Why the GSI Anomaly Cannot Be Explained by Quantum Beats
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Investigations of Nuclear Decay Half-Lives Relevant to Nuclear Astrophysics
DE TTK 1949 Investigations of nuclear decay half-lives relevant to nuclear astrophysics PhD Thesis Egyetemi doktori (PhD) ´ertekez´es J´anos Farkas Supervisor / T´emavezet˝o Dr. Zsolt F¨ul¨op University of Debrecen PhD School in Physics Debreceni Egyetem Term´eszettudom´anyi Doktori Tan´acs Fizikai Tudom´anyok Doktori Iskol´aja Debrecen 2011 Prepared at the University of Debrecen PhD School in Physics and the Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI) K´esz¨ult a Debreceni Egyetem Fizikai Tudom´anyok Doktori Iskol´aj´anak magfizikai programja keret´eben a Magyar Tudom´anyos Akad´emia Atommagkutat´o Int´ezet´eben (ATOMKI) Ezen ´ertekez´est a Debreceni Egyetem Term´eszettudom´anyi Doktori Tan´acs Fizikai Tudom´anyok Doktori Iskol´aja magfizika programja keret´eben k´esz´ıtettem a Debreceni Egyetem term´eszettudom´anyi doktori (PhD) fokozat´anak elnyer´ese c´elj´ab´ol. Debrecen, 2011. Farkas J´anos Tan´us´ıtom, hogy Farkas J´anos doktorjel¨olt a 2010/11-es tan´evben a fent megnevezett doktori iskola magfizika programj´anak keret´eben ir´any´ıt´asommal v´egezte munk´aj´at. Az ´ertekez´esben foglalt eredm´e- nyekhez a jel¨olt ¨on´all´oalkot´otev´ekenys´eg´evel meghat´aroz´oan hozz´a- j´arult. Az ´ertekez´es elfogad´as´at javaslom. Debrecen, 2011. Dr. F¨ul¨op Zsolt t´emavezet˝o Investigations of nuclear decay half-lives relevant to nuclear astrophysics Ertekez´es´ a doktori (PhD) fokozat megszerz´ese ´erdek´eben a fizika tudom´any´agban ´Irta: Farkas J´anos, okleveles fizikus ´es programtervez˝omatematikus K´esz¨ult a Debreceni Egyetem Fizikai Tudom´anyok Doktori Iskol´aja magfizika programja keret´eben T´emavezet˝o: Dr. -
Neutrino Oscillations Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Neutrino oscillations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino_oscillations Neutrino oscillations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Neutrino oscillations are a quantum mechanical phenomenon predicted by Bruno Pontecorvo whereby a neutrino created with a specific lepton flavor (electron, muon or tau) can later be measured to have a different flavor. The probability of measuring a particular flavor for a neutrino varies periodically as it propagates. Neutrino oscillation is of theoretical and experimental interest since observation of the phenomenon implies that the neutrino has a nonzero mass, which is not part of the original Standard Model of particle physics. A zero mass particle would have to travel at the speed of light. At the speed of light, time stands still so no change (and, therefore, no oscillation) is possible. Therefore if particles change, they must have mass. Contents 1 Observations 1.1 Solar neutrino oscillation 1.2 Atmospheric neutrino oscillation 1.3 Reactor neutrino oscillations 1.4 Beam neutrino oscillations 1.5 Decay oscillations GSI anomaly 2 Theory 2.1 Classical analogue of neutrino oscillation 2.2 Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix 2.3 Propagation and interference 2.4 Two neutrino case 3 Theory, graphically 3.1 Two neutrino probabilities in vacuum 3.2 Three neutrino probabilities 4 Observed values of oscillation parameters 5 Origins of neutrino mass 5.1 Seesaw mechanism 5.2 Other sources 1 of 15 09.10.2010 г. 20:28 Neutrino oscillations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino_oscillations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Observations A great deal of evidence for neutrino oscillations has been collected from many sources, over a wide range of neutrino energies and with many different detector technologies. -
Kollineare Laserspektroskopie an Radioaktiven Praseodymionen Und Cadmiumatomen
