Dacorum Borough Council

2014 Air Quality Progress Report for Dacorum Borough Council

In fulfillment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

October, 2015

Dacorum Borough Council

Local Authority Officer Danielle Newnham Department Regulatory Services Civic Centre, Marlowes, Hemel Hempstead, Address Hertfordshire, HP1 1HH Telephone 01442 228441 E-mail [email protected] Report Reference 2014 Progress Report number Date October 2015

i LAQM Progress Report 2014

Dacorum Borough Council Executive Summary

The 2014 Progress Report provides an update on the air quality issues affecting Dacorum, including the results of pollutant monitoring and information on new residential, industrial and transport developments that might affect air quality in the Borough. The publication of this 2014 Progress Report was delayed to enable the Council to concentrate on the production of its Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP), which was formally adopted in December 2014.

Although this report covers the 2013 calendar year as regards monitoring data, relevant information which post dates the report’s original deadline of April 2014 has also been included (e.g. the creation and formal adoption of the Air Quality Action Plan in December 2014, the production of the Air Quality Strategic Plan for Hertfordshire during 2014/15 (approved by the Health & Wellbeing Board on 4 June 2015), the installation of particulate matter (PM) monitoring equipment within the existing automatic monitoring station at High Street, Northchurch following the receipt of Public Health funding and the outcomes of planning decisions and publication of guidance documents. .

A comprehensive review of the diffusion tube monitoring network was undertaken during 2013, in which seven monitoring sites were decommissioned, thirteen new monitoring sites commissioned and additional tubes (two) added to eight existing monitoring sites within the AQMAs to create triplicates for accuracy and precision purposes.

The review of air quality monitoring data for 2013 indicated that the annual mean air quality objective for NO2 was exceeded at five monitoring sites within the Borough, specifically Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1 (DC57, DC100 and DC101); Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3 (DC65, DC104 and DC105); London Road, Apsley (DC66, DC98 and DC99); High Street, Northchurch (DC50, DC90 and DC91) and Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54). With the exception of Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54), all other exceedances identified were situated within the three AQMAs. The Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54) site is not representative of relevant exposure. Following the guidance/calculation outlined in Box 2.3 of

LAQM.TG(09), the annual average NO2 concentration at the nearest receptors/sites of relevant exposure to the DC54 monitoring site was calculated to be 28.1µg/m3, and therefore below the relevant air quality objective.

No exceedance of the annual mean air quality objective for NO2 was observed at the other diffusion tube monitoring sites in 2013.

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The data presented for the five year period (2009 to 2013) shows an overall decline in annual mean NO2 concentrations at long-term background, roadside and kerbside sites during this time. In general, annual mean NO2 concentrations were highest in 2010 within each setting and lowest in 2012 (at long-term background and kerbside sites) and 2013 (long-term roadside sites). Over the past five years, the annual mean NO2 objective has been consistently exceeded year on year at four of the roadside monitoring sites (Watford Road, Kings Langley; Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1; Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3 and

London Road, Apsley). No exceedances of the annual mean NO2 objective has been noted at any of the long-term background (eight) or kerbside (two) monitoring sites over the past five years.

A review of major planned developments for the Dacorum area highlighted a number of sites with potential for air quality impacts. These included sites where the development itself may be the source of the air quality impact, for example large developments that result in increased traffic flows to the area, as well as developments being built within or close to AQMAs, busy road junctions or roads with high traffic flows, which could potentially expose the residents to air quality exceedances.

The 2013 monitoring data has not identified the need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for NO2 at any new locations outside of the current AQMA boundaries. The Further Assessment undertaken by Air Quality Consultants Ltd in March 2013 identified a modelled exceedance outside of the High Street, Northchurch AQMA boundary. It was advised that the boundary of this AQMA be revised accordingly to potentially incorporate any other residential locations within the area predicted >36µg/m3. In October 2013, following a 12-week consultation period, the High Street, Northchurch AQMA boundary was formally extended to include 84 – 96 High Street, Northchurch.

The need to address cumulative impact of developments was identified. This is where a number of developments planned for an area, which on their own may be considered insignificant in terms of their air quality impact but taken together may result in poor air quality. This situation will be addressed via the planning system.

The next stage of the on-going assessment of air quality in Dacorum will be the submission of the 2015 Updating and Screening Assessment. In parallel, work will be undertaken on the actions within the recently published Air Quality Action Plan.

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Description of Local Authority Area 1 1.2 Purpose of Progress Report 2 1.3 Air Quality Objectives 3 1.4 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments 4 2 New Monitoring Data 11 2.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken 11 2.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with Air Quality Objectives 20 3 New Local Developments 51 3.1 Road Traffic Sources 51 3.2 Other Transport Sources 52 3.3 Industrial Sources 52 3.4 Commercial and Domestic Sources 53 3.5 New Developments with Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources 53 4 Local / Regional Air Quality Strategy 55

5 Planning Applications 56

6 Air Quality Planning Policies 60

7 Local Transport Plans and Strategies 65

8 Conclusions and Proposed Actions 68 8.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data 68 8.2 Conclusions relating to New Local Developments 70 8.3 Other Conclusions 71 8.4 Proposed Actions 76 9 References 78

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List of Tables

Table 1.1 Air Quality Objectives included in Regulations for the purpose of LAQM in England Table 1.2 Key Findings of Previous Review and Assessment Reports Table 2.1 Details of Automatic Monitoring Site Table 2.2 Herts and Beds Automatic Monitoring Stations operational during 2013 Table 2.3 Details of Non- Automatic Monitoring Sites

Table 2.4 Results of Automatic Monitoring for NO2: Comparison with Annual Mean Objective

Table 2.5 Results of Automatic Monitoring for NO2: Comparison with 1-hour Mean Objective

Table 2.6 Results of NO2 Diffusion Tubes 2013

Table 2.7 Results of NO2 Diffusion Tubes (2009 to 2013) Table 8.1 Summary of Action Plan Measures

List of Figures Figure 1.1 Location of the Borough of Dacorum Figure 1.2 Detailed Map of the Borough Figure 1.3 AQMA Order No. 1 - Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead Figure 1.4 AQMA Order No. 2 - London Road, Apsley Figure 1.5 AQMA Order No. 3 - High Street, Northchurch Figure 1.6 AQMA Order No. 3a - High Street, Northchurch Figure 2.1 Location of Automatic Monitoring Station

Figure 2.2 Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Long-term Monitoring Sites 2009-2013

Figure 2.3 Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Long-term Background Sites 2009 - 2013

Figure 2.4 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 for Long-term Background Sites 2009 - 2013

Figure 2.5 Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Long-term Roadside Sites 2009 - 2013

Figure 2.6 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 for Long-term Roadside Sites 2009 - 2013

Figure 2.7 Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Long-term Kerbside Sites 2009 - 2013

Figure 2.8 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 for Long-term Kerbside Sites 2009 - 2013

Figure 2.9 Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at New Monitoring Sites 2011 - 2013 Figure 2.10 AQMA 1 - Diffusion Tube Monitoring Sites

Figure 2.11 AQMA 1 - Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations 2009 - 2013 Figure 2.12 AQMA 2 - Diffusion Tube Monitoring Sites

Figure 2.13 AQMA 2 - Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations 2009 - 2013 Figure 2.14 AQMA 3a - Diffusion Tube Monitoring Sites

Figure 2.15 AQMA 3a - Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations 2009 - 2013

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Appendices Appendix A QA/QC

Appendix B NO2 Monitoring Data Appendix C LA-IPPC and LAPPC Installations

vi LAQM Progress Report 2014

Dacorum Borough Council 1 Introduction

1.1 Description of Local Authority Area

The Borough of Dacorum comprises a mix of urban and rural land uses situated on the western edge of Hertfordshire. Located approximately 30 miles northwest of central London, the Borough has a usual residential population of approximately 148,2001 (Office for National Statistics, 2014), which is predominantly centred on the towns of Hemel Hempstead, Berkhamsted and Tring.

Major roads within the area include the M1, which crosses the eastern side of the borough, the M25, which is located near the southern boundary of the borough, and the A41, which closely bypasses Hemel Hempstead, Berkhamsted and Tring, linking Aylesbury to the west with Watford to the east. The area is well connected to London and the midlands via a major rail link that traverses the borough and terminates at London Euston.

Car ownership within the borough is higher than the national average. Based on the last national census conducted in 2011, 84 per cent of households within Dacorum had at least one car, compared to 74 per cent nationally.

The dominant source of air pollution in Dacorum is from road traffic.

Figure 1.1 Location of the Borough of Dacorum

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Figure 1.2 Detailed Map of the Borough

1.2 Purpose of Progress Report

This report fulfils the requirements of the Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) process as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995), the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007 and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents. The LAQM process places an obligation on all Local Authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where exceedences are considered likely, the Local Authority must then declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives.

Progress Reports are required in the intervening years between the three-yearly Updating and Screening Assessment reports. Their purpose is to maintain continuity in the LAQM process.

They are not intended to be as detailed as Updating and Screening Assessment Reports, or to require as much effort. However, if the Progress Report identifies the risk of exceedence of an Air Quality Objective, the Local Authority (LA) should undertake a Detailed Assessment immediately, and not wait until the next round of Review and Assessment.

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1.3 Air Quality Objectives

The air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England are set out in the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (SI 928), The Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 (SI 3043), and are shown in Table 1.1. This table shows the objectives in units of microgrammes per cubic metre µg/m3 (milligrammes per cubic metre, mg/m3 for carbon monoxide) with the number of exceedences in each year that are permitted (where applicable).

Table 1.1 Air Quality Objectives included in Regulations for the purpose of LAQM in England Air Quality Objective Date to be achieved Pollutant Concentration Measured as by Running annual 16.25 µg/m3 31.12.2003 Benzene mean 5.00 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2010 Running annual 1,3-Butadiene 2.25 µg/m3 31.12.2003 mean Running 8-hour Carbon monoxide 10 mg/m3 31.12.2003 mean 0.50 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2004 Lead 0.25 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2008 200 µg/m3 not to be Nitrogen dioxide exceeded more than 1-hour mean 31.12.2005 18 times a year (NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2005 50 µg/m3, not to be Particulate Matter exceeded more than 24-hour mean 31.12.2004 35 times a year (PM10) (gravimetric) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 31.12.2004 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 1-hour mean 31.12.2004 24 times a year 125 µg/m3, not to be Sulphur dioxide exceeded more than 24-hour mean 31.12.2004 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 15-minute mean 31.12.2005 35 times a year

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1.4 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments

The Council has undertaken and completed the following rounds of LAQM review and assessment, as summarised in Table 1.2 and discussed below.

Table 1.2 Key Findings of Previous Review and Assessment Reports Report Date Outcomes Updating and Screening 2003 No exceedances of the specified pollutants. No Assessment requirement for progression to Detailed Assessment. Progress Report 2005 Report not available. Updating and Screening 2006 Identified potential breaches of annual mean air

Assessment quality objective for NO2 at three locations:  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead  London Road, Apsley  High Street, Northchurch Proceed to Detailed Assessment.

Detailed Assessment 2007 Detailed Assessment of NO2 concentrations in

(NO2) above locations. Concluded that three AQMAs should be declared.

Updating and Screening 2009 Annual mean NO2 concentrations continue to Assessment exceed the relevant air quality objective at the three previously identified areas.

Detailed Assessment 2009 Detailed Assessment of PM10 concentrations in

(PM10) above locations. Concluded that both long and short-term concentrations of PM10 anticipated to meet relevant air quality objectives in all areas.

Progress Report 2010 Annual mean NO2 concentrations continue to exceed the relevant air quality objective at the three previously identified areas.

Progress Report 2011 Annual mean NO2 concentrations continue to exceed the relevant air quality objective at the three previously identified areas.

Updating and Screening 2012 Annual mean NO2 concentrations continue to Assessment exceed the relevant air quality objective at the three previously identified areas. Formal declaration of AQMAs imminent.

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Declaration of AQMAs 2012 Formal declaration of AQMAs on 1 June 2012:  AQMA 1 – Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead  AQMA 2 – London Road, Apsley  AQMA 3 – High Street, Northchurch Further Assessment 2013 Current boundaries of AQMAs 1 and 2 to remain in place and AQMA 3 boundary to be revised / extended. Ambient background concentrations largest contributor to individual proportion to

existing NO2 concentrations, followed by emissions from cars and LGVs on local roads. Reductions of 22.2, 17.3 and 7.3 µg/m3 would be required at the worst case locations in AQMAs 1, 2 and 3 respectively in order to achieve the 40µg/m3 annual mean objective. Amendment to AQMA 3 2013 AQMA 3 extended to include 84 - 96 High Street, Northchurch (renamed AQMA 3a). Air Quality Action Plan 2014 Air Quality Action Plan formally adopted December 2014, following an extensive 8-week consultation. 20 measures proposed to improve air quality.

The first round of review and assessment in 2003 did not highlight any exceedances of the specified pollutants and therefore there was no requirement to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

The 2005 Progress Report, which covered the period 2003 to 2004, was not available at the time of writing.

The 2006 Updating and Screening Assessment (USA) indicated that Detailed Assessments for NO2, PM10 and other important pollutants were, at the time, not required. However, diffusion tube monitoring data did indicate that the 2005 annual mean air quality objective for

NO2 would potentially be breached at three locations within the Borough (Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead; London Road, Apsley and High Street, Northchurch).

In 2007, a Detailed Assessment of air quality was carried out for properties located alongside Lawn Lane in Hemel Hempstead, the A4251 London Road in Apsley and the A4251 High

Street in Northchurch. It was recommended that AQMAs should be declared for the NO2

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Dacorum Borough Council annual mean air quality objective for residential properties along these roads, and that additional monitoring and traffic counts be undertaken for future assessments.

The required April 2008 Progress Report (covering the 2007 period) was not produced by the Council. It was intended that the 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment would provide an update on air quality monitoring and highlight any significant changes since the previous Updating and Screening Assessment produced in 2006.

The 2009 Updating and Screening Assessment (USA) undertaken by RSK Group indicated that annual mean NO2 concentrations continued to exceed the relevant air quality objective in the three previously identified areas of exceedance. Annual mean NO2 concentrations greater than the relevant air quality objective were also observed at other areas within the Borough, however, it was determined that there was no relevant exposure at these locations and therefore no requirement to proceed to Detailed Assessment.

In addition to the 2009 USA, the Council commissioned RSK Group to undertake a Detailed

Assessment of particulate matter (PM10) emissions along Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead; London Road, Apsley and High Street, Northchurch. The results of the dispersion modelling study indicated that both long and short-term concentrations of PM10 are anticipated to meet relevant air quality objectives in the study areas assessed.

The 2010 Progress Report undertaken by RSK Group identified that annual mean NO2 concentrations continued to exceed the relevant air quality objective at the three previously identified areas. The report concluded that it was not considered necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for any other pollutants or to consider the declaration of additional AQMAs at other locations within the Borough.

The 2011 Progress Report again undertaken by RSK Group drew the same conclusions as the 2010 Progress Report.

The 2012 USA indicated that annual mean NO2 concentrations continued to exceed the relevant air quality objective in the three areas previously identified as requiring declaration as AQMAs. Since 2009, annual mean NO2 concentrations greater than the relevant air quality objective have also been recorded outside of these areas. However, as there is no relevant exposure at these locations there was no requirement to proceed to a Detailed

Assessment for annual mean NO2.

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On the 1 June 2012, three AQMAs were formally declared within the Borough:  AQMA Order No. 1 - Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead  AQMA Order No. 2 - London Road, Apsley  AQMA Order No. 3 - High Street, Northchurch

Figures 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 below show the extent of the three AQMA boundaries.

Figure 1.3 AQMA Order No. 1 - Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead

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Figure 1.4 AQMA Order No. 2 - London Road, Apsley

Figure 1.5 AQMA Order No. 3 - High Street, Northchurch

Following the formal declaration of the three AQMAs, the Council commissioned Air Quality Consultants Ltd to undertake a Further Assessment; this report was published in March

2013. For the purposes of the Further Assessment NO2 concentrations within the three AQMAs were assessed through diffusion tube monitoring and dispersion modelling. The 8 LAQM Progress Report 2014

Dacorum Borough Council model outputs were verified against the diffusion tube measurements for 2011; 2012 diffusion tube measures were not used due to low data capture. The results indicated that the annual mean NO2 objective continued to be exceeded within all three AQMAs. Within both the Lawn Lane and London Road AQMAs there were no exceedances of the objective outside of the current AQMA boundaries, as such it was considered that the current boundaries of the AQMAs should remain in place. For the High Street, Northchurch AQMA, there was a modelled exceedance outside of the AQMA boundary. It was advised that the boundary of this AQMA be revised accordingly to potentially incorporate any other residential locations within the area predicted >36µg/m3. In terms of source apportionment; ambient background concentrations contributed the largest individual proportion to existing NO2 concentrations, followed by emissions from cars and LGVs on local roads.

The degree of improvement needed is determined by the difference between the highest measured or modelled annual mean concentration and the 40µg/m3 annual mean objective. Based on 2011 data, the Further Assessment indicated that reductions of 22.2, 17.3 and 7.3µg/m3 would be required in the worst case locations in Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead; London Road, Apsley and High Street, Northchurch respectively in order to achieve the annual mean objective.

Following a 12-week consultation period, the High Street, Northchurch AQMA boundary was formally extended in October 2013 to include 84-96 High Street, Northchurch. Figure 1.6 shows the amended High Street, Northchurch AQMA boundary (renamed as AQMA 3a).

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Figure 1.6 AQMA Order No. 3a - High Street, Northchurch

The Council’s draft Air Quality Action Plan was published on 1 September 2014 and subjected to an 8-week public consultation, which ended on 26 October 2014. The draft Action Plan recommended twenty measures for implementation, aimed at reducing levels of air pollution within the three AQMAs and improving air quality across the Borough in general. The Action Plan was finalised following feedback from the consultation and formally adopted in December 2014.

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2 New Monitoring Data 2.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

The following section provides information on ambient air quality monitoring undertaken in the Borough during 2013.

2.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

The automatic monitoring station at High Street, Northchurch has been operational since 13 November 2012; it is not affiliated to the national network. The site is situated adjacent to a busy road (A4251 - High Street, Northchurch). The location of the automatic monitoring station is shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Location of Automatic Monitoring Station

NO2 is measured using a Monitor Labs chemiluminescent NOx analyser, which is housed in an air conditioned cabin. Data is collected remotely using a GSM modem link. The data is uploaded to the Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Air Quality Network website (www.hertsbedsair.net) on an hourly basis.

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3 For 2013, data capture was 95.0% and annual mean NO2 was 27µg/m . There were no exceedances of the hourly mean; the maximum hourly concentration was 139µg/m3.

Table 2.1 Details of Automatic Monitoring Site Site ID CM1

Site Name High Street, Northchurch

Site Type Roadside

X OS Grid Ref 497295

Y OS Grid Ref 208901

Inlet Height (m) 2.0 metres

Pollutants Monitored NO2

In AQMA? Yes

Monitoring Technique NOx Monitor Labs (chemiluminescence) Relevant Exposure? (Y/N with distance (m) from monitoring No (10 metres) site to relevant exposure)

Distance to Kerb of Nearest Road (N/A if not applicable) 3.0 metres

Does this location represent worst- Yes case exposure?

QA/QC information relating to the Council’s automatic monitoring station is presented in Appendix A.

Dacorum Borough Council is a member of the Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Air Quality Network, which benefits from the co-ordinated monitoring of air pollutants across the region. The Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Air Quality Network is managed and co-ordinated by Air Quality Data Management (AQDM), on behalf of the Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Air Quality Network, and they provide data calibration and ratification of results. See http://www.hertsbedsair.net for data.

There were sixteen automatic air quality monitoring stations operational within Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire during 2013 (compared to fifteen during 2012). These are listed in Table 2.2.

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The changes from 2012 to 2013 are summarised as follows:

 North Herts Hitchin Stevenage Road began monitoring NO2 on 7 February 2013.

 Hertsmere Borehamwood Background began monitoring NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 on 1 November 2013.

 Central Beds Marston Vale ceased monitoring O3 on 15 August 2013.

Table 2.2 Herts and Beds Automatic Monitoring Stations operational during 2013 Site Name Pollutants Environment Start End

Bedford Lurke Street NO2 Roadside 01/05/10

Bedford Prebend Street NO2 Roadside 06/01/09

Central Beds Marston Vale O3 Rural 01/07/08 15/08/13

Dacorum Northchurch High Street NO2 Roadside 13/11/12

East Herts Anstey O3 Rural 17/05/11

East Herts Sawbridgeworth Background NO2 PM10 Urban Background 30/06/98

East Herts Sawbridgeworth Roadside NO2 PM10 Roadside 10/10/01 2 Hertsmere Borehamwood Background NO2 PM10 PM2.5 Urban Background 15/11/13

Luton Airport PM10 Airport 16/10/03

Luton Challney Community College NO2 O3 PM10 Urban background 22/03/99

North Herts Hitchin Library NO2 PM10 Roadside 26/02/10

North Herts Hitchin Stevenage Road NO2 Roadside 07/02/13

Sandy Roadside NO2 PM10 PM2.5 Roadside 28/07/08

Stevenage Lutton Way NO2 PM10 Roadside 24/01/02

Watford Town Hall NO2 PM10 Roadside 29/04/97

Welwyn Hatfield Council Offices NO2 O3 Urban background 01/11/00

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2.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

The Council measures ambient NO2 concentrations using passive diffusion tubes at a number of kerbside, roadside and background locations.

