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2.4/5 Ghz Dual-Band 1X1 Wi-Fi 5 (802.11Ac) and Bluetooth 5.2 Solution Rev
88W8987_SDS 2.4/5 GHz Dual-band 1x1 Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) and Bluetooth 5.2 Solution Rev. 2 — 21 May 2021 Product short data sheet 1 Product overview The 88W8987 is a highly integrated Wi-Fi (2.4/5 GHz) and Bluetooth single-chip solution, specifically designed to support the speed, reliability, and quality requirements of next generation Very High Throughput (VHT) products. The System-on-Chip (SoC) provides both simultaneous and independent operation of the following: • IEEE 802.11ac (Wave 2), 1x1 with data rates up to MCS9 (433 Mbit/s) • Bluetooth 5.2 (includes Bluetooth Low Energy (LE)) The SoC also provides: • Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth LE dual (Smart Ready) operation • Wi-Fi indoor location positioning (802.11mc) For security, the device supports high performance 802.11i security standards through implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)/Counter Mode CBC- MAC Protocol (CCMP), AES/Galois/Counter Mode Protocol (GCMP), Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), AES/Cipher-Based Message Authentication Code (CMAC), and WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI) security mechanisms. For video, voice, and multimedia applications, 802.11e Quality of Service (QoS) is supported. The device also supports 802.11h Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) for detecting radar pulses when operating in the 5 GHz range. Host interfaces include SDIO 3.0 and high-speed UART interfaces for connecting Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies to the host processor. The device is designed with two front-end configurations to accommodate Wi-Fi and Bluetooth on either separate or shared paths: • 2-antenna configuration—1x1 Wi-Fi and Bluetooth on separate paths (QFN) • 1-antenna configuration—1x1 Wi-Fi and Bluetooth on shared paths (eWLP) The following figures show the application diagrams for each package option. -
802.11 Arbitration
802.11 Arbitration White Paper September 2009 Version 1.00 Author: Marcus Burton, CWNE #78 CWNP, Inc. [email protected] Technical Reviewer: GT Hill, CWNE #21 [email protected] Copyright 2009 CWNP, Inc. www.cwnp.com Page 1 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 3 Approach / Intent ................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION TO 802.11 CHANNEL ACCESS ................................................................................... 4 802.11 MAC CHANNEL ACCESS ARCHITECTURE ............................................................................... 5 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) ............................................................................................. 5 Point Coordination Function (PCF) ...................................................................................................... 6 Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF) .................................................................................................... 6 Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 7 802.11 CHANNEL ACCESS MECHANISMS ........................................................................................... -
Module 4: Table of Contents
Data Communications(15CS46) 4th Sem CSE & ISE MODULE 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION RANDOM ACCESS PROTOCOL ALOHA Pure ALOHA Vulnerable time Throughput Slotted ALOHA Throughput CSMA Vulnerable Time Persistence Methods CSMA/CD Minimum Frame-size Procedure Energy Level Throughput CSMA/CA Frame Exchange Time Line Network Allocation Vector Collision During Handshaking Hidden-Station Problem CSMA/CA and Wireless Networks CONTROLLED ACCESS PROTOCOL Reservation Polling Token Passing Logical Ring CHANNELIZATION FDMA TDMA CDMA Implementation Chips Data Representation Encoding and Decoding Sequence Generation ETHERNET PROTOCOL IEEE Project 802 Ethernet Evolution STANDARD ETHERNET Characteristics Connectionless and Unreliable Service Frame Format Frame Length Addressing Access Method Efficiency of Standard Ethernet Implementation Encoding and Decoding Changes in the Standard Bridged Ethernet Dept. of ISE,CITECH 1 Data Communications(15CS46) 4th Sem CSE & ISE Switched Ethernet