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ETHJ Vol-16 No-1 East Texas Historical Journal Volume 16 Issue 1 Article 1 3-1978 ETHJ Vol-16 No-1 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj Part of the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation (1978) "ETHJ Vol-16 No-1," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 16 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj/vol16/iss1/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the History at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Texas Historical Journal by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 197 l fB.R I EAST TEXAS HI TORICAL ASSOCIATION OFFiCERS Fred Tarpley, Prc..idcnl Commerce Mr~. E. H L:Js~~ter. FirM Vice·Pre... idenl Hcnder",oll Fmnk Smyrl. econd Vice·Pre'iiident 1\ler 1\Ir... Tommie Jan l.o\locry, Secretary. Lufkin UIRf(TOR~ Ralph Steen Nacogl1ulo:he.. 197M Mr'>. Willie Earl Tindall an Augu\iline 1978 Mr'l. Jere Jack~on ,NJco~dl'h:he!l 1979 Lee 1....1wrcnce Tyler 1979 Wi!lil.tm R. J,-,hn~on ,N'lcogdl.xhe, 1979 LOI" Parker RCilumnnl 199n Mf'l Marion Hull Bel.iumonl 19t<1I Irvin MJY Cnllege Slali'ln 191<0 EIJITORIAI no \RO Allan A..hcmft .Dnan Robert Glover r"ler Ralph GUOtlwin ., Cumm,,'n:e frank Jack"'on C,lmmcr,e Archie P ~kDonald 'Jaco!!dtll,:he' Mr.. Chotrlc ... Manln \-1ldland J'lm~... L. Nichol... , N,IC01.tdtll.: he ... Ralph A WtlO"lcr Beaumont \1F\t1H RSlIIll 1. 'S'IITlJTION\1 Mr\IBU<S pay . lUll duc....annu.i1h PAT RONS I.:l)Ottibule III the \\orl.. llf tha= ·\\~lKI.llhl" lIMI or mure ril\.I~lc II d~"lrtd tl\ eor .1 period (II n\'~ ~ e.n .... Sl·S r \1 I'JCi MI·. 1BFRS ~onlrlbule It' th(: \lo11r!.. III the A.....lKI.ltllln ~O llr more. pa~'lt'll~ if d~,iICd llver.t petiOli ul fi\-'C ~C41h IH:GLI\R \tf\lBIKS r.t\ :K duc' .lnnll.llly "iII'Ol T Ml-.MllLRS JKI) $.l dllC~'" .lnnll,llh \ ... IUl.!l:nl cnrl111cd 10 hl~h ... t.:hllOllll I,;ulleg:c I'" dRInk fHI IIlCml"l.:l ... h,p. lot,f) Bll\ 6..!:!1 ACO(1DOt 'Hi,S 1"1 '\ o\S Ci')f,~ SF<\. S 1·\ 110 ".OU pn "'1\P~ If' Ihlll·mclOhcr... ,.(X) pO:I cor~ \() nwmbel' Vol XVI - hi"" rC',.l'> HI"lol1<.'<l1 \"(h:i,lllnn EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL JOURNAL Volume XVI 1978 Number 1 CONTENTS FRONTIER TOWNS IN ANTEBELLUM EAST TEXAS: JASPER COUNTY by James M. McReynold,f .. , Page 3 RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION: THE TEXAS CHOICE by Richard Moure _. , Page 15 OLD AUSTIN COLLEGE IN HUNTSVILLE: AN EARLY CHAPTER IN EAST TEXAS EDUCATIONAL HISTORY by Jock W. Humphries , . Page 24 THE GALVESTON LONGSHOREMEN'S STRIKE OF 1920 by James C. Maroney . .,. , .Page 34 THE TEXAS PRESS AND THE NEW DEAL TRAIN by Frank J. Krompak ...Page 39 EAST TEXAS COLLOQUY by Bobby H. Johnson ,. .. Page 49 BOOK REVIEWS . ., Page .51 NACOGDOCHES, TEXAS P.O. BOX 6223 SFA STATION 75962 Archie P. McDonald, Editor 2 EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION BOOK REVIEWS Vandiver. Black Jack.: Tlte Life and Times ofJohn J. Pershing. by Carl L. Davis. Johnson. The Cllu_~JJalla People, by Francis Edward Abernethy. Martineau. The Rock.\' Begin 10 Speak, by Timothy A. Zwink. Lamar. The Trader on the American Frontier, by Vernon Cannamore. Frantz, Aspects of lite American W('.'lt, by Prederick W. Rathjen. Templeton, Cannon Boy afthe Alamo, by Stanley E. SiegeL Carroll, A His{ury qf Texas Baptists, by J.erry M. Self. Brewer. Dog Ghosts/Tlte Word on tlte Brazos, by Jerry M. Self. Kerr. Fi:;;rhling with Ros.I·> Texa!i Cavalry Brigade, C.S.A _, by Robert W. Glover. Thompson. Vllquero,~ in Bltte and Gray, by Robert C. Davis. Raphael. The HaHle in the Bayou Country, by Michael L. Toon. Myres, Cavalry WIfe: The Diary of Eveline M. Alexander, by Michael Everman. Connor and Skaggs, Broadcloth and Britches, by Harwood P. Hinton. Clarke, rhe Swenson Saga and the SMS Ram'hes', by Edward Hake Phillips. Lewis, Be!l1"f!en Slln und Sad, by James M. Smallwood. Glover, Tylel' atld Smith Count:",. Te.Hls, by James L. Nichols. Farrell and Silverthorne, First Ladies' of Texas. by Rosemary Snider. Ragsdale. Quicbilvel', by Allen Richman. Patterson, era:.}' Women in The Ra.fter.