-573. ecological value, and is also refugia for several endemic, rare, threatened and vulnerable plant species, Government of Kenya. 1996. Marsabit District which should be conserved. A conservation concept Development Plan 1994-1996. Nairobi. needs to integrate the remaining forest into a protected area so that the natural structure and species Kigomo N.B. 2001. State of Forest genetic Resources composition of the forest is maintained. in Kenya. Sub-Regional Workshop FAO/IPGRI/ICRAF on the conservation, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS management, sustainable utilisation and enhancement of forest genetic resources in We thank the GEF-UNEP and all the members of Sahelian and North-Sudanian Africa Agricultural Research Foundation (AGREF) for (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 22-24 logistical and financial assistance. We also thank Mr. September 1998). Forest Genetic Resources Simon Mathenge of the University of Nairobi Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/18E. herbarium and Roeland Kindt of World Agroforestry Forestry Department, FAO, Rome, Italy. Centre (ICRAF) for technical assistance. Kindt R. and Coe R. 2005. Tree diversity analysis. A REFERENCES manual and software for some common statistical methods for biodiversity and Adano W.R. 2002. Current access benefits and threats ecological analysis. World Agroforestry to protected areas. The case of Marsabit Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi. forest, Northern Kenya. Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands. Maundu P. and Tengnäs B. 2005. Useful trees and shrubs for Kenya. Technical handbook No. Aga E., Bryngelsson T., Bekele E and Salomon B. 35. World Agroforestry Centre-Eastern and 2003. Genetic diversity of forest arabica Central Africa Regional Programme (ICRAF- coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Ethiopia as CEA). revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Hereditas 138: 36– Mburu F. Musu F., Gerardin P., Sirma P nad Kiprop 46. A. 2007. Durability of Prunus africana: evidence of biocidal and lipophlic properties Beentje H.J. 1994. Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. responsible for natural durability. In: Muchiri National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi. MN, Kamondo B, Ochieng’ D, Tuwei P and Wanjiku J (Eds.) Forestry Research in Denich M., Virchow D, Paul L.G. Tropentag V.D. Environmental conservation, improved 2003. Conservation and use of wild livelihoods and economic developments: populations of Coffea arabica in the montane Proceedings of the 3rd KEFRI Scientific rainforests of Ethiopia. “Technological and Conference, Muguga, Kenya, 6 to 9 Institutional Innovations for Sustainable November 2006. Pp 141-149. Rural Development” October 8-10, 2003 G¨ottingen, Germany. Monr P.A. 1962. The Geology of Ethiopia. University College of Addis Ababa press. Central Githae E.W., Chuah M.P., Mworia J.K and Odee D.W. printing press Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2007. A botanical inventory and diversity assessment of Mt. Marsabit forest, a sub-

721 Githae et al., 2011

Schmitt C., Senbeta F., Denich M., Preisinger H and Synott T.J. 1979. A report on the status, importance Boehmer J. 2010. Wild coffee management and protection of montane forests. IPAL and plant diversity in the montane rainforest Technical report Number D-2a.UNEP-MAB of southwestern Ethiopia. African Journal of Integrated Project in Arid Lands. Ecology 48: 78-86. UNDP-GEF, 2004. Developing Capacity Conserving Schmitt C., Senbeta F., Denich M., Preisinger H., Biodiversity Sustaining Livelihoods. Lessons Woldemariam T and Demissew S. 2005. for the future. United Nations Development Sustainable management of the montane Programme, New York rainforests with wild coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in the Bonga region of southwest United Nations Development Programme. 2006. Ethiopia. Conference on International Community management of protected areas Agricultural Research for Development. for conservation (Compact). Community- Tropentag 2005 Stuttgart-Hohenheim, based initiatives to conserve biodiversity in October 11-13, 2005, Germany. world heritage landscapes. Retrieved 6th March 2007, from UNDP practice GEF SGP. Sera T., Ruas P.M., Ruas C.F., Diniz L.E.C., Carvalho http:/www.undp.org/biodiversity/biodiversity V.P., Rampim L., Ruas E.A and Silveira S.R. cd/practiseCompact.html 2003. Genetic polymorphism among 14 elite Coffea arabica L. cultivars using RAPD Walter K.S. and Gillett H.J. 1998. 1997 IUCN red list markers associated with restriction digestion. of threatened plants. World Conservation Genetics and Molecular Biology 26: 59-64. Union, Gland, Switzerland, Cambridge, UK.

Sombroek W.G., Braun H.M.H. and Pouw B.J.A. 1982. Exploratory soil map and agro-climatic zone map of Kenya. Ministry of Agriculture- National Agricultural Laboratories. Exploratory Soil Survey Report No. E1, Kenya Soil Survey, Nairobi.

Ssegawa P. and Nkuutu D.N. 2006. Diversity of vascular plants on Ssese islands in Lake Victoria, central . African Journal Ecology 44: 22-29.

Submitted February 26, 2010 – Accepted December 01,, 2010 Revised received April 04, 2011

722