Republic of the Philippines CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY Don Severino De Las Alas Campus Indang, Cavite

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences and Humanities

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED BS PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS OF CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY – MAIN CAMPUS

An Experimental Research Submitted to JOY N. BABAAN Psychology Faculty of the Department of Social Sciences & Humanities College of Arts & Sciences Cavite State University Indang, Cavite

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the course PSYC 70A Experimental Psychology

JEANOUELLA MARIE E. CRUZADA ANN MARGARETTE E. ALOT JESSA ELAINE C. SAN JUAN ROIDER D. ARDINA JON P. PEREZ BSP 2-3 March 2015 EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the researchers would like to express our very great appreciation and recognize with deep gratitude the various assistance and encouragement extended to us by the following individuals:

To the participants, for providing us with the appropriate data and findings. We are particularly grateful for your cooperation. The completion of this research would not have been possible if not for your enthusiasm and participation.

To our course instructor, Ms. Joy N. Babaan, we thank you for your willingness in imparting us your knowledge about the subject and for your constant guidance as we go through the completion of this research.

To Ms. Armi Desinga ̃o, we are appreciative of your kind gesture for sharing your knowledge on statistics. It has helped us go through some particular parts of our paper.

To our classmates and friends from BS Psychology 2-3, for giving us moral support and the laughs. Your contributions will certainly not go unnoticed.

To our beloved parents and a few close friends, our deepest gratitude for the continued support and assistance without hesitation; for the never ending moral support and guidance. EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE iii

Lastly, we extend our thanks to our Almighty God above. Thank you for giving us the strength, patience, determination and courage. It might have been a tough journey for each one of us but we were able to reach our destination.

For everyone who has given their utmost help and sincere support, we extend our warmest thanks to you. May God continue to bless us all.

JEANOUELLA MARIE CRUZADA

ANN MARGARETTE ALOT

JESSA ELAINE SAN JUAN

ROIDER ARDINA

JON PEREZ

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE iv

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Ann Margarette E. Alot was born on the 21st of June 1992 in Jeddah, Kingdom of

Saudi Arabia. She is the second among four children. She is currently residing at Bancod,

Indang, Cavite. The author is popularly known as Marga or Maggie.

She was homeschooled from pre-school until the 4thGrade.She was in 5th grade when she first attended private school in 2003 at International Philippine School in

Jeddah. In 2004, she flew to the Philippines and finally completed her primary education at Theresian School of Cavite. She obtained her secondary education from the same school in 2008.

She is currently studying at Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite, taking up the

BS Psychology program of the university. She has previously taken up AB

Communication Arts at Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Manila in 2012.

The author believes in the motto: "Respect begets respect." and in the cliché quotation, "No pain, no gain".

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE v

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Roider Devis Ardina was born on the 9th day of August 1995 in his ancestral house Julugan 8, Tanza, Cavite. He is the third child among four children of his loving parents, Mr. Ricardo Figueroa Ardina and Mrs. Jocelyn Devis Ardina. The author is popularly known as Ode and Roi's for it was his nickname. At present, he is residing at

014 Dr. P. Solis Street, Julugan 8, Tanza, Cavite.

He completed his pre-school at Thinker Bell Day Care Center Julugan 8, Tanza,

Cavite in 2003. From Grade I to Grade VI, he studied at Julugan Elementary School in

2009. He obtained his secondary education in Tanza National Comprehensive High

School in 2013 and he served as a Supreme Student Government Officer (Auditor) for two years. When he graduated, he got a Leadership Award in his batch. He currently serves in Sta. Cruz Parish Church in Tanza, Cavite as a member of Celestial Choir since

2011.

He is currently studying at Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite taking up a course of Bachelor of Science in Psychology.

The author believes in the motto: "Lowly, but chosen" like the motto of Pope

Francis "Miserando Atque Eligendo" in Latin and in the cliché quotation, "When God is your reason to live, you will never have a reason to quit".

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE vi

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Jeanouella Marie E. Cruzada was born on the 23rd day of April 1997 in Cavite

Medical Center. She is the eldest among two children of her loving parents, Mr. Tomas

C. Cruzada and Mrs. Marites E. Cruzada. The author is popularly known as Kookim for it is her nickname. Her younger sister is Jazmina Marie. At present, she is residing at Block

17 Lot 13 Hauskon Homes, Julugan, Tanza, Cavite.

She completed her pre-school years at Holy Nazarene Christian School in

Mulawin, Tanza, Cavite in 2003. From Grade I to Grade VI, she studied at the same school where she graduated in 2009. She obtained her secondary education, also from the same school in 2013, as the 9th honorable mentioned of the batch and a loyalty awardee.

She is currently studying at Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite, taking up a course of Bachelor of Science in Psychology. During her second and third semester, she was an academic (President's) scholar and a Vice President‘s scholar in her fourth semester; still, she is aiming to be a President‘s scholar again. She is also an officer of

Psychology Circle, the Business Manager of the organization.

The author believes in the motto: ―Try and try until you succeed" and in the cliché quotation, "Truth fears no questions‖. The author has experienced misunderstandings with her colleagues in her elementary and high school days. Her actions were misinterpreted by many, so she was confronted during those times, but what she only wanted was the betterment of others. She took courage to answer honestly all the questions in all those arguments. Due to that, a harmonious relationship with others was EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE vii formed. About fulfilments, it is ordinary that anybody can have failures. In accord with that reality, the author experiences down falls in her personal and academic life. Still, she is working hard on it and nourishing it with the best that she can.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE viii

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Jon P. Perez was born on the 11th day of March 1996 in Anuling Cerca I Mendez,

Cavite. He is the eldest among the three children of his loving parents Mr. Benjamin P.

Perez and Mrs. Leilanie P. Perez. The author is popularly known as ―Jon‖ for it is his nickname. His siblings are Jed Perez and Bench Perez. At present, he is residing at Ferma

St. Anuling Cerca I Mendez, Cavite.

From pre-school up to Grade VI, he attended Anuling Elementary School and completed his primary education in 2009. He studied at the same school for his secondary studies where he graduated in 2013. He was awarded as the chess player champion of the batch.

He is currently studying at Cavite State University (CvSU) Main Indang, Cavite, taking up a course of Bachelor of Science in Psychology. During his first semester, he joined the Mr. and Ms. Psychology 2013, a program celebrated annually called

Psychology Day.

The author believes in the motto ―All regrets settle at the end‖ and the cliché quotation, ―What is Beauty if Brain is Empty‖.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE ix

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Jessa Elaine Cueto San Juan was born on the 18th day of September 1995 in

Ospital ng Maynila. People know her as Elaine, though her nickname is Jett. She is the youngestamong the three children of Mr. Manuel Tenorio San Juan and Buenaventuranza

Cueto San Juan. Her siblings were named as Helena Luvim Elag and Andrea Giselle

Elag. She is currently residing at Block 14 Lot 11 Mabuhay Homes 2000, Phase V,

Salawag, Dasmarinas city, Cavite.

She completed her pre-school years at Saint Lazaro School, awarded as the first honorable mention in 2002. As she continues her elementary education, she graduated in

Grace Horizon Grades School, awarded as the second honorable mentioned in 2008. She obtained her secondary education in Legacy of Wisdom Academy of Dasmariñas, Inc. in

2012 with awards of Best in Math, Best in English and Best in Computer. Supposedly, she was the class Valedictorian but she got a grade of 70 in her subject Elective. All honored students should not have a grade lower than 80. Though she obtained the highest average of grades and the most appropriate to the title, this took her the title of being the class Valedictorian and gave her only the additional awards. This has been the greatest down fall she had in her life but it didn‘t hinder her to continue studying in college.

At present, the author is studying at Cavite State University – Main Campus at

Indang, Cavite and taking up Bachelor of Science in Psychology. She has been granted to be a part of the Cavite State University Scholars; the highest scholarship offered by the university, during her first three semesters and at that time, she was still a Bachelor of EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE x

Science in Computer Science student. She shifted to BS Psychology for it is the course she is interested in. As she shifted to Psychology, she also lost her scholarship. Although she couldn‘t take her scholarship back, she is hoping to be an Academic (President‘s)

Scholar. She is an active Psychology student for she always joins in every activity proposed and approved in their college.

