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Skulduggery in the Museum: Remnants of Piltdown Man in the Harry Brookes Allen Museum of Anatomy

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Skulduggery in the Museum: Remnants of Piltdown Man in the Harry Brookes Allen Museum of Anatomy Skulduggery in the museum Remnants of Piltdown Man in the Harry Brookes Allen Museum of Anatomy and Pathology Rohan Long ‘Piltdown Man’ was the name given Almost immediately, suspicion decades. In 1953, after years of to a handful of fossil fragments found arose around Piltdown Man’s debate, Eoanthropus was conclusively at a site in East Sussex, England, in authenticity. For example, David shown to be a fraud. The fossil had 1912. The fossils, quickly identified Waterston, a professor of anatomy at been manufactured by combining as being from a prehistoric human, the University of London, wrote to elements of a human skull and a were named Eoanthropus dawsoni: Nature in November 1913, stating modified orangutan jaw, and its the genus Eoanthropus meaning ‘dawn forthrightly that the Piltdown jaw discovery entirely fabricated. The man’, while the species name honours was indistinguishable from that culprit was Dawson, who has now the discoverer of the fossils, amateur of a chimpanzee, while the skull been shown to have been responsible archaeologist Charles Dawson (1864– fragments were undoubtedly human; for at least 38 archaeological and 1916). Despite the fossil assemblage attributing them all to the same palaeontological forgeries.2 Piltdown comprising merely skull fragments individual was akin to ‘articulat[ing] Man was his masterpiece. and a jawbone with a few teeth, the a chimpanzee foot with the bones The repercussions of the hoax were find attracted huge attention from of an essentially human thigh and widespread, and evidence of it can both the scientific community and the leg’.1 Piltdown Man confounded the still be found in museum collections general public, becoming one of the scientific establishment and derailed around the world. The Harry Brookes most famous fossil finds of all time. the study of human evolution for Allen Museum of Anatomy and The fossils exhibited characteristics of both humans and apes, suggesting the possibility that this was the ‘missing link’ that anthropologists had theorised but not yet found. Piltdown Man was particularly attractive to the London-based scientific establishment, as its discovery suggested that humankind had originated in Britain. Prehistoric hominids were known from other parts of Europe, such as Neander- thals, which were first discovered in Germany in 1856. Eoanthropus provided an irresistible opportunity to place Britain at the forefront of the exciting new field of palaeoanthropology—the study of prehistoric humans. Rohan Long Remnants of Piltdown Man 3 Previous page: John Cooke, A discussion of the Piltdown skull, 1915, oil on canvas, 183 × 224 cm. Geological Society of London, Portrait and Bust Collection. The figures depicted are (from left to right) Frank Barlow, Arthur Swayne Underwood (seated), Grafton Elliot Smith, Arthur Keith (seated), William Plane Pycraft (seated), Charles Dawson, Arthur Smith Woodward and Edwin Lankester (seated). The object of interest is a plaster model of the reconstructed Eoanthropus skull. Pathology at the University of and orangutans) was incorrect. He Charles Dawson’s first point of Melbourne has many specimens proposed that humans had evolved contact after the Eoanthropus related to palaeoanthropology. from tarsiers—small, arboreal, large- ‘discovery’ was Arthur Smith Twentieth-century figures from eyed insectivores from south-east Woodward, palaeontologist at the Anatomy Department, such as Asia, with uncertain affinities to London’s British Museum (now eugenicist Richard Berry (1867–1962) other primates. Wood Jones based the Natural History Museum), who and his successor, Frederic Wood his arguments on meticulous studies worked as keeper of geology from Jones (1879–1954), were interested in of human and animal anatomy. 1901 to 1924. After Woodward human evolution, and this is reflected Although Piltdown Man would became involved, all subsequent in the collections. Berry’s research seem pertinent to his pet theory, he finds from Piltdown were received focus was not anthropology, but, as a never paid it much attention, as the and accessioned by the British proponent of the early 20th-century remains were too fragmentary for Museum. Woodward became the phrenology revival, he was fixated his style of exhaustive anatomical principal researcher of Eoanthropus, on skulls and brains. In 1939, Berry study. In 1916 Wood Jones noted and he tightly restricted access to referred to the ‘half a million years’– this incompleteness while discussing the specimens. The original bones old Piltdown finds as an excellent the origins of humans, saying, ‘It is were jealously guarded; visiting example of the astonishing durability in the grades of evolution of the foot researchers could view them, but of the human skull. He also cited the that the stages of the missing link were not permitted to touch. This