An Investigation About the Sources of Ilam Dust Elham Mehrizi
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
An Investigation about the Sources of Ilam Dust Elham Mehrizi To cite this version: Elham Mehrizi. An Investigation about the Sources of Ilam Dust. Second International Conference on Dust, Apr 2018, Ilam, Iran. hal-02861791 HAL Id: hal-02861791 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02861791 Submitted on 19 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. An Investigation about the Sources of Ilam Dust Elham Mehrizi1 1Retired Abstract: Dust particles phenomena are among the most serious environmental problems in various parts of the world. Iran's plateau is one of the areas susceptible to wind erosion due to the dry belt of the northern hemisphere, poor water supplies, low precipitation and soil moisture and disperse vegetation in most parts (cross-arid regions) [8]. The proposed work discusses that the number of days Ilam city (situated in west of Iran) faced with dust storms have been increased each year compared to the previous year between 2006-2009 probably due to some neighboring countries sources of dust [10]. The sources of dust storm in west of Iran probably trace back to, sandy deserts and dried lakebeds in neighboring countries where particles are lifted upwards and are carried by winds to Iran [1,2]. Keywords: Wind erosion, Dry belt, Ilam dust, Neighboring dust sources. 1. Introduction: Airborne dust removed from desert regions of the world poses a serious threat to the global environment. This includes the dry Iranian plateau which is severely impacted by wind erosion, exacerbated by poor water supply, low precipitation, deficient soil moisture, and sparse vegetation [1]. Recent studies show that the number of dust sources in Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria (all situated in west of Iran) have nearly tripled over the past two decades. It was shown that the number of dusty days increased in subsequent years in Ilam city (fig 3). The sources of dust in western Iran can often be traced to dried lakebeds, sandy deserts, as well as other natural and anthropogenic polluted regions of neighboring countries, carried by winds to Iran [1]. The Ilam province (Fig. 1) lies in the north-west of Iran, along the border with Iraq. Sadrian et al., 2014, 2018, 2019, 2020 [3,4,5,6,7,8,9] performed and conducted a comprehensive study and measurement on the characterization of the mineralogy of this region’s dust particles. Sadrian et al., 2014 [3,10] determined Ilam dust sources based on the mineralogy (measured using XRD and reflectance spectroscopy) to be from some close deserts regions in neighboring countries. Figure 1. The right picture is the map of Iran. The left picture is Ilam province which is shown with the yellow color and the little green point on the north of it is the study area which is Ilam City. 2. Research Locality: Ilam province located between 31° 58' to 34° 15' latitude and 45° 24' to 48° 10' longitude, and occupies 19,086 km², being 1.4% of Iran's land area. The city of Ilam (33°38′15″N, 46°25′ 22″E) was selected study the properties and impact of dust (Fig. 1). It is located to the west of the Zagros Mountains, with lowlands dominant in the west and southwest. Based on official drought indices (SPI and Z), the Ilam city has in the past been severely affected by extreme dry condition. The reasons behind the study in this city are, despite the importance of its population, this city has got 4.5% of the forest and 11% of the well gases of Iran, but still, there is not any information about characteristics and sources of dustfall over Ilam city. 3. An Example of The Daily PM10 Measurements in Ilam in 2012: Figure 2 (as an example) shows the PM10 Measurements by Ilam’s Meteorological organization within 4 month in 2012 from late march until late June. From figure 2, it is clear that the amount of PM10 drastically increase in mid-April, nearly whole May, and late in June. Also, from figure 2, it can be resulted that the average PM10 for Ilam city in these four months March-June is about 3 200 μg/m much higher than the worldwide standard for PM10. 