The author believes in the motto: ―It is better to be late than never‖ and in the quotation: ―If you fail to plan, you plan to fail‖. She already experienced a lot of failures but she still continues to dream on. She had experienced in her elementary and secondary education that every time she is on her way to her graduation; something will happen that will affect her standing in her class. Although she had those moments in her life, she never gave up for she is already on her way to her dreams in life. Even though she fails, she still succeeds. It is not always failures but still there are fulfilments and achievements that made her believe in herself. And of course, she will not have those achievements without the support of her family and friends. Most of all, she never forgot to thank God for all the blessings and guidance given to her. It is still not late for her to take back all those things that she has been taken unto her, she had much time to fulfil her dreams and her mistakes in life.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE xi

ABSTRACT

ALOT, ANN MARGARETTE E., ARDINA, ROIDER D., CRUZADA, JEANOUELLA MARIE E., PEREZ, JON P., AND SAN JUAN, JESSA ELAINE C. “Effect of Suspending Vision to the Odor Matching Performance of Selected BS Psychology Students of Cavite State University – Main Campus”. Experimental Research. Bachelor of Science in Psychology. Cavite State University. Indang, Cavite. March 2015. Adviser: Ms. Joy N. Babaan.

The endeavor of this research study was for the researchers to be able to determine the effect of suspending vision to the odor matching performance of selected

BS Psychology students of Cavite State University – Main Campus. To provide evidence if the absence of vision has a significant effect to the odor matching performance of the chosen participants, the researchers have conducted an experiment. They determined and compared the participants‘ scores between the first level where there was presence of vision and the second level where there was suspension of vision.

The experiment was conducted within the time frame of the second semester,

A.Y. 2014-2015 at Cavite State University – Main Campus. The participants were selected through simple random sampling. Every participant has undergone all treatment levels; their scores were recorded on a researcher-made tabulation sheet for the evaluation of the data and findings. Dependent t-test was used to analyze the results.

Based on the outcome of this study, the researchers have concluded that suspending vision affects the odor matching performance of the selected students. The absence of vision resulted to a low matching performance than the presence of vision.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE xii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE…………………………………………………………………………………....i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………....ii

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA………………………………………………………………iv

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………….xii

List of Tables…………………………………………………………...... xiv

List of Figures………………………………………………………...... xv

List of Appendices…………………………………………………………...... xvi

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………....1

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………...2

Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………………..3

Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………..6

Hypothesis……………………………………………………………………….7

Objectives of the Study………………………………………………………….7

Importance of the Study…………………………………………………………8

Scope and Limitation…………………………………………………………….8

Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………....9

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE……………………………………………...12

METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………..39

Research Design………………………………………………………………...39

Sampling Procedure…………………………………………………………...... 40

Participants……………………………………………………………………...40 EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE xiii

Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………………………41

Research Instrument...... 46

Statistical Treatment………………………………………………………….....51

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………….....53

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………...59

Summary…………………………………………………………………...... …59

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...... 60

Recommendation…………………………………………………………...... 61

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………...62

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Order of Participants and Time Consumed for Both

Levels...... 42

2 Materials used for the experiment and codes for the containers...... 46

3 Frequency per Performance, Mean Score and Overall Performance

(Level 1)...... 53

4 Frequency per Performance, Mean Score and Overall Performance

(Level 2)...... 55

5 Difference in Pretest and Posttest Scores...... 56

6 Effect of Suspending Vision to the Odor Matching Performance...... 58

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE xv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Conceptual Framework...... 6

2 Experimental Setup...... 48

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

A Permit Letter...... 67

B Tabulation Sheet...... 69

C Samples of Signed Informed Consent Forms...... 71

D Samples of Raw Data...... 87

E Raw Scores of Participants in Levels 1 and 2...... 103

F Statistical Computation of Data...... 108

G Documentation...... 110

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED BS PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS OF CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY – MAIN CAMPUS

An experimental research presented to the faculty of the Department of Social Science and Humanities, College of Arts and Sciences, Cavite State University- Indang, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course Psych 70A- Experimental Psychology with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Psychology prepared under the supervision of Ms. Joy N. Babaan.

INTRODUCTION

There are common assumptions that the blind possess heightened senses to

compensate for their inability to see and that they can actually ―see‖ through the use

of their other senses such as smell, hearing, taste and touch. This can be evidenced by

popular blind musicians like Ray Charles and Stevie Wonder who both have

exceptional talents in music.

The researchers have gained interest on the concept of whether visual impairment

can actually have an effect on an individual‘s other areas of senses and have acquired

information from two studies about the subject matter that contradicted each other

which has raised questions on the researchers‘ end.

One quantitative study claimed that the blind do not possess ―increased acuteness

in their other senses‖. Conducted at the University of Pennsylvania, a research titled

Smell and Taste Function in the Visually Impaired tested the smelling (and tasting)

ability of a group of blind individuals versus a group of sighted individuals. According EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 2

to the results, the blind did not perform any better than the sighted individuals. On the

other hand, another study says the opposite. A study conducted by Murphy C. and Cain

WS titled Odor Identification: The Blind are Better tested the olfactory sensitivity of

twenty sighted and twenty blind adults. Contrary to the results of the research

mentioned above, the blind has outperformed the sighted in identifying odors.

New studies are still coming up and it is still debatable whether the absence of

one sense leads to the amplification of another. The arguable nature of the topic has

become the primary reason of the researchers to seek the effect of visual impairment to

the individual‘s other senses, which in this study, the researchers have chosen the sense

of smell in particular.

Statement of the Problem

This study attempted to determine the effect of suspending vision to the odor matching performance of selected BS Psychology students of Cavite State University –

Main Campus.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the odor matching performance of the selected students without

suspension of vision?

2. What is the odor matching performance of the selected students with

suspension of vision? EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 3

3. Is there a significant difference between the pre-test and posttest scores of the

selected students?

4. Does suspending vision have an effect to the odor matching performance of

the selected students?

Theoretical Framework

―The Theory of Perception‖

On a straightforward view, we directly perceive the world as it is. The way that things look, feel, smell, taste, and sound is the way that they are. We see colors, for example, because the world is colored. This view of perception is called, somewhat dismissively, naive realism.

Plausibly, perception is a lot more complicated than this. Though things may appear to be colored to us, our experiences of color are merely representative of the surface properties of objects; the physical property of reflecting certain wavelengths of light and the color red as we experience it are two quite different things.

This has led to representative realism, which suggests that perception is not the passive process that the naive realist suggests, that we do not simply receive information about the world through our senses. Rather, we are actively involved in perception, supplying much of the content of our experiences, and must bear this in mind if we are to know what the world is really like in itself. EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 4

Naive realism is the common sense theory of perception. Most people, until they starting thinking philosophically, are naive realists. This theory is also known as ―direct realism‖ or ―common sense realism‖.

According to representative realism, we do not perceive objects directly. Rather, objects cause us to have certain experiences, sense-data, and it is these to which we have direct access. Representative realism thus introduces a distinction, not present in naive realism, between our experiences of objects and the objects themselves. John Locke was a leading advocate of this theory.

Consider color properties. There are two different ways of thinking about color.

The first is in scientific terms: color is to with reflecting certain wavelengths of light. The second is in experiential terms: color is a subjective experience that a normal observer has when they look at a colored object.

(http://www.theoryofknowledge.info/theories-of-perception/)

According to some observations and studies, vision and olfaction are both independent in terms of function but are somehow mutually dependent on each other in terms of perception. Seemingly, vision portrays a stronger role in an individual‘s perception as humans tend to initially judge an object‘s properties through its appearance.