A comprehensive review of the diffusion tube monitoring network was undertaken during 2013, in which seven monitoring sites were decommissioned, thirteen new monitoring sites commissioned and additional diffusion tubes (two) added to eight existing monitoring sites within the AQMAs to create triplicates for accuracy and precision purposes.

In total, seven monitoring sites were decommissioned during 2013.

Four monitoring sites were decommissioned in March 2013, after results showed that year on year, concentrations were consistently well below the 40μg/m3 annual mean objective, these were:  Roman Way, Markyate (DC43)  Charles Street, Tring (DC53)  Briar Way, Berkhamsted (DC83)

AQ Machine, Northchurch (DC84) was also decommissioned in March 2013. It was considered that this monitoring site, (which was situated adjacent to the automatic monitoring station), was no longer required since the commissioning of Northchurch Co-location A, B and C (DC86, DC87 and DC88) within the caging of the analyser inlet for co-location study purposes in October 2012.

The following three monitoring sites were initially commissioned in May 2011 at various locations on Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead to access any potential air quality impact associated with the residential redevelopment of the former Kodak site.  Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 1 (DC77)  Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 2 (DC78)  Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 3 (DC79)

No exceedances of the annual mean objective were noted during 2011 or 2012; as such it was considered that the development had not negatively impacted upon the air quality on Cotterells, therefore these three monitoring sites were decommissioned in August 2013.

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In total, thirteen new monitoring sites were commissioned during 2013.

Eight new monitoring sites were commissioned in August 2013:  Outside 24 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead (DC106)  Marlowes Roundabout, Hemel Hempstead (DC107)  Old Town, Hemel Hempstead (DC108)  St Mary’s School, Northchurch 1 (DC109)  St Mary’s School, Northchurch 2 (DC110)  St Mary’s School, Northchurch 3 (DC111)  High Street, Markyate 2 (DC112)  Chapel Street, Berkhamsted (DC113)

Five new monitoring sites were commissioned in September 2013:  Lower Kings Road, Berkhamsted (DC114)  Kings Road, Berkhamsted (DC115)  Castle Street, Berkhamsted (DC116)  High Street, Berkhamsted 2 (DC117)  Outside 158 Marlowes, Hemel Hempstead (DC118)

The thirteen new monitoring sites were chosen based on one (or more) of the following:  Generally poor monitoring network coverage in the area;  Response to air quality-related concerns by local residents; and  Future planning proposals where air quality may be an issue.

An additional 2no. diffusion tubes were added to eight existing monitoring sites located within the AQMAs in March 2013. The original monitoring sites (shown in bold below) have been renamed as ‘A’ and the additional 2no. tubes as ‘B’ and ‘C’:

 High Street, Northchurch A (DC50)  High Street, Northchurch B (DC90)  High Street, Northchurch C (DC91)

 New Road, Northchurch A (DC62)  New Road, Northchurch B (DC92)  New Road, Northchurch C (DC93)

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 Health Centre, London Road, Apsley A (DC85)  Health Centre, London Road B (DC94)  Health Centre, London Road C (DC95)

 Durrants Hill Road, Apsley A (DC73)  Durrants Hill Road B (DC96)  Durrants Hill Road C (DC97)

 London Road, Apsley A (DC66)  London Road, Apsley B (DC98)  London Road, Apsley C (DC99)

 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1A (DC57)  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1B (DC100)  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1C (DC101)

 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2A (DC64)  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2B (DC102)  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2C (DC103)

 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3A (DC65)  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3B (DC104)  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3C (DC105)

In total, NO2 was measured at fifty three different sites across the Borough during 2013. These locations are listed in Table 2.3 and shown in Figures B.3 - B.36 in Appendix B.

Annual mean NO2 concentrations presented in this report have been bias adjusted by a factor of 0.80. This bias adjustment factor was derived by Dacorum Borough Council’s local co-location study.

No other air pollutants were monitored using either automatic or non-automatic techniques within the Local Authority area during 2013.

QA/QC information relating to the Council’s non automatic monitoring is presented in Appendix A.

LAQM Progress Report 2014 16 Dacorum Borough Council Table 2.3 Details of Non- Automatic Monitoring Sites Relevant Distance to Does this Is monitoring Exposure? (Y/N kerb of location Site co-located with with distance (m) nearest road represent X OS Grid Y OS Grid Height Pollutants In a Continuous to relevant (N/A if not worst-case Site ID Site Name Site Type Reference Reference (m) Monitored AQMA? Analyser (Y/N) exposure) applicable) exposure? DC40 Sawyers Way, Hemel Hempstead Background 506780 207180 2.33m NO2 N N Y (5.00m) 2m N

DC42 Wood Lane End, Hemel Hempstead Background 508177 207934 2.60m NO2 N N Y (12.00m) 1.00m N

DC43 Roman Way, Markyate Background 506197 216506 2.36m NO2 N N N (10.00m) 58.00m N

DC46 High Street, Bovingdon Kerbside 501541 203659 2.53m NO2 N N Y (13.00m) N/A N

DC47 High Street, Berkhamsted Roadside 499365 207724 2.50m NO2 N N N (20.00m) N/A N

DC48 Prince Edwards Street, Berkhamsted Background 499207 207754 2.52m NO2 N N N (12.00m) 35.00m N

DC50 High Street, Northchurch A Roadside 497346 208835 2.30m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) N/A Y

DC51 Brook Street, Tring Kerbside 492552 211824 2.45m NO2 N N Y (8.00m) N/A N

DC52 High Street, Tring Roadside 492335 211386 2.32m NO2 N N N (30.00m) N/A N

DC53 Charles Street, Tring Background 492195 211159 2.43m NO2 N N N (2.00m) 50.00m N

DC54 Watford Road, Kings Langley Roadside 507606 201624 2.27m NO2 N N N (34.00m) 1.60m N

DC55 High Street, Kings Langley Roadside 507184 202690 2.53m NO2 N N N (15.00m) N/A N

DC57 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1A Roadside 505923 205761 2.40m NO2 Y N Y (2.00m) N/A N

DC58 Gammon Close, Hemel Hempstead Background 507058 206727 2.45m NO2 N N N (6.00m) 22.00m N

DC59 Wadley Close, Hemel Hempstead Background 506981 206829 2.34m NO2 N N N (10.00m) 11.00m N

DC60 Field Road, Hemel Hempstead Background 507483 206898 2.36m NO2 N N Y (1.00m) 17.00m N

DC61 St Agnells Lane, Hemel Hempstead Roadside 507121 209252 2.37m NO2 N N Y (10.00m) 1.00m N

DC62 New Road, Northchurch A Roadside 497335 208860 2.45m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) N/A Y

DC63 Darrs Lane, Northchurch Roadside 497264 208927 2.65m NO2 Y N Y (5.00m) 1.00m N

DC64 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2A Roadside 505969 205726 2.86m NO2 Y N Y (8.00m) 1.00m N

DC65 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3A Roadside 505930 205740 2.30m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) 1.00m Y

DC66 London Road, Apsley A Roadside 505674 205514 2.55m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) 1.00m Y

DC67 Allandale, Hemel Hempstead Roadside 505948 207814 2.42m NO2 N N N (16.00m) 1.00m Y 3 DC68 Belswains Lane, Hemel Hempstead Roadside 507005 204677 2.43m NO2 N N N (3.00m) 1.00m Y 4 DC69 Lawn/Belswains Lane, Hemel Hempstead Background 506053 205664 2.47m NO2 N N Y (8.00m) 25.00m N

3 Previously known as ‘Belswains Sappi’ 4 Previously known as ‘Lawn Lane Belswains’

LAQM Progress Report 2014 17 Dacorum Borough Council Relevant Distance to Does this Is monitoring Exposure? (Y/N kerb of location Site co-located with with distance (m) nearest road represent X OS Grid Y OS Grid Height Pollutants In a Continuous to relevant (N/A if not worst-case Site ID Site Name Site Type Reference Reference (m) Monitored AQMA? Analyser (Y/N) exposure) applicable) exposure? DC70 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4 Roadside 505888 205801 2.55m NO2 N N Y (6.00m) 2.00m Y

DC71 Orchard Street, Apsley Kerbside 505636 205504 2.53m NO2 N N N (3.00m) 1.00m Y

DC73 Durrants Hill Road, Apsley A Roadside 505734 205519 2.51m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) 2.00m Y

DC74 Avia Close, Apsley Roadside 505841 205395 2.36m NO2 Y N N (6.00m) 1.00m Y

DC75 The Meads, Northchurch Roadside 497472 208730 2.58m NO2 N N N (10.00m) 2.00m Y

DC76 The Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead Kerbside 505355 206504 2.59m NO2 N N Y (5.00m) 1.00m Y

DC77 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 1 Roadside 505331 206350 2.29m NO2 N N Y (3.00m) 2.00m Y

DC78 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 2 Roadside 505331 206411 2.45m NO2 N N N (3.00m) 1.00m Y

DC79 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 3 Roadside 505338 206594 2.52m NO2 N N Y (2.00m) 2.00m Y 5 DC81 Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead Roadside 507122 204470 2.54m NO2 N N N (10.00m) 1.00m Y

DC83 Briar Way, Berkhamsted Background 499626 207031 2.07m NO2 N N Y (8.00m) 1.00m N

DC84 AQ Machine, Northchurch Kerbside 497290 208904 2.46m NO2 Y N N (10.00m) 1.00m Y

DC85 Health Centre, London Road, Apsley A Kerbside 505663 205528 2.44m NO2 Y N Y (4.00m) 1.00m Y

DC86 Northchurch Co-location A Roadside 497295 208901 1.73m NO2 Y Y N (10.00m) 3.00m Y

DC87 Northchurch Co-location B Roadside 497295 208901 1.73m NO2 Y Y N (10.00m) 3.00m Y

DC88 Northchurch Co-location C Roadside 497295 208901 1.73m NO2 Y Y N (10.00m) 3.00m Y

DC89 High Street, Markyate Roadside 506227 216317 2.52m NO2 N N Y(0.00m) 1.67m Y

DC90 High Street, Northchurch B Roadside 497346 208835 2.30m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) N/A Y

DC91 High Street, Northchurch C Roadside 497346 208835 2.30m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) N/A Y

DC92 New Road, Northchurch B Roadside 497335 208860 2.45m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) N/A Y

DC93 New Road, Northchurch C Roadside 497335 208860 2.45m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) N/A Y

DC94 Health Centre, London Road, Apsley B Kerbside 505663 205528 2.44m NO2 Y N Y (4.00m) 1.00m Y

DC95 Health Centre, London Road, Apsley C Kerbside 505663 205528 2.44m NO2 Y N Y (4.00m) 1.00m Y

DC96 Durrants Hill Road, Apsley B Roadside 505734 205519 2.51m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) 2.00m Y

DC97 Durrants Hill Road, Apsley C Roadside 505734 205519 2.51m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) 2.00m Y

DC98 London Road, Apsley B Roadside 505674 205514 2.55m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) 1.00m Y

DC99 London Road, Apsley C Roadside 505674 205514 2.55m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) 1.00m Y

5 Previously known as ‘Sappi 2’

LAQM Progress Report 2014 18 Dacorum Borough Council Relevant Distance to Does this Is monitoring Exposure? (Y/N kerb of location Site co-located with with distance (m) nearest road represent X OS Grid Y OS Grid Height Pollutants In a Continuous to relevant (N/A if not worst-case Site ID Site Name Site Type Reference Reference (m) Monitored AQMA? Analyser (Y/N) exposure) applicable) exposure? DC100 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1B Roadside 505923 205761 2.40m NO2 Y N Y (2.00m) N/A N

DC101 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1C Roadside 505923 205761 2.40m NO2 Y N Y (2.00m) N/A N

DC102 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2B Roadside 505969 205726 2.86m NO2 Y N Y (8.00m) 1.00m N

DC103 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2C Roadside 505969 205726 2.86m NO2 Y N Y (8.00m) 1.00m N

DC104 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3B Roadside 505930 205740 2.30m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) 1.00m Y

DC105 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3C Roadside 505930 205740 2.30m NO2 Y N Y (1.00m) 1.00m Y

DC106 Outside 24 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead Roadside 505333 207006 2.35m NO2 Y N Y (3.75m) 14.10m Y

DC107 Marlowes Roundabout, Hemel Hempstead Roadside 505521 207612 2.55m NO2 N N Y (0.30m) 3.02m Y

DC108 Old Town, Hemel Hempstead Roadside 505476 207985 2.45m NO2 N N Y (0.00m) 5.55m Y

DC109 St Mary’s School, Northchurch 1 Roadside 497373 208847 2.14m NO2 N N Y (0.00m) 9.00m N

DC110 St Mary’s School, Northchurch 2 Roadside 497369 208831 2.20m NO2 N N Y (0.00m) 3.52m Y

DC111 St Mary’s School, Northchurch 3 Roadside 497360 208843 2.10m NO2 N N Y (0.70m) 1.30m Y

DC112 High Street, Markyate 2 Roadside 506091 216503 2.20m NO2 N N Y (0.15m) 1.20m Y

DC113 Chapel Street, Berkhamsted Roadside 499470 207856 2.34m NO2 N N Y (0.19m) 1.60m Y

DC114 Lower Kings Road, Berkhamsted Kerbside 499127 207935 2.46m NO2 N N Y (0.16m) 0.75m Y

DC115 Kings Road, Berkhamsted Roadside 498887 207520 2.21m NO2 N N Y (1.05m) 1.10m Y

DC116 Castle Street, Berkhamsted Roadside 499440 207834 2.34m NO2 N N Y (0.75m) 1.95m Y

DC117 High Street, Berkhamsted 2 Roadside 498991 207926 2.41m NO2 N N Y (0.15m) 1.70m Y

DC118 Outside 158 Marlowes, Hemel Hempstead Urban Centre 505535 207036 2.45m NO2 N N Y (0.17m) 7.10m Y

LAQM Progress Report 2014 19 Dacorum Borough Council

2.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with Air Quality Objectives

2.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

NO2 Automatic Monitoring Data

The annual mean ratified NO2 concentration recorded by the continuous analyser at High Street, Northchurch for the 2013 calendar year is presented in Table 2.4 below.

Table 2.4 Results of Automatic Monitoring for NO2: Comparison with Annual Mean Objective Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) Site ID Site Type Within AQMA? Data Capture 2013 % 2013 CM1 Roadside Y 95.0 27.0 Data can be downloaded from www.hertsbedsair.net

The annual mean objective of 40μg/m3 was not exceeded in 2013.

Table 2.5 shows the comparison of monitored results at the High Street, Northchurch monitoring station with the 1-hour mean objective.

Table 2.5 Results of Automatic Monitoring for NO2: Comparison with 1-hour Mean Objective Number of Hourly Means Site ID Site Type Within AQMA? Data Capture 2013 % >200µg/m3 2013 CM1 Roadside Y 95.0 0 Data can be downloaded from www.hertsbedsair.net

The maximum hourly mean concentration recorded during the 2013 calendar year was 139µg/m3, therefore the hourly mean objective of 200µg/m3 (not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year) was compiled with in 2013.

LAQM Progress Report 2014 20 Dacorum Borough Council

NO2 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Data

Table 2.6 below presents annual mean NO2 concentrations as measured by the diffusion tubes in 2013. Annual mean concentrations for 2013 have been bias adjusted by applying the factor of 0.80 referenced above in section 2.1.2. Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean air quality objective of 40µg/m3 have been highlighted in bold.

The annual mean NO2 concentration has not been calculated for the following monitoring sites, which were decommissioned in March 2013:  Roman Way, Markyate (DC43)  Charles Street, Tring (DC53)  Briar Way, Berkhamsted (DC83)  AQ Machine, Northchurch (DC84)

In reference to the nine monitoring sites where triplicate diffusion tubes were exposed, (listed below), the annual mean NO2 concentrations for each of the twenty seven diffusion tubes have been presented individually in Table 2.6. For the comparison exercise, the mean NO2 concentration for each of the triplicate monitoring sites has been utilised (see Table A.3 – A.11 within Appendix A for workings):  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1A, B and C (DC57, DC100 and DC101)  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2A, B and C (DC64, DC102 and DC103)  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3A, B and C (DC65, DC104 and DC105)  Durrants Hill Road, Apsley A, B and C (DC73, DC96 and DC97)  Health Centre, London Road, Apsley A, B and C (DC85, DC94 and DC95)  London Road, Apsley A, B and C (DC66, DC98 and DC99)  Northchurch Co-location A, B and C (DC86, DC87 and DC88)  High Street, Northchurch A, B and C (DC50, DC90 and DC91)  New Road, Northchurch A, B and C (DC62, DC92 and DC93)

Due to low data capture (<75 per cent) apparent at sixteen monitoring sites for the 2013 calendar year, the measured mean NO2 concentrations were adjusted to estimate an annual mean concentration (‘annualised’) using the methodology outlined in Box 3.2 of LAQM.TG(09). Specifically, mean annual mean/period ratios were derived from 2013 measurement data from the three urban background continuous monitoring stations within the Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Air Quality Network (where possible situated within 50 miles of the diffusion tube sites) and were applied to the measured NO2 concentrations prior to bias adjustment. The three long-term, continuous monitoring stations utilised were East

LAQM Progress Report 2014 21

Dacorum Borough Council

Hertfordshire Sawbridgeworth Background, Luton Challney Community College and Welwyn

Hatfield Council Offices. The annual data capture (NO2) for each of these monitoring sites during 2013 was good; with 99.6, 99.6 and 99.3 per cent respectively. The sixteen monitoring sites with <75 per cent data capture for the 2013 calendar year were:  Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 1 (DC77)  Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 2 (DC78)  Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 3 (DC79)  Outside 24 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead (DC106)  Marlowes Roundabout, Hemel Hempstead (DC107)  Old Town, Hemel Hempstead (DC108)  St Mary’s School, Northchurch 1 (DC109)  St Mary’s School, Northchurch 2 (DC110)  St Mary’s School, Northchurch 3 (DC111)  High Street, Markyate 2 (DC112)  Chapel Street, Berkhamsted (DC113)  Lower Kings Road, Berkhamsted (DC114)  Kings Road, Berkhamsted (DC115)  Castle Street, Berkhamsted (DC116)  High Street, Berkhamsted 2 (DC117)  Outside 158 Marlowes, Hemel Hempstead (DC118)

The diffusion tube measurement data for 2013 indicates that the annual mean air quality objective for NO2 was exceeded at five monitoring sites within the Borough, specifically, Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1; Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3; London Road, Apsley;

High Street, Northchurch and Watford Road, Kings Langley. Annual mean NO2 concentrations for individual diffusion tubes are listed below. In the case of the triplicate monitoring sites, the mean NO2 concentration for each monitoring site is also shown:  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1A (DC57) 52.3µg/m3  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1B (DC100) 51.8µg/m3  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1C (DC101) 55.8µg/m3 3 6 (The mean NO2 concentration for this triplicate monitoring site is 53µg/m )  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3A (DC65) 57.5µg/m3  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3B (DC104) 55.5µg/m3  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3C (DC105) 55.2µg/m3 3 (The mean NO2 concentration for this triplicate monitoring site is 56µg/m )  London Road, Apsley A (DC66) 51.7µg/m3

6 This figure includes all data (including CV >20 per cent) to demonstrate the worst case scenario. See Table A.3 in Appendix A.

LAQM Progress Report 2014 22 Dacorum Borough Council

 London Road, Apsley B (DC98) 51.7µg/m3  London Road, Apsley C (DC99) 50.9µg/m3 3 (The mean NO2 concentration for this triplicate monitoring site is 51µg/m )  High Street, Northchurch A (DC50) 42.0µg/m3  High Street, Northchurch B (DC90) 42.1µg/m3  High Street, Northchurch C (DC91) 42.5µg/m3 3 (The mean NO2 concentration for this triplicate monitoring site is 42µg/m )  Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54) 44.6µg/m3

With the exception of Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54), all other exceedances identified are situated within the three AQMAs.

As indicated in Table 2.3, no relevant exposure is apparent at the Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54) monitoring site. Following the guidance/calculation outlined in Box 2.3 of

LAQM.TG(09), the annual average NO2 concentration at the nearest receptors/sites of relevant exposure to the DC54 monitoring site is estimated to be 28.1µg/m3, and therefore below the relevant air quality objective. See Table B.3 and Figure B.2 in Appendix B for workings.

No exceedance of the annual mean air quality objective for NO2 was observed at the other diffusion tube monitoring sites in 2013.