Kollineare Laserspektroskopie an radioaktiven Praseodymionen und Cadmiumatomen Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades ”Doktor der Naturwissenschaften” im Promotionsfach Chemie am Fachbereich Chemie, Pharmazie und Geowissenschaften der Johannes Gutenberg-Universit¨at in Mainz Nadja Fr¨ommgen geb. in Koblenz Mainz, den 01.10.2013 ii 1. Berichterstatter: 2. Berichterstatter: Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 21.11.2013 Zusammenfassung Die Analyse optischer Spektren liefert einen kernmodellunabh¨angigen Zugang zur Bestimmung der Kernspins, Ladungsradien und elektromagnetischen Momente von Atomkernen im Grund- zustand und von langlebigen (ms) Isomeren. Eine der vielseitigsten Methoden zur optischen Spektroskopie an kurzlebigen Isotopen ist die kollineare Laserspektroskopie. Im Rahmen die- ser Arbeit wurde zum einen die TRIGA-LASER Strahlstrecke am Institut fur¨ Kernchemie der Universit¨at Mainz durch die Implementierung einer neuen offline Oberfl¨achenionenquelle fur¨ hohe Verdampfungstemperaturen und eines Strahlanalysesystems weiterentwickelt. Zum ande- ren wurde kollineare Laserspektroskopie an kurzlebigen Praseodym- und Cadmiumisotopen an ISOLDE/CERN durchgefuhrt.¨ Die neue Ionenquelle erm¨oglichte dabei den Test der kollinearen Laserspektroskopie an Praseodymionen am TRIGA-LASER Experiment. Die Spektroskopie der Prasdeodymionen motivierte sich aus der Beobachtung einer zeitlichen Modulation der EC-Zerfallsrate von wasserstoff¨ahnlichem 140Pr58+.Fur¨ die Erkl¨arung dieser so- genannten GSI Oszillationen wird unter anderem das magnetische Moment -
1 Dec 2009 H Agaeo Mltdsi Sdt Ute Utf the Justify Further to Used Afterwards, Is GSI
Why a splitting in the final state cannot explain the GSI-Oscillations Alexander Merlea Max–Planck–Institut f¨ur Kernphysik Postfach 10 39 80, D–69029 Heidelberg, Germany In this paper, I give a pedagogical discussion of the GSI anomaly. Using two different formula- tions, namely the intuitive Quantum Field Theory language of the second quantized picture as well as the language of amplitudes, I clear up the analogies and differences between the GSI anomaly − − and other processes (the Double Slit experiment using photons, e+e → µ+µ scattering, and charged pion decay). In both formulations, the conclusion is reached that the decay rate measured at GSI cannot oscillate if only Standard Model physics is involved and the initial hydrogen-like ion is no coherent superposition of more than one state (in case there is no new, yet unknown, mechanism at work). Furthermore, a discussion of the Quantum Beat phenomenon will be given, which is often assumed to be able to cause the observed oscillations. This is, however, not possible for a splitting in the final state only. Keywords: GSI anomaly, neutrino oscillations, quantum theory PACS: 14.60.Pq, 23.40.-s 1. INTRODUCTION QFT-treatment by carefully considering several cases, where π+ decay serves as additional example before the considerations are applied to the GSI-experiment, too. In the last months, a measurement of the lifetime of Furthermore, the so-called Quantum Beats [40] will be several highly charged ions with respect to electron cap- discussed, a well-known phenomenon that could indeed ture (EC) decays at GSI Darmstadt [1] has caused a lot of cause oscillatory decay rates. -
Nuclear Physics Seminar at Warsaw University, May 14, 2008
Observation of non-exponential orbital electron-capture 140 142 decay of H-like Pr and Pm ions and possible implications for the neutrino masses Fritz Bosch, GSI Darmstadt Nuclear physics seminar at Warsaw University, May 14, 2008 Bound-state beta decay first observed at GSI fifteen years ago → Outline 1. Production, storage and cooling of highly-charged ions at GSI 2. Two-body beta decay of stored and cooled highly-charged ions 3. Experimental results for orbital electron capture of H-like 140Pr and 142Pm by means of single-ion decay spectroscopy 4. Tentative explanation(s) of the observed non-exponential decays 5. Summary, questions and outlook Schottky Mass Spectrometry (SMS) - Collaboration F. Attallah, G. Audi, K. Beckert, P. Beller†, F. Bosch, D. Boutin, C. Brandau, Th. Bürvenich, L. Chen, I. Cullen, Ch. Dimopoulou, H. Essel, B. Fabian, Th. Faestermann, M. Falch, A. Fragner, B. Franczak, B. Franzke, H. Geissel, E. Haettner, M. Hausmann, M. Hellström, S. Hess, G. Jones, E. Kaza, Th. Kerscher, P. Kienle, O. Klepper, H.