Upon encountering a piece of red candy for the first time, it is learned that it smells sweet. ―Red candy‖ and ―sweet‖ are two different types of information. However, we relate them and perceive them as tied information. The next time the same object is encountered, it becomes automatic that red candy smells sweet without having to actually EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 5

smell it. This is what naïve realism suggests; the literal understanding towards an object just how our senses perceive it.

Experience can reshape one‘s perception. We learn that there is more to what is beyond appearance. Upon a second encounter with the object, the red candy smells sour.

On a third encounter, the candy smells minty. Having gone through the experience, we learn that not all candies that appear red in color actually smell sweet. This is what representative realism suggests; perceiving things in a more in-depth manner by learning from experience.

In this study, naive realism was associated with the presence of vision. As stated in the previous paragraphs, vision plays a stronger role in perception and can be related to the saying ―What you see is what you get‖. On the other hand, representative realism was associated with the suspension of vision. The perception of an individual towards an object could possibly be altered if that were the case. In relation to the usage of both vision and olfaction, an individual might have to rely on his past experiences to support his sense of smell in replacement for the loss of vision.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 6

Conceptual Framework

Level 1 Level 2 Smell Matching Test Smell Matching Test with without Suspension of Suspension of Vision Vision

Odor Matching Odor Matching

Performance Performance

Figure 1. The Effect of Suspending Vision to the Odor Matching Performance.

The above figure (Figure 1) shows that he participants have undergone both treatment levels of the experiment. It also illustrates that their odor matching performances are affected by the absence and presence of vision. The participants‘ scores from Level 1 are compared to their scores from Level 2 to determine the effect of suspending vision to the odor matching performance.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 7

Hypothesis

This research paper was formulated in connection to the null hypothesis below:

Suspending vision has no significant effect to the odor matching performance of participants as evidenced by having no significant difference between their scores from the first and second treatment levels of the experiment.

Objectives of the Study

The primary concern of this study is to verify the effect of suspending vision to odor matching performance of selected BS Psychology students of Cavite State

University – Main Campus.

Specifically, this study aimed to identify:

1. The odor matching performance of the selected students without suspension of

vision.

2. The odor matching performance of the selected students with suspension of

vision.

3. The difference between the pre-test and posttest scores of the selected

students.

4. If the application of suspension of vision produces an effect on the odor

matching performance of the selected students.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 8

Importance of the Study

The results of the study could help the following group of people:

Adolescents. As the primary participants of this study, the findings could help them to be aware of their olfactory abilities and limitations with regards to the treatment given to them during posttest of the experiment.

Future Researchers. This study could serve as a reference and guide for future experimental researches of Psychology majors, researchers and practitioners in the field of Cognitive Psychology, and others researchers interested in conducting studies relevant to this topic.

Field of Psychology (Cognitive Psychology). Vision and olfaction are both classified under the studies of perception and sensation which are covered by the said field. The findings in this study could contribute to (1) future or on-going studies about the different human senses and (2) extensive studies about vision and/or olfaction, particularly on adolescents, due to the lack of studies about them.

Blind Workers. The findings in this study could serve as useful information to blind employees. It can make them aware of the limitations and further capabilities of a visually impaired individual which in turn could aid them in their job performance.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 9

Scope and Limitation

The study was conducted to determine the effect of suspending vision towards the odor matching performance of selected BS Psychology students of Cavite State

University – Main Campus. Adolescents were the primary participants of this study. A total of 15 participants, in which 12 are females and 3 are males, have undergone a smell matching experiment consisting of two levels. The numbers of matched pairs were tallied in a tabulation sheet. (see Appendix B)

The effects of suspending vision to the other senses, besides olfaction, are not intended to be studied. Sensory information being stored into the participant‘s short term memory is not part of the objectives of this study. Also, when the odor matching performance of a participant is below average, an intervention program for boosting their olfactory abilities is not within the range of the study‘s concern. The aim of this research is to identify the odor matching performance of adolescents only upon the administered treatment, comparison to infants and adults are excluded in the research.

The experiment was conducted on March 12, 2015, held at LH 203, located at the second floor of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science of Cavite

State University, Indang, Cavite.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined in a conceptual and operational manner to have a common frame of understanding. EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 10

Suspending Vision. Vision is defined as the sense of sight, wherein the eye is the receiver and the stimulant is expressive with much energy inside the visible spectrum.

(http://psychologydictionary.org/vision/) Suspending vision is the act of mimicking blindness by temporarily suspending one‘s sense of sight.

Suspending vision is the independent variable of this study. The participants‘ vision was manipulated through the use of a blindfold during the second level of the

Smell Matching Test. Vision, as it was suspended, serves the purpose of determining whether it affects odor matching performance or not.

Odor Matching Performance. It is measured on one of the standard tests in smelling ability. Others are standard tests of smelling ability which involves odor detection, discrimination and identification.

(http://www.sirc.org/publik/smell_human.html)

In this study, it serves as the dependent variable – the expected response in each participant. It will be measured by administering a smell matching experiment with two levels. The first level corresponds to the treatment where the participants‘ vision will not be suspended. On the other hand, in the second level, vision was suspended as they were instructed to wear a blindfold during the test session. In both conditions, the participants were asked to match the smells in pairs. The number of matched pairs will be recorded for further measurement of one‘s odor matching performance. Also, data will be gathered through the distribution of questionnaires to measure the dependent variable in depth.

The classifications of odors used in the smell matching test were based from

Hans Henning‘s Smell Prism. According to Henning, there are six primary odors: EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 11

Flowery, Foul, Fruity, Spicy, Burnt and Resinous. In this study, the researchers have

classified Fruity as the most suitable odorant for the smell matching test, it also proved

to be most convenient. Coffee beans, a proven medium in resetting one‘s sense of smell

in events of experiencing olfactory fatigue, was used in the smell matching test to

refresh the participants‘ sense of smell in events that they experience olfactory fatigue.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This part of the study provides a context of gathered information and evidence

that have been integrated to provide understanding on the variables of the study. The

following information was from different sources in relation to the research topic.

Sensation

The means by which our senses collect information and remit it to the brain is called sensation. A great totality of information is being sensed at any time like such as room temperature, brightness of the lights, someone talking, a distant train, or the smell of perfume. Though information is received by our senses, the majority of our world never gets recognized. Humans do not notice radio waves, x-rays, or the microscopic parasites crawling on the skin. Humans do not also sense all the odors in the surroundings or taste every individual spice in the gourmet dinner. Humans only sense the things that are able too due to a lack of having a sense of smell like a bloodhound or the sense of sight like a hawk; humans‘ thresholds are different from the animals and often even from each other (Heffner, 2014).

According to Clause (n.d.), sensation permits the brain to receive information through the five senses and can then be interpreted by it. The five sensory systems are vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Each of these systems keeps unique neural trails with the brain which lets them to transport information from the environment to the brain quickly. EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 13

Each sensory system has unique sensory receptors which are assigned to receive definite environmental stimuli. Once detected, sensory receptors translate environmental stimulus energy into electrochemical neural impulses. The brain then decodes those neural messages, which allow the brain to go through and make choices about the environment (Clause, n.d.).

Theoretically, according to Psychology Glossary (n.d.), sensation can be described as the neural synaptic firing of our receptors and our brain's understandings of these firings. When you touch something, receptors send impulses that travel to the spinal cord and then into the brain for interpretation. When both parts are absent (the signal being sent or the interpretation), there will be no sensation. The signals being conveyed and accounted are called sensation. Note that nothing is done with the "interpretation" at this stage, but once the interpretation is completed and taken to the next stage, perception occurred.

Perception

Kendra Cherry (n.d.), a Psychology expert, says that the perception is a perceptual routine that permits us to familiarize the world. At any given moment, everyone can see common objects in the environment, feel the touch of objects and people against the skin, smell the aroma of a home-cooked meal and hear the sound of music playing in the next door neighbor's apartment. All of these things assist to make up conscious experiences and it permits to relate with people and objects in the surroundings.

Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves both the recognition of environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli. Through EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 14

the perceptual process, information are gained concerning the properties and elements of the environment that are critical to survival. Perception not only creates experience of the world; it permits people to act within the environment (Cherry, n.d.).

For Rowe (n.d.), perception can be termed as the detection and analysis of sensory information. Perception also includes how humans react to the information. Perception can be thought as a process where humans take in sensory information from the environment and use that information in order to interact with the environment.

Perception allows us to obtain the sensory information in and formulate it into something meaningful.

Vision

As elaborated in Wikipedia (n.d.), sight or vision is the capacity of the eye(s) to concentrate and notice images of visible light on photoreceptors in the retina of each eye that produces electrical nerve impulses for different colors, hues, and brightness. There are two kinds of photoreceptors: rods and cones. Rods are very sensitive to light, but do not differentiate colors. Cones differentiate colors, but are less sensitive to dim light.

There is some argument as to whether this makes up one, two or three senses.

Neuroanatomists generally consider it as two senses, given that different receptors are accountable for the perception of color and brightness. Some argue that stereopsis, the perception of depth using both eyes, also constitutes a sense, but it is generally regarded as a cognitive (that is, post-sensory) function of the visual cortex of the brain where patterns and objects in images are detected and interpreted based on prior learned information. This is called visual memory. EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 15

The incapability to see is called blindness. Blindness may be the consequences of injured eyeball, especially to the retina, damaged optic nerve that connects each eye to the brain, and/or from stroke (infarcts in the brain). Momentary or permanent blindness can also be caused by poisons or medications (Wikipedia, n.d.).

Cited in Wikipedia (n.d.), individuals who are sightless from degradation or damage to the visual cortex, but still have functional eyes, are actually capable of some level of vision and reaction to visual stimuli but not a conscious perception; this is known as blind sight. People with blind sight are usually not conscious that they are responding to visual sources, and instead just unconsciously adapt their behavior to the stimulus.

On February 14, 2013, researchers built up a neural implant that gives rats the capability to sense infrared light which for the first time gives living creatures with new abilities, instead of simply changing or boosting existing abilities (Wikipedia, n.d.).

Visual Perception

From the statement of Science Daily (n.d), visual perception is one of the senses, comprising the capability to recognize light and interpret (see) it as the perception known as sight or naked eye vision. Vision has a definite sensory system, the visual system. The main problem in visual perception is that what humans see is not simply a conversion of retinal stimuli (i.e., the image on the retina). Thus, people interested in perception have long struggled to clarify what visual processing does to generate what is actually seen.

Biological visual systems cannot determine the attributes that define the physical world according to Movshon (2013). Nonetheless, visually conducted behaviors of humans and other animals are routinely unbeaten. EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 16

Findlay (1933), suggested that visual presentation (or better visual perception) has to do with the process of creation of the visual hints which are codified, recognized, and organized.

Olfaction

Smell or olfaction is the other "chemical" sense. Dissimilar to taste, there are hundreds of olfactory receptors (388 according to one source), each binding to a certain molecular feature. Odor molecules have a variety of characteristics and, thus, motivate specific receptors more or less strongly. This combination of excitatory signals from different receptors makes up what we perceive as the molecule's smell. In the brain, olfaction is processed by the olfactory system. Olfactory receptor neurons in the nose vary from most other neurons in that they die and regenerate on an expected basis. The incapability to smell is called anosmia (Wikipedia, n.d.).

Odor

Odor System According to Hans Henning. Henning's Smell prism: Henning

(1916) tried to categorize odors using a 6 general categories: Flowery, Putrid, Fruity,

Spicy, Burnt, Resinous. Non-corner smells are combinations. EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 17

Citrus Scent

For Holmes (2014), citrus, under the fruity scent category, is energizing. If seizing for a little pick-me-up, citrus may be opted instead for a cup of coffee. Aromas like lemon and orange are not only well-known for their Vitamin C properties, but simply inhaling the fruit can aid in improving energy and alertness.

Olfactory Perception

Olfactory perception is the sensation that comes when olfactory receptors in the nose are motivated by certain chemicals in gaseous form. People have got a preliminary understanding of the foundation for some features of visual, auditory, and olfactory perception as well as a few motor actions. Also, smell is a matter of personal olfactory perception (Vocabulary, n.d.).

With Reference.MD (n.d.), the process by which the nature and meaning of olfactory stimuli, such as odors, are recognized and interpreted by the brain, EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 18

differentiating it from smell: olfactory perception takes place in the brain; smell takes place in the nose.

Relationship between Vision and Olfaction

Although the relationship between audition and vision has been extensively documented (Marks, 1975), a cross-modal linkage between the olfactory and visual senses is seldom mentioned in the literature. In one of the few studies available, Martin

(1909) found that olfactory impressions were among the sensory experiences reported by subjects when shown reproductions of paintings. Odor experience was evoked in some subjects by stimulation of other senses following mescaline ingestion (Simpson &

McKellar, 1955). Odors have been anecdotally reported to evoke synesthetic experiences in certain subjects (Cytowic, 1993). The rarity of studies appears to throw doubt on the idea that olfactory-visual correspondences exist.

A review entitled Cross-modal correspondence between vision and olfaction: The color of smells (Gilbert, A. N., Martin, R., & Kemp, S.E., 1996) discussed the relationship of the two senses: vision and olfaction- how color cues can bias odor judgments.

There are other reasons to regard color-odor linkages as unlikely. A widely held view is that odor associations, preferences, and memories are very strongly encoded and that they are derived from idiosyncratic personal experience (Ehrlichman & Bastone,

1992). If this "Proustian" view is correct, we would expect little consensus among subjects regarding the color connotations of odor stimuli. Another well-documented feature of odor perception is the difficulty people have in naming odors, even familiar EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 19

ones (Cain, 1979). This so-called "tip-of-the-nose phenomenon" (Lawless & Engen,

1977) appears to be due to difficulty in accessing semantic labels for odors. It has been proposed that cross-modal correspondences occur through the mediation of semantic labeling (Melara, 1989). If so, the existence of the tip-of-the-nose phenomenon implies that odor labels will not be readily available for use in generating color characterizations, further reducing the likelihood of finding a consistent color-odor linkage. Despite these negative indications, it has been shown that color cues can bias odor judgments (e.g.,

Engen, 1972; Zellner & Kautz, 1990). The appropriateness of the color-odor pairing determines whether the bias aids or impairs performance (Burghardt, 1977; Davis, 1981;

Zellner, Bartoli, & Eckard, 1991). Appropriate colors increase and inappropriate colors reduce the accuracy of odor identification. This implies that there are "correct" colors for smells. To date, the appropriate pairings have been assigned by experimenters, sometimes on the basis of opinion surveys (Zellner et al., 1991), but not on direct sensory evaluation.

Weir (2011) suggested that in addition to helping us navigate our social world, smell may join with sight and sound to help us make our way in the physical world as well. The bond between taste and smell is widely known. But increasingly, scientists are realizing that olfaction mixes and mingles with the other senses in unexpected ways.

Until recently, Lundstrom (n.d.) says, scientists mostly studied each sense in isolation. They used visual stimuli to understand vision, auditory stimuli to understand hearing, and so on. But in real life, the senses do not exist in a vacuum. Humans are constantly bombarded with bits of information from all the senses at once. Once researchers began studying how the senses work together, it was realized what that what EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 20

people thought was true for each sense is not. It could be what people thought true about the brain might not be true after all (Lundstrom, n.d.)

In current research, he finds out that people process odor differently depending on the other sensory inputs they receive. When a person looks at a photograph of a rose while smelling rose oil, for example, the aroma was rated as both more intense and more pleasant than smelling the rose oil while gazing at a picture of a peanut.

While Lundstrom (n.d.) has shown that visual inputs influence the sense of smell, other researchers have found the reverse is also true: Odors affect our ability to process visual stimuli.

In a study published in Current Biology (Vol. 20, No. 15, n.d.) last summer, Chen and her colleagues (n.d.) presented two different images simultaneously to a subject‘s eyes. One eye viewed a permanent marker pen while the other eye was trained on a rose.

