Humanizing Security in the Arctic Edited by: Michelle Daveluy Francis Lévesque Jenanne Ferguson CCI Press 2011 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Humanizing security in the Arctic / edited by Michelle Daveluy, Francis Lévesque, Jenanne Ferguson. (Occasional publications series, ISSN 0068-0303 ; no. 68) Papers originally presented at the 6th Summer Seminar of the International Ph.D. School for Studies of Arctic Societies held May 19-30, 2009 in Edmonton, Alberta. Includes bibliographical references. Co-published by: IPSSAS. ISBN 978-1-896445-54-0 1. Arctic regions--Social conditions. 2. Arctic regions--Economic conditions. I. Daveluy, Michelle, 1960- II. Lévesque, Francis, 1977- III. Ferguson, Jenanne IV. International Ph.D. School for Studies of Arctic Societies V. Series: Occasional publication series (Canadian Circumpolar Institute) ; no. 68 HN940.A8H86 2011 300.9113 C2011-900236-1 All rights reserved. © 2011 CCI Press and IPSSAS ISBN 1-896445-54-0 ISSN 0068-0303 Printed in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada by art design printing, inc. Cover design by art design printing, inc. Cover photo: The return trip, Operation Nunalivut 2009, Eureka, Ellesmere Island. Courtesy Michelle Daveluy ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi HUMANIZING SECURITY IN THE ARCTIC: AN INTRODUCTION Michelle Daveluy 5 CHAPTER 1. CONTESTED KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS AND THE SEARCH FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND INSTITUTIONAL SECURITY IN THE ARCTIC Milton M.R. Freeman 9 CHAPTER 2. SECURING AN INUIT IDENTITY IN A CANADIAN CITY Edna Elias 29 CHAPTER 3. THE MEANING AND USE OF NARRATIVES IN A CENTRAL YUP’IK COMMUNITY: THE SCAMMON BAY ‘FIREBALL STORY’ Katrin Annemarie Simon 35 CHAPTER 4. THE HIGH ARCTIC COUNCIL: A CANADIAN APPROACH TO LOCAL SECURITY Ron Elliott 49 CHAPTER 5. OPEN PRISONS AND CIVIL SECURITY: ENFORCEMENT OF PRISON SENTENCES IN GREENLAND Annemette Nyborg Lauritsen 69 CHAPTER 6. AN ORDINANCE RESPECTING DOGS: HOW CREATING SECURE COMMUNITIES IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES MADE INUIT INSECURE Francis Lévesque 77 CHAPTER 7. COMPETENT SEAL HUNTERS OR A USELESS LOT THREATENING NATIONAL ECONOMIC SECURITY? THE DISCOURSE ON THE POPULATION OF MIXED ANCESTRY IN COLONIAL GREENLAND Ole Marquardt 95 iii Humanizing Security in the Arctic CHAPTER 8. INTERMARRIAGE IN COLONIAL GREENLAND 1750-1850: GOVERNING ACROSS THE COLONIAL DIVIDE Inge Høst Seiding 111 CHAPTER 9. SECURITY AND EXOTICISM IN GREENLAND: THE DEBATE OVER FUR AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Birgit Kleist Pedersen 127 CHAPTER 10. SECURITY, SOVEREIGNTY, SYMBOL: THE INUKSUK IN GLOBAL POSITION Christopher Fletcher 147 CHAPTER 11. ¡VAMOS AL NORTE! TRANSNATIONALITY AND SECURITY IN ALASKA Sara Komarnisky 161 CHAPTER 12. DECONSTRUCTING CULTURAL LOSS: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ALUTIIQ SUBSISTENCE-BASED PRACTICES AND VALUES FOR CONCEPTIONS OF THEIR COLLECTIVE IDENTITY PRIOR TO THE 1989 OIL SPILL Irena Connon 171 CHAPTER 13. “WE ALL DRINK THIS WATER:” THE CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT OF SALMON FISHING IN SOUTHWEST ALASKA Davin Holen 191 CHAPTER 14. FOOD SECURITY, ARCTIC SECURITY: WHY THE LOCAL CANNOT BE IGNORED Zoe Todd 207 CHAPTER 15. LANGUAGE USE AND LEGISLATION IN NUNAVUT, CANADA. UQAUSIVIT ATURLAVUT! PIQUJAAK ATULIQTAUNINGIT ALLURIARIQ Naullaq Arnaquq 225 CHAPTER 16. LANGUAGE DIVERSITY IN CANADA AND NUNAVUT Alexina Kublu 237 iv Table of Contents CHAPTER 17. LANGUAGE SOVEREIGNTY THROUGH LEXICOLOGY: DOCUMENTING MODERN CONCEPTS IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE (NUNAVUT) Carole Cancel 241 CHAPTER 18. SECURING A MINORITY LANGUAGE: THE VEPS OF NORTHWESTERN RUSSIA Laura Siragusa 253 CHAPTER 19. HYPOTHESIZING EDUCATIONAL SECURITY IN THE ARCTIC Raila Salokangas 269 CHAPTER 20. ECONOMIC INSECURITY AS OPPORTUNITY: JOB TRAINING AND THE CANADIAN DIAMOND INDUSTRY Lindsay Bell 287 CHAPTER 21. THE NORTH AS SEEN FROM JASPER (CANADA)–A NATIONAL PARKS ORIENTATION TO SECURITY I.S. MacLaren 299 CHAPTER 22. INTERPRETATION AND SECURITY Kennet Pedersen 311 APPENDICES 319 List of Figures 319 List of Tables 320 v Humanizing Security in the Artcic ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We owe the inspiration for the title of the book to Ron Elliott. Thanks to Jenanne Ferguson and Francis Lévesque for their work during the Sixth IPSSAS Summer Seminar and the preparation of the ensuing publications. All along, we have been very well supported by the IPSSAS steering committee and, at the University of Alberta, by the Canadian Circumpolar Institute, the Department of Anthropology, the Offi ce of the Vice-President (Research), the Faculty of Arts and the Henry Marshall Tory Chair in Anthropology, Mark Nuttall. At CCI Press, thanks to Elaine Maloney, Cindy Mason, and two anonymous reviewers for their detailed and constructive comments on the