14 Regional Development and Cooperation

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14 Regional Development and Cooperation Regional Development 14 and Cooperation Coordinating Lead Authors: Shardul Agrawala (France), Stephan Klasen (Germany) Lead Authors: Roberto Acosta Moreno (Cuba), Leonardo Barreto-Gomez (Colombia / Austria), Thomas Cottier (Switzerland), Alba Eritrea Gámez-Vázquez (Mexico), Dabo Guan (China / UK), Edgar E. Gutierrez- Espeleta (Costa Rica), Leiwen Jiang (China / USA), Yong Gun Kim (Republic of Korea), Joanna Lewis (USA), Mohammed Messouli (Morocco), Michael Rauscher (Germany), Noim Uddin (Bangladesh / Australia), Anthony Venables (UK) Contributing Authors: Christian Flachsland (Germany), Kateryna Holzer (Ukraine / Switzerland), Joanna I. House (UK), Jessica Jewell (IIASA / USA), Brigitte Knopf (Germany), Peter Lawrence (USA), Axel Michaelowa (Germany / Switzerland), Victoria Schreitter (France / Austria) Review Editors: Volodymyr Demkine (Kenya / Ukraine), Kirsten Halsnaes (Denmark) Chapter Science Assistants: Iris Butzlaff (Germany), Nicole Grunewald (Germany) This chapter should be cited as: Agrawala S., S. Klasen, R. Acosta Moreno, L. Barreto, T. Cottier, D. Guan, E. E. Gutierrez-Espeleta, A. E. Gámez Vázquez, L. Jiang, Y. G. Kim, J. Lewis, M. Messouli, M. Rauscher, N. Uddin, and A. Venables, 2014: Regional Development and Coopera- tion. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 1083 Regional Development and Cooperation Chapter 14 Contents Executive Summary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1086 14 14�1 Introduction � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1088 14�1�1 Overview of issues � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1088 14�1�2 Why regions matter� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1089 14�1�3 Sustainable development and mitigation capacity at the regional level � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1090 14.1.3.1 The ability to adopt new technologies ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1090 14�2 Low-carbon development at the regional level: opportunities and barriers � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1093 14�3 Development trends and their emission implications at the regional level � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1093 14�3�1 Overview of trends in GHG emissions and their drivers by region � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1093 14�3�2 Energy and development � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1094 14.3.2.1 Energy as a driver of regional emissions ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1094 14.3.2.2 Opportunities and barriers at the regional level for low-carbon development in the energy sector ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1098 14�3�3 Urbanization and development � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1099 14.3.3.1 Urbanization as a driver of regional emissions ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1099 14.3.3.2 Opportunities and barriers at the regional level for low-carbon development in urbanization ��������� 1100 14�3�4 Consumption and production patterns in the context of development � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1101 14.3.4.1 Consumption as a driver of regional emissions growth ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1101 14.3.4.2 Embodied emission transfers between world regions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1102 14.3.4.3 Opportunities and barriers at the regional level for low-carbon development in consumption patterns ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1104 14�3�5 Agriculture, forestry, and other land-use options for mitigation � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1104 14�3�6 Technology transfer, low-carbon development, and opportunities for leapfrogging � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1106 14.3.6.1 Examining low-carbon leapfrogging across and within regions ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1107 14.3.6.2 Regional approaches to promote technologies for low-carbon development ��������������������������������������������� 1107 14�3�7 Investment and finance, including the role of public and private sectors and public private partnerships � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1109 14.3.7.1 Participation in climate-specific policy instruments related to financing ������������������������������������������������������� 1109 1084 Chapter 14 Regional Development and Cooperation 14�4 Regional cooperation and mitigation: opportunities and barriers � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1110 14�4�1 Regional mechanisms: conceptual � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1110 14�4�2 Existing regional cooperation processes and their mitigation impacts � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1111 14.4.2.1 Climate specific regional initiatives ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1111 14.4.2.2 Regional cooperation on energy ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1114 14 14.4.2.3 Climate change cooperation under regional trade agreements . 1117 14.4.2.4 Regional examples of cooperation schemes where synergies between adaptation and mitigation are important ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1118 14�4�3 Technology-focused agreements and cooperation within and across regions � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1119 14.4.3.1 Regional technology-focused agreements ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1119 14.4.3.2 Inter-regional technology-focused agreements ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1120 14.4.3.3 South-South technology cooperation agreements ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1121 14.4.3.4 Lessons learned from regional technology agreements ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1121 14�4�4 Regional mechanisms for investments and finance � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1122 14.4.4.1 Regional and sub-regional development banks and related mechanisms. 1122 14.4.4.2 South-South climate finance ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1122 14�5 Taking stock and options for the future � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1122 14�6 Gaps in knowledge and data � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1122 14�7 Frequently Asked Questions � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1123 References � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
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