Under those circumstances, subjects perceived the two images alternating back and forth, one at a time. When smelling a marker scent during the experiment, however, subjects perceived the marker image for a longer period of time. The opposite occurred when they smelled the aroma of rose. Chen (n.d.) says that congruent smell prolongs the time the image is visible.

Alan Hirsch (n.d.), MD, neurological director of the Smell & Taste Treatment and

Research Foundation in Chicago, has also explored the link between scents and sights.

He asked men to estimate the weight of a female volunteer while she wore different aromas or no odor at all. Some scents had no apparent effect on the men‘s perceptions of her weight. But when she wore a perfume of floral and spice notes, the men judged her to EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 21

weigh about 4 pounds less, on average. Even more intriguing, the men who described the floral-spice perfume as pleasant perceived her to be about 12 pounds lighter.

In a related study, Hirsch (n.d.) found that volunteers who sniffed grapefruit aromas judged women to be five years younger than they actually were, while the scents of grape and cucumber had no effect on the perception of age. Exactly why grapefruit had such a potent effect is not clear. The volunteers‘ past experiences with citrus scents may have come into play, Hirsch suggests, or the grapefruit aroma may have come across as more intense than the milder scents of grape and cucumber. What is clear, though, is that scents convey a lot of information — true and otherwise — that help humans make judgments about the surroundings. Smell is impacting humans all the time, whether humans recognize it or not (Hirsch, n.d.).

Such studies are only beginning to unlock the secrets of smell. Olfaction is a very young field as noted by Chen (n.d.). Compared with vision and hearing, it is poorly understood. True, humans are overwhelmingly visual creatures. Still, olfactory researchers seem to agree that the nose is much more important than most people realize.

It is also an excellent instrument for learning more about the brain in general,

Chen (n.d.) says, both because of its ancient roots and because of the unique way olfactory information weaves through so many intriguing parts of the brain. Olfaction is a wonderful tool to study the functions and mechanisms of sensory processing, and their connection with things like emotion, cognition and social behavior (Chen, n.d.).

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 22

Olfaction in Infants and Children

Sullivan (2000), through her researches, found out that he neonate‘s sense of smell is an essential constituent of early mother-infant interactions. She stated that the sense of smell begins in uterus and the infant begins to experience odors through the amniotic fluid which is odorized by the mother‘s food intake and her unique ―olfactory signature.‖ At birth, the amniotic fluid odors help infants make the transition from prenatal life into postnatal life. Specifically, the smell of amniotic fluid calms the baby and helps to acquaint the baby to the mother. Additionally, odors from around the mother‘s nipples are similar to the amniotic fluid and attract the baby to the mother‘s breasts.

Over the first few days of life, the preference for amniotic fluid diminishes and the baby discovers an attraction to odors associated with the mother, including her milk and natural and artificial body odors. Bottle fed babies keep the preference for the mother‘s odors and slowly develop a preference for formula odors (at one week of age, bottle fed babies still prefer the smell of the mother‘s milk over formula). It appears as though infants are learning to prefer odors as early as the first day of life (Sullivan, 2000).

A concept about the olfactory system of infants from Sullivan (2000) was proposed.

At birth, infants have a well developed olfactory system. Although infants have a higher threshold for odor detection at birth, it approaches adult levels very quickly and infants can easily discriminate between odors. Furthermore, although infants can classify pleasant and unpleasant odors, this ability appears weaken until around school age.

However, it is clear that in addition to maternal odors, artificial odors, such as lavender, can soothe the young infant. EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 23

Olfaction in Infants and Children: Developmental and Functional Perspectives, a paper by the Chem Senses (1988), reviewed some studies related to the ontogeny of olfactory competence in humans from the fetal – neonatal to the pubertal period. It shows the development keen detection and discrimination abilities from birth onwards.

Although the sensory limitations of infantile olfaction are nearly equal to those of mature function, developmental processes seemingly act upon the hedonic integration of odors. From the first post-natal week, infants rely on this olfactory competence in social contexts: olfactory cues derived from conspecifics' body chemistry are used to differentiate familiar from unfamiliar individuals or kin from non-kin. Additional studies are needed, however, to demonstrate an early recognition of olfactory individuality by young infants (Chem Senses, 1988).

The Chem Senses (1988) also stated that the infants' discriminative performance about social odors and the incentive value they assign to them are increasingly specified in close relationship with the earliest social experiences. To date, the prominence of olfactory stimulations has been poorly documented in the infants' normal life. But clinical evidence highlights their potential involvement (i) in the earliest infant–mother bonding processes, (ii) in the infant's emotional homeostasis and (iii) in the child's interactional adjustments.

In a research entitled Olfactory Classical Conditioning in Neonates written by

Sullivan, et al. (1991), one-day-old, awake infants underwent an olfactory classical conditioning procedure to evaluate associative learning within the olfactory system of newborns. EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 24

In the method, experimental infants received ten 30-second pairings of a novel olfactory conditioned stimulus (a citrus odor of neutral value) and physical stimulation provided by stroking as the reinforcing unconditioned stimulus (a stimulus with positive properties). Control babies received only the odor, only the stroking, or the stroking followed by the odor presentation. The next day, all infants, in either the awake or sleep state, were given five 30-second presentations of the odor.

Results were analyzed from video tapes scored by an observer unaware of the infants‘ training condition. The results indicate that only those infants who received the forward pairings of the odor and stroking exhibited conditioned responding (head turning toward the odor) to the citrus odor.

Sullivan, et al. (1991) propose that the performance of the conditioned response was not affected by the state of the baby during testing, because both awake and sleeping infants exhibited conditioned responses. Furthermore, the expression of the conditioned response was odor specific; a novel floral odor presented during testing did not elicit conditioned responses in the experimental babies.

These results suggest that complex associative olfactory learning is seen in newborns within the first 48 hours of life according to Sullivan, et al. (1991). These baseline findings may serve as normative data against which observation from neonates at risk for neurological sequel may be compared.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 25

Olfaction in Young Adults

According to a study titled ―Identification versus Discrimination Study‖ (Cain et al. 1998), the vaunted ability of the sense of smell to discriminate differences in quality has received surprisingly little empirical attention (see Cain, 1988). The nose of some individuals can undoubtedly discriminate subtle nuances between chemicals, but the ordinary person may show considerably poorer ability. Eskenazi et al. (1983, 1986),

Rabin (1988) and Martinez et al. (1993) found that discrimination among members of small sets of diverse odors failed surprisingly often. The possibility of such failures permits examination of the question of whether discrimination and identification may rise and fall together among people without professed problems with smell. In the present experiment, subjects sought to discriminate among a small set of unfamiliar odors and sought to identify a large set of familiar odors.

The subjects were eighteen young adults (10 females, eight males) participated in two sessions. The subjects received $5 per session.

The first session involved two rounds of odor identification of common substances and the second involved quality discrimination of 10 generally unfamiliar chemicals. In the first session, subjects received corrective feedback during one round of presentations of 42 substances and no feedback during a second round of presentations of a subset of

32 substances. The 10 substances discarded had previously proven themselves rather easy to identify and their absence from the set served both to make the second round of identification more difficult and to circumvent identification via a process of elimination.

In the second session, subjects sought to decide which member in each of 90 triads of two identical odors and one different odor comprised the odd one. A pilot study had EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 26

established concentrations (by volume in diethyl phthalate) of approximately equal perceived intensity as follows: /i-propyl alcohol, 0.5%; n-butyl alcohol, 0.5%; /i-octyl alcohol, 0.15%; H-decyl alcohol, 0.3%; linalyl acetate, 0.5%; M-amyl butyrate, 0.15%; acetophenone, 0.037%; 3-heptanone, 0.075%; methyl n-propionate, 0.125%; and cinnamyl n-butyrate, 0.5%. Subjects smelled the triads in irregular order from 8 oz plastic squeeze-bottles.