-J. Kluge, Ch. Kozhuharov, K.-L. Kratz, R. Knöbel, J. Kurcewicz, S.A. Litvinov, Yu.A. Litvinov, Z. Liu, K.E.G. Löbner†, L. Maier, M. Mazzocco, F. Montes, A. Musumarra, G. Münzenberg, S. Nakajima, C. Nociforo, F. Nolden, Yu.N. Novikov, T. Ohtsubo, A. Ozawa, Z. Patyk, B. Pfeiffer, W.R. Plass, Z. Podolyak, M. Portillo, A. Prochazka, T. Radon, R. Reda, R. Reuschl, H. Schatz, Ch. Scheidenberger, M. Shindo, V. Shishkin, J. Stadlmann, M. Steck, Th. Stöhlker, K. Sümmerer, B. Sun, T. Suzuki, K. Takahashi, S. Torilov, M.B.Trzhaskovskaya, S.Typel, D.J. -
Nuclear String Hypothesis Contents
Nuclear String Hypothesis M. PitkÄanen1, April 8, 2007 1 Department of Physical Sciences, High Energy Physics Division, PL 64, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland. [email protected].¯, http://www.physics.helsinki.¯/»matpitka/. Recent address: Puutarhurinkatu 10,10960, Hanko, Finland. Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 A > 4 nuclei as nuclear strings consisting of A · 4 nuclei . 5 1.2 Bose-Einstein condensation of color bonds as a mechanism of nuclear binding . 6 1.3 Giant dipole resonance as de-coherence of Bose-Einstein condensate of color bonds 6 1.4 Dark nuclear strings as analogs of as analogs of DNA-, RNA- and amino-acid se- quences and baryonic realization of genetic code . 6 2 Some variants of the nuclear string hypothesis 7 2.1 Could linking of nuclear strings give rise to heavier stable nuclei? . 7 2.2 Nuclear strings as connected sums of shorter nuclear strings? . 7 2.3 Is knotting of nuclear strings possible? . 7 3 Could nuclear strings be connected sums of alpha strings and lighter nuclear strings? 8 3.1 Does the notion of elementary nucleus make sense? . 8 3.2 Stable nuclei need not fuse to form stable nuclei . 8 3.3 Formula for binding energy per nucleon as a test for the model . 9 3.4 Decay characteristics and binding energies as signatures of the decomposition of nuclear string . 9 3.5 Are magic numbers additive? . 10 3.6 Stable nuclei as composites of lighter nuclei and necessity of tetra-neutron? . 10 3.7 What are the building blocks of nuclear strings? . 11 3.7.1 Option Ia) . -
Disentangling Neutrino Oscillations
Disentangling Neutrino Oscillations The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Cohen, Andrew, Sheldon Glashow, and Zoltan Ligeti. 2009. Disentangling neutrino oscillations. Physics Letters B 678(2): 191-196. Published Version doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2009.06.020 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:7349760 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Disentangling Neutrino Oscillations Andrew G. Cohen∗ and Sheldon L. Glashow† Physics Department, Boston University Boston, MA 02215, USA Zoltan Ligeti‡ Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (Dated: March 8, 2009) Abstract The theory underlying neutrino oscillations has been described at length in the literature. The neutrino state produced by a weak decay is usually portrayed as a linear superposition of mass eigenstates with, variously, equal energies or equal momenta. We point out that such a description is incorrect, that in fact, the neutrino is entangled with the other particle or particles emerging from the decay. We offer an analysis of oscillation phenomena involving neutrinos (applying equally well to neutral mesons) that takes entanglement into account. Thereby we present a theoretically sound proof of the universal validity of the oscillation formulæ ordinarily used. In so doing, we show that the departures from exponential decay reported by the GSI experiment cannot be attributed to neutrino mixing. -
The GSI Time Anomaly: Facts and Fiction Eserved@D = *@Let@Token
The GSI Time Anomaly: Facts and Fiction Carlo Giunti INFN, Sezione di Torino, and Dipartimento di Fisica Teorica, Universit`adi Torino mailto://[email protected] Neutrino Unbound: http://www.nu.to.infn.it La Thuile 2009, 3 March 2009 Les Rencontres de Physique de La Vallee d’Aoste Results and Perspectives in Particle Physics 1-7 March 2009, La Thuile, Aosta Valley, Italy C. Giunti The GSI Time Anomaly: Facts and Fiction La Thuile 2009, 3 March 2009 1 The GSI Experiment Schematic layout of the secondary nuclear beam facility at GSI Primarybeam Productiontarget Degrader 508MeV/uSm152 1032 mg/cmBe2 731 mg/cm2 Al 400MeV/u140 Pr58+ Injectionfrom UNILAC [Litvinov et al, nucl-ex/0509019] SIS: Heavy Ion Synchrotron FRS: FRagment Separator ESR: Experiment Storage Ring C. Giunti The GSI Time Anomaly: Facts and Fiction La Thuile 2009, 3 March 2009 2 Schottky Mass Spectrometry ◮ Stored ions circulate in ESR with revolution frequencies 2 MHz ◮ At each turn they induce mirror charges on two electrodes ◮ Revolution frequency spectra provide information about q m: qB f = = 2 2 m ◮ Area of each frequency peak is proportional to number of stored ions 0.06 99 Ag47+ A El q 95 45+ 59 28+ Massvalueunknown Rh Ni 84 40+ Zr A El q Massvalueknown 40 19+ K 42 20+ 78 Rb 37+ Ca 80 38+ 0.04 97 Pd 46+ Sr 101Ñd48+ 76 36+ 105Sn50+ Kr 86 41+ 88 42+ 61 29+ Nb Mo Cu 31+ 65 Ga 67 Ge32+ 0.02 57 Co 27+ 92 Ru44+ 69 33+ Intensity[arb.u.] As 0.00 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 Frequency[Hz] [Litvinov et al, nucl-ex/0509019] C. -
Naumov D.V. a Short Review of Most Interesting Recent Results In
¨¸Ó³ ¢ —Ÿ. A. 2012. ’. 9, º 9Ä10. ‘. 62Ä69 ”ˆ‡ˆŠ ‹…Œ…’›• —‘’ˆ– ˆ ’Œƒ Ÿ„. ’…ˆŸ A SHORT REVIEW OF MOST INTERESTING RECENT RESULTS IN NEUTRINO PHYSICS D. V. Naumov 1 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna This lecture presented at the BaikaL Summer School on Physics of Elementary Particles and Astro- physics in 2011 reviewes recent hot results in neutrino physics. É ²¥±Í¨Ö, ¶·μ묃 ´´ Ö ´ °± ²Ó¸±μ° ²¥É´¥° Ï±μ²¥ ¶μ ˨§¨±¥ Ô²¥³¥´É ·´ÒÌ Î ¸É¨Í ¨ ¸É·μ˨§¨±¥ ¢ 2011 £., ¶μ¸¢ÖÐ¥´ μ¡§μ·Ê ¶μ¸²¥¤´¨Ì ´μ¢μ¸É¥° ¢ ´¥°É·¨´´μ° ˨§¨±¥. PACS: 11.80.-m; 13.15.+g 1. INTRODUCTION Neutrino is a light spin one-half fermion participating in weak and gravitational inter- actions. Its history begins with a letter of W. Pauli (4th December 1930) to Lise Meitner et al. in which he suggested an existence in nuclei of electrically neutral particles with a small mass which he called ®neutrons¯. With the help of these ®neutrons¯ Pauli attempted to solve several puzzles: seemingly violation of energy-momentum conservation in β decays (continuous β spectrum instead of expected discrete spectrum) and ®wrong¯ spin statistics of nuclei 6Li, 14N (these nuclei have an integer magnetic spin which could not be composed of an odd number of spin one-half protons). The ˇrst theory of weak interactions was given by E. Fermi who also introduced a new name for a light neutral particle participating in these interactions Å ®neutrino¯. It is probably worth to mention that modern solution to Pauli's problems of 1930 actually requires two different particles: neutron and neutrino, while this fact is usually omitted referring to Pauli's letter as to a theoretical discovery of neutrino. -
Pos(Bormio2012)028 Ce
(Oscillating) non-exponential decays of unstable states PoS(Bormio2012)028 Francesco Giacosa∗ Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Giuseppe Pagliara Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Ferrara and INFN Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44100 Ferrara, Italy E-mail: [email protected] We discuss deviations from the exponential decay law which occur when going beyond the Breit- Wigner distribution for an unstable state. In particular, we concentrate on an oscillating behavior, remisiscent of the Rabi-oscillations, in the short-time region. We propose that these oscillations can explain the socalled GSI anomaly, which measured superimposed oscillations on top of the exponential law for hydrogen-like nuclides decaying via electron-capture. Moreover, we discuss the possibility that the deviations from the Breit-Wigner in the case of the GSI anomaly are (pre- dominantely) caused by the interaction of the unstable state with the measurement apparatus. The consequences of this scenario, such as the non-observation of oscillations in an analogous experiment perfromed at Berkley, are investigated. 