~, by Tom Kreneck. Lynch. Tht' Duke of Duml: The Life and Times of George B. Parr, by Ben Procter. Bright. New LOfldon, 1937. by Michael L. Toon. Copp, Regultlling Competitio/l in Oil, by John O. King. Axford, Gilpin Coumy Go/d, by David McComb. Owens, Paspectiws and Irony in Amaicun Slavery, by Billy D. Ledbetter. Belz,A New Birth ufFH'edom. by Robert G. Sherer. Phelan. Texas Wild, by ArChie P. McDonald. EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 3 FRONTIER TOWNS IN ANTEBELLUM EAST TEXAS: JASPER COUNTY by }(unes M. McReynolds Deep in Southeast Texas lies Jasper County. "Jewel of the Forest." Organized under Mexican authority and selected as one of the original counties of the Texas Republic, Jasper County emerged in the late antebellum period as an economic and political center for Southeast Texas. An abundance of rich soil and access to the Gulf of Mexico via the Neches and Angelina rivers attracted large numbers of settlers who migrated into Texas prior to the war. Thriving communities soon developed. Dismal log cabins of the Republic period gave way to homes with whitewashed verandas, double chimneys, and faint traces of Greek Revival architecture. Law offices, cotton gins, stores, sawmills, churches. blacksmith shops, and schools sprang up where tall pines once dominated. By the eve of the Civil War. Jasper County contained 4,037 citizens and slaves who lived in or near its ten towns and communities.! The antebellum settlements of Jasper County were all situated around water. Early settlers depended on water for transportation and communication, for power to turn mill wheels. for irrigation of crops, and for personal consumption. As a result, the towns of Bevilport and Zavala developed near the muddy banks of the Angelina River while Ford's Bluff and Wiess's Bluff were situated on the Neches River, Beech Grove and Jasper were established on Sandy Creek, Peach Tree on Lewis Creek. while Magnolia Springs, Erin, and Holly Springs were located in close proximity to clear running, perennial springs. 2 Bevilport was the first and for a short while. the most prominent settlement in Jasper County. When Colonel Juan N. Almonte made his inspection of Texas for the Mexican government in 1834. he located BevilporL then known as "Beeville" or "bevil:' (sic) on the east bank of the Neches River at the point of juncture with the Angelina.a He recorded that the town was''making good progress" and predicted that it would prosper because ofits access to the Gulf of Mexico. The settlement of Bevil began several years before Almonte's visit when John R. Bevil. the earliest settler in the Jasper County area. built a grist mill in this vicinity, oJ As people began moving into this section of East Texas in the late 1820s, the townsite was moved to the east bank of the Angelina River about ten miles above the confluence of the Angelina and Neches rivers. Growth was slow, but by 1834 the town was designated the seat of government for the Mexican Municipality of Bevil.·~ After the struggle at San Jacinto and the establishment of the Republic, the seat of authority for the old municipality was moved nine miles east to the little village of Jasper. The March 16, 1836 Constitution of the Texas Republic specified that "convenient counties" be organized for the original Mexican division. Consequently. the Municipality of Bevil became Jasper County with the town of Jasper as the county seat. 6 At this time the town of Bevil became known as Bevilport. On June 5. 1834, Bevilport was incorporated with the towns of Columbia. Brazoria. Houston, Anahuac. Nacogdoches. and Harrisburg. Jame.\· ,\1. Mf:ReYlfold.\· i.~ Direc10r of Summer Se.\·siof/ ami lIutructor of Hi.Hory at Stepht>n F. Austin State University. N{/("o!:doche.L 4 EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION The townsite of Bevilport was laid out three years before its incorporation by George W. Smyth, an early East Texas surveyor. The map which Smyth made of Bevilport divided the townsite into neat, rectangular lots with a plot of land designated to serve the township with a park.8 As the town developed, however. it had only one major street which led to a number of stores on the waterfront. No doubt these stores and warehouses were of more practical benefit to the people of Bevilport than a public park, for the town rapidly grew into a major Texas riverport. With a regular mail station as early as 1835, the people of East Texas became aware of its existence and merchants at Sabine Town and Galveston soon learned of its value as a port. fI The shoals in the Angelina River made Bevilport inaccessible to large boats or rafts during the summer months. but during highwater seasons Bevilport served as the freight depot for northern Jasper County and surrounding areas. It was on the river that most merchants built their stores, and a large hotel was erected on the waterfront in the 1850s,I0 The buildings of Bevilport had large porches which extended for several feet over the river. making loading and unloading easier. With the winter and spring rises, Bevilport became a beehive of activity, Merchants and customers talked prices and politics, Negro stevedores worked and sang to the overseer's orders, small steamboats blew their whistles, and horses' hooves and wagon wheels could be heard sloshing down the muddy street.
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