2000 1800 1600 1400 g/m3) 1200 μ 1000 800 600 PM10 rate ( rate PM10 400 200 0 Dates of collecting PM10 PM10 average Figure 2. Meteorological organization’s measurement of PM10 (μg/m3) for three months between March 20th, 2012 to June 20th, 2012. Horizontal line represents the average of all data and the blue line above defines daily measurement for PM10. Ilam province has 425 km of common border with Iraq and it known as one of the provinces with the many dusty days in Iran. The occurrence of drought in Iran (in particular, in Ilam city) and in its neighboring countries (Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria) between 2006-2009, along with the decrease in relative humidity and significant decrease in rainfall in recent years, has intensified dust storms phenomenon. Statistics show that Ilam had experienced 82, 99, 87, 39, 18 dusty days in 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, and 2006, respectively which had obscured the region sky and lowered the visibility [11] (fig 3). This is probably due to the severe drought and extremely low precipitation of the neighboring countries desert areas which makes the lands potentially a good place for wind erosion. Sadrian et al., 2014 proved the Ilam deposited airborne minerals are originated from source areas close to the Ilam borders probably from neighboring countries (Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria). Figure 3. This figure displays the increasing trend of dusty days in Ilam from 2006-2009. 4. Conclusion: Sadrian et al., 2014 and 2019 proved that the mineralogy and to some extent the morphology of dust particles in Ilam region, are affected by the local geology, and the prevailing wind. PM10 size dust particles are the most common. Dust can originate in countries neighboring on Iran as well as from sources within Iran itself, such as those within the Ilam province. The geology of western Ilam province, as well as central and eastern Iraq, have desert areas with widespread dune sands, and are the main sources of the calcite particulates. Clay minerals transported during dust storms are mostly from distal sources [5], characteristically environments affected by sedimentation and weathering. The deficiency local igneous and metamorphic minerals or heavy minerals in the studied specimens seem to suggest long-distance dust hotspots outside the province of Ilam, especially the countries to the west and northwest of Iran, including Iraq and Saudi Arabia. 5. References: 1. Zarasvandi, A., 2009. Environmental Imapcts of Dust Storms in the Khuzestan Province. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of Khuzestan Province, Internal Report. 375p. 2. Buchani, M.H., Fazeli, D., 2011. Environmental Issues and the consequences of Dust Particles in West of Iran. Seasonal Journal of Policy, Year second, No 3. 3. Sadrian, M.R.; Mohammadkhan, S.; Mashhadi, N.; Alavipanah, S.K. Mapping of Dust Fall Deposited in Ilam City in Fall, 2011, Winter and Spring, 2012. In Proceedings of 3rd National Conference on Wind Erosion and Dust Storms, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran, 2014, https://www.civilica.com/Paper-ISADMC03-ISADMC03_079.html. 4. Nouri, E., T. Ensafi Moghaddam, M. R. Sadrian, and J. P. Engelbrecht, 2018: The Concentration of a Number of Heavy Metals in Dust in Ilam, Iran and Their Impact on Quercus brantii Lindl in the Region. Second International Conference on Dust, University of Ilam, Ilam, https://www.civilica.com/Paper-TICD02-TICD02_174.html, 9. 5. Mohammad Sadrian, Wendy Calvin. Absence of Quartz Absorption Features in LWIR Reflectance Spectra of Dust Samples. 100th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, Jan 2020, Boston, United States. ⟨hal-02612219⟩ 6. Sadrian, M.R.; Calvin, W.; Engelbrecht, J. Characterization of Mineral Dust using XRD and Infrared Spectroscopy. In Proceedings of the 99th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, USA, 6-10 January 2019. 7. Sadrian, M.R.; Calvin, W.; Engelbrecht, J. Determination of Dust Particles Mineral Percentages by Semiquantitative Analysis Using X-Ray Powder Diffraction and Linear Spectral Unmixing. In Proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA, 9-13 December 2019. 8. Dehbozorgi, M.; Sadrian, M.R.; Naseri, H. A Survey on Origins and Reasons of Dust Storm Events in the Southeast and Southwest Regions of Iran, 2010. In Proceedings of 1st National Conference on Desert, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 9. Sadrian, M.R. Biological Spectrum of Plant Species, Khezrabad Kamal Abad, Yazd. In Proceedings of 1st National Conference on Desert, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, 2010. 10. Sadrian, M.R.; Mohammadkhan, S.; Mashhadi, N. Mineralogy of Dust Fall Deposited in Ilam City. In Proceedings of 3rd National Conference on Wind Erosion and Dust Storms, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran, 2014. 11. Shao, Y., and Dong, C. H.: A review on East Asian Dust Storm Climate, Modeling and Monitoring, Global and Planetary Change, 52, 1-22, 2006. .