Full-Duplex Ethernet FAST ETHERNET (100 MBPS) Access Method Physical Layer Topology Implementation Encoding GIGABIT ETHERNET MAC Sublayer Physical Layer Topology Implementation Encoding TEN GIGABIT ETHERNET Implementation INTRODUCTION OF WIRELESS-LANS Architectural Comparison Characteristics Access Control IEEE 802.11 PROJECT Architecture BSS ESS Station Types MAC Sublayer DCF Network Allocation Vector Collision During Handshaking PCF Fragmentation Frame Types Frame Format Addressing Mechanism Exposed Station Problem Physical Layer IEEE 802.11 FHSS IEEE 802.11 DSSS IEEE 802.11 Infrared IEEE 802.11a OFDM IEEE 802.11b DSSS IEEE 802.11g BLUETOOTH Architecture Piconets Scatternet Bluetooth Devices Bluetooth Layers Radio Layer Baseband Layer TDMA Links Frame Types Frame Format L2CAP Dept. of ISE,CITECH 2 Data Communications(15CS46) 4th Sem CSE & ISE MODULE 4: MULTIPLE ACCESS 4.1 Introduction When nodes use shared-medium, we need multiple-access protocol to coordinate access to medium. -
Technical Report No
ENGINEERING FACULTY,UNIVERSITY OF PORTO Technical Report no: 1 Robson Costa Supervisor: Paulo Portugal (Ph.D.) Co-supervisor: Francisco Vasques (Ph.D.) Co-supervisor: Ricardo Moraes (Ph.D.) 2010, September c Robson Costa, 2010 Contents List of Figures ii List of Tables iii List of Abbreviations iv 1 Introduction1 1.1 Benefits . .2 1.2 Challenges . .2 2 IEEE 802.11 Standard4 2.1 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Mechanisms . .5 2.1.1 DCF - Distributed Coordination Function . .6 2.1.2 PCF - Point Coordination Function . .7 2.1.3 EDCA - Enhanced Distributed Channel Access . .9 2.1.4 HCCA - HCF Controlled Channel Access . 11 3 IEEE 802.11n Amendment 14 3.1 PHY Enhancements . 15 3.1.1 MIMO - Multiple-Input Multiple-Output ................. 15 3.1.2 Channel-bonding . 17 3.2 MAC Enhancements . 18 3.2.1 Frame aggregation . 19 3.2.2 Block ACK . 21 3.2.3 Reverse Direction Protocol . 22 4 Review of Relevant Work 23 4.1 Real-Time communication in IEEE 802.11 . 23 4.1.1 CA - Collision Avoidance . 23 4.1.2 CS - Collision Solver . 26 4.1.3 CR - Collision Reducer . 27 4.2 Comparison of the solutions presented . 30 5 Conclusion 31 References 37 i List of Figures 2.1 Original IEEE 802.11 MAC architecture [1]....................5 2.2 IEEE 802.11e MAC architecture [2].........................5 2.3 Interframe spaces in the DCF and PCF mechanisms [1]. .6 2.4 DCF service [2]....................................6 2.5 PCF service [2]....................................8 2.6 CFP foreshortening [2]................................9 2.7 Interframe spaces in the EDCA mechanism [2]. -
802.11N-Draftstd June2009.Pdf
IEEE P802.11n/D11.0, June 2009 1 2 IEEE P802.11n™/D11.0 3 4 5 6 7 Draft STANDARD for 8 9 10 Information Technology— 11 12 13 Telecommunications and information exchange 14 15 between systems— 16 17 18 Local and metropolitan area networks— 19 20 Specific requirements 21 22 23 24 25 26 Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control 27 28 (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications 29 30 31 32 33 Amendment 5: Enhancements for Higher 34 35 36 Throughput 37 38 39 40 41 Prepared by the 802.11 Working Group of the 802 Committee 42 43 Copyright © 2009 by the IEEE. 44 Three Park Avenue 45 46 New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 47 48 All rights reserved. 49 50 51 This document is an unapproved draft of a proposed IEEE Standard. As such, this document is subject to 52 change. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK! Because this is an unapproved draft, this document must not be uti- 53 lized for any conformance/compliance purposes. Permission is hereby granted for IEEE Standards Commit- 54 55 tee participants to reproduce this document for purposes of international standardization consideration. Prior 56 to adoption of this document, in whole or in part, by another standards development organization, permis- 57 sion must first be obtained from the IEEE Standards Activities Department ([email protected]). Other enti- 58 ties seeking permission to reproduce this document, in whole or in part, must also obtain permission from 59 the IEEE Standards Activities Department. 60 61 IEEE Standards Activities Department 62 63 445 Hoes Lane 64 65 Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA Copyright © 2009 IEEE. -
C Copyright 2015 Farzad Hessar
c Copyright 2015 Farzad Hessar Spectrum Sharing in White Spaces Farzad Hessar A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2015 Reading Committee: Sumit Roy, Chair John D. Sahr Archis Vijay Ghate Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Electrical Engineering University of Washington Abstract Spectrum Sharing in White Spaces Farzad Hessar Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Sumit Roy Electrical Engineering Demand for wireless Internet traffic has been increasing exponentially over the last decade, due to widespread usage of smart-phones along with new multimedia applications. The need for higher wireless network throughput has been pushing engineers to expand network capacities in order to keep pace with growing user demands. The improvement has been multi-dimensional, including optimizations in MAC/Physical layer for boosting spectral efficiency, expanding network infrastructure with reduced cell sizes, and utilizing additional RF spectrum. Nevertheless, traffic demand has been increasing at a much faster pace than network throughput and our current networks will not be able to handle customer needs in near future. While assigning additional spectrum for cellular communication has been a major ele- ment of network capacity increase, the natural scarcity of RF spectrum limits the extend of this solution. On the other hand, researchers have shown that licensed spectrum that is owned and held by a primary user is heavily underutilized. Examples are TV channels in the VHF/UHF band as well as radar spectrum in the SHF band. Hence, a more efficient use of this spectrum is to permit unlicensed users to coexist with the primary owner, i.e. -
2.4 Ghz/5 Ghz Dual-Band 1X1 Wi-Fi 4 and Bluetooth 5.2 Combo Soc Rev
88W8977_SDS 2.4 GHz/5 GHz Dual-band 1x1 Wi-Fi 4 and Bluetooth 5.2 Combo SoC Rev. 3 — 13 May 2021 Product short data sheet 1 Product overview The 88W8977 System-on-Chip (SoC) is a highly integrated single-chip solution that incorporates both Wi-Fi® (2.4/5 GHz) and Bluetooth® technology. The System-on-Chip (SoC) provides both simultaneous and independent operation of the following: • IEEE 802.11n compliant, 1x1 spatial stream with data rates up to MCS7 (150 Mbps) • Bluetooth 5.2 (includes Bluetooth Low Energy (LE)) The SoC also provides 3-way coexistence for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee operation, and indoor location and navigation (802.11mc). The internal coexistence arbitration and a Mobile Wireless Systems (MWS) serial transport interface provide the functionality for connecting an external Long Term Evolution (LTE) or ZigBee device. The device also supports a coexistence interface for co-located Bluetooth/Wi-Fi device arbitration. For security, the device supports high performance 802.11i security standards through the implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)/Counter Mode CBC- MAC Protocol (CCMP), Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), AES/Cipher-Based Message Authentication Code (CMAC), WPA (AES), and Wi-Fi Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI) security mechanisms. For video, voice, and multimedia applications, 802.11e Quality of Service (QoS) is supported. The device also features 802.11h Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) for detecting radar pulses when operating in the 5 GHz range. Host interfaces include SDIO 3.0 and high-speed UART interfaces for connecting Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies to the host processor. -
VAASAN AMMATTIKORKEAKOULU UNIVERSITY of APPLIED SCIENCES Information Technology
Mengdi Wu INTELLIGENT LINUX-BASED ACCESS POINT Technology and Communication 2014 FOREWORD This is my graduation thesis in the Degree Programme in Information Technol- ogy, VAMK, University of Applied Sciences. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Chao Gao. He gave me the inspiration for my thesis. No work without efforts. During my entire thesis working time, he gave me a lot of useful guidance with patience and kindness. Also he taught me how to deal and solve the problems alone. This is a life time lesson for me. Moreover, during my undergraduate study time, as a Principal Lec- turer of Telecommunications, his serious attitude for academic is setting a good model for me. Last I would like to thank my family. Without their support, I could not have fin- ished my studies this easy. However, I would also thank my friends Lv Chunqiu, Song Shuo for their help with my thesis. Hope they all will have a bright future. Wu Mengdi Vaasa, Finland 28/04/2014 VAASAN AMMATTIKORKEAKOULU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES Information Technology ABSTRACT Author Mengdi Wu Title Intelligent Linux-Based Access Point Year 2014 Language English Pages 33+ 2 Appendices Name of Supervisor Chao Gao Nowadays IEEE802.11-base WLAN (Wireless LAN also known as Wi-Fi) has been used everywhere. It is free to setup a Wi-Fi network for everybody, but sometime there can be more than 10 Wi-Fi networks in one area. For most of the networks, they work on “default” IEEE802.11 channels which are channel 1, 6 and 11. -
Wireless Networks and MAC Protocols
Wireless Networks and MAC Protocols Embedded Networks 11 1 J. Kaiser, IVS-EOS Some Wireless Technologies Embedded Networks 11 2 J. Kaiser, IVS-EOS Wireless Technology Comparison Chart Standard Fre- Bandwidth Tx-Power Range Goal Application quency (EIRP) 802.11 2,4 GHz <= 600 MBit/s 100 mW 250 m High Data Internet Wlan 5 GHz Rate Sharing, Media Streaming, File Transfer 802.15.1 2,4 GHz <= 2,1 MBit/s 100 mW 100 m Low Power, Handsfree, Bluetooth 2,5 mW 10 m Ease of Use, Cable 1mW 5m Security Replacement 802.15.4 0,8 GHz <= 20 kBit/s 1 mW 10 m Ultra-Low- Sensor Zigbee 0,9 GHz <= 40 kBit/s Power, networks, 2,4 GHz <= 250 kBit/s Timing Remote Guarentees control Embedded Networks 11 3 J. Kaiser, IVS-EOS IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer MAC Architektur: Contention- Free Contention Services Services Point Coordination Function (PCF) (optional) Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) Embedded Networks 11 4 J. Kaiser, IVS-EOS IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) • CSMA/CA Protocol • Collision Avoidance by random backoff procedure (p-persistent) • All Frames are acknowledged, lost Frames are resend • Priority Access by Interframe Space (IFS) => fair arbitration but no real-time support Embedded Networks 11 5 J. Kaiser, IVS-EOS Relationship of different IFSs in 802.11 DIFS DIFS Contention Window PIFS SIFS Busy Medium Backoff-Window Next frame Slot time Defer Access DIFS: DCF Interframe Space PIFS: PCF Interframe Space SIFS: Short Interframe Space Embedded Networks 11 6 J. Kaiser, IVS-EOS IEEE 802.11 Network STA Types ad-hoc network CELL STA STA infrastructure network STA STA CELL CELL DS: Distribution System STA IEEE 802.X AP STA AP Access Point Embedded Networks 11 7 J. -
Wlan Performance Analysis for Indoor Environments
WLAN PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS Bachelor Thesis Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Markus Rupp Assistants: Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Svoboda M.Sc. Çise Mıdoğlu SCIENCE AND TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ENGINEERING By BARTOLOME OLIVER ARBONA Wien, July 2015 Abstract Studies report that in the next years there will be a high increase in the number of mobile devices, the overall data traffic generated by mobile devices, and a migration from larger cells towards Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and smaller cells (picocells and femtocells). There is also a large amount of data that is estimated to be offloaded to Wi-Fi and small cells. Due to this estimated growth in the mobile data traffic over wireless environment; several companies are investing and focusing resources in improving their services mainly related with WLAN’s. The concerns of the industry are focused on examining the performance of WLAN’s, especially indoors, and finding ways to understand more about actual User Experience (UX) in real scenarios. These ambitions require the combination of theory with practice. This thesis is mainly focused on supporting these performance estimations. Trying to help on this purpose, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) is developed for simulating and analysing certain metrics of WLAN´s in indoor environments, such as coverage and data rate. The tool not only combines several different advanced concepts relating to indoor propagation, penetration loss, layout modelling, interference modelling, and different WLAN standards; but presents them in a simple and easy-to-understand interface to the final user. The performance metrics are represented quantitatively and as accurately as possible. When the tool is run with appropriate input values, it is able to provide results such as the Signal Strength, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) and maximum achievable Data Rate; this allows the service providers to estimate the maximum performance of their own systems and also to validate theoretical results by simulation. -