3 Annual mean NO2 concentrations of >36µg/m (i.e. approaching the annual mean air quality objective) were recorded at five monitoring sites in 2013, specifically; Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4; Avia Close, Apsley; Health Centre, London Road, Apsley; New Road,

Northchurch and Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead. Annual mean NO2 concentrations for individual diffusion tubes are listed below. In the case of the triplicate monitoring sites, the mean NO2 concentration is also shown:  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4 (DC70) 37.2µg/m3  Avia Close, Apsley (DC74) 36.7µg/m3  Health Centre, London Road, Apsley A (DC85) 37.9µg/m3 3 (The mean NO2 concentration for this triplicate monitoring site is 35µg/m )  New Road, Northchurch A (DC62) 39.0µg/m3  New Road, Northchurch C (DC93) 36.3µg/m3 3 (The mean NO2 concentration for this triplicate monitoring site is 37µg/m )  Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead (DC81) 39.8µg/m3

LAQM Progress Report 2014 23 Dacorum Borough Council

As identified by Table 2.3, monitoring sites Avia Close, Apsley (DC74) and Health Centre, London Road, Apsley A (DC85) are both situated within AQMA 2 and New Road, Northchurch A (DC62) and New Road, Northchurch C (DC93) within AQMA 3a. Table 2.3 also indicates that monitoring site Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4 (DC70), is representative of relevant exposure, whereas Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead (DC81) is not. Depending on future monitoring results, it is possible that the boundary of the current AQMA 1 may have to be extended to incorporate Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4 (DC70).

3 Section 2.34 of LAQM.TG(09) indicates that if annual mean NO2 concentrations are 60µg/m or above, then it is likely that exceedances of the 1-hour mean air quality objective for NO2 3 will occur. Annual mean NO2 concentrations at all the monitoring sites were below 60µg/m in

2013. The annual mean NO2 concentration at Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3A (DC65) was 3 highest in 2013 at 57.5µg/m (the mean NO2 concentration for this triplicate monitoring site was 56µg/m3).

Table B.2 in Appendix B presents monthly mean NO2 measurement data for all diffusion tubes in 2013. The short-term to long-term data adjustment ‘annualisation’ is shown in Tables A.12a-g in Appendix A.

LAQM Progress Report 2014 24 Dacorum Borough Council

Table 2.6 Results of NO2 Diffusion Tubes 2013

Full Calendar Year Data 2013 Annual Mean Within Site ID Location Site Type Triplicate or Co-located Tube Capture 2013 (Number of Concentration (µg/m3) - Bias AQMA? a b Months or %) Adjustment factor = 0.80 DC40 Sawyers Way, Hemel Hempstead Background N N 11 20.8 DC42 Wood Lane End, Hemel Hempstead Background N N 12 23.9 DC43 Roman Way, Markyate Background N N 2 N/A DC46 High Street, Bovingdon Kerbside N N 12 21.6 DC47 High Street, Berkhamsted Roadside N N 12 35.9 DC48 Prince Edwards Street, Berkhamsted Background N N 12 20.8 DC50 High Street, Northchurch A Roadside Y Triplicate 12 42.0 DC51 Brook Street, Tring Kerbside N N 12 27.3 DC52 High Street,Tring Roadside N N 11 31.5 DC53 Charles Street, Tring Background N N 2 N/A DC54 Watford Road, Kings Langley Roadside N N 12 44.6 DC55 High Street, Kings Langley Roadside N N 12 31.6 DC57 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1A Roadside Y Triplicate 12 52.3 DC58 Gammon Close, Hemel Hempstead Background N N 12 26.2 DC59 Wadley Close, Hemel Hempstead Background N N 12 30.6 DC60 Field Road, Hemel Hempstead Background N N 12 23.8 DC61 St Agnells Lane, Hemel Hempstead Roadside N N 12 28.2 DC62 New Road, Northchurch A Roadside Y Triplicate 12 39.0 DC63 Darrs Lane, Northchurch Roadside Y N 12 26.7 DC64 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2 Roadside Y Triplicate 12 35.7 DC65 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3 Roadside Y Triplicate 12 57.5 DC66 London Road, Apsley A Roadside Y Triplicate 12 51.7 DC67 Allandale, Hemel Hempstead Roadside N N 12 27.3 DC68 Belswains Lane, Hemel Hempstead Roadside N N 12 35.9 DC69 Lawn/Belswains Lane, Hemel Hempstead Roadside N N 12 23.4 DC70 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4 Roadside N N 12 37.2 DC71 Orchard Street, Apsley Kerbside N N 12 26.7 DC73 Durrants Hill Road, Apsley A Roadside Y Triplicate 12 30.7 DC74 Avia Close, Apsley Roadside Y N 12 36.7 DC75 The Meads, Northchurch Roadside N N 12 24.7 DC76 The Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead Kerbside N N 12 33.7 DC77 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 1 Roadside N N 7 31.6 DC78 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 2 Roadside N N 7 29.3 DC79 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 3 Roadside N N 7 30.8 DC81 Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead Roadside N N 12 39.8 DC83 Briar Way, Berkhamsted Background N N 2 N/A DC84 AQ Machine, Northchurch Kerbside Y N 2 N/A DC85 Health Centre, London Road, Apsley A Kerbside Y Triplicate 12 37.9 DC86 Northchurch Co-location A Roadside Y Triplicate and Co-located 12 26.6 DC87 Northchurch Co-location B Roadside Y Triplicate and Co-located 12 27.2

25 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

Full Calendar Year Data 2013 Annual Mean Within 3 Site ID Location Site Type Triplicate or Co-located Tube Capture 2013 (Number of Concentration (µg/m ) - Bias AQMA? a b Months or %) Adjustment factor = 0.80 DC88 Northchurch Co-location C Roadside Y Triplicate and Co-located 12 27.1 DC89 High Street, Markyate Roadside N N 12 26.3 DC90 High Street, Northchurch B Roadside Y Triplicate 10 42.1 DC91 High Street, Northchurch C Roadside Y Triplicate 10 42.5 DC92 New Road, Northchurch B Roadside Y Triplicate 10 35.2 DC93 New Road, Northchurch C Roadside Y Triplicate 10 36.3 DC94 Health Centre, London Road, Apsley B Kerbside Y Triplicate 10 35.6 DC95 Health Centre, London Road, Apsley C Kerbside Y Triplicate 10 33.9 DC96 Durrants Hill Road, Apsley, B Roadside Y Triplicate 10 30.6 DC97 Durrants Hill Road, Apsley C Roadside Y Triplicate 10 31.7 DC98 London Road, Apsley B Roadside Y Triplicate 10 51.7 DC99 London Road, Apsley C Roadside Y Triplicate 10 50.9 DC100 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1B Roadside Y Triplicate 10 51.8 DC101 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1C Roadside Y Triplicate 10 55.8 DC102 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2B Roadside Y Triplicate 10 33.8 DC103 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2C Roadside Y Triplicate 10 34.4 DC104 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3B Roadside Y Triplicate 9 55.5 DC105 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3C Roadside Y Triplicate 10 55.2 DC106 Outside 24 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead N N 5 29.6 DC107 Marlowes Roundabout, Hemel Hempstead N N 5 30.2 DC108 Old Town, Hemel Hempstead N N 5 19.2 DC109 St Mary’s School, Northchurch 1 N N 5 19.0 DC110 St Mary’s School, Northchurch 2 N N 5 22.8 DC111 St Mary’s School, Northchurch 3 N N 5 23.9 DC112 High Street, Markyate 2 N N 4 20.6 DC113 Chapel Street, Berkhamsted N N 5 18.0 DC114 Lower Kings Road, Berkhamsted N N 4 33.9 DC115 Kings Road, Berkhamsted N N 4 23.6 DC116 Castle Street, Berkhamsted N N 4 25.8 DC117 High Street, Berkhamsted 2 N N 4 27.9 DC118 Outside 158 Marlowes, Hemel Hempstead N N 4 32.6

26 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

Diffusion Tube Monitoring Data (2009 to 2013)

Table 2.7 below presents annual mean NO2 concentrations for all diffusion tube monitoring sites between 2009 and 2013. In reference to the monitoring sites where triplicate diffusion tubes were exposed, the mean NO2 concentration at each of the triplicate monitoring sites has been utilised.

Exceedances of the annual mean air quality objective for NO2 are highlighted in bold. The annualisation and bias adjustment procedures/calculations for the previously reported data are detailed in the 2010 and 2011 Progress Reports, the 2012 Updating and Screening Assessment and the 2013 Progress Report.

Summary of 2009 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Results

The annual mean air quality objective for NO2 was exceeded at six of the twenty one monitoring sites within the Borough in 2009. Five of the six locations; High Street, Northchurch (DC50), New Road, Northchurch (DC62), Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1 (DC57), Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3 (DC65) and London Road, Apsley (DC66) were situated within the (to be declared) AQMAs.

The annual mean NO2 objective was also exceeded at Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54). However, this monitoring site is not representative of public exposure. Following the guidance/calculation methodology outlined in Box 2.3 of LAQM.TG(09), the annual average 3 NO2 concentration at the nearest receptor was estimated to be approximately 30µg/m , and therefore below the relevant air quality objective.

3 An annual mean NO2 concentration of 40µg/m was recorded at Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2 (DC64) and at High Street, Berkhamsted (DC47) in 2009. However, as identified in Table 2.3, no relevant exposure is apparent at the High Street, Berkhamsted (DC47) monitoring site. The Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2 (DC64) monitoring site was located within the (to be declared) Lawn Lane AQMA.

The annual mean NO2 concentration at Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1 (DC57) in 2009 was 60µg/m3. However, this was considered to be a minor exceedance of the ‘guideline value’ and therefore well within the typical diffusion tube measurement uncertainty of 25 per cent referenced in Section A1.40 of LAQM.TG(09). Annual mean NO2 concentrations at all other monitoring sites were below 60µg/m3 in 2009.

27 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council Summary of 2010 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Results

The annual mean air quality objective for NO2 was exceeded at seven of the twenty two monitoring sites within the Borough in 2010. Five of the seven locations; High Street, Northchurch (DC50), New Road, Northchurch (DC62), Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1 (DC57), Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3 (DC65) and London Road, Apsley (DC66) were situated within the (to be declared) AQMAs.

The annual mean NO2 objective was also exceeded at High Street, Berkhamsted (DC47) and Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54). However, as identified in Table 2.3, no relevant exposure is apparent at these two sites. Following the guidance/calculation methodology outlined in Box 2.3 of LAQM.TG(09), annual average NO2 concentrations at the nearest receptors/sites of relevant exposure to the DC47 and DC54 monitoring sites were estimated to be 37µg/m3 and 38µg/m3 respectively, and therefore below the relevant air quality objective.

3 An annual mean NO2 concentration of 38µg/m (i.e. approaching the relevant air quality objective) was recorded at Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2 (DC64). This monitoring site was located within the (to be declared) Lawn Lane AQMA.

The annual mean NO2 concentration at Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3 (DC65) in 2010 was 62µg/m3. However, this was considered to be a marginal exceedance of the ‘guideline value’ and therefore well within the typical diffusion tube measurement uncertainty of 25 per cent referenced in Section A1.40 of LAQM.TG(09). Annual mean NO2 concentrations at all other monitoring sites were below 60µg/m3 in 2010.

Summary of 2011 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Results

The annual mean NO2 objective was exceeded at seven of the forty one monitoring sites within the Borough in 2011. Five of the seven locations: New Road, Northchurch (DC62), Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1 (DC57), Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3 (DC65), London Road, Apsley (DC66) and Avia Close, Apsley (DC74) were located within the (to be declared) AQMAs.

The annual mean NO2 objective was also exceeded at Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54) and Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead (DC81). However, as identified in Table 2.3, no relevant exposure is apparent at either of these sites. Following the guidance/calculation outlined in Box 2.3 of LAQM.TG(09), annual average NO2 concentrations at the nearest receptors/sites of relevant exposure to the DC54 and DC81 monitoring sites were estimated

28 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council to be 31.6µg/m3 and 34.8µg/m3 respectively, and therefore below the relevant air quality objective.

3 3 Annual mean NO2 concentration of 39.3µg/m and 39.9µg/m (i.e. approaching the relevant air quality objective) were recorded at Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2 (DC64) and Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4 (DC70) respectively. As identified in Table 2.3, Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2 (DC64) was located within the (to be declared) Lawn Lane AQMA. Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4 (DC70) was located just outside of the (to be declared) 3 Lawn Lane AQMA. An annual mean NO2 concentration of 39.2µg/m was recorded at High Street, Berkhamsted (DC47). However, as identified in Table 2.3, no relevant exposure is 3 apparent at this site. An annual mean NO2 concentration of 38.2µg/m was recorded at Belswains Lane, Hemel Hempstead (DC68) and 37.2µg/m3 at Sappi 1 (DC80).

3 Annual mean NO2 concentrations at all the forty one monitoring sites were below 60µg/m in

2011. The annual mean NO2 concentration at London Road, Apsley (DC66) was highest in 2011 at 59.2µg/m3.

Summary of 2012 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Results

The annual mean air quality objective for NO2 objective was exceeded at five of the forty two monitoring sites within the Borough in 2012. Four of the five locations; High Street, Northchurch (DC50), Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1 (DC57), Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3 (DC65) and London Road, Apsley (DC66) were situated within the three (to be declared) AQMAs.

The annual mean NO2 objective was also exceeded at Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54). However, this monitoring site is not representative of relevant exposure. Following the guidance/calculation outlined in Box 2.3 of LAQM.TG(09), the annual average NO2 concentration at the nearest receptors/sites of relevant exposure to the DC54 monitoring site was estimated to be 29.8µg/m3, and therefore below the relevant air quality objective.

No exceedance of the annual mean air quality objective for NO2 was observed at the other diffusion tube monitoring sites in 2012.

3 3 3 Annual mean NO2 concentrations of 39.9µg/m , 39.2µg/m and 37.4µg/m (i.e. approaching the relevant air quality objective) were recorded at New Road, Northchurch (DC62), Avia Close, Apsley (DC74) and Health Centre, London Road, Apsley (DC85) in 2012. These

29 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council monitoring sites were situated within the (to be declared) High Street, Northchurch and London Road, Apsley AQMAs.

3 3 3 Annual mean NO2 concentrations of 37.2µg/m , 38.9µg/m and 37.7µg/m were recorded at High Street, Berkhamsted (DC47), High Street, Tring (DC52) and Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead (DC81) respectively. However, as identified in Table 2.3, no relevant exposure is apparent at any of these sites.

3 Annual mean NO2 concentrations at all the forty two monitoring sites were below 60µg/m in

2012. The annual mean NO2 concentration at Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3 (DC65) was highest in 2012 at 57µg/m3.

30 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

Table 2.7 Results of NO2 Diffusion Tubes (2009 to 2013)

Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) - Adjusted for Bias a Within Site ID Site Type AQMA? 2009 (Bias Adjustment 2010 (Bias Adjustment 2011 (Bias Adjustment 2012 (Bias Adjustment 2013 (Bias Adjustment Factor = 0.82) Factor = 0.85) Factor = 0.84) Factor = 0.79) Factor = 0.80) DC40 Background N No data 24 24.2 20.3 20.8 DC42 Background N 27 28 24.7 22.6 23.9 DC43 Background N 20 21 18.5 16.0 DC46 Kerbside N 24 25 22.4 19.1 21.6 DC47 Roadside N 40 43 39.2 37.2 35.9 DC48 Background N 21 23 20.8 19.5 20.8 DC50 (DC90 & DC91) Roadside Y 42 45 35.8 42.2 42.0 DC51 Kerbside N 29 31 27.4 24.3 27.3 DC52 Roadside N 32 36 33.6 38.9 31.5 DC53 Background N 18 17 15.7 15.0 DC54 Roadside N 48 52 46.7 46.9 44.6 DC55 Roadside N 32 36 34.0 29.9 31.6 DC57 (DC100 & DC101) Roadside Y 60 59 53.2 48.9 53.0 DC58 Background N 29 31 28.6 25.1 26.2 DC59 Background N 34 35 35.2 27.4 30.6 DC60 Background N 25 25 25.3 25.2 23.8 DC61 Roadside N 30 29 30.6 28.2 28.2 DC62 (DC92 & DC93) Roadside Y 42 42 46.2 39.9 37.0 DC63 Roadside Y 33 33 30.0 28.3 26.7 DC64 (DC102 & DC103) Roadside Y 40 38 39.3 35.6 34.0 DC65 (DC104 & DC105) Roadside Y 56 62 57.2 57.0 56.0 DC66 (DC98 & DC99) Roadside Y 57 54 59.2 55.9 51.0 DC67 Roadside N 28.1 27.7 27.3 DC68 Roadside N 38.2 35.4 35.9 DC69 Roadside N 22.8 21.4 23.4 DC70 Roadside N 39.9 39.1 37.2 DC71 Kerbside N 28.6 25.4 26.7 DC72 Roadside N 35.8 DC73 (DC96 & DC97) Roadside Y 33.4 30.1 31.0 DC74 Roadside Y 42.1 39.2 36.7 DC75 Roadside N 27.1 25.3 24.7 DC76 Kerbside N 36.0 28.0 33.7 DC77 Roadside N 27.6 28.5 31.6 DC78 Roadside N 30.0 25.9 29.3 DC79 Roadside N 29.8 33.5 30.8 DC80 Roadside N 37.2 DC81 Roadside N 52.3 37.7 39.8 DC82 Roadside N 36.6 DC83 Roadside N 13.7 13.1 DC84 Roadside Y 29.9 28.1

31 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) - Adjusted for Bias a Within Site ID Site Type AQMA? 2009 (Bias Adjustment 2010 (Bias Adjustment 2011 (Bias Adjustment 2012 (Bias Adjustment 2013 (Bias Adjustment Factor = 0.82) Factor = 0.85) Factor = 0.84) Factor = 0.79) Factor = 0.80) DC85 (DC94 & DC95) Kerbside Y 33.0 37.4 35.0 DC86, DC87 & DC88 Roadside Y 23.0 27 DC89 Roadside N 18.3 26.3 DC106 N 29.6 DC107 N 30.2 DC108 N 19.2 DC109 N 19.0 DC110 N 22.8 DC111 N 23.9 DC112 N 20.6 DC113 N 18.0 DC114 N 33.9 DC115 N 23.6 DC116 N 25.8 DC117 N 27.9 DC118 N 32.6 Note:

3 In bold, exceedence of the NO2 annual mean AQS objective of 40µg/m 3 Underlined, annual mean > 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedence of the NO2 hourly mean AQS objective All results for 2009 and 2010 were annualised due to low data capture (<90 per cent) 2011 and 2013 data was annualised where data capture was <75 per cent All results for 2012 were annualised due to low data capture (<75 per cent)

The following monitoring sites became triplicates in 2013: DC50, DC57, DC62, DC64, DC65, DC66, DC73 and DC85. Mean NO2 concentration for each monitoring site utilised in 2013.

Northchurch co-location study (DC86, DC87 and DC88). Mean NO2 concentration for this monitoring site utilised in 2012 and 2013.

32 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

Potential Trends in Diffusion Tube Monitoring Results 2009 to 2013

Annual mean NO2 concentrations over the last five years have been presented graphically for all the long-term monitoring sites DC40 to DC66 (22 in total) across Dacorum in Figure

2.2. Furthermore, Figure 2.3, 2.5 and 2.7 show annual mean NO2 concentrations over the last five years for the long-term background, roadside and kerbside sites separately. Graphs showing the trends for this five year period are also presented in Figure 2.4, 2.6 and 2.8.

Five years data is usually considered the minimum necessary to identify a significant trend. In December 2010 a further 10 diffusion tube monitoring sites (DC67 to DC76) were deployed, mostly in, or within the immediate vicinity of the (to be declared) AQMA boundaries in Hemel Hempstead and Apsley. A further 9 diffusion tube monitoring sites were also deployed in Hemel Hempstead in 2011; DC77 to DC82 were commissioned in May 2011; DC83 and DC84 in June 2011 and DC85 in September 2011. Three monitoring sites (DC77 to DC79) were positioned at various locations on Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead to access any potential air quality impact following the redevelopment of the former Kodak site. Three monitoring sites (DC80 to DC82) were positioned at various locations on Lower Road, Nash Mills to access air quality within the vicinity of the former Sappi Graphics site, undergoing mixed use redevelopment. DC83 was positioned at Briar Way, Berkhamsted as an additional background site, and DC84 adjacent to the automatic monitoring station on High Street, Northchurch. DC85 was positioned outside of the Health Centre on London Road, Apsley. In October 2012, three diffusion tubes (DC86, DC87 and DC88) were positioned in the caging of the automatic monitoring station analyser outlet to enable a local co-location study to be undertaken, in addition to a new monitoring site on High Street, Markyate. As detailed in section 2.1.2, thirteen new monitoring sites (DC106 – DC118) were commissioned in 2013. Since insufficient data is available to accurately assess trends, the results are presented in Figure 2.9 for comparison only. The following monitoring sites have been omitted from this comparison exercise as data for one calendar year is available only; London Featherbed (DC72), Sappi 1 (DC80) and Sappi 3 (DC82) (2011 only) and the thirteen new monitoring sites commissioned in 2013 (DC106 – DC118).

Figures 2.10, 2.12 and 2.14 show the location of diffusion tube monitoring sites within and in close proximity to the Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead; London Road, Apsley and High Street,

Northchurch AQMAs respectively. Figures 2.11, 2.13 and 2.15 show the annual mean NO2 concentrations at the diffusion tube monitoring sites within and in close proximity to the three AQMAs over the last five years, (where applicable).

33 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

In the fourteen figures below and the associated accompanying text, where an asterisk is shown against the monitoring site ID (e.g. DC50*), this indicates that for 2013 (and 2012 in the case of the Northchurch co-location study), the triplicate mean NO2 concentration was utilised for that particular monitoring site.