The results show that the subjects identified 38 ± 7% (mean ± SD) of the items on the first round and improved to 59 ± 13% on the second. It indicates that the large increase in performance presumably came from the corrective feedback since, as Studies

1 and 2 showed and the next one will show more definitively, subjects make only modest progress without such feedback. If we restrict attention only to those 32 items presented on both the first and second rounds of identification, the results look much the same: 31 ±

9% on round 1 and 59 ± 13% on round 2. Discrimination equalled 40 ± 17% after correction for chance performance of 33%. Hence, subjects made plenty of errors. The correlation between the performance of individuals at discrimination and their performance in the first and second rounds of identification, respectively, equalled -0.09

(n.s.) and 0.61 (P < 0.01) (Figure 7). (The absence of a significant correlation in round 1 held true irrespective of whether the correlation was computed on all 42 items or on the

32 items, where it equalled 0.12.) That is, a significant association between how a person performed on discrimination and how that person performed on identification emerged after the first round of identification. Interestingly, the correlation between initial performance at identification and the increase in performance from round 1 to 2 equalled a significant -0.52 (P < 0.05). That is, subjects who performed more poorly on EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 27

identification in round 1 tended to show more improvement with feedback than those who performed better initially. Such an outcome, apparently not an artifact of a ceiling since performance still fell well below perfection, underscores the importance of feedback in the uncovering of the correlation.

As indicated in the Introduction, the correlation between performance in discrimination and identification seen previously had occurred for 'cued identification'.

The present results indicate the importance of defining permissible responses, either via multiple choice or by feedback. These presumably serve to stabilize access to the available semantic information. Viewed another way, however, they turn the task of identification into one of recognition. Without definition of the permissible responses, unstable access to semantic information presumably largely governs performance at identification. With such definition, differences among normal young people emerge, de

Wijk et al. (1994) also found stable individual differences in quality discrimination and concluded that such differences existed as a talent separate from threshold sensitivity in normal subjects. Previous studies of neurologically damaged subjects had suggested the same (e.g. Eskenazi et al., 1986; Martinez et al., 1993). Clearly, then, the factors that control access to semantic information deserve attention in the quest to understand the discriminative basis of odor identification.

Olfaction in Adults

A study was conducted on the olfactory impairment among adults. Olfactory function may be important for environmental and nutritional safety and enjoyment and population-based epidemiological studies of olfaction are needed to understand the magnitude of the health burden, identify modifiable risk factors, and develop and test EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 28

prevention and treatment strategies for olfactory impairment (Schubert et al. 2009).

However, measuring olfaction in large studies is challenging, requiring repeatable, efficient methods that can measure change over time.

Two large cohort studies, the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (EHLS) and the Beaver Dam Offspring Study (BOSS), included olfactory testing. In both studies, the

San Diego Odor Identification Test (SDOIT) was used to measure olfaction. Subjects were asked to identify eight common household odors (such as coffee and chocolate).

Olfactory impairment was defined as correctly identifying fewer than six out of eight odorants after two trials. The EHLS participants were age 53-95 years at the time of the first measurement (1998-2000), and participants in the BOSS were age 21-84 years. The prevalence of olfactory impairment in the EHLS was 25% overall, more common in men than women, and increased with age. Five years later olfaction was measured a second time and the majority (84%) of the EHLS participants were classified the same. Among those with impairment at the base line nearly one-third (31%) improved to unimpaired

(Schubert et al. 2009).

This heterogeneity in olfactory impairment has unique implications for data analyses and predicting outcomes and associations. Preliminary data from the BOSS suggest the prevalence of olfactory impairment may be lower in younger generations. All these factors point to a continuing need for epidemiological studies of olfaction.

Another study on the olfactory impairment was conducted by Murphy et al.

(2002), this time on older adults. According to the study, adults represent the fastest- growing segment of the US population, and prevalence of vision and hearing impairment EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 29

have been extensively evaluated. However, despite the importance of sense of smell for nutrition and safety, the prevalence of olfactory impairment in older US adults has not been studied.

The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults.

A total of 2491 Beaver Dam, Wis, residents aged 53 to 97 years participated in the 5-year follow-up examination (1998-2000) for the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss

Study, a population-based, cross-sectional study.

The main outcome measures olfactory impairment in older adults, assessed by the San Diego Odor Identification Test and self-report.

The mean (SD) prevalence of impaired olfaction was 24.5% (1.7%). The prevalence increased with age; 62.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 57.4%-67.7%) of

80- to 97-year-olds had olfactory impairment. The findings showed that olfactory impairment was more prevalent among men (adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.92; 95% CI,

1.65-2.19). Current smoking, stroke, epilepsy, and nasal congestion or upper respiratory tract infection were also associated with increased prevalence of olfactory impairment.

Self-reported olfactory impairment was low (9.5%) and this measure became less accurate with age. In the oldest group, aged 80 to 97 years, sensitivity of self-report was

12% for women and 18% for men.

The study demonstrates that prevalence of olfactory impairment among older adults is high and increases with age. Self-report significantly underestimated prevalence rates obtained by olfaction testing. Physicians and caregivers should be particularly alert to the potential for olfactory impairment in the elderly population. EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 30

A national probability study was conducted by Boesveldt et al. (n.d.) to investigate the gustatory and olfactory dysfunctions in older adults. Olfactory and gustatory functions have not been well characterized in older adults in the US.

Consequently, their relationships to sociodemographic characteristics, as well as physical and mental health, were studied in a large national probability sample using brief validated tests of chemosensory function.

The method used was a five-odor identification test and taste-impregnated strips of filter paper (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) that assessed the ability to identify chemosensory stimuli.

It was discovered that severe gustatory dysfunction was more prevalent than severe olfactory dysfunction. Age, education and sex were independently associated with performance on both the olfactory and gustatory identification tasks. Higher scores were associated with female sex, higher level of education, and lower age. Odor identification scores exhibited a positive, albeit weak, correlation with BMI, and food-related odors were better identified than non-food odors. In addition, odor identification performance was also negatively associated with depressive symptoms.

The study concluded there was a high prevalence of severe gustatory and, to a somewhat lesser extent, olfactory dysfunction in a population-based sample and demonstrate that even brief tests are capable of detecting correlations between both chemical senses and relevant health measures outside a clinical setting.

Olfaction in Visually Impaired Individuals

Surprisingly few quantitative studies have addressed the question of whether visually impaired individuals evidence, perhaps in compensation for their loss of vision, EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 31

increased acuteness in their other senses (Smith et al. 1993). The experiment titled ―Smell and Taste Function in the Visually Impaired‖ determined whether blind subjects outperform sighted subjects on a number of basic tests of chemosensory function. Over

50 blind and 75 sighted subjects were administered the following olfactory and gustatory tests: the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT); a 16-item odor discrimination test; and a suprathreshold taste test in which measures of taste-quality identification and ratings of the perceived intensity and pleasantness of sucrose, citric acid, sodium chloride, and caffeine were obtained. In addition, 39 blind subjects and 77 sighted subjects were administered a single staircase phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) odor detection threshold test. Twenty-three of the sighted subjects were employed by the

Philadelphia Water Department and trained to serve on its water quality evaluation panel.

The primary findings of the study were that (a) the blind subjects did not outperform sighted subjects on any test of chemosensory function and (b) the trained subjects significantly outperformed the other two groups on the odor detection, odor discrimination, and taste identification tests, and nearly outperformed the blind subjects on the UPSIT. The citric acid concentrations received larger pleasantness ratings from the trained panel members than from the blind subjects, whose ratings did not differ significantly from those of the untrained sighted subjects. Overall, the data imply that blindness, per se, has little influence on chemosensory function and add further support to the notion that specialized training enhances performance on a number of chemosensory tasks.

Murphy and Cain (1986) conducted a research titled ―Odor Identification: the blind are better‖ to investigate the olfactory sensitivity of blind individuals versus sighted EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 32

individuals. Twenty sighted and twenty blind adults, 19 to 66 years of age, participated in tests of olfactory sensitivity to n-butyl alcohol and of identification of 80 everyday odors.