practice of making brain casts from will be most plainly presented to the policy almost certainly contributed the skull reconstructions.3 future palaeontologist, when time to the hoax’s succeeding for so long. Although Piltdown was outside and chance shall have discovered the In the first half of 1913, Harry Brookes Allen’s study area of feet of such forms as Pithecanthropus researchers’ demands for access to pathology, the museum’s namesake and Eoanthropus’.5 He made a similar the Piltdown material was very was also abreast of the Piltdown comment on the incompleteness high. In response, Frank Barlow, discoveries, and mentioned them of the Piltdown material in his a technical assistant and model- briefly in his annual lecture to the 1929 book Man’s place among the maker at the British Museum, Medical Students Society in 1913.4 mammals.6 produced casts of the fossil Frederic Wood Jones, head of the Three models derived from the fragments and skull, and brain Anatomy Department from 1930 Piltdown Man hoax have been reconstructions.7 Barlow was to 1937, spent most of his career preserved in the Harry Brookes a skilled worker and his casts championing a controversial—and Allen Museum collections: a skull were praised at the time for their wrong—hypothesis of human reconstruction, a brain reconstruction accuracy. But even accurate casts origins. He argued that the (endocranial cast), and a comparative omit significant (and incriminating) commonly accepted idea that model of primate jaw bones. details that are present on original humans were most closely allied to specimens, such as colour, and fine great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, B abrasions on the teeth. 4 University of Melbourne Collections, issue 23, December 2018 R.F. Damon & Co. (England), plaster cast of Eoanthropus skull, c. 1914–53 (based on A.S. Woodward’s 1914 reconstruction), plaster and paint, 20.0 × 16.0 × 23.5 cm. 516-500337, Harry Brookes Allen Museum of Anatomy and Pathology, University of Melbourne. Photograph by Paul Burston. Barlow was a partner in R.F. Cast(s) Cat No Coloured Uncoloured Damon & Co. of Weymouth, which Cranial fragments (4) 428 £2.2.0 £1.10.0 distributed the casts commercially. The company sent out a catalogue to Right ramus of mandible 429 1.10.0 12.0 interested researchers with a list of Restoration of whole skull 430 5.0.0 3.10.0 available casts and their prices:8 Endocranial cast 431 1.5.0 15.0 Flint implements (6) 432 2.10.0 1.0.0 Rohan Long Remnants of Piltdown Man 5 Illustration from pamphlet by Henry Fairfield Osborn, revised by George Pinkley and William King Gregory, The Hall of the Age of Man in the American Museum, New York: American Museum of Natural History, 7th edn, 1938, showing a display in the American Museum of Natural History. Piltdown Man is skull no. 5, in the Pleistocene column. According to records from Woodward presented his more, in 1913 and 1914.13 The online museum databases, models reconstruction at the Geological specimen in the Harry Brookes Allen of Piltdown material were being Society in London on 18 December Museum is a copy of Woodward’s sold by R.F. Damon & Co. until at 1912. While accepting that the fossil 1914 reconstruction. least 1939.9 It is likely that the skull fragments were genuine, several Wood Jones’ complaint about and brain reconstructions in the of his peers disputed the accuracy the incompleteness of the Piltdown Harry Brookes Allen Museum were of the restoration. Anatomist and fossils was echoed by many other produced by Damon and bought by anthropologist Sir Arthur Keith put scientists, particularly regarding staff in the Anatomy Department at forward an alternative, which resulted the reconstruction of the skull. In some time after 1914.10 The origin of in a skull that looked essentially a pamphlet written for visitors to the comparative jaw mount, however, human, rather than like a ‘missing the anthropological gallery of the is still unknown. link’. Woodward continued revising American Museum of Natural his reconstructions as new Piltdown History in New York, palaeontologist The skull reconstruction material emerged, producing two Henry Fairfield Osborn opined: The skull reconstruction (pictured on page 5) is made of plaster and has differently coloured sections indicating the assumed position of the fossil fragments. The dark-brown sections represent the discovered bones, the light-brown sections represent mirror images of those bones on the opposite side of the skull, and the white section represents areas of the skull for which no material was found. At some point in its history, the model has been sawn in two, possibly with the intent of mounting on a board.11 The specimen has two inscriptions, both reading ‘Piltdown Smith-Woodward’ [sic], on the forehead and chin, although this has subsequently been painted over. They are written with black pen in capital letters in what is presumed to be Wood Jones’ hand.12 6 University of Melbourne Collections, issue 23, December 2018 R.F. Damon & Co., plaster cast of Eoanthropus brain, c. 1913–53, based on A.S.
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