34 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

Figure 2.2 Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Long-term Monitoring Sites 2009 - 2013

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Figure 2.3 Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Long-term Background Sites 2009 - 2013

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Figure 2.4 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 for Long-term Background Sites 2009 - 2013

37 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

Figure 2.5 Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Long-term Roadside Sites 2009 - 2013

38 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

Figure 2.6 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 for Long-term Roadside Sites 2009 - 2013

39 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

Figure 2.7 Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Long-term Kerbside Monitoring Sites 2009 - 2013

40 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

Figure 2.8 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 for Long-term Kerbside Monitoring Sites 2009 - 2013

41 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

Figure 2.9 Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at New Monitoring Sites 2011 - 2013

42 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

DC70

DC57*

DC65*

DC64*

DC69

Figure 2.10 AQMA 1 - Diffusion Tube Monitoring Sites

Figure 2.11 AQMA 1 - Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations 2009 - 2013

43 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

DC72

DC66* DC73* DC71

DC85*

DC74

Figure 2.12 AQMA 2 - Diffusion Tube Monitoring Sites

Figure 2.13 AQMA 2 - Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations 2009 - 2013

44 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

DC63

DC84 DC86*

DC111 DC62* DC109

DC110 DC50*

DC75

Figure 2.14 AQMA 3a - Diffusion Tube Monitoring Sites

Figure 2.15 AQMA 3a - Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations 2009 - 2013

45 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council Potential Trends – Long-term Background Sites:

 Despite an increase in 2013, overall, the annual mean NO2 concentrations at the long-term background sites appear to have slightly declined over the past 5 years.

 No exceedance of the annual mean NO2 objective has been noted at any of the eight long-term background locations over the past five years.

 In general, annual mean NO2 concentrations were highest in 2010 and lowest in 2012.

Potential Trends – Long-term Roadside Sites:

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations at the long-term roadside sites appear to have declined over the past 5 years.

 For the first time in five years, the average annual mean NO2 concentration for long- term roadside site fell below the annual mean air quality objective in 2013 (at 39.1µg/m3).

 Over the past five years, the annual mean NO2 objective has been consistently exceeded year on year at four of the roadside locations; DC54, DC57*, DC65* and DC66*. DC54 is located at Watford Road, Kings Langley; DC57* and DC65* are located within the Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead AQMA (1) and DC66* within the London Road, Apsley AQMA (2).

 In general, annual mean NO2 concentrations were highest in 2010 and lowest in 2013.

Potential Trends – Long-term Kerbside Sites:

 Despite an increase in 2013, overall, annual mean NO2 concentrations at the long- term kerbside sites appear to have declined over the past 5 years.

 No exceedance of the annual mean NO2 objective has been noted at either of the long-term kerbside locations over the past five years.

 At both long-term kerbside monitoring locations, the annual mean NO2 concentration was highest in 2010 and lowest in 2012.

New Monitoring Locations 2011 – 2013:

 In general, annual mean NO2 concentrations were seen to decrease from 2011 to 2012 (thirteen of sixteen monitoring sites).

 In general, annual mean NO2 concentrations were seen to increase from 2012 to 2013 (ten of sixteen monitoring sites).

46 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council  Fourteen of the eighteen new monitoring sites exhibit three years of data. At these

fourteen monitoring sites, in general, the highest annual mean NO2 concentrations were identified in 2011 (eleven of fourteen monitoring sites).  Four monitoring sites (DC67, DC70, DC74 and DC75) have shown a steady decrease

in annual mean NO2 concentrations over the last three years.

 One monitoring site (DC77) has shown a steady increase in annual mean NO2 concentrations over the last three years.

Potential Trends – Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead AQMA (1)  Three long-term monitoring sites are located within the Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead AQMA (DC57*, DC64* and DC65*). The remaining two monitoring sites (DC69 and DC70) were deployed in 2011, both of which are located outside of the AQMA boundary.

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were seen to decrease from 2009 to 2010 at two of the three monitoring sites (DC57* and DC64*), whereas DC65* exhibited an increase.

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were seen to decrease from 2010 to 2011 at two of the three monitoring sites (DC57* and DC65*), whereas DC64* exhibited an increase.

 All five monitoring sites exhibited a decrease in annual mean NO2 concentrations between 2011 and 2012.

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were seen to decrease from 2012 to 2013 at three of the five monitoring sites (DC70, DC65* and DC64*), whereas DC57* and DC69 exhibited an increase.

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were lowest at three of the five monitoring sites in

2013 (DC70, DC65* and DC64*). Annual NO2 concentrations were lowest at the remaining two monitoring sites (DC57* and DC69) in 2012.

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were highest at DC57* and DC64* in 2009, at DC65* in 2010, at DC70 in 2011 and DC69 in 2013.

 Over the past five years, the annual mean NO2 objective has been consistently exceeded year on year at both DC57* and DC65*, both of which are located within the AQMA boundary.

 Over the past five years, the annual mean NO2 objective has never been exceeded at DC64*, which is also located within the AQMA boundary. Although no exceedances

have been identified, the annual mean NO2 concentration at this monitoring location regularly comes close to the 40µg/m3 objective.

 Since deployment in 2011, the annual mean NO2 objective has not been exceeded at either of the monitoring locations situated outside of the AQMA boundary (DC69 and

DC70). However, annual mean NO2 concentrations at DC70 in 2011, 2012 and 2013

47 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council have been exceptionally close to the 40µg/m3 objective (39.9, 39.1 and 37.2µg/m3 respectively).

Potential Trends – London Road, Apsley AQMA (2)  DC66* represents the only long-term monitoring site within the London Road, Apsley AQMA. The remaining five monitoring sites were deployed in 2011. With the exception of DC71, all monitoring sites are located within the AQMA boundary. DC72 has been omitted from this comparison exercise due to insufficient data capture (one year only).

 Between 2009 and 2010 DC66* exhibited a decrease in the annual mean NO2 concentration, followed by an increase between 2010 and 2011.  With the exception of DC85*; all monitoring sites exhibited a decrease in annual

mean NO2 concentrations between 2011 and 2012.  Three of the five monitoring sites (DC66*, DC85* and DC74) exhibited a decrease in

annual mean NO2 concentrations between 2012 and 2013. Whereas DC71 and DC73* exhibited an increase.

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were lowest at DC85* in 2011, at DC71 and DC73* in 2012 and DC66* and DC74 in 2013.

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were highest at four of the five monitoring sites (DC71, DC66*, DC73* and DC74) in 2011 and at DC85* in 2012.

 Over the past five years, the annual mean NO2 objective has been consistently exceeded year on year at DC66*.

 The annual mean NO2 objective was also exceeded at DC74 in 2011.

 No other exceedances have been identified. However, the annual mean NO2 concentration at DC74 came close to the 40µg/m3 objective in both 2012 and 2013 (39.2 and 36.7µg/m3 respectively) and also at DC85* in 2012 with a concentration of 37.4µg/m3.

Potential Trends – High Street, Northchurch AQMA (3a)  Three long-term monitoring sites are located within the High Street, Northchurch AQMA (DC50*, DC62* and DC63). A further two monitoring sites (DC75 and DC84) were deployed in 2011; DC84 located within the AQMA boundary and DC75 outside of the AQMA boundary. In November 2012, a co-location study commenced on High Street, Northchurch; three diffusion tubes (DC86, DC87 and DC88) were positioned within the caging of the analyser. Following this, DC84 was decommissioned in

March 2013; therefore no annual mean NO2 concentration has been calculated for this monitoring site. In July 2013 a further three monitoring sites (DC109, DC110 and

48 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council DC111) were commissioned in and around St Mary’s School. DC109, DC110 and DC111 have been omitted from this comparison exercise due to insufficient data capture (one year only).

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were seen to remain stable from 2009 to 2010 at two of the three monitoring locations (DC62* and DC63), whereas DC50* exhibited an increase.

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were seen to decrease from 2010 to 2011 at two of the three monitoring locations (DC50* and DC63), whereas DC62* exhibited an increase.

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were seen to decrease from 2011 to 2012 at four of the five monitoring locations (DC62*, DC63, DC75 and DC84), whereas DC50* exhibited an increase.

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were seen to decrease from 2012 to 2013 at four of the five monitoring locations (DC63, DC62*, DC50* and DC75), whereas DC86 - DC88 (co-location study) exhibited an increase.

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were lowest at DC50* in 2011, at DC84 and DC86* in 2012 and at DC63, DC62* and DC75 in 2013.

 Annual mean NO2 concentrations were highest at DC63 in 2009 and 2010, at DC50* in 2010, at DC84, DC62* and DC75 in 2011 and at DC86* in 2013.

 The annual mean NO2 objective has been exceeded at DC50* in four of the last five years, with the exception of 2011 (35.8µg/m3).

 The annual mean NO2 objective was also exceeded in 2009, 2010 and 2011 at DC62*. Although the objective was not exceeded at this monitoring site in 2012 or 3 2013, the annual mean NO2 concentrations were extremely close to the 40µg/m objective (39.9 and 37µg/m3 respectively).

 The annual mean NO2 objective has never been exceeded at the remaining monitoring locations (DC63, DC84 and DC86* within the AQMA boundary and DC75 outside of the AQMA boundary). The new monitoring sites (DC109, DC110 and DC111) located in and around St Mary’s School did not exceed the objective in 2013.

49 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council 2.2.2 Summary of Compliance with AQS Objectives

Dacorum Borough Council has examined the results from monitoring in the Borough.

Concentrations within the three AQMAs still exceed the annual mean objective for NO2 at Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead; London Road, Apsley and High Street, Northchurch and the AQMAs should remain.

Concentrations outside of the three AQMAs are all below the objectives at relevant locations, therefore there is no need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

50 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council 3 New Local Developments

Any location where there has been a change or new development with the potential to affect air quality in the Dacorum area has been considered in order to identify locations that need to be taken into consideration in the next Updating and Screening Assessment in 2015. These include transport sources, industrial sources and any other commercial or domestic sources.

Only those developments that are currently under construction or that have been granted planning permission or issued with a permit to operate under the Environmental Permitting Regulations (England and Wales) 2010 (as amended) are considered. Those detailed in the previous 2013 Progress Report are not included. Future developments and new planning applications are considered under section 5.

The Council has identified the following new or previously unidentified residential and commercial developments, which may impact on air quality in the local authority area:

 4/01356/13/MFA Pilling Motor Group, London Road, Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead, HP3 9AA – Demolition of existing showroom buildings and construction of food store (Class A1) with associated access, parking and landscaping (amended scheme). The site is situated to the west of the London Road, Apsley AQMA. This application was granted planning permission on 25 September 2013. It replaced 4/00585/13/MFA, which was refused planning permission on 5 July 2013.  4/01450/12/MFA Former Royal Mail Site, Park Lane, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 – Mixed use re-development comprising 86 dwellings, self storage facility and associated parking and amenity. This major full application was previously identified within section 5 of the 2013 Progress Report. This application was granted planning permission on 10 September 2013.

All residential and commercial developments with the potential to impact upon air quality that have been granted planning permission since the 2012 Updating and Screening Assessment will be taken into consideration in the next Updating and Screening Assessment scheduled for 2015.

3.1 Road Traffic Sources

It is proposed to relocate the current bus interchange to a new location within Hemel Hempstead town centre. The proposals for the new bus interchange shall provide a total of

51 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council eight bus bays within the Marlowes section, (four northbound and four southbound) each 12 metres in length, with a further four 15 metre bays in the Bridge Street section (two in each direction). 12 metre bays shall be allocated for local bus services, with the 15 metre bays being assigned for longer distance (non-local) services such as Greenline / National Express Services.

An Air Quality Assessment has been requested in order to predict the impact on current air quality resultant of the implementation of the scheme.

3.2 Other Transport Sources

Dacorum Borough Council has not identified any other new non-road traffic sources since the 2012 Updating and Screening Assessment.

3.3 Industrial Sources

Two installations have been permitted within the Borough since the 2012 Updating and Screening Assessment:  IHP Limited at Shantock Hall Lane, Bovingdon – Part A(1) Poultry Farm  Autocoin Laundrette and Dry Cleaners (Part B)

The Part B application submitted by Trieste Group Partners LLP (trading as ‘Spacestor’) for a wood manufacturing installation (covered by the description in section 6.6 Part Ba(ii) of Part 2 to Schedule 1 of the EPR) was being processed during 2013.

The Council is unaware of any new or proposed industrial installations in neighbouring authorities near to the borough boundary for which planning approval has been granted since the 2012 Updating and Screening Assessment.

There are no existing industrial installations within the Borough where emissions have increased substantially or where new relevant exposure has been introduced.

There are no new or significantly changed industrial installations within the Borough or nearby in a neighbouring authority with no previous air quality assessment.

The Buncefield Oil Storage Depot site is located approximately 2km north east of Hemel Hempstead town centre off Green Lane. The redevelopment of this site and the associated potential air quality impact was discussed in the 2013 Progress Report. During 2013 the

52 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council following additional planning applications were received in relation to the Buncefield Oil Storage Depot Site:  4/00112/13/FUL Part of HOSL Site, Buncefield Oil Terminal, Green Lane, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 7HZ – Proposed installation of impervious capping membrane and lagoon refurbishment. Planning permission granted 19 March 2013.  4/00656/13/FUL British Pipeline Agency Ltd, Buncefield, Green Lane, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 7HZ – Two granular activated carbon vessels for the water treatment plant. Planning permission granted 5 June 2013.

There are eighteen petrol filling stations within the Borough, all of which are permitted and regulated by the Council under the Environmental Permitting Regulations 2010 (as amended). All are fitted with Stage 1b Vapour Recovery Systems (and Stage II where necessary). No new petrol stations have opened in the Borough since the 2012 Updating and Screening Assessment.

Tables C.1, C.2 and C.3 in Appendix C contains a list of all permitted Part A(1), A(2) and B Installations within the Borough in 2013.

3.4 Commercial and Domestic Sources

Since the 2013 Progress Report, no further applications have been made for biomass boiler installations.

There are no significant domestic burning of coal or oil in boilers >5 MW within the borough.

There are no areas within the Borough where there is a high density of housing and service sector biomass combustion appliances which, when combined, could lead to unacceptably high PM10 concentrations.

3.5 New Developments with Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources

No other potential sources of fugitive or uncontrolled particulate matter have been identified within the Borough during 2013.

53 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

Dacorum Borough Council has identified the following new or previously unidentified local developments which may impact on air quality in the Local Authority area in 2013:  4/01356/13/MFA Pilling Motor Group, London Road, Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead – Discount food store (amended scheme). Planning permission granted on 25 September 2013.  4/01450/12/MFA Former Royal Mail Site, Park Lane, Hemel Hempstead – Mixed use re-development, comprising 86 dwellings, self storage facility etc. Planning permission granted on 10 September 2013.  Hemel Hempstead town centre bus interchange  Newly permitted Part A(1) installation (IHP Limited) Poultry Farm  Newly permitted Part B installation (Autocoin Laundrette and Dry Cleaners)

This, (and those developments identified in the previous 2013 Progress Report), will be taken into consideration in the next Updating and Screening Assessment.

54 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council 4 Local / Regional Air Quality Strategy

The National Air Quality Strategy recognises that every Local Authority can make a contribution to continued improvements in air quality by the development of their own strategies. By developing and implementing local air quality strategies an integrated approach to air quality can be achieved.

No local / regional air quality strategy existed for Dacourm, Hertfordshire or the Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Air Quality Network in 2013.

During 2014/15 Hertfordshire Public Health has been working with Air Quality Officers from the Hertfordshire Local Authorities to produce an Air Quality Strategic Plan for Hertfordshire.

This Plan focuses primarily on particulate matter (specifically PM 2.5), as this is the subject of the Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator 3.01. The Air Quality Strategic Plan for Hertfordshire was approved by the Health and Wellbeing Board in June 2015.

As part of the Air Quality work recently undertaken by Hertfordshire Public Health, funding has been provided to all Hertfordshire Local Authorities (as well as the County Council) for the monitoring of PM2.5. Following receipt of Public Health funding the Council has purchased a FIDAS 200 particulate monitor, which is currently situated within the automatic monitoring station enclosure at High Street, Northchurch. This equipment allows the continuous monitoring of PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10 and TSP (total particulates). The equipment has been operational since 12 August 2015. The data will be used by Hertfordshire County Council Public Health to report against the Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator 3.01, and also by Dacorum Borough Council for LAQM purposes (PM10).

55 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council 5 Planning Applications

New development which could impact upon local air quality or for which an Environmental Impact Assessment is being provided, are listed below. Planning applications discussed within the 2013 Progress Report have not been reiterated here. The information provided comprises of the following:  Planning applications for new developments which have not yet been approved;  Outstanding allocations that have been identified in the Dacorum Local Plan;  Future developments opportunities in the Annual Monitoring Report 2012/13; and  Local allocations and Strategic Sites in the Core Strategy.

This will help give a picture of areas where changed may occur and also where combined impacts of several developments may become important. These will be taken into consideration in the next Updating and Screening Assessment scheduled for 2015.

Planning applications received between 1 January and 31 December 2013, but not determined during 2013:  4/00931/13/MFA Drew House and the Factory, Ebberns Road, Hemel Hempstead – Redevelopment of site for residential use to create 17 x 3 bed houses, 4 x 4 bed houses and 1 block of 8 flats. Including demolition of Drew House and the factory buildings, new site access, car parking, landscaping and refuse storage. This site is situated between the Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead AQMA (to the north) and the London Road, Apsley AQMA (to the south). This application was granted planning permission on 21 August 2015.  4/01010/13/MFA 175 - 189, London Road, Apsley, Hemel Hempstead, HP3 9SQ – A mixed-use development of the site to create 36 apartments, retail floor space (Class A1), replacement electricity substation and ancillary car parking and landscaping. Whilst it was not envisaged that the development would be of such a scale to

generate a significant increase in NO2 concentrations, due to the site’s position within the London Road, Apsley AQMA, the following comments were provided in relation to air quality ‘The properties that are due to be facing the road are going to require mechanical ventilation that will enable suitable air exchange, in accordance with the building regulations, therefore the residents will not be required to open windows to achieve suitable ventilation. This requirement is necessary due to the fact that the

NO2 annual mean AQS objective is exceeded in this area.’ This application was granted planning permission on 12 March 2014.

56 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council  4/01228/13/MFA West Herts College, Civic Centre and Marlowes Methodist Church, Marlowes, Hemel Hempstead, HP1 – Hybrid application for the demolition of existing buildings and structures for a comprehensive redevelopment of the site comprising a replacement further education college (use Class D1), food superstore (use Class A1), petrol filling station (sui generis), parking and service space, new access and vehicle bridge across the River Gade, partial diversion of the River Gade, hard and soft landscaping and other associated works (in full) and further future expansion of the college (use Class D1) and parking and services space (outline with all matters reserved except access). Follows on from 4/01813/12/SCO – Request for scoping opinion under Regulation 13. (EIR undertaken and comments provided in respect of air quality). 4/01228/13/MFA was later withdrawn.  4/01077/13/MOA Viking House, Swallowdale Lane, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 7EA – Outline planning application for conversion of existing offices and extension to existing building to create 64 units for residential use (use Class C3) along with associated car parking reconfiguration. This application was granted planning permission on 24 March 2014.  4/01949/13/PRE Land at junction of Durrants Lane & Shootersway, Berkhamsted - Construction of up to 90 dwellings with associated amenity and open space and formal playing pitch provision) refused and appeal pending in 2013. The northern area of land is awaiting a decision on a town and village green application.  4/02158/13/PRE The Point, Plough Roundabout, Two Waters Road, Hemel Hempstead, HP3 9BZ – 25 one bedroom residential units over a car park. Pre- application discussions took place in respect of this proposed residential redevelopment at the junction of Two Waters Road and the Plough Roundabout. Diffusion tube monitoring undertaken some years ago indicated exceedances within this area, as such an air quality assessment has been requested with the application. The Council proposed to expose further diffusion tubes at the proposed site to

establish current NO2 concentrations, which will aid the air quality assessment.

Housing allocations within the Core Strategy are referred to as ‘Local Allocations’ and are sites anticipated as not coming forward until 2021 onwards. The following ‘Local Allocations’ have been identified as follows:

Hemel Hempstead:  LA1: Marchmont Farm (around 300 new homes, extend Margaret Lloyd Park)  LA2: Old Town (around 80 new homes)

57 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council  LA3: West Hemel Hempstead (up to 900 new homes, shop, doctors surgery and additional social and community provision, including new primary school)

Berkhamsted:  Proposal LA4: Land at and to the rear of Hanburys, Shootersway, Berkhamsted (around 60 new homes)

Tring:  Proposal LA5: Icknield Way, west of Tring (around 150 new homes, playing fields and open space, extension to the employment area in Icknield Way Industrial Estate, potential extension to the cemetery)

Bovingdon:  Proposal LA6: Chesham Road/Molyneaux Avenue (around 60 new homes, open space)

The Core Strategy also identifies two ‘Strategic Sites’ (i.e. sites within the urban area which could come forward in the short-term) as follows:  Proposal SS1: Land at Durrants Lane / Shootersway, Berkhamsted (Egerton Rothesay School) (mixed use scheme incorporating 180 new homes, remodelling and extension of existing school, dual use playing fields and community playing fields, informal leisure space) [Planning application submitted for 90 units on southern half of the site (4/01949/13/PRE – Construction of up to 90 dwellings with associated amenity and open space and formal playing pitch provision) refused and appeal pending. The northern area of land is awaiting a decision on a town and village green application]; and  Proposal SS2: Land at Hicks Road, Markyate (mixed use scheme incorporating business, light industrial (Class B1c) and storage and distribution units (Class B8), 90 residential units, replacement surgery, new public space, small A1/A2/A3/A4 units, replacement public car parking and residential care home). [Planning permission granted 4 July 2012 (4/01173/11/MFA), under construction in 2013.]