50th International Winter Meeting on Nuclear Physics 23-27 January 2012 Bormio, Italy ∗Speaker. c Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence. http://pos.sissa.it/ (Oscillating) non-exponential decays of unstable states Francesco Giacosa 1. Introduction The decay law of unstable systems plays a crucial role in Physics: the electromagnetic decays of atoms, the decays of radioactive nuclei, of hadronic resonances and of the Standard Model particles such as the weak interaction bosons and the Higgs boson, are all described by the well known exponential decay law. -
Neutrino Signals in Electron-Capture Storage-Ring Experiments
Article Neutrino Signals in Electron-Capture Storage-Ring Experiments Avraham Gal Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; [email protected] Academic Editors: Stefan Frauendorf and Herbert Weigel Received: 27 December 2015; Accepted: 26 May 2016; Published: 15 June 2016 Abstract: Neutrino signals in electron-capture decays of hydrogen-like parent ions P in storage-ring experiments at GSI are reconsidered, with special emphasis placed on the storage-ring quasi-circular motion of the daughter ions D in two-body decays P ! D + ne. It is argued that, to the extent that daughter ions are detected, these detection rates might exhibit modulations with periods of order seconds, similar to those reported in the GSI storage-ring experiments for two-body decay rates. New dedicated experiments in storage rings, or using traps, could explore these modulations. Keywords: neutrino interactions, mass and mixing; electron capture 1. Introduction Electron capture (EC) rates for two-body decays P ! D + ne of hydrogen-like parent ions P coasting in the experimental storage ring of the Heavy-Ion Research Laboratory (GSI) at Darmsrtadt, Germany, exhibit time modulation with laboratory period tGSI ≈ 7 s [1,2] as shown for 142Pm in Figure1. 55 50 χ2 45 40 35 100 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 ω (s−1) 50 number of EC decays/0.96 s 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 time after injection (s) Figure 1. Electron capture (EC) decay rate of H-like 142Pm60+ ions circulating in the GSI experimental storage ring as recorded by a 245 MHz resonator. -
Weak Interactions
People who have no weaknesses are terrible; there is no way of taking advantage of them. Anatole France (1844–1924) 27 Weak Interactions The decay of nuclei proceeds via α-, β-, γ-emission, or by fission. The first is governed by nuclear forces, the third by electromagnetic interactions. The β-emission has an entirely different origin. It is caused by weak interactions. Initially, such processes posed a serious puzzle: The observed emerging particles, electrons or positrons, did not come out with a definite energy equal to the mass difference between initial and final nuclei. Instead, they had an energy distribution with a maximal energy at the expected value. This led Nils Bohr to speculate that energy conservation could possibly be violated in quantum physics. In 1939, however, Wolfgang Pauli suggested in a historic letter to colleagues [1] meeting in T¨ubingen, that the missing energy was carried off by a neutral particle, now called neutrino. Its spin had to be 1/2, to preserve angular momentum. The simplest nuclear particle which shows β-decay is the neutron itself which decays, after about 900 seconds, as follows: n p + e− +¯ν , (27.1) → e whereν ¯e denotes a right-handed version of Pauli’s particle, which is nowadays re- ferred to as an antineutrino associated with the electron. As time went on, many more particles were discovered that arose from similar interactions. All of them are now called leptons. Recall the classification in Section 24.1. 27.1 Fermi Theory In 1934, Fermi made a first theoretical attempt to describe β-decay in lowest-order perturbation theory [2].