Advanced Office WLAN: a Case Study
Karl Österlund Advanced office WLAN: a case study Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Bachelor of Engineering Information Technology Bachelor’s Thesis 2 November 2018 Abstract Author Karl Österlund Title Advanced office WLAN: a case study Number of Pages 32 pages Date 2 November 2018 Degree Bachelor of Engineering Degree Programme Information and Communications Technology Professional Major Communication Networks Instructors Jukka Louhelainen, Senior Lecturer The purpose of this thesis was to go deeper into WLAN design. First, the theory behind WLAN design is discussed. Second, how to put the theory into practice in a customer case where high-performance WLAN was needed is analyzed. A portable access point and Ekahau Site Survey was used to survey the site to get as ac- curate data as possible for the design. The site survey was done before the design showed how the access points would perform in this building. The results of the survey were of great help to make the design as accurate as possible before implementing it. Finally, this study shows the importance of robust WLAN designing. Keywords WLAN, Ekahau, Site Survey, WLAN design Tiivistelmä Tekijä Karl Österlund Otsikko Advanced office WLAN: a case study Sivumäärä 32 sivua Aika 2.11.2018 Tutkinto insinööri (AMK) Tutkinto-ohjelma Tietotekniikka Ammatillinen pääaine Tietoverkot ja tietoliikenne Ohjaajat Lehtori Jukka Louhelainen Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli syventyä WLAN-suunnitteluun. Ensimmäisenä käy- dään läpi teoriaa WLANin suunnittelusta ja myöhemmin sitä, miten ne toteutetaan asiak- kaan tapauksessa, jossa tarvitaan suorituskykyistä WLAN-verkkoa. Siirrettävää WLAN-tukiasemaa ja Ekahau Site Survey -ohjelmaa käytettiin ensin selvittä- mään, miten verkossa käyttöön tulevat tukiasemat suoriutuisivat tässä rakennuksessa. -
6.3 Wireless Traffic Capture and Analysis 219
i “Davidhoff” — 2012/5/17 — 19:59 — page 219 — #21 i i i 6.3 Wireless Traffic Capture and Analysis 219 • History of client signal strength (can help identify geographic location) • Routing tables • Stored packets before they are forwarded • Packet counts and statistics • ARP table (MAC address to IP address mappings) • DHCP lease assignments • Access control lists • I/O memory • Running configuration • Processor memory • Flow data and related statistics 6.2.3.2 Persistent Again, like wired routers and switches, WAPs are not designed to include much local persis- tent storage space. The WAP operating system and startup configuration files are maintained in persistent storage by necessity. Persistent evidence you may find on a WAP includes: • Operating system image • Boot loader • Startup configuration files 6.2.3.3 Off-System Wireless access points can be configured to send event logs to remote systems for off-site ag- gregation and storage. Syslog and SNMP are commonly supported. Enterprise-class devices may include other options, often proprietary. Check the documentation for the model you are investigating and review local configuration to locate devices that may contain off-system WAP logs. 6.3 Wireless Traffic Capture and Analysis Capturing and analyzing wireless traffic often provides valuable evidence in an investiga- tion, for the same reasons we discussed in Chapter 3. However, there are some additional complexities involved in capturing wireless traffic, as opposed to sniffing traffic on the wire. In this section, we review some important notes for capturing and analyzing wireless traffic. For further discussion of passive evidence acquisition and analysis, please see Chapter 3, “Evidence Acquisition.” i i i i i “Davidhoff” — 2012/5/17 — 19:59 — page 220 — #22 i i i 220 Chapter 6 Wireless: Network Forensics Unplugged 6.3.1 Spectrum Analysis There are, literally, an infinite number of frequencies over which data can be transmitted through the air.