The Annual Monitoring Report 2012/13 (‘Delivering Success: Annual Monitoring Report & Progress on the Dacorum Development Programme 2012/13 (January 2014)’) looks at long- term future housing land supply over the lifetime of the Core Strategy (i.e. until 2031). It comprises information contained within the Council’s published land position statements and

58 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council other future sources of housing development (e.g. the Strategic Housing Land Availability Assessment (SHLAA)).

SHLAA sites identified in the Annual Monitoring Report 2012/13 with the potential to impact upon local air quality include:  Three Cherry Tree Lane (2nd phase) (537 units) estimated 2019/20 onwards  London Road (gas holder site/Haven House) (115 units) estimated 2017 - 2020  Ebberns Road (33 units) estimated 2016 - 2018  London Road (Apsley Paper Trail) (35 units) estimated 2016/17  High Street/Water Lane, Berkhamsted (49 units) estimated 2020-2021  Hillfield Road (Hospital), Hemel Hempstead (mixed use redevelopment of hospital site - 200 units and new school) 100 units estimated 2019/20 and 100 units 2020/21  Marlowes, Hemel Hempstead (800 units)  Martindale Primary School, Boxted Road, Hemel Hempstead (60 units) estimated 2015-2017  Land around Hemel Hempstead Train Station (approximately 200 units)  Maylands (incl. Heart of Maylands) (475 units)

59 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council 6 Air Quality Planning Policies

The land use planning system is recognised as playing an integral part in improving air quality. Dacorum Borough Council has developed its planning policies and procedures to help ensure that planning applications that may have impacts on air quality are assessed appropriately against these policies.

National policy The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), adopted in March 2012, sets out the Government’s planning policies for England and how these are expected to be applied. The NPPF replaces over a thousand pages of national policy (including ‘Planning Policy Statement 23: Planning and Pollution Control’). The NPPF must be taken into account in the preparation of local and neighbourhood plans, and is a material consideration in planning decisions. Planning policies and decisions must reflect and where appropriate promote relevant EU obligations and statutory requirements.

The framework on air quality contained within the NPPF is stated in paragraph 124 as follows: ‘Planning policies should sustain compliance with and contribute towards EU limit values or national objectives for pollutants, taking into account the presence of Air Quality Management Areas and the cumulative impacts on air quality from individual sites in local areas. Planning decisions should ensure that any new development in Air Quality Management Areas is consistent with the local air quality action plan.’

In 2014, the Department for Communities and Local Government published a range of guidance documents to supplement the NPPF, one of which relates to air quality (Planning Practice Guidance: Air Quality).

Local policy The Core Strategy was formally adopted by the Council on 25th September 20137. Many of the policies in the Adopted Dacorum Local Plan (DBLP) have now been replaced by the Core Strategy, including Policy 11. This made specific reference to the potential impact of development proposals on air quality (criterion (j)). However, as an overarching spatial document, the Core Strategy does not currently contain detailed development control policies; these remain (where not superseded) as ‘saved’ policies in the existing Local Plan.

7 In adopting the plan, the Core Strategy was subject to a High Court Challenge, which Dacorum Borough Council has successfully defended.

60 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council Some general advice is provided under Policy CS32 within the Core Strategy. This relates to the control/reduction of air pollution through planning/development control mechanisms.

Policy CS32: Air, Soil and Water Quality

Development will be required to help:

a) Support improvements in identified Air Quality Management Areas and maintain air

quality standards throughout the area;

b) Maintain soil quality standards and remediate contaminated land in line with

Environment Agency, Defra and Natural England guidance; and c) Improve water quality standards in line with the Water Framework Directive, Environment Agency and Natural England guidance.

Any development proposals which would cause harm from a significant increase in pollution

(into the air, soil or any water body) by virtue of the emissions of fumes, particles, effluent, radiation, smell, heat, light, noise or noxious substances, will not be permitted.

Advice on the storage and handling of hazardous substances will be taken from the Health and Safety Executive.

The background to Policy CS32 is set out in the paragraphs below (only those paragraphs referring specifically to air quality have been included).

Extract from the Adopted Core Strategy (September 2013):

18.33 The planning system plays a key role in the location and standard of development. Together with other consent regimes and processes, it can limit the impact of (and prevent) polluting emissions – i.e. noise, light, fumes, chemicals, noxious and hazardous substances and waste in general. Standards set nationally should continue to be achieved. When standards become more stringent, efforts must be made to enhance the quality of the air, water and/or soils.

18.34 In Dacorum special consideration needs to be given to:  the quality of the groundwater supplying the chalk aquifer;  protecting the habitat and biodiversity of chalk streams;  the maintenance of higher quality agricultural areas and the sand and gravel belt;

61 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council  limiting the effects of noise and air pollution along major routes (i.e. road, rail and aircraft from Luton Airport);  retaining tranquil parts of the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and Boarscroft Vale; and  the risks associated with Buncefield Oil Terminal.

18.37 Air quality within Dacorum is generally good, with the main source of air pollution being from traffic emissions, specifically nitrogen dioxide. In 2012 three areas were designated as Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) because levels of nitrogen dioxide exceeded air quality standards: i.e.  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead;  London Road, Apsley, Hemel Hempstead; and  High Street, Northchurch.

The number and extent of AQMAs will change as a result of mitigation measures and continued monitoring of air quality.

18.38 Action plans will highlight mitigation measures for each AQMA. The planning system will be used to support these action plans. It does not necessarily follow that development would be harmful in an area of poor air quality or that it should be banned in an AQMA. Here, the type, scale and location of development and its traffic generation will be managed sensitively. Greater weight will be given to the consideration and removal of air pollutants.

Monitoring results have indicated that NO2 concentrations has slightly declined across the 3 Borough over the last five years; however, the annual mean NO2 objective of 40μg/m is still being exceeded year on year within the three AQMAs. Exceedences of the annual mean NO2 objective have also been noted over the last five years at several sites within the Borough which are not considered to be representative of relevant exposure.

With intense pressure on the Council to provide its housing and commercial development targets, there is the possibility that existing policies and programmes may not deliver sufficient reduction in emissions from transport sources to meet the air quality objectives for nitrogen dioxide in the future.

62 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council EU Limit Values and National Exceedance Areas Two separate frameworks are currently in place in respect of the regulation of air quality. Local Authorities have to work towards achieving the air quality objectives, but these only apply where there is relevant exposure. The Government has a responsibility to achieve limit values (as specified within the EU Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC4)), everywhere in the UK where the public have access. EU limit values are legally binding EU parameters that 3 must not be exceeded. In respect of the annual mean limit value for NO2 (40μg/m ), the date for this to be achieved (and maintained) was 1 January 2010 (an application has been made by the Government for a time extension). Member States must report any exceedences of the EU limit values to the European Commission. For the purposes of national air pollution monitoring; the UK has been divided into zones and agglomerations (43no. in total). To assess compliance with the EU limit values the UK uses monitoring data from the Automatic Urban and Rural network (AURN) supplemented by modelling data. Exceedances of the EU limit values (in terms of zones and agglomerations) are reported to the European Commission annually. Annual reporting (for the 2010 reporting year) indicated that 40 of the

43 zones/agglomerations exceeded the NO2 annual mean limit value in the UK.

EU limit values are legally binding on Member States and, in the UK are enforced through two main mechanisms:  European enforcement action  UK planning law

The European Commission can take enforcement (‘infraction’ or ‘infringement’) action against Member States who fail to meet the limit values. The Commission can impose an unlimited lump sum and daily fines on Member States, which the Localism Act 2011 allows the Government to pass to the Mayor of London and/or Local Authorities subject to certain protections. However, the current situation is unclear.

The NPPF considers both air quality objectives and EU limit values, as such; the EU limit values are a material consideration in the planning system. Developments should not proceed if they are likely to cause or contribute to a breach, or the worsening of a breach, of a limit value unless the impacts are fully mitigated. This is the first time EU limit values have been integrated into the UK planning system.

The national air quality modelling work has been used to characterise limit value exceedences along roads in each local authority area. The new data should enable better decision making with regard to national exceedences and how they might be affected by

63 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council planning decisions. Any proposed development within a national exceedance area (should any be identified within the Borough), will require an assessment in terms of its air quality impact (EIA) as is currently the case for developments within (and in the vicinity of) the three AQMAs. It must be noted that the national model does not take into account local conditions (e.g. congestion etc.) so may conflict with local air quality monitoring data.

Environmental Protection UK has recently carried out a major review of its 2010 guidance document related to development control and air quality. The document has been widely used and frequently cited at planning inquiries. Since its original publication, the planning regime has changed significantly, with the introduction of the NPPF and revocation of PPS 23. Furthermore, a number of Local Authorities have developed their own guidance relating to air quality and development control. An update to the 2010 Environmental Protection UK guidance was pending in 2013. The updated guidance entitled ‘Land-use Planning & Development Control: Planning for Air Quality’ was published in May 2015 by Environmental Protection UK and The Institute of Air Quality Management.

64 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council 7 Local Transport Plans and Strategies

The third Local Transport Plan (LTP3) for Hertfordshire was published in April 2011, and covers the period 2011-2031. LTP3 sets out the transport strategy for Hertfordshire (over the next 20 years), the goals and challenges to be met, and outlines a programme of transport schemes and initiatives (interventions). The various interventions are to be delivered over the short, medium and longer term. Targets have also been set so that progress towards meeting the strategy objectives can be measured.

The goals set out in LTP3 include: . Support economic development and the planned dwelling growth;

. Improve transport opportunities for all and achieve behavioural change in mode choice;

. Enhance quality of life, health and the natural environment for all Hertfordshire residents;

. Improve the safety and security of residents using the network; and

. Reduce transport’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and improve its resilience.

To achieve these goals Hertfordshire County Council has identified 13 of challenges and has put forward proposals to address these. All of these challenges will have an impact on uptake of sustainable transport or transport in general and therefore will impact on air pollutant emissions.

Challenge 1 Keep the county moving through efficient management of the road network to improve journey time, reliability and resilience and manage congestion to minimise its impact on the economy.

Challenge 2 Support economic growth and new housing development through delivery of transport improvements and where necessary enhancement of the network capacity.

Challenge 3 Improve accessibility for all and particularly for non car users and the disadvantaged (disabled, elderly, low income etc.)

65 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council Challenge 4 Achieve behavioural change as regards choice of transport mode increasing awareness of the advantages of walking, cycling and public transport, and of information on facilities and services available.

Challenge 5 Achieve further improvements in the provision of public transport (bus and rail services) to improve accessibility, punctuality, reliability and transport information in order to provide a viable alternative for car users

Challenge 6 Improve journey experience for transport users in terms of comfort, regularity and reliability of service, safety concerns, ability to park and other aspects to improve access.

Challenge 7 Improve the health of individuals by encouraging and enabling more physically active travel and access to recreational areas and through improving areas of poor air quality which can affect health.

Challenge 8 Maintain and enhance the natural, built and historic environment managing the streetscape and improving integration and connections of streets and neighbourhoods and minimising the adverse impacts of transport on the natural environment, heritage and landscape.

Challenge 9 Reduce the impact of transport noise especially in those areas where monitoring shows there to be specific problems for residents.

Challenge 10 Improve road safety in the county reducing the risk of death and injury due to traffic accidents.

Challenge 11 Reduce crime and the fear of crime on the network to enable users of the network to travel safely and with minimum concern over safety so that accessibility is not compromised.

Challenge 12 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport in the county to meet government targets through the reduction in consumption of fossil fuels.

Challenge 13 Design new infrastructure and the maintenance of the existing network in the light of likely future constraints and threats from changing climate, including the increasing likelihood of periods of severe weather conditions.

66 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

LTP3 specifically sets out that the County Council will seek to: . Reduce the levels of emissions from road traffic which affect human health and local flora and fauna.

. Reduce the volume of traffic in areas and in time periods where emission levels are causing locally poor air quality.

. Encourage the through traffic to use the Primary Route Network which where possible to avoid major urban areas.

. Work with District / Borough councils to monitor and assess air pollution levels. Where a District / Borough council declares an Air Quality Management Area as a result of its review and assessment process, the county council will work in partnership with the District / Borough councils to create and deliver action plans.

67 LAQM Progress Report 2014 Dacorum Borough Council

8 Conclusions and Proposed Actions

8.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data

The automatic monitoring station at High Street, Northchurch recorded an annual mean NO2 concentration of 27µg/m3 for the 2013 calendar year. Data capture was 95.0%. There were no exceedances of the hourly mean; the maximum hourly concentration was 139µg/m3. This is the first full year that this automatic monitoring station has been operational; as such no trends can be established.

The non-automatic (diffusion tube) monitoring results for the 2013 calendar year indicate exceedance of the annual mean NO2 objective at five monitoring sites, these are:  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1A, B and C (DC57, DC100 and DC101)  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3A, B and C (DC65, DC104 and DC105)  London Road, Apsley A, B and C (DC66, DC98 and DC99)  High Street, Northchurch A, B and C (DC50, DC90 and DC91)  Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54)

With the exception of Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54), all the above monitoring sites are situated within the current AQMA boundaries. DC54 is not representative of relevant exposure; following adjustment for fall off with distance from the road, the NO2 concentration 3 at the nearest residential receptor was 28.1µg/m and therefore below the annual mean NO2 objective.

No exceedances of the short-term ‘indicator concentration’ of 60µg/m3 were measured at any of the monitoring sites in 2013. The annual mean NO2 concentration at Lawn Lane, Hemel 3 Hempstead 3A (DC65) was highest at 57.5µg/m (the triplicate mean NO2 concentration for this monitoring site was 56µg/m3).

3 Annual mean NO2 concentrations of >36µg/m (i.e. approaching the annual mean air quality objective) were recorded at five monitoring sites in 2013:  Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4 (DC70)  Avia Close, Apsley (DC74)  Health Centre, London Road, Apsley A (DC85)  New Road, Northchurch A and C (DC62 and DC93)

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 Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead (DC81)

Avia Close, Apsley (DC74) and Health Centre, London Road, Apsley A (DC85) are both situated within the London Road, Apsley AQMA. New Road, Northchurch A (DC62) and New Road, Northchurch C (DC93) are both situated within the High Street, Northchurch AQMA. Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4 (DC70) and Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead (DC81) are located outside of AQMA boundaries. Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4 (DC70) is representative of relevant exposure, whereas Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead (DC81) is not. Depending on future monitoring results, it is possible that the boundary of the current Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead AQMA may have to be extended to incorporate Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4 (DC70).

The following monitoring sites have exceeded the annual mean NO2 objective within the previous five years:  High Street, Berkhamsted (DC47) exceeded in 2010  New Road, Northchurch (DC62) exceeded in 2009, 2010 and 2011  Avia Close, Apsley (DC74) exceeded in 2011  Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead (DC81) exceeded in 2011

Of the five monitoring sites exhibiting exceedance of the annual mean NO2 objective in 2013, historical monitoring data indicates that (with the exception of DC50 in 2011), all have consistently exceeded the annual mean NO2 objective in the last five years.

Trend graphs for the long-term background, roadside and kerbside sites across Dacorum indicate a slight decline in annual mean NO2 concentrations between 2009 and 2013.

Monitoring results indicate that, in general, highest annual mean NO2 concentrations were identified in 2010 and the lowest in 2012 and 2013. There may have been some decline in

NO2 emissions from traffic sources as a result of improvements in engine technologies introduced by successive Euro Standards; which may account for the slight decline in NO2 concentrations at background, roadside and kerbside sites seen over this five year period.

However, it is now recognised that the expected reductions in NO2 concentrations, that the Government predicted would be associated with the Euro Standard technologies, were over optimistic. Despite this decline, the annual mean NO2 objective continues to be exceeded at monitoring sites within the existing three AQMA boundaries.

No actual or potential exceedances of the annual mean NO2 objective have been identified at relevant locations outside existing AQMAs.

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Although no monitoring was undertaken for the other pollutants in the NAQS; screening criteria identified no likelihood of exceedances of the objectives for any of these pollutants. The monitoring data has indicated that there is no requirement to proceed to a detailed assessment for NO2.

8.2 Conclusions relating to New Local Developments

A review of the major developments within the Borough, which have received planning permission (and in some cases under construction) during 2013, has highlighted two sites with potential air quality impacts. These include sites where the development itself may be the source of the air quality impact resulting in increased traffic flows to the area. Of particular relevance in this case is the construction of the discount food store (Aldi) at the former Pilling Motor Group site on London Road, Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead (4/01356/13/MFA), which is situated within close proximity to the London Road, Apsley AQMA. Comparison of nearby monitoring data (specifically diffusion tube monitoring sites situated within, and close to, the London Road, Apsley AQMA prior to and post construction), along with traffic count data will determine the significance of this development regards air quality impact. The mixed use residential and commercial re-development at the former Royal Mail site, Park Lane, Hemel Hempstead, will introduce residential receptors to a busy industrial/commercial area where air quality could potentially be poor, (although the Council currently has no automatic or non-automatic monitoring sites within this area to establish whether this is the case).

Local assessment of these areas provides a clear indication of those new developments that will require further air quality monitoring and eliminated others as having relatively little significance in terms of relevant exposure. However, the effect of some new developments, whilst not effecting residential receptors in the near vicinity may contribute to reducing air quality from the combined effect of a number of traffic generating schemes in the area. In addition to relevant exposure, EU limit values and associated national exceedance areas will also need to be taken into consideration in the future. In response, the Council has undertaken a review of its current monitoring network, and expanded this where necessary to accommodate locations with the potential for exceedance. The Council will continue to look at ways to assess the impact of cumulative effects of development within the Borough.

In terms of new road traffic sources, proposals are in place to relocate the current bus interchange to a new location within Hemel Hempstead town centre. An Air Quality

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Assessment has been requested in order to predict the impact on current air quality resultant of the implementation of the scheme.

Two installations have been permitted under the Environmental Permitting Regulations 2010 (as amended) within the Borough during 2013, these are:  IHP Limited at Shantock Hall Lane, Bovingdon – Part A(1) Poultry Farm  Autocoin Laundrette and Dry Cleaners (Part B)

The Part B application submitted by Trieste Group Partners LLP (trading as ‘Spacestor’) for a wood manufacturing installation (covered by the description in section 6.6 Part Ba(ii) of Part 2 to Schedule 1 of the EPR) was being processed during 2013.

In conclusion, there are no major planned developments for the Borough, which require the Council to proceed immediately to a Detailed Assessment.

8.3 Other Conclusions

Air Quality Action Plan: The publication of this 2014 Progress Report was delayed to enable the Council to concentrate on the production of its Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP). The draft AQAP was published on 1 September 2014 and subjected to an extensive 8-week statutory and public consultation exercise, whereby complete and summarised copies of the draft AQAP were made available (in electronic format) to the following consultees:

 All properties within the Air Quality Management Areas  All relevant Town and Parish Council Members  All relevant Dacorum Borough Council Departments  Dacorum Borough Council consultation email group  All neighbouring Borough and District Councils  All relevant Hertfordshire County Council Departments  Defra  Local Chambers of Commerce  Bus and Train Operators in Dacorum  Highways Agency  Environment Agency  Natural England

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 Sustrans  Dacorum Borough Council website for general public access (including online survey)

In addition, a public workshop event was held on 22 October 2014 at Dacorum Borough Council’s Civic Centre. The event was attended by local residents, a representative of Berkhamsted Town Council, a representative of Dacorum Environmental Forum and members of the Borough and County Council. Despite relatively low attendance figures a wide range of air quality related issues were discussed at this event.

The draft AQAP was also presented to Dacorum Borough Council’s Corporate Management Team (comprising the Chief Executive, Directors and Assistant Directors) on 28 October 2014 and to Dacorum Borough Council’s Environment Corporate Working Group on 30 October 2014. The report was taken to Dacorum Borough Council’s Overview and Scrutiny Committee on 10 December 2014.

The views and comments received as part of the 8-week consultation exercise were considered and the AQAP was amended as deemed appropriate prior to formal adoption on 16 December 2014 (following Cabinet approval).

The AQAP contains twenty measures, which the steering group (comprising of officers from Dacorum Borough Council and Hertfordshire County Council) have selected for adoption and implementation (from a list of forty potential measures) in pursuit of the air quality standards within the three AQMAs and in order to improve air quality across the Borough as a whole. These measures have been grouped into ‘Packages’ where they have similar characteristics or are alternatives options to achieve the same end. The Council does not necessarily have the power to implement them all directly but potentially it does have a role in attempting to influence those bodies or individuals who could implement them.

Measures are either:  Strategic (i.e. aimed at integrating air quality into all relevant areas of decision making within the Borough and County Councils); or  Specific (i.e. aimed at promoting more sustainable travel choices and reducing traffic related emissions within the three AQMAs and the Borough as a whole).

Four ‘Package of Measures’ have been recommended for implementation at this time:  Package of Measures 1: Reducing emissions via strategic measures

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 Package of Measures 2: Optimising traffic flow through the AQMAs  Package of Measures 3: Reducing transport emissions  Package of Measures 4: Promoting sustainable transport options

The twenty measures short-listed for inclusion within the AQAP are summarised in Table 8.1 below. Each has specific targets and methods of measuring progress (see AQAP for details).

Table 8.1 Summary of Action Plan Measures Measure Title Package of Measures 1: Reducing emissions via strategic measures 1 Improve links with the Local Transport Plan 2 Improve links with the Local Planning and Development Framework

3 Improve links with Public Health

Package of Measures 2: Optimising traffic flow through the AQMAs

4 Junction Investigations

5 ANPR traffic study

6 Congestion study

7 Road signage and satellite navigation alterations

8 Potential relocation of bus stops

9 Determine significance of school traffic

10 Potential relocation of on-street parking

Package of Measures 3: Reducing transport emissions

11 Promote the use of electric vehicles (EV)

12 Promote car share schemes

13 Green incentives for taxi drivers

14 Reducing emissions from goods vehicles within the AQMAs

15 Reducing emission from Council fleet

16 Encouraging smarter driving

Package of Measures 4: Promoting sustainable transport options

17 Promote travel planning

18 Promote walking and cycling

19 Promote the use of public transport

20 Promote TravelSmart projects

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The twenty measures short-listed for inclusion within the AQAP were assessed against a range of criteria in order to assess their suitability for inclusion and enable suitable measures to be prioritised.

The criteria against which options were assessed were:  Potential air quality impact  Implementation costs  Cost-effectiveness  Co-environmental benefits, social and economic impacts  Risk factors  Feasibility and acceptability

In terms of prioritisation; due to their overarching nature, it was anticipated that the strategic measures would provide some of the frameworks by which the other measures will be successfully implemented; therefore they have not been assessed in the same way and are regarded as overall priorities for implementation. In reference to the specific measures; those that satisfy the following criteria have been given highest priority for implementation:  Provide good potential air quality benefits (with appropriate consideration of cost- effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability etc.)

 Are most likely to contribute (either directly or indirectly) towards NO2 reductions within the AQMAs.  Are realistically achievable within the short – medium term.

The specific measures have been subdivided onto the following three categories:  Highest priority  Medium priority  Lowest priority

Those specific measures given highest priority were:  Junction investigations  ANPR traffic study  Congestion study  Road signage and satellite navigation alterations  Potential relocation of bus stops  Determine significance of school traffic  Potential relocation of on-street parking

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Those specific measures given medium priority were:  Reducing emissions from goods vehicles within the AQMAs  Promote travel planning  Promote walking and cycling  Promote the use of public transport  Promote car share schemes  Promote TravelSmart projects  Encouraging smarter driving  Reduce emissions from Council fleet

Those specific measures given lowest priority were:  Promote the use of electric vehicles (EV)  Green incentives for taxi drivers

The AQAP represents the first three years of a long-term plan to improve air quality within the Borough. The AQAP will be revised on a three yearly cycle (or earlier if deemed necessary). The AQAP will be monitored annually and the results collated for the yearly progress report on the implementation of the plan.

Local Air Quality Strategy: No local / regional air quality strategy existed for Dacourm, Hertfordshire or the Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Air Quality Network in 2013.

During 2014/15 Hertfordshire Public Health has been working with Air Quality Officers from the Hertfordshire Local Authorities to produce an Air Quality Strategic Plan for Hertfordshire.

This Plan focuses primarily on particulate matter (specifically PM 2.5), as this is the subject of the Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator 3.01. The Air Quality Strategic Plan for Hertfordshire was approved by the Health and Wellbeing Board on 4 June 2015.

Additional Air Quality Monitoring; No additional monitoring was undertaken during 2013. However, following receipt of Public Health funding the Council has purchased a FIDAS 200 particulate monitor, which is situated within the automatic monitoring station enclosure at High Street, Northchurch. This equipment allows the continuous monitoring of PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10 and TSP (total particulates). The equipment has been operational since 12 August 2015. The data will be used by Hertfordshire County Council Public Health to report against the Public Health

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Outcomes Framework Indicator 3.01, and also by Dacorum Borough Council for LAQM purposes (PM10).

Planning applications not yet approved: New applications or proposed developments which may impact on air quality or have an accumulated effect on air quality in the Borough have been identified:  Planning applications for new developments, which were received but not approved during 2013:  4/00931/13/MFA  4/01010/13/MFA  4/01228/13/MFA  4/01077/13/MOA  4/01949/13/PRE  4/02158/13/PRE  Outstanding allocations that have been identified in the Dacorum Local Plan;  Future developments opportunities in the Annual Monitoring Report 2012/13; and  Local allocations and Strategic Sites in the Core Strategy.

In identifying future developments planned for Dacorum it was possible to see that the cumulative impacts of developments needs to be assessed. Small developments that are not required to produce an impact statement or larger developments where the impact assessment delivers an ‘insignificant impact on concentrations’ conclusion, can result in an area of poor air quality when the combined emissions are considered. These will be taken into account in the next Updating & Screening Assessment scheduled for 2015.

Where planned developments are considered likely to have an air quality impact or the combined impacts of several developments is predicted, it may be appropriate to recommend planning conditions to address the impact, or to require mitigation measures to offset the air quality impacts through the Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) or Section 106 agreements.

8.4 Proposed Actions

Assessment of the monitoring data for 2013 has not identified the need to proceed to a

Detailed Assessment for NO2 at any new locations outside of the current AQMA boundaries.

The 2014 Progress Report has identified that, NO2 concentrations over the past 5 years have reduced slightly. The Council will continue its monitoring programme at background sites and

LAQM Progress Report 2014 76 Dacorum Borough Council at locations where there is the potential for exceedances. Additional sites will be set up where necessary.

The review of new developments and those planned for the future in Dacorum has identified a need for additional diffusion tube monitoring to measure NO2 concentrations at new residential sites close to busy roads. The review has raised the question of cumulative impacts of developments. The Council will investigate how these impacts can be effectively measured.

The Further Assessment undertaken by Air Quality Consultants Ltd in March 2013 identified a modelled exceedance outside of the High Street, Northchurch AQMA boundary. It was advised that the boundary of this AQMA be revised accordingly to potentially incorporate any other residential locations within the area predicted >36µg/m3. In October 2013, following a 12-week consultation period, the High Street, Northchurch AQMA boundary was formally extended to include 84 – 96 High Street, Northchurch.

The 2013 monitoring data indicated that annual mean NO2 concentrations within the three AQMAs still exceeded the objective at Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead; London Road, Apsley and High Street, Northchurch, and the AQMAs should remain. No exceedances of the annual mean NO2 objective at relevant locations were identified outside of the current AQMA boundaries, therefore no further AQMAs or amendments to current AQMA boundaries were deemed necessary.

The next stage of the on-going assessment of air quality in Dacorum will be the submission of the 2015 Updating and Screening Assessment.

LAQM Progress Report 2014 77 Dacorum Borough Council

9 References

Air Quality Consultants Ltd (2007) Detailed Assessment of Air Quality in Dacorum

Air Quality Consultants Ltd (2013) Further Assessment of Air Quality in Dacorum

Dacorum Borough Council (2003) 2003 Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment for Dacorum Borough Council

Dacorum Borough Council (2004) Dacourm Borough Local Plan (1991 - 2011)

Dacorum Borough Council (2006) 2006 Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment for Dacorum Borough Council

Dacourm Borough Council (2012) 2012 Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment for Dacorum Borough Council

Dacorum Borough Council (2013) Dacorum’s Local Development Framework Core Strategy (October 2011) incorporating the ‘List of Proposed Amendments’, September 2013

Dacorum Borough Council (2014a) Delivering Success: Annual Monitoring Report & Progress on the Dacorum Development Programme 2012/13 (January 2014)

Dacorum Borough Council (2014b) Air Quality Action Plan 2015 – 2018

Department for Communities and Local Government (2012) The National Planning Policy Framework

Department for Communities and Local Government (2014) Planning Practice Guidance: Air Quality http://planningguidance.planningportal.gov.uk/blog/guidance/air-quality/ Accessed: 9 October 2015

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2007) The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, HMSO, Norwich.

LAQM Progress Report 2014 78 Dacorum Borough Council

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2009) Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(09)

Department of Health (2013) Public Health Outcomes Framework 2013 to 2016 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/healthy-lives-healthy-people-improving- outcomes-and-supporting-transparency Accessed: 1 September 2014

Environmental Protection UK (2010) Development Control: Planning for Air Quality, Environmental Protection UK, Brighton, UK.

EU Ambient Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC)

Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Air Quality Network: www.hertsandbedsair.net

Hertfordshire County Council (2011) Local Transport Plan 2011 – 2031 Volume I Strategy Document Hertfordshire County Council (2015) Air Quality Strategic Plan for Hertfordshire

Moorcroft and Barrowcliffe. et al. (2015) Land-use Planning & Development Control: Planning for Air Quality. Institute of Air Quality Management, London

Office for National Statistics (2014) Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2013 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-322718 Accessed: 1 September 2014 Planning Policy Statement 23: Planning and Pollution Control (2004)

Public Health England (2014) Public Health Outcomes Framework – Indicator Definitions and Supporting Information. http://www.phoutcomes.info/public-health-outcomes- framework#gid/1000043/pat/6/ati/102/page/6/par/E12000004/are/E06000015 Accessed: 1 September 2014

RSK Group (2009a) 2009 Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment for Dacorum Borough Council

LAQM Progress Report 2014 79 Dacorum Borough Council

RSK Group (2009b) Detailed Air Dispersion Modelling Assessment for PM10 Road Traffic Emissions in Dacorum Borough

RSK Group (2010) 2010 Air Quality Progress Report for Dacorum Borough Council

RSK Group (2011) 2011 Air Quality Progress Report for Dacorum Borough Council

The Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (SI 928)

The Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 (SI 3043)

The Environment Act (1995) Part IV

The Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010 (as amended)

Various pages of the Defra LAQM website:  http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/local-bias.html  http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/diffusion-tubes/precision.html  http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/diffusion-tubes/qa-qc-framework.html  http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/tools-monitoring-data/no2-falloff.html

LAQM Progress Report 2014 80 Dacorum Borough Council Appendices

Page

Appendix A: QA/QC Data 82 Diffusion tube bias adjustment factors 82 Discussion of choice of factor to use 85 Diffusion tube precision and accuracy 86 Short-term to long-term data adjustment ‘annualisation’ 96 QA/QC of automatic monitoring 99 QA/QC of diffusion tube monitoring 100

Appendix B: NO2 Monitoring Data 101

Monthly mean data for automatic monitored NO2 101

Monthly mean data for non-automatic monitored NO2 102

Fall off with distance adjustment for NO2 105 Diffusion tube monitoring site locations 106

Appendix C: LA-IPPC and LAPPC Installations in Dacorum 140 Part A(1) Installations 140 Part A(2) Installations 140 Part B Installations 140

LAQM Progress Report 2014 81 Dacorum Borough Council Appendix A: QA/QC Data

Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Diffusion tube monitoring has inherent errors. In order to minimise these, a bias-adjustment factor is applied to the results. This factor is obtained by co-locating three diffusion tubes at a continuous monitoring site. The average values from the monthly exposed tubes for a given year are then compared directly to the corresponding continuously monitored values.

A diffusion tube/automatic analyser co-location study is carried out at the High Street, Northchurch site. Triplicate tubes (prepared and analysed by Environmental Services Group (ESG), Didcot) are located next to the inlet of the analyser during 4-week periods throughout the year. Using the results of this study the 2013 bias correction for High Street, Northchurch was calculated using the method described in LAQM.TG(09) Section 3 and the spreadsheet tool available at http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/local-bias.html.

The University of West of England (UWE) gathered together the various UK co-location study results, and from these calculated the mean value, for each laboratory.

The ESG Didcot and the locally derived bias factor are shown in Table A.1 and A.2 below.

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Table A.1: Bias Adjustment Factor for NO2 diffusion tube data from ESG Didcot Co-location Studies 2013 Analysed by Method Year Site Local Authority Length of Diffusion Tube Automatic Monitor Bias Tube Precision Bias Adjustment Type Study Mean Conc. (DM) Mean Conc. (CM) (B) Factor (A) (Months) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (CM/DM) ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 B Gravesham Borough Council 11 33 32 4.8% G 0.95 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 B Gravesham Borough Council 12 44 32 39.8% G 0.72 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Falkirk Council 12 35 31 14.3% G 0.87 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 UB Falkirk Council 12 25 20 22.6% G 0.82 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 B Pembrokeshire Council 12 7 6 17.3% P 0.85 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 UB Medway 12 24 25 -3.5% G 1.04 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Medway Council 10 36 27 36.5% G 0.73 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 B Medway 11 26 14 84.9% P 0.54 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Wrexham County Borough Council 12 23 22 8.3% G 0.92 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 UI Stockton on Tees 12 27 20 35.5% G 0.74 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Stockton on Tees 12 21 16 31.1% G 0.76 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 SU Thanet District Council 11 21 16 29.5% P 0.77 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Thanet District Council 11 29 24 17.9% P 0.85 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Cambridge City Council 12 46 35 33.3% G 0.75 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Swale Borough Council 10 45 41 9.3% G 0.91 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Swale Borough Council 12 40 34 16.0% P 0.86 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Swale Borough Council 12 41 40 4.0% G 0.96 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Swale Borough Council 11 53 34 54.8% G 0.65 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R North East Lincolnshire Council 11 59 49 19.5% G 0.84 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R North East Lincolnshire Council 11 34 30 12.3% G 0.89 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R North East Lincolnshire Council 11 40 31 26.9% G 0.79 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Rugby Borough Council 12 26 22 16.6% P 0.86 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 KS Marylebone Road Intercomparison 12 109 81 34.8% G 0.74 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 UB City of York Council 11 25 19 29.7% G 0.77 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R City of York Council 12 40 28 41.2% G 0.71 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R City of York Council 12 34 24 38.0% G 0.72 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R City of York Council 10 40 31 28.3% G 0.78 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 KS Suffolk Coastal District Council 11 46 41 11.8% G 0.89

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Analysed by Method Year Site Local Authority Length of Diffusion Tube Automatic Monitor Bias Tube Precision Bias Adjustment Type Study Mean Conc. (DM) Mean Conc. (CM) (B) Factor (A) (Months) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (CM/DM) ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Maidstone Borough Council 12 48 47 1.5% P 0.99 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Dacorum Borough Council 11 34 27 25.0% G 0.80 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Vale of White Horse District Council 12 38 31 21.3% G 0.82 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Castlereagh Borough Council 11 49 32 53.4% G 0.65 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R North Down Borough Council 11 40 30 36.6% G 0.73 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R West Lothian Council 10 41 41 -1.5% G 1.02 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Watford Borough Council 12 42 41 4.1% S 0.96 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Dumfries and Galloway Council 12 36 30 17.3% G 0.85 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Tunbridge Wells BC 12 62 47 32.6% G 0.75 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Horsham District Council 11 34 24 41.7% G 0.71 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Horsham District Council 12 32 30 8.5% G 0.92 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Horsham District Council 12 32 26 22.2% G 0.82 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 UI Slough Borough Council 12 42 38 12.7% G 0.89 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 UB Slough Borough Council 11 33 29 14.3% G 0.87 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R Slough Borough Council 11 37 35 5.1% G 0.95 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 R West Oxfordshire DC 10 51 40 29.6% G 0.77 ESG Didcot 50% TEA in acetone 2013 Overall Factor (44 Studies) Use 0.81 Spreadsheet Version Number: 09/14

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Table A2: Bias Adjustment Factor for NO2 tubes from Locally-Derived Co-location data Northchurch Northchurch Northchurch Triplicate Mean Co-location A Co-location B Co-location C Diffusion Tube Mean Conc. 33.2 µg/m3 34.0 µg/m3 33.8 µg/m3 33.7 µg/m3 (DM) Automatic Monitor Mean 27 µg/m3 Conc. (CM) Bias Factor (A) = CM/DM 0.80

Discussion of Choice of Factor to Use Box 3.3 of LAQM.TG(09) provides criteria in order to help Local Authorities decide whether to use a locally-derived or the national database bias adjustment factor.

The most important factors to be considered when deciding which bias adjustment factor to use are:  Tube exposure time (1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month)  Length of the monitoring study  QA/QC of the chemiluminescence analyser  QA/QC of diffusion tubes  Siting of the co-location study  Siting of other tubes in the survey

As shown in Table A.1, the locally-derived bias adjustment factor was calculated as 0.80. Table A.2 indicates that the national database bias adjustment factor was calculated as 0.81 (September 2014). The national database bias adjustment factor was based on forty four studies including that of (Dacorum Borough Council).

When the locally-derived bias adjustment factor may be more representative:  Where the diffusion tube exposure periods are weekly or fortnightly (or anything other than monthly – the national database of co-location results only covers monthly exposure.)  If the co-location site is unusual in some way: for example, affected by specific large

NOX sources other than road traffic, such as local industrial installations. (This is a strong indication in favour of using a locally-derived factor).  For tubes exposed in a similar setting to the co-location site (open/shelter, height etc.)  Where the duration of the whole diffusion tube study is less than one year, especially if it is less than nine months (when adjustment is best made for a matched time period, rather than using an annual factor).

LAQM Progress Report 2014 85 Dacorum Borough Council

 Where the Review and Assessment Helpdesk spreadsheet contains data from fewer than five other studies using the same laboratory and preparation.  Where the co-location study is spread across more than one calendar year, e.g., October 2003 to September 2004 – especially where there is evidence of different bias-adjustment factors for different calendar years.  For co-location sites with “good” precision for the diffusion tubes and with high quality chemiluminescence results, i.e., to national AURN standards.

When the combined bias adjustment factor may be more representative:  Where the survey consists of tubes exposed over a range of settings, which differ from the co-location site, e.g., the co-location site is in a very exposed setting and the tubes being assessed are on a building façade in a canyon-like street.  Where the co-location study is for less than nine months, although the diffusion tube monitoring is for a longer period.  Where the automatic analyser has been operated using local, rather than national, QA/QC procedures.  Where data capture from the automatic analyser is less than 90 per cent, or there have been problems with data quality  For co-location sites with “poor” precision or laboratories with predominately “poor” precision, as set out on the Review & Assessment Helpdesk website.

Dacorum Borough Council has chosen to use the locally-derived bias adjustment factor for the following reasons:  The co-location study was undertaken for the whole of the 2013 calendar year.  The QA/QC procedures in relation to the chemiluminescence analyser equate to the national standard although the site is not affiliated to the AURN.  Diffusion tube precision at the co-location monitoring site was good for 2013 (see Table A.9).  The co-location study is situated at a roadside location; the vast majority of diffusion tube monitoring sites across the Borough are also at roadside locations.  2013 data capture for the analyser was good at 95 per cent.

Diffusion Tube Precision and Accuracy The precision and accuracy of triplicate tubes was calculated using the calculator tool on the LAQM Review and Assessment Support Website. See Tables A.3 – A.11.

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Table A.3: Triplicate Diffusion Tubes Precision and Accuracy - Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1A, B and C

Period Start End Diffusion Tube Triplicate average Standard deviation CV 95% CL Mean Precision 3 NO2 (µg/m ) DC57 DC100 DC101 1 02/01/2013 28/01/2013 77.6 2 28/01/2013 26/02/2013 75.7 3 26/02/2013 29/03/2013 75.5 73.3 104.1 84.3 17.18 20.38 42.68 Poor 4 29/03/2013 22/04/2013 62.8 61.6 65.0 63.1 1.72 2.73 4.28 Good 5 22/04/2013 28/05/2013 56.5 57.4 57.6 57.2 0.59 1.02 1.46 Good 6 28/05/2013 25/06/2013 64.1 62.5 67.2 64.6 2.39 3.70 5.94 Good 7 25/06/2013 29/07/2013 62.6 65.5 70.4 66.2 3.94 5.96 9.79 Good 8 29/07/2013 27/08/2013 53.1 50.7 47.7 50.5 2.71 5.36 6.72 Good 9 27/08/2013 30/09/2013 68.1 73.1 71.7 71.0 2.58 3.63 6.41 Good 10 30/09/2013 29/10/2013 59.0 57.7 60.5 59.1 1.40 2.37 3.48 Good 11 29/10/2013 03/12/2013 70.6 83.8 93.3 82.6 11.40 13.81 28.32 Good 12 03/12/2013 08/01/2014 59.6 62.5 60.2 60.8 1.53 2.52 3.80 Good

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) Without periods with CV >20% Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 64 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 5 Adjusted Tube average: 51 +/- 4 µg/m3

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) All data Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 66 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 6 Adjusted Tube average: 53 +/- 4 µg/m3

LAQM Progress Report 2014 87 Dacorum Borough Council

Table A.4: Triplicate Diffusion Tubes Precision and Accuracy - Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2A, B and C

Period Start End Diffusion Tube Triplicate average Standard deviation CV 95% CL Mean Precision 3 NO2 (µg/m ) DC64 DC102 DC103 1 02/01/2013 28/01/2013 48.3 2 28/01/2013 26/02/2013 48.4 3 26/02/2013 29/03/2013 37.5 45.8 46.1 43.1 4.88 11.32 12.12 Good 4 29/03/2013 22/04/2013 39.9 32.7 34.4 35.7 3.76 10.55 9.35 Good 5 22/04/2013 28/05/2013 36.9 38.7 37.5 37.7 0.92 2.43 2.28 Good 6 28/05/2013 25/06/2013 37.3 35.9 36.8 36.7 0.71 1.93 1.76 Good 7 25/06/2013 29/07/2013 38.6 37.4 34.6 36.9 2.05 5.57 5.10 Good 8 29/07/2013 27/08/2013 37.3 31.1 38.4 35.6 3.94 11.06 9.78 Good 9 27/08/2013 30/09/2013 50.0 47.6 47.6 48.4 1.39 2.86 3.44 Good 10 30/09/2013 29/10/2013 51.3 44.9 47.0 47.7 3.26 6.83 8.10 Good 11 29/10/2013 03/12/2013 64.0 61.8 56.7 60.8 3.74 6.16 9.30 Good 12 03/12/2013 08/01/2014 48.7 46.0 50.7 48.5 2.36 4.87 5.86 Good

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) Without periods with CV >20% Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 43 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 6 Adjusted Tube average: 34 +/- 3 µg/m3

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) All data Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 43 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 6 Adjusted Tube average: 34 +/- 2 µg/m3

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Table A.5: Triplicate Diffusion Tubes Precision and Accuracy - Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3A, B and C

Period Start End Diffusion Tube Triplicate average Standard deviation CV 95% CL Mean Precision 3 NO2 (µg/m ) DC65 DC104 DC105 1 02/01/2013 28/01/2013 81.9 2 28/01/2013 26/02/2013 79.9 3 26/02/2013 29/03/2013 62.4 61.0 60.4 61.3 1.03 1.68 2.55 Good 4 29/03/2013 22/04/2013 61.1 59.0 56.7 58.9 2.20 3.73 5.47 Good 5 22/04/2013 28/05/2013 68.0 62.4 66.4 65.6 2.88 4.40 7.17 Good 6 28/05/2013 25/06/2013 62.1 59.3 61.4 60.9 1.46 2.39 3.62 Good 7 25/06/2013 29/07/2013 62.2 59.4 63.2 61.6 1.97 3.20 4.89 Good 8 29/07/2013 27/08/2013 66.9 67.9 62.3 65.7 2.99 4.55 7.42 Good 9 27/08/2013 30/09/2013 62.0 76.7 69.4 10.39 14.99 93.39 Good 10 30/09/2013 29/10/2013 78.7 76.2 64.4 73.1 7.64 10.45 18.97 Good 11 29/10/2013 03/12/2013 95.5 95.6 95.8 95.6 0.15 0.16 0.38 Good 12 03/12/2013 08/01/2014 81.1 83.7 82.6 82.5 1.31 1.58 3.24 Good

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) Without periods with CV >20% Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 69 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 5 Adjusted Tube average: 56 +/- 4 µg/m3

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) All data Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 69 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 5 Adjusted Tube average: 56 +/- 4 µg/m3

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Table A.6: Triplicate Diffusion Tubes Precision and Accuracy - Durrants Hill Road, Apsley A, B and C

Period Start End Diffusion Tube Triplicate average Standard deviation CV 95% CL Mean Precision 3 NO2 (µg/m ) DC73 DC96 DC97 1 02/01/2013 28/01/2013 50.8 2 28/01/2013 26/02/2013 41.9 3 26/02/2013 29/03/2013 44.9 47.6 53.1 48.5 4.18 8.61 10.38 Good 4 29/03/2013 22/04/2013 33.9 31.3 36.8 34.0 2.75 8.09 6.83 Good 5 22/04/2013 28/05/2013 29.2 31.1 32.1 30.8 1.47 4.78 3.66 Good 6 28/05/2013 25/06/2013 29.9 32.9 30.5 31.1 1.59 5.10 3.94 Good 7 25/06/2013 29/07/2013 34.4 34.7 33.1 34.1 0.85 2.50 2.11 Good 8 29/07/2013 27/08/2013 29.5 32.4 32.6 31.5 1.73 5.51 4.31 Good 9 27/08/2013 30/09/2013 40.8 41.4 41.3 41.2 0.32 0.78 0.80 Good 10 30/09/2013 29/10/2013 42.3 44.4 40.8 42.5 1.81 4.25 4.49 Good 11 29/10/2013 03/12/2013 39.0 36.4 47.3 40.9 5.69 13.92 14.14 Good 12 03/12/2013 08/01/2014 44.3 50.3 49.0 47.9 3.16 6.59 7.84 Good

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) Without periods with CV >20% Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 38 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 6 Adjusted Tube average: 31 +/- 2 µg/m3

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) All data Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 38 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 6 Adjusted Tube average: 31 +/- 2 µg/m3

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Table A.7: Triplicate Diffusion Tubes Precision and Accuracy - Health Centre, London Road, Apsley A, B and C

Period Start End Diffusion Tube Triplicate average Standard deviation CV 95% CL Mean Precision 3 NO2 (µg/m ) DC85 DC94 DC95 1 02/01/2013 28/01/2013 65.5 2 28/01/2013 26/02/2013 51.6 3 26/02/2013 29/03/2013 51.8 53.0 42.7 49.2 5.63 11.46 13.99 Good 4 29/03/2013 22/04/2013 43.5 38.3 29.2 37.0 7.24 19.56 17.98 Good 5 22/04/2013 28/05/2013 33.5 28.5 29.3 30.4 2.69 8.83 6.67 Good 6 28/05/2013 25/06/2013 36.2 37.7 33.7 35.9 2.02 5.63 5.02 Good 7 25/06/2013 29/07/2013 35.8 37.3 35.9 36.3 0.84 2.31 2.08 Good 8 29/07/2013 27/08/2013 38.8 39.6 38.9 39.1 0.44 1.11 1.08 Good 9 27/08/2013 30/09/2013 47.1 52.0 47.8 49.0 2.65 5.41 6.58 Good 10 30/09/2013 29/10/2013 48.4 47.8 52.9 49.7 2.79 5.61 6.92 Good 11 29/10/2013 03/12/2013 59.1 53.2 59.6 57.3 3.56 6.21 8.84 Good 12 03/12/2013 08/01/2014 56.7 57.3 54.2 56.1 1.64 2.93 4.08 Good

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) Without periods with CV >20% Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 44 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 7 Adjusted Tube average: 35 +/- 3 µg/m3

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) All data Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 44 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 7 Adjusted Tube average: 35 +/- 3 µg/m3

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Table A.8: Triplicate Diffusion Tubes Precision and Accuracy - London Road, Apsley A, B and C

Period Start End Diffusion Tube Triplicate average Standard deviation CV 95% CL Mean Precision 3 NO2 (µg/m ) DC66 DC98 DC99 1 02/01/2013 28/01/2013 70.9 2 28/01/2013 26/02/2013 68.3 3 26/02/2013 29/03/2013 57.0 62.6 61.3 60.3 2.93 4.86 7.28 Good 4 29/03/2013 22/04/2013 55.0 50.6 55.7 53.8 2.76 5.14 6.87 Good 5 22/04/2013 28/05/2013 56.8 54.1 52.9 54.6 2.00 3.66 4.96 Good 6 28/05/2013 25/06/2013 53.7 53.5 53.4 53.5 0.15 0.29 0.38 Good 7 25/06/2013 29/07/2013 56.9 61.3 60.1 59.4 2.27 3.83 5.65 Good 8 29/07/2013 27/08/2013 57.9 65.4 61.1 61.5 3.76 6.12 9.35 Good 9 27/08/2013 30/09/2013 70.4 69.4 70.1 70.0 0.51 .073 1.27 Good 10 30/09/2013 29/10/2013 71.2 69.6 66.4 69.1 2.44 3.54 6.07 Good 11 29/10/2013 03/12/2013 77.3 80.7 81.4 79.8 2.19 2.75 5.45 Good 12 03/12/2013 08/01/2014 79.7 79.5 73.9 77.7 3.29 4.24 8.18 Good

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) Without periods with CV >20% Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 64 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 4 Adjusted Tube average: 51 +/- 4 µg/m3

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) All data Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 64 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 4 Adjusted Tube average: 51 +/- 4 µg/m3

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Table A.9: Triplicate Diffusion Tubes Precision and Accuracy – Northchurch Co-location A, B and C

Period Start End Diffusion Tube Triplicate average Standard deviation CV 95% CL Mean Precision 3 NO2 (µg/m ) DC86 DC87 DC88 1 02/01/2013 28/01/2013 44.5 40.4 43.8 43 2.2 5 5.4 2 28/01/2013 26/02/2013 36.0 33.6 39.6 36 3.0 8 7.5 3 26/02/2013 29/03/2013 32.9 32.9 33.5 33 0.3 1 0.9 Good 4 29/03/2013 22/04/2013 25.6 28.8 28.5 28 1.8 6 4.4 Good 5 22/04/2013 28/05/2013 32.2 31.4 29.4 31 1.4 5 3.6 Good 6 28/05/2013 25/06/2013 29.6 27.7 28.2 29 1.0 3 2.4 Good 7 25/06/2013 29/07/2013 27.6 29.3 37.1 28 1.2 4 2.9 Good 8 29/07/2013 27/08/2013 26.8 28.2 28.3 28 0.8 3 2.1 Good 9 27/08/2013 30/09/2013 34.8 36.1 36.4 36 0.9 2 2.1 Good 10 30/09/2013 29/10/2013 30.2 36.1 31.8 33 3.1 9 7.6 Good 11 29/10/2013 03/12/2013 43.0 45.3 44.9 44 1.2 3 3.1 Good 12 03/12/2013 08/01/2014 35.5 38.6 34.5 36 2.1 6 5.3 Good

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) Without periods with CV >20% Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 34 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 5 Adjusted Tube average: 27 +/- 2 µg/m3

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) All data Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 34 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 5 Adjusted Tube average: 27 +/- 2 µg/m3

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Table A.10: Triplicate Diffusion Tubes Precision and Accuracy - High Street, Northchurch A, B and C

Period Start End Diffusion Tube Triplicate average Standard deviation CV 95% CL Mean Precision 3 NO2 (µg/m ) DC50 DC90 DC91 1 02/01/2013 28/01/2013 63.2 2 28/01/2013 26/02/2013 55.2 3 26/02/2013 29/03/2013 49.8 54.4 46.9 50.4 3.78 7.51 9.39 Good 4 29/03/2013 22/04/2013 45.4 50.0 48.6 48.0 2.36 4.91 5.86 Good 5 22/04/2013 28/05/2013 41.4 47.4 47.3 45.4 3.44 7.57 8.53 Good 6 28/05/2013 25/06/2013 43.2 41.6 42.7 42.5 0.82 1.93 2.03 Good 7 25/06/2013 29/07/2013 39.9 42.5 52.6 45.0 6.71 14.91 16.67 Good 8 29/07/2013 27/08/2013 47.9 49.2 47.6 48.2 0.85 1.76 2.11 Good 9 27/08/2013 30/09/2013 57.7 57.9 59.2 58.3 0.81 1.40 2.02 Good 10 30/09/2013 29/10/2013 59.7 52.7 57.1 56.5 3.54 6.26 8.79 Good 11 29/10/2013 03/12/2013 63.4 65.6 65.4 64.8 1.22 1.88 3.02 Good 12 03/12/2013 08/01/2014 63.1 64.8 64.1 64.0 0.85 1.34 2.12 Good

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) Without periods with CV >20% Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 52 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 5 Adjusted Tube average: 42 +/- 3 µg/m3

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) All data Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 52 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 5 Adjusted Tube average: 42 +/- 3 µg/m3

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Table A.11: Triplicate Diffusion Tubes Precision and Accuracy - New Road, Northchurch A, B and C

Period Start End Diffusion Tube Triplicate average Standard deviation CV 95% CL Mean Precision 3 NO2 (µg/m ) DC62 DC92 DC93 1 02/01/2013 28/01/2013 64.2 2 28/01/2013 26/02/2013 55.7 3 26/02/2013 29/03/2013 60.8 54.3 56.9 57.3 3.27 5.71 8.13 Good 4 29/03/2013 22/04/2013 45.3 44.9 41.9 44.0 1.86 4.22 4.62 Good 5 22/04/2013 28/05/2013 39.7 37.4 39.4 38.8 1..25 3.22 3.11 Good 6 28/05/2013 25/06/2013 42.9 40.3 38.3 40.5 2.31 5.70 5.73 Good 7 25/06/2013 29/07/2013 42.5 37.3 42.3 40.7 2.95 7.24 7.32 Good 8 29/07/2013 27/08/2013 38.9 36.9 35.9 37.2 1.53 4.10 3.79 Good 9 27/08/2013 30/09/2013 50.7 47.2 47.8 48.6 1.87 3.85 4.65 Good 10 30/09/2013 29/10/2013 40.6 44.7 44.4 43.2 2.29 5.29 5.68 Good 11 29/10/2013 03/12/2013 64.2 62.7 62.7 63.2 0.87 1.37 2.15 Good 12 03/12/2013 08/01/2014 40.2 44.0 44.0 42.7 2.19 5.13 5.45 Good

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) Without periods with CV >20% Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 46 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 5 Adjusted Tube average: 37 +/- 3 µg/m3

Adjusted measurement (95% confidence level) All data Bias calculated using 11 periods of data Tube Precision: 5 Automatic DC: 98% Bias factor A: 0.8 (0.75 – 0.86) Bias B: 25% (16% - 34%)

Diffusion Tube average: 46 µg/m3 Average Precision (CV): 5 Adjusted Tube average: 37 +/- 3 µg/m3

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Short-term to Long-term Data adjustment (‘annualisation’) Due to low data capture (<75 per cent) apparent at sixteen monitoring sites for the 2013 calendar year, the measured mean NO2 concentrations were adjusted to estimate an annual mean concentration (‘annualised’) using the methodology outlined in Box 3.2 of LAQM.TG(09). Specifically, mean annual mean/period ratios were derived from 2013 measurement data from the three urban background continuous monitoring stations within the Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Air Quality Network (where possible situated within 50 miles of the diffusion tube sites) and were applied to the measured NO2 concentrations prior to bias adjustment. The three long-term, continuous monitoring stations utilised were East Hertfordshire Sawbridgeworth Background, Luton Challney Community College and Welwyn

Hatfield Council Offices. The annual data capture (NO2) for each of these monitoring sites during 2013 was good; with 99.6, 99.6 and 99.3 per cent respectively. The sixteen monitoring sites with <75 per cent data capture for the 2013 calendar year were:  Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 1 (DC77)  Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 2 (DC78)  Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 3 (DC79)  Outside 24 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead (DC106)  Marlowes Roundabout, Hemel Hempstead (DC107)  Old Town, Hemel Hempstead (DC108)  St Mary’s School, Northchurch 1 (DC109)  St Mary’s School, Northchurch 2 (DC110)  St Mary’s School, Northchurch 3 (DC111)  High Street, Markyate 2 (DC112)  Chapel Street, Berkhamsted (DC113)  Lower Kings Road, Berkhamsted (DC114)  Kings Road, Berkhamsted (DC115)  Castle Street, Berkhamsted (DC116)  High Street, Berkhamsted 2 (DC117)  Outside 158 Marlowes, Hemel Hempstead (DC118)

See Tables A.12a – A.12g below for workings.

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Table A.12a: 2013 Data - Urban Background Monitoring Stations

3 Data Monthly Mean NO2 (µg/m ) Capture Annual Mean 3 Automatic Monitoring Site (%) Site Type Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec NO2 (µg/m ) East Herts Sawbridgeworth Background 99.6 Urban Background 25 16 20 17 13 9 10 11 15 18 22 23 17 Luton Challney Community College 99.6 Urban Background 41 22 33 31 34 24 28 32 38 34 45 38 33 Welwyn Hatfield Council Offices 99.3 Urban Background 32 24 23 19 18 14 17 19 24 25 34 34 24

Table A.12b 2013 Calculation of Period Means Period Means East Herts Luton Welwyn Hatfield Jan - July 15.7 30.4 21.0 Aug - Dec 17.8 37.4 27.2 Aug - Oct + Dec 16.8 35.5 25.5 Sept - Dec 19.5 38.8 29.3

Table A.12c Calculation of Annualisation Factor – January to July 2013 Period Means East Herts Luton Welwyn Hatfield All Sites Jan - July 15.7 30.4 21.0 22.4 Annual Mean 17.0 33.0 24.0 24.7 Annualisation Factor 1.082 1.085 1.143 1.102

Table A.12d Calculation of Annualisation Factor – August to December 2013 Period Means East Herts Luton Welwyn Hatfield All Sites Aug - Dec 17.8 37.4 27.2 27.5 Annual Mean 17.0 33.0 24.0 24.7 Annualisation Factor 0.955 0.882 0.882 0.898

Table A.12e Calculation of Annualisation Factor – August to October and December 2013 Period Means East Herts Luton Welwyn Hatfield All Sites Aug - Oct + Dec 16.8 35.5 25.5 25.9 Annual Mean 17.0 33.0 24.0 24.7 Annualisation Factor 1.012 0.930 0.941 0.951

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Table A.12f Calculation of Annualisation Factor – September to December 2013 Period Means East Herts Luton Welwyn Hatfield All Sites Sept - Dec 19.5 38.8 29.3 29.2 Annual Mean 17.0 33.0 24.0 24.7 Annualisation Factor 0.872 0.851 0.819 0.845

Table A.12g Calculation of annual mean using short-term to long-term data adjustment (‘annualisation’)

Raw Data Average Annualisation Factor Annualisation Factor Annualisation Factor Annualisation Factor Annualised Data Bias Adjusted Finalised Site (µg/m3) Months East Herts Luton Welwyn Hatfield Average Average (µg/m3) Average (µg/m3) DC77 35.8 7 1.082 1.085 1.143 1.102 39.5 31.6 DC78 33.2 7 1.082 1.085 1.143 1.102 36.6 29.3 DC79 34.9 7 1.082 1.085 1.143 1.102 38.5 30.8 DC106 41.2 5 0.955 0.882 0.882 0.898 37.0 29.6 DC107 42.0 5 0.955 0.882 0.882 0.898 37.7 30.2 DC108 26.7 5 0.955 0.882 0.882 0.898 24.0 19.2 DC109 26.4 5 0.955 0.882 0.882 0.898 23.7 19.0 DC110 31.8 5 0.955 0.882 0.882 0.898 28.6 22.8 DC111 33.2 5 0.955 0.882 0.882 0.898 29.8 23.9 DC112 27.1 4 1.012 0.930 0.941 0.951 25.8 20.6 DC113 25.1 5 0.955 0.882 0.882 0.898 22.5 18.0 DC114 50.1 4 0.872 0.851 0.819 0.845 42.3 33.9 DC115 34.9 4 0.872 0.851 0.819 0.845 29.5 23.6 DC116 38.1 4 0.872 0.851 0.819 0.845 32.2 25.8 DC117 41.3 4 0.872 0.851 0.819 0.845 34.9 27.9 DC118 48.2 4 0.872 0.851 0.819 0.845 40.7 32.6

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QA/QC of Automatic Monitoring

The High Street, Northchurch automatic monitoring station has been operating an NO2 chemiluminescent analyser since November 2012. During 2013 data validation and ratification was carried out by Kings College London Environmental Research Group (ERG) to the London Air Quality Network standard. In November 2013, following a tender process the contract was awarded to Air Quality Data Management (AQDM). Data validation and ratification is carried out by Air Quality Data Management (AQDM) to LAQM.TG(09) standards. LSO duties were undertaken by Kings College London Environmental Research Group (ERG), with routine calibrations carried out on a fortnightly frequency. In November 2013, following a tender process the contract was awarded to ESU1 Ltd. The analyser was covered by a service and maintenance contract with Enviro Technology Services Plc during 2013. The analyser is maintained following manufacturers’ instructions. Servicing of the analyser is undertaken on a twice yearly frequency. Quality control audits are undertaken twice yearly and supplied by National Physical Laboratory (NPL).

QA/QC of Diffusion Tube Monitoring

The NO2 diffusion tubes are supplied and analysed by Environmental Services Group (ESG), Didcot, Oxfordshire, and are prepared using the 50:50 (acetone:triethanolamine) method. ESG follow the procedures set out in the Practical Guidance document and, according to the QA/QC Framework webpage of the Defra website8. In the Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (WASP) inter-comparison scheme for comparing spiked Nitrogen Dioxide diffusion tubes, ESG currently holds the highest rank of a satisfactory laboratory. See Table

A.13 for laboratory summary performance for WASP NO2 PT rounds 117 – 123.

8 http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/diffusion-tubes/qa-qc-framework.html

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Table A.13 Laboratory summary performance for WASP NO2 PT rounds 117 – 123

WASP Round WASP R117 WASP R118 WASP R119 WASP R120 WASP R121 WASP R122 WASP R123 Round conducted in the period Apr – Jun 2012 Jul– Sept 2012 Oct – Dec 2012 Jan – Mar 2013 Apr - Jun 2013 Jul – Sept 2013 Oct – Dec 2013 Environmental Services Group, 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Didcot

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Appendix B: NO2 Monitoring Data

Monthly Mean Data Sets for Automatic Monitored NO2

Table B.1 and Figure B.1 show the monthly mean NO2 concentrations for the chemiluminescence analyser at High Street, Northchurch during 2013.

Table B.1 Automatic Monitoring Site - 2013 Measured Monthly Mean NO2

3 9 Month Monthly Mean NO2 Concentrations (µg/m ) 2013 January 40.7 February 31.8 March 27.2 April 23.5 May 22 June 19 July 22 August 22 September 26 October 28 November 34.8 December 28 Annual Mean 27

Figure B.1 Automatic Monitoring Site - 2013 Measured Monthly Mean NO2

9 Co-insides with diffusion tube exposure dates

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Monthly Mean Data Sets for Non-Automatic Monitored NO2

Table B.2 shows the measured monthly mean NO2 concentrations for all diffusion tubes in 2013.

Table B.2 Measured Monthly Mean NO2 Diffusion Tube Data 2013

3 Site ID Location NO2 (µg/m ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec DC40 Sawyers Way, Hemel Hempstead 39.6 32.1 27.9 23.8 25.3 18.2 13.6 17.4 24.1 30.4 34.2 DC42 Wood Lane End, Hemel Hempstead 40.2 32.6 35.5 27.7 21.8 24.4 24.1 21.3 29.1 30.1 39.9 31.3 DC43 Roman Way, Markyate 38.8 25.5 DC46 High Street, Bovingdon 36.3 32.2 28.8 22 19.4 19.1 18 18.8 27.8 31.4 40.7 29.2 DC47 High Street, Berkhamsted 57 49.3 49.3 40 40.2 36.2 38.7 35.7 41.8 46.3 52.9 51.8 DC48 Prince Edwards Street, Berkhamsted 40.1 33.7 28.6 23.7 19.8 21.5 16.5 15.2 26.8 23.9 36.6 25.5 DC50 High Street, Northchurch A 63.2 55.2 49.8 45.4 41.4 43.2 39.9 47.9 57.7 59.7 63.4 63.1 DC51 Brook Street, Tring 48.1 34.7 42 32 26.5 29.6 27 25 35.7 32.9 44 31.7 DC52 High Street, Tring 47.7 43.3 43.3 34.9 32.8 31.3 30.8 39.3 38.1 47.1 44.6 DC53 Charles Street, Tring 34.4 25.7 DC54 Watford Road, Kings Langley 73.4 57.7 49.2 51 48.9 47.9 46.9 51.4 63.6 60.7 61.5 57.2 DC55 High Street, Kings Langley 57.8 45 44.2 36.1 29.7 28.7 27.5 30.3 37.1 42.1 48.6 47.2 DC57 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1A 77.6 75.7 75.5 62.8 56.5 64.1 62.6 53.1 68.1 59 70.6 59.6 DC58 Gammon Close, Hemel Hempstead 45.5 40.8 31.2 31.4 25.8 24.9 27.7 24.6 32 32.3 42.9 34.1 DC59 Wadley Close, Hemel Hempstead 52.9 42.1 38.7 32.8 32 28.6 32.7 32.5 37.3 38.3 43.5 47.9 DC60 Field Road, Hemel Hempstead 39.7 32.1 37.4 27.1 21.9 22.5 21.2 20.5 28.5 33.3 41.2 32.3 DC61 St Agnells Lane, Hemel Hempstead 53 39.1 27.7 29.3 26.6 25.2 26.8 26.8 36.4 41.2 45.6 45..4 DC62 New Road, Northchurch A 64.2 55.7 60.8 45.3 39.7 42.9 42.5 38.9 50.7 40.6 64.2 40.2 DC63 Darrs Lane, Northchurch 43.3 39.5 36.3 27.8 27.3 25 27.8 26.8 36.4 32.6 41.8 35.7 DC64 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2A 48.3 46.4 37.5 39.9 36.9 37.3 38.6 37.3 50 51.3 64 48.7 DC65 Lawn Lane Hemel Hempstead 3A 81.9 79.9 62.4 61.1 68 62.1 62.2 66.9 62 78.7 95.5 81.1 DC66 London Road, Apsley A 70.9 68.3 57 55 56.8 53.7 56.9 57.9 70.4 71.2 77.3 79.7 DC67 Allandale, Hemel Hempstead 54.1 36.7 36.7 29.8 25.6 28.1 24.7 25.1 34.8 35.9 42.3 35.8 DC68 Belswains Lane, Hemel Hempstead 56.2 50.8 42.6 42.5 37.6 35.4 36.3 37.5 45.1 46.9 57.6 50.5

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3 Site ID Location NO2 (µg/m ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec DC69 Lawn/Belswains Lane, Hemel Hempstead 42.6 35.8 34.6 26.7 21.5 23.5 21.3 22.1 28.3 26.4 38.7 29.2 DC70 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4 52.9 50.6 60.5 49.3 36.8 39.8 39.4 35.8 49.4 35.3 60.4 47.3 DC71 Orchard Street, Apsley 45.6 40.4 29.2 33.2 26.9 24.9 21.7 24.4 36.3 37 43 37.5 DC73 Durrants Hill Road, Apsley A 50.8 41.9 44.9 33.9 29.2 29.9 34.4 29.5 40.8 42.3 39 44.3 DC74 Avia Close, Apsley 55.8 48.7 48.2 43 35.1 36.5 39.8 42.3 45 48.7 52.2 55.8 DC75 The Meads, Northchurch 45 35.4 32 22 25.3 21.7 24.5 24.5 35.9 36.6 33.2 33.9 DC76 The Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 48.9 41.8 46.9 43.3 33.1 33.4 33.7 35.1 45.6 47.6 48.6 46.9 DC77 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 1 56.9 38.9 41.8 34.9 25.9 26.5 25.6 DC78 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 2 42.8 38 40.2 34.2 26.7 26.4 23.8 DC79 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 3 30.5 40.6 44.3 40.3 28.4 31.5 28.4 DC81 Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead 59.5 48.2 51.2 41.5 34.8 48 51.7 42.2 48 54.4 58.3 59.2 DC83 Briar Way, Berkhamsted 26.2 25.5 DC84 AQ Machine, Northchurch 43.1 39.7 DC85 Health Centre, London Road, Apsley A 65.5 51.6 51.8 43.5 33.5 36.2 35.8 38.8 47.1 48.4 59.1 56.7 DC86 Northchurch Co-location A 44.5 33.6 32.9 28.8 31.4 27.7 29.3 28.2 36.1 36.1 45.3 38.6 DC87 Northchurch Co-location B 40.4 33.6 32.9 28.8 31.4 27.7 29.3 28.2 36.1 36.1 45.3 38.6 DC88 Northchurch Co-location C 43.8 39.6 33.5 28.5 29.4 28.2 27.1 28.3 36.4 31.8 44.9 34.5 DC89 High Street, Markyate 34.6 39.6 33.7 27.8 28.1 25.6 26.9 25.1 40.5 31.2 46.1 34.7 DC90 High Street Northchurch B 54.4 50 47.4 41.6 42.5 49.2 57.9 52.7 65.6 64.8 DC91 High Street Northchurch C 46.9 48.6 47.3 42.7 52.6 47.6 59.2 57.1 65.4 64.1 DC92 New Road Northchurch B 54.3 44.9 37.4 40.3 37.3 36.9 47.2 44.7 55.7 41.2 DC93 New Road Northchurch C 56.9 41.9 39.4 38.3 42.3 35.9 47.8 44.4 62.7 44 DC94 Health Centre, London Road, Apsley B 53 38.3 28.5 37.7 37.3 39.6 52 47.8 53.2 57.3 DC95 Health Centre, London Road, Apsley C 42.7 29.2 29.3 33.7 35.9 38.9 47.8 52.9 59.6 54.2 DC96 Durrants Hill Road, Apsley B 47.6 31.3 31.1 32.9 34.7 32.4 41.4 44.4 36.4 50.3 DC97 Durrants Hill Road, Apsley C 53.1 36.8 32.1 30.5 33.1 32.6 41.3 40.8 47.3 49 DC98 London Road Apsley B 62.6 50.6 54.1 53.5 61.3 65.4 69.4 69.6 80.7 79.5 DC99 London Road Apsley C 61.3 55.7 52.9 53.4 60.1 61.1 70.1 66.4 81.4 73.9 DC100 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1A 73.3 61.6 57.4 62.5 65.5 50.7 73.1 57.7 83.8 62.5

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3 Site ID Location NO2 (µg/m ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec DC101 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1B 104.1 65 57.6 67.2 70.4 47.7 71.7 60.5 93.3 60.2 DC102 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2A 45.8 32.7 38.7 35.9 37.4 31.1 47.6 44.9 61.8 46 DC103 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2B 46.1 34.4 37.5 36.8 34.6 38.4 47.6 47 56.7 50.7 DC104 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3A 61 59 62.4 59.3 59.4 67.9 76.2 95.6 83.7 DC105 Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3B 60.4 56.7 66.4 61.4 63.2 62.3 76.7 64.4 95.8 82.6 DC106 Outside 24 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 29.2 38.9 39.5 51.9 46.7 DC107 Marlowes Roundabout, Hemel Hempstead 31.6 79.1 41 9.5 48.9 DC108 Old Town, Hemel Hempstead 19.1 24.4 26.5 32.1 31.6 DC109 St Mary’s School, Northchurch 1 17.9 23.9 33 30.7 26.7 DC110 St Mary’s School, Northchurch 2 25.9 29.5 31.2 42 30.6 DC111 St Mary’s School, Northchurch 3 27.8 35.4 36.7 31.5 34.5 DC112 High Street, Markyate 2 22.2 32.5 24.9 28.8 DC113 Chapel Street, Berkhamsted 17.2 24.6 25.9 29.7 27.9 DC114 Lower Kings Road, Berkhamsted 53.7 49.6 44.3 52.7 DC115 Kings Road, Berkhamsted 36 33.4 39.8 30.5 DC116 Castle Street, Berkhamsted 40.2 34.7 41.8 35.9 DC117 High Street, Berkhamsted 2 41.3 38.5 49.4 36 DC118 Outside 158 Marlowes, Hemel Hempstead 40.6 42.4 49.8 60

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Fall off with Distance Adjustment for NO2 The measured data at the Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54) monitoring site has been adjusted for relevant exposure at the nearest receptor using the ‘Fall off with Distance Calculator’ (Box 2.3 of TG.09). http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/tools-monitoring-data/no2-falloff.html. The result is shown in Table B.3 and Figure B.2 below.

Table B.3 Fall off with Distance Adjustment

Site Distance of Monitoring 2013 Local Annual Mean Measured Annual Mean NO2 Predicted Annual Mean NO2 Location Site from Receptor Background Concentration at Monitoring Concentration at Receptor 3 Monitoring Receptor to Concentration (µg/m ) Site (bias adjusted) (CY) (adjusted for fall off with 3 3 Site to Kerb Kerb (DZ) (µg/m ) distance) (µg/m ) (DY) (m) (m) DC54 1.6 35.6 20.72912 44.6 28.1

Figure B.2 Expected Reduction in Annual Mean NO2 with Distance from the Kerb

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Diffusion tube monitoring site locations

Figure B.3 Sawyers Way, Hemel Hempstead (DC40)

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Figure B.4 Wood Lane End, Hemel Hempstead (DC42)

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Figure B.5 Roman Way, Markyate (DC43)

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Figure B.6 High Street, Bovingdon (DC46)

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Figure B.7 High Street, Berkhamsted (DC47)

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Figure B.8 Prince Edward Street, Berkhamsted (DC48)

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Figure B.9 Brook Street, Tring (DC51)

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Figure B.10 High Street, Tring (DC52)

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Figure B.11 Charles Street, Tring (DC53)

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Figure B.12 Watford Road, Kings Langley (DC54)

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Figure B.13 High Street, Kings Langley (DC55)

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Figure B.14 Gammon Close, Hemel Hempstead (DC58)

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Figure B.15 Wadley Close, Hemel Hempstead (DC59)

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Figure B.16 Field Road, Hemel Hempstead (DC60)

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Figure B.17 St Agnells Lane, Hemel Hempstead (DC61)

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Figure B.18 Allandale, Hemel Hempstead (DC67)

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Figure B.19 Belswains Lane, Hemel Hempstead (DC68)

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Figure B.20 The Meads, Northchurch (DC75)

LAQM Progress Report 2014 123 Dacorum Borough Council

Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 3

The Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead

Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 2

Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 1

Figure B.21 The Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead (DC76), Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead 1, 2 and 3 (DC77, DC78 & DC79)

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Figure B.22 Former Sappi Graphics, Hemel Hempstead (DC81)

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Figure B.23 Briar Way, Berkhamsted (DC83)

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Figure B.24 High Street, Markyate (DC89)

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Figure B.25 Outside 24 Cotterells, Hemel Hempstead (DC106)

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Figure B.26 Marlowes Roundabout, Hemel Hempstead (DC107)

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Figure B.27 Old Town, Hemel Hempstead (DC108)

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Figure B.28 High Street, Markyate 2 (DC112)

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Chapel Street, Berkhamsted

Castle Street, Berkhamsted

Figure B.29 Chapel Street (DC113) & Castle Street, Berkhamsted (DC116)

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Figure B.30 Lower Kings Road, Berkhamsted (DC114)

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Figure B.31 Kings Road, Berkhamsted (DC115)

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Figure B.32 High Street, Berkhamsted 2 (DC117)

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Figure B.33 Outside 158 Marlowes, Hemel Hempstead (DC118)

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Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 4

Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 1A*

Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 2A*

Lawn Lane, Hemel Hempstead 3A*

Lawn/Belswains Lane, Hemel Hempstead

Figure B.34 Diffusion tube monitoring sites within (and in the vicinity of) AQMA 1

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London Road, Apsley A*

Durrants Hill Road, Apsley A*

Orchard Street, Apsley

Health Centre, London Road, Apsley A*

Avia Close, Apsley

Figure B.35 Diffusion tube monitoring sites within (and in the vicinity of) AQMA 2

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Darrs Lane, Northchurch

AQ Machine, Northchurch

Northchurch Co-location A, B & C*

High Street, Northchurch A* St Mary’s School, Northchurch 3

St Mary’s School, Northchurch 1

New Road, Northchurch A* St Mary’s School, Northchurch 2

Figure B.36 Diffusion tube monitoring sites within (and in the vicinity of) AQMA 3

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Appendix C: LA-IPPC and LAPPC Installations in Dacorum

Table C.1: Part A(1) Installations Permit Process Type Operator Address of Process Grid Reference Bovingdon Poultry Processing Plant, Shantock Hall Lane, Bovingdon, MP3436CA Intensive Farming IHP Limited 500630, 202330 Hertfordshire, HP3 0NQ

Table C.2: Part A(2) Installations Permit Process Type Operator Address of Process Grid Reference SR 50602 Brickworks Bovingdon Brickworks Ltd Leyhill Road, Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, HP3 0NW SP 987 010

Table C.3: Part B Installations Permit Process Type Operator Address Grid Reference Storage, Unloading and MAU 8072 BP Oil UK Ltd Buncefield Terminal, Green Lane, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP2 7JA TL 088 084 Loading Petrol at Terminals MAU 8699 Vehicle Re-spraying Hangreen Ltd (T/A Sky Ford) Redbourn Road, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP2 7AZ TL 070 089 Application and Curing of SR 132058 C G Versatile Fittings City House, Swallowdale Lane, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP2 7EA TL 074 089 Powder Coating to Metal Parts SR 243550 Vehicle Re-spraying 5 Star Accident Repair Centre Ltd Paradise Industrial Estate, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP2 4TP TL 059 066 Blending, packing, loading and DBC/EP/04 Hanson Premix Ltd Riversend Road, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP3 9QS TL 053 055 use of bulk cement SR 228117 Mobile Crushing Plant Davis and Samson Billet Lane, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, HP4 0DP SP 981 084 W F Button & Son Ltd (T/A Button- SR 178398 Mobile Crushing Plant Button House, Pix Farm Lane, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP1 2RY TL 019 066 Linguard) Small Waste Oil Burner SR 215103 Chiltern Aston Centre Ltd Leyhill Road, Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, HP3 0NW TL 004 030 <0.4MW Small Waste Oil Burner MAU 6647 Chipperfield Garden Machinery Langley Road, Chipperfield, Hertfordshire, WD4 9EG TL 043 019 <0.4MW Small Waste Oil Burner DBC/EP/46 Mechanix Direct Ltd Unit 16, Kents Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP3 9XH <0.4MW Unloading of Petrol into Everest Way Service Station, Adeyfield Road, Everest Way, Hemel DBC/EP/23 Motor Fuels Limited TL 070 075 Storage at Petrol Stations Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP2 4HZ Unloading of Petrol into Bourne End Filling Station, London Road, Bourne End, Hertfordshire, HP1 DBC/EP/10/V1 M&M Bourne End Services TL 026 062 Storage at Petrol Stations 2RQ

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Permit Process Type Operator Address Grid Reference Unloading of Petrol into Shell Hemel Hempstead, Breakspear Way, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, SR 262338 Shell UK Oil Products Limited TL 085 075 Storage at Petrol Stations HP2 4TZ Unloading of Petrol into SR 270937 BP Oil UK Ltd Breakspear Way, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP2 4TZ TL 085 075 Storage at Petrol Stations Unloading of Petrol into Shell Bourne End, A41 Service Area, Bourne End, Berkhamsted, DBC/EP/15/V1 Shell UK Oil Products Limited TL 015 058 Storage at Petrol Stations Hertfordshire, HP1 2SB Unloading of Petrol into DBC/EP/26/V1 Shell UK Oil Products Limited Shell Berkhamsted, 345 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, HP4 1AL SP 986 080 Storage at Petrol Stations Unloading of Petrol into DBC/EP/16/V1 Shell UK Oil Products Limited Shell Tring, Brook Street, Tring, Hertfordshire, HP23 5EE SP 926 116 Storage at Petrol Stations Unloading of Petrol into SR 271737 Tesco Stores Ltd Tesco Store Ltd, Jarman Way, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP2 4JS TL 067 065 Storage at Petrol Stations Unloading of Petrol into Hall Park Service Station, London Road, Berkhamsted. Hertfordshire, HP4 SR 273269 Esso Petroleum Company Ltd TL 000 075 Storage at Petrol Stations 2NB Unloading of Petrol into Sainsbury Supermarkets Limited, London Road, Apsley Mills, Hemel SR 276342 Sainsburys Supermarket Ltd TL 059 053 Storage at Petrol Stations Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP3 9SR Unloading of Petrol into Shell Apsley, 14 London Road, Apsley, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP3 SR 193250 Shell UK Oil Products Limited TL 058 054 Storage at Petrol Stations 9SP Unloading of Petrol into Pace Petroleum Northchurch, London Road, Northchurch, Hertfordshire, HP23 MAU 6024 Malthurst Petroleum SP 957 102 Storage at Petrol Stations 5SR Unloading of Petrol into Flamstead Filling Station, London Road, Flamstead, St Albans, Hertfordshire, SR 272198 Flamstead Filling Station TL 084 150 Storage at Petrol Stations AL3 8HS Unloading of Petrol into SR 301923 VG Merchants VG Merchants, 489 London Road, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP3 9BE TL 045 059 Storage at Petrol Stations Unloading of Petrol into Shell Dacorum, Warners End Road, Northridge Way, Hemel Hempstead, DBC/EP/17/V1 Shell UK Oil Products Limited TL 042 074 Storage at Petrol Stations Hertfordshire, HP1 3QF Unloading of Petrol into Jet, Queensway Service Station, 101 Queensway, Hemel Hempstead, MAU 6031 Marco Polo Enterprises TL 057 077 Storage at Petrol Stations Hertfordshire, HP2 5HD Unloading of Petrol into Cupid Green (The Co-operative Group) Service Station, Redbourn Road, SR 276495 The Co-operative Group TL 073 093 Storage at Petrol Stations Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP2 7BA Unloading of Petrol into Kings Langley Service Station, 124 Hempstead Road, Kings Langley, SR 207758 Park Garage Group TL 069 041 Storage at Petrol Stations Hertfordshire, WD4 8AL SR 159290 Dry Cleaners B Smart Dry Cleaners 221 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, HP4 1AD SP 990 078

DBC/EP/28 Dry Cleaners Bovingdon Dry Cleaners 33 High Street, Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, HP3 0HG TL 013 038

SR 173664 Dry Cleaners FM Express Dry Cleaners 321 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, HP4 1AL SP 986 081

SR 159715 Dry Cleaners Johnson Cleaners Apsley Mills Retail Park, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP3 9QW TL 061 053

SR 173113 Dry Cleaners Johnson Cleaners 384 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, HP4 1HU SP 850 081

DBC/EP/35 Dry Cleaners Marlowes Dry Cleaners 136 The Marlowes, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP1 1EZ TL 055 072

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Permit Process Type Operator Address Grid Reference

SR 168508 Dry Cleaners Rainbow Dry Cleaners 26 Queens Square, Adeyfield, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP2 4ES TL 069 075

SR 159422 Dry Cleaners Swan Cleaners 8 Rossgate, Gadebridge, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP1 3LG TL 043 084

DBC/EP/32 Dry Cleaners Bizzy Dry Cleaners 22 Mark Road, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP2 7BN TL 077 080

SR 262976 Dry Cleaners Unicorn Dry Cleaners 104 London Road, Apsley, Hertfordshire, HP3 9SD TL 056 055

(All details current at 31 December 2013)

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