manuscript. On a personal note, Louis- Jacques Dorais and Larry Kaplan have been wonderful mentors with regards to editorships. Most importantly, thanks to all authors for their contribution. vi Humanizing Security in the Arctic: An Introduction Michelle Daveluy Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta Climatic conditions, economic development strategies, health and education issues, social relationships, and shifting political agendas all contribute to a sense of on-going change in Arctic societies. Under these circumstances, how can residents of the circumpolar world build a sense of security, in particular at a community level and in their daily lives? A balance between innovation and respect for time-honored values is often required. The contributors to this volume seek to understand issues relevant to various forms of (in)security in the Arctic. We approach security in a very broad sense. Although security is often limited to military concerns over the control of national territories, we could not restrict ourselves to such a narrow perspective. As a diverse group of people from various countries, we are interested in a wider range of topics, all more or less relating to cultural security (Friedman and Randeria 2004). Neither the militarization of the Arctic nor its demilitarization can be ignored in the research on which we report, but it is certainly not our primary focus. To us, security is dynamic. The situations we study illustrate the continuum of possibilities ranging from sustainable security, relative (in)security and chronic insecurity (Duhaime 2002). In all cases, the level of security changes over time on this continuum of possibilities. IPSSAS is an international network of scholars, graduate students, and researchers who meet to discuss projects they are conducting in the North. Some have years, if not decades, of experience working in the Arctic while others are just starting promising careers contributing original data on under-documented topics. All are deeply engaged in contributing to research that is of interest both locally and globally. In 2009, we came together as a group at the University of Alberta in Edmonton (Canada). The occasion for our gathering was the 6th Summer Seminar of the International PhD School for the Studies of Arctic Societies. A comprehensive description of the seminar activities is available at the IPSSAS website (http://webarkiv.hum.ku.dk/ipssas). Nine universities were represented (Alaska-Fairbanks, British Columbia, Alberta, Toronto, Laval, Ilisimatusarfi k/ Greenland, Aberdeen, Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, Copenhagen). In keeping with the objectives of the network, several contributors are from the circumpolar North (including Alexina Kublu, Naulaq Arnaquq, Edna Elias and Ron Elliott) and provide invaluable insight to the scholarly discussion of security matters that are relevant for peoples living in the Arctic. Another objective was to critically assess the notion of security in the context of the Arctic. Contributors were specifi cally called upon to contextualize their research topic, and present hypotheses on widely discussed issues such as global warming, Arctic (de) militarization, economic development, etc., in terms of security as it is understood 5 Humanizing Security in the Arctic in a local perspective. In that sense, the volume is timely in terms of impacts of global warming and the anticipated opening of the Northwest Passage that will trigger increased access and economic activities in arctic areas. In earlier decades, Inuit1 lobbied for the Arctic to be recognized as an international peace zone (Simon 1992); today, the expected intensifi cation of human related impacts of northern development calls for renewed attention to local concerns and opportunities at the community level. Humanizing Security in the Arctic presents a broad spectrum of participants and points of view (especially student and northern community-based) as refl ected in the programme of the 2009 IPSSAS Summer Seminar. The volume contains twenty-two chapters addressing a number of topics including: sustainability in the Arctic; relations among Arctic peoples; sovereignty and stewardship of lands, waters and space; food (in)security and resource (co)management; contemporary linguistic (in)securities; displaced families and communities; development and (work) safety; training and education accessibility; transnational sociocultural movements and more. As Nellemann et al. (2003) describe, very different scenarios could develop for each of the issues discussed, depending on whether sustainability, policy, security, or markets are given priority. The contributions show that the outcomes of resource scarcity or abundance are equally important to consider, that disparities in income as much as opportunities deserve our attention, and that movements of populations to and from the Arctic are meaningful for