The blind had poorer absolute sensitivity, but outperformed the sighted at identification.

Age proved an important factor in the comparison; more than half the variance in identification within each group was ascribable to an age-related decline.

According to Singh et al. (2012), visual impairment can have an adverse effect on an individual‘s social life, economic status and emotional well-being. Many impaired individuals, however, are able to maintain a degree of independence. Crucial for this autonomy, stability and general health and well-being is gainful employment.

Unfortunately, the visually impaired may find themselves limited in terms of available employment opportunities.

A common theory regarding senses and perception is that other senses become more acute as a compensatory measure after one sense is lost or impaired. Whether this is an actual physical improvement in acuity, or simply an improvement in cognitive awareness of the input from the remaining senses, is outside the scope of this article, and has been debated elsewhere. The end result is the same in either case: a perceived improvement in acuity, which can be subjected to appropriate tests and measured (Singh et al. 2012).

Olfactory Fatigue

Olfactory fatigue, also known as odor fatigue or olfactory adaptation, is the momentary, normal incapability to detect a certain odor after a lengthened exposure to that airborne compound. For example, when entering a restaurant initially the odor of EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 33

food is often perceived as being very tough, but after time the awareness of the odor normally lightens to the point where the odor is not perceptible or is much weaker. After leaving the area of high odor, the sensitivity is brought back with time.

Perfume counters will often have containers of coffee beans which tend to

"reset" olfaction. Anosmia is the lasting loss of the sense of smell, and varies from olfactory fatigue.

Olfactory fatigue is a term commonly used in wine tasting, where one loses the capability to smell and distinguish wine bouquet after sniffing at wine(s) constantly for an extended period of instance. The term is also applied in the study of indoor air quality, for example, in the perception of odors from people, tobacco, and cleaning agents.

Olfactory fatigue is a case of neural adaptation or sensory adaptation. The body turns out to be desensitized to stimuli to put off the overloading of the nervous system, thus letting it to react to new stimuli that are ‗out of the ordinary‘ (World Heritage

Encyclopedia, n.d.).

Renewal of Olfaction Through Coffee

There is a blog entitled Do Coffee Beans Really Help "Reset" Your Sense Of Smell by Calle, 2014. Beauty and fragrance counters were asked on what to choose from a cup of jet fuel, a plate of raw salmon, and a vial of coffee beans to serve as a quick olfactory palette cleanser (for a little nasal reboot) for the customers, in finding their signature scent in a scent testing. The owners of the counters generally chose for vial of coffee beans.

Apparently, Dr. Alan Hirsch (2013) from the Smell and Taste Research Center in

Chicago revealed that they would all work. He explained that Jet fuel or seafood would EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 34

do the trick and work just as well, but they just aren‘t going to put those on beauty counters. In other words, there‘s no magical component in coffee beans that they alone can be deemed an olfactory reset, but they do serve a purpose.

The sense of smell, Dr. Hirsch (2013) explains, is very good at adapting to environments and creating a new normal. For instance, if anyone walks into a room that smells like fresh-baked cookies, that cookie smell will make itself known. Smell has a presence.

As Calle (2014) stated, enticing, dominant scent personalities want your undivided smell attention right when you walk into that room. Stay in the room for a bit, though, and you and cookies become good buddies, casually chatting--sometimes you even forget it‘s there with you. And if you leave and return to the room, all over again, like a new relationship, you are still going to love that cookie-smelling‘ space. But you needed that one trip outside to be reminded about just how much you love the smell of cookies. You‘re nose was introduced to a new scent perspective when you left, which changed your scent norm. The same happens with sampling fragrances and smelling coffee beans.

Perfumes are combinations of several aroma layers--top notes, base notes, and after notes. Coffee, on the other hand, is a singular constituent. Put it on another way: A fragrance is a scent symphony playing Mozart; coffee is your fifth grade recorder playing

"Hot Cross Buns." They are both necessary (Calle, 2014).

In the ending of the blog of Calle (2014), the singular scent profile of the coffee bean supplies a complement to the abundant notes in a fragrance. Sniffing those beans EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 35

permits you to get back to a baseline--it aids you to return to the fragrance den and get on with your signature scent hunt.

Another blog, by blogger Poster (2013), Coffee “Nose” Best! Does Coffee

Cleanse Our Nasal Palate?, supports the usage of coffee beans in rejuvenating the sense of smell for fragrance counters. Poster (2013) says that we are not just experts in tasting coffee- we are also experts in smelling it too.

It all comes down to basic psychophysiology (which isn‘t all that basic). When someone samples one perfume or cologne after the other, he or she may experience

―nasal fatigue‖. Nasal fatigue happens when your nasal receptors become less and less sensitive to certain notes, making it difficult to tell one sample from the next. Therefore, utilizing coffee in between fragrance testing can actually ―cleanse‖ out your nasal receptors and provide you with an untainted smelling palate (Poster, 2013).

Poster (2013) commented that some scientists are out to disprove this theory. The

Rosterie blogging site believes it to be absolutely true. Coffee as an olfactory palate cleanser was actually first discovered by UC Berkeley neuroscientist Noam Sobel (1995).

He states that:

Smelling coffee aroma between perfume samples, as compared to smelling unscented air, actually works. The perceived odor intensity of the perfume from sample to sample stayed the same after smelling coffee aroma while it decreased when smelling air between samples. The pleasantness of the perfume, however, was similar after smelling coffee or air.

―But what if we want to smell coffee beans themselves?‖ and ―How do we cleanse our nasal palates before sample-smelling the next bean?‖, Poster (2013) asked. EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 36

There‘s an answer for that, and we use it every day in our coffee factory—your very own skin (Poster, 2013)!

Poster‘s (2013) closure to his blog is, if sample-smelling coffee beans, the best way to cleanse the olfactory palate in between sniffs is by taking a big whiff of your very own skin. Human skin is another ―cleanser‖ for the nose. So the next time you‘re wafting beans, be sure to wear short sleeves—your nose may revisit your forearm various times throughout the day.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 37

Synthesis

In this study, the application of suspension of vision should produce an effect, either negative or positive, to the odor matching performance of the selected adolescents.

In accordance with the related literature, the rarity of studies appears to throw doubt on the idea that olfactory-visual correspondences exist. However there are few studies that correlates the two senses such as a research entitled Cross-modal correspondence between vision and olfaction: The color of smells that discussed the how color cues can bias odor judgments. Another study by Lundstrom focuses on the vision and olfaction where he concluded that truly, vision is affected by olfaction.

Perception and sensation are two different concepts that are related to each other.

As people sense something from the outside world, they also perceive it. In order for people to perceive, they should sense it first. In relation to the study, vision and olfaction are both under sensation, and also both used as two different variables. People tend to use the two senses at the same time. But in the study, the participants will only use the olfaction. So as the participants use their sense of smell, they perceive the smell and recognize it. It is the process in which the participants will undergo in order for them to match the odorants in the Smell Matching test.

As for the participants, adolescents have been chosen. The researchers have become aware that most of the studies are more correlational and are fewer in number of experimental studies.

As stated from the related literatures, age has been proved to be an important factor in olfaction. As age declines, the olfaction of a person also declines. But aside from EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 38

the age, the gender also has an important role in olfaction. There have said that females have more prominent sense of smell than male. These factors are included in the scope and limitation of the study. These are not included to the variables in the study.

In terms of the odorants used in the study, the citrus scents have been chosen. The researchers have discovered that the effect of citrus scents is that it can make you feel more energized. In addition to that, by simply sniffing these scents, specifically the citrus fruits, can help boost one's energy and alertness.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE

METHODOLOGY

Presented in this chapter are specific procedures used in conducting the study. It includes the research design, sampling procedure, participants of the study, data gathering procedures, research instruments, and statistical analysis that served as the basis for determining the effectiveness of suspending vision in the odor matching performance of selected BS Psychology students in adolescence stage in Cavite State University- Main

Campus.

Research Design

The researchers used an experimental design because it is the most appropriate approach to determine the effect of suspending vision towards the odor matching performance of the participants. The study involves control, randomization, and manipulation. The independent variable was manipulated to determine its effect on the dependent variable. Specifically, the researchers employed the Single Factor Two-Level

Design, a type of Within-Subjects Experimental Design. Within-Subjects Design is also known as Repeated-Measures Design and Pretest-Posttest Design. Each subject is exposed to all levels of the independent variable, rather than being randomly assigned to one level. It is used to assess changes in performance as a function of increasing exposure to the treatment conditions. It is generally more efficient because the performance of each subject is compared across the different experimental conditions.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 40

Sampling Procedure

Simple Random Sampling, a probability sampling technique, was used. With the simple random sample, there is an equal chance (probability) of selecting each unit from the population being studied when creating a sample. BS Psychology students from

Cavite State University – Main Campus who are currently in the adolescence stage are the target participants of the researchers. The age range of an adolescent is 10-19 years old (WHO, 2015). The students are in the tertiary level, whom are 16 years old and above

(limited to 19 years old to conform to the adolescence stage). The numbers of students belonging to the said age range are first year college students. One researcher contacted the class representative of one section from the first year. The overall list of names with contact numbers was gathered. Males and females from the list were parted. Twelve (12) names were chosen from females and another three (3) names from the males. The selection was therefore made randomly.

Participants

A total of fifteen (15) students participated in the study. They were the students enrolled in the 2nd semester of AY 2014-2015, under the Bachelor of Science in

Psychology program of Cavite State University – Main Campus. There are seven (12) female Psychology students and seven (3) male Psychology students. All the participants‘ ages were ranging from 16-19 years old.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 41

Data Gathering Procedure

After having the sample, the selected participants were contacted personally through text messages. When the researchers and the participants met up for the first time, the researchers handed each participants an informed consent form for their voluntary participation and other ethical concerns.

The data for this research was collected through experimentation. The experiment comprised of two levels. The first level was a Smell Matching Test with Vision, while the second level was a Smell Matching Test without Vision. In performing both levels, two experimenters were assigned to facilitate the entire experimental session. To avoid errors and confusion as much as possible in verifying and recording data, only two (2) participants at a time were allowed to undergo the experiment.

Having fifteen (15) participants, each picked one rolled paper that corresponds to a letter (1-15; A-O) to serve as their identity in line with the confidentiality purpose. They were divided into five, randomly yielding two participants in a set (applied to Level 1 and

Level 2). Each session only lasted for six (6) minutes as controlled by the experimenters for the two levels. Three (3) minute intervals per set were allotted for scoring and for the rearrangement of the experimental set up for the next set of participants that will perform in the experiment. The table shown below illustrates the order of participants in accomplishing the experiment and the time consumed for both levels.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 42

Table 1. Order of Participants and Time Consumed for Both Levels Level 1 Level 2 Levels (Smell Matching Test with Vision) (Smell Matching Test without Vision)

1- M & N (6 minutes) 1- J & M (6 minutes)

3 minutes 3 minutes

2- C & H (6 minutes) 2- K& O (6 minutes)

3 minutes 3 minutes

3- G& A (6 minutes) 3- G & C (6 minutes)

3 minutes 3 minutes

4- F & L (6 minutes) 4- I & L (6 minutes)

Sets 3 minutes 3 minutes

5- K& O (6 minutes) 5- E & H (6 minutes)

3 minutes 3 minutes

6- B & I (6 minutes) 6- D & N (6 minutes)

3 minutes 3 minutes

7- D & E (6 minutes) 7- F & A (6 minutes)

3 minutes 3 minutes

8- J (6 minutes) 8- B (6 minutes)

3 minutes 3 minutes

Time 72 minutes 72 minutes

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 43

A total of 144 minutes (2 hours and 24 minutes) was the time consumed to perform the experimentation. Participants who were done undertaking the first treatment level were given time to rest as they wait for their turn for the next level.

Level 1 (Smell Matching Test with Vision) Procedure. (1) The pair of participants was asked to perform the task without the blindfold. (2) The experimenters explained the basic mechanics of the experiment. There were fourteen containers that are to be paired – a total of seven pairs for a perfect score. The pair of participants completed the errand simultaneously. (3) After the six minutes allotment (or less than six minutes if the participant has already finished the task) for performing the task, the experimenters verified the corresponding odors that were matched by the participants and recorded the results on the tabulation sheet supplied. (4) The participants who have undergone Level 1 were located in a certain area for them to rest and be readied again for Level 2. Snacks and beverages were distributed to compensate for their fatigue.

Level 2 (Smell Matching Test without Vision) Procedure. (1) The pair of participants was asked to wear the blindfold provided by the experimenters. The experimenters assured that the participants‘ vision was totally suspended. (2) The experimenters explained the basic mechanics of the experiment. Two experimenters were assigned to hand out the containers to the blindfolded participants. The two participants completed the errand simultaneously. (3) After the six minutes allotment (or less than six minutes if the participant has already finished the task) for doing the task, the experimenters verified the corresponding odors that were matched by the participants and recorded the results on the tabulation sheet supplied. The participants removed their EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 44

blindfolds outside the testing room. (4) The participants signed the sheets that corresponded to their given identity (A-O).

The experiment was conducted within the grounds of the College of Veterinary and Biomedical Science building, at LH 203. The data was gathered in March 15, 2015.

After the experiment was accomplished and the data was collected, the results of the experiment underwent statistical treatment for the aim of analysis and interpretation.

Like any other experimental researches, the presence of other variables not included in the experiment and technical errors were anticipated. The researchers performed a dry run of the experiment to test the validity of the materials and procedures.

It was to identify and revise the occurring errors during the trials and to determine how to minimize the effects of extraneous variables as much as possible.

Performing the dry run test has enabled the researchers to distinguish the following errors– (1) The choice of odorants: The initial odorants chosen for the experiment consisted of six different categories of odor, e.g. Flowery, Foul, Fruity, Spicy,

Burnt and Resinous. Due to the distinct differences between smells, the mock participants found the test to be extremely unchallenging. Others have also reported irritation from the sharp smell of some odorants. (2) The choice of color for the liquefied odorants: The initial colorant was an unscented, blue food coloring. Blue appeared to be an inappropriate shade and did not complement some of the odorants' natural colors very well. As a result, the set of odorants appeared inhomogeneous instead of each liquid appearing only in one hue of blue. The mock participants were able to visually distinguish which pair is which without too much effort. (3) The ―no time limit‖ rule:

Allowing the mock participants to take their time in accomplishing the experiment EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 45

resulted to high scores that were apparently inconclusive. The no time limit rule gave way for the participants to take their time to perfect the errand.

The errors identified during the mock experiment were controlled. To make the experiment more valid and challenging, the experimenters have chosen only one type of odor – Citrus (under the fruity category) – instead of combining several types. It was also for the convenience of the participants as citrus odors are not sharp and rather energizing.

As for the colorant, powdered black dye was applied to the liquefied odorants to ensure the uniform appearance of the odorants as black was proven to cancel out any color. The time limit was set to a maximum of 6 minutes. It was enough for the participants to accomplish the task given to them.

Performing the dry run test has enabled the researchers to distinguish the following extraneous variables – (4) The research was particularly prone to carryover effects due to the repeated exposure of the participants to different treatment levels. The possibility of the participants experiencing fatigue, reduced responsiveness to stimulus

(habituation) and earning higher scores for subsequent tasks due to familiarization of the task (learning) may occur. (5) Other extraneous variables expected were the presence of other odors inside the testing room and the possibility of the participants to cheat the test through faking the coverage of the blindfold.

To minimize carryover effects, the researchers have randomized the order of participants per treatment level, thus, breaking their expectations of performing the tasks like a routine. To avoid fatigue, particularly olfactory fatigue, the participants were given sufficient time to rest after their turn. The researchers conducted the experiment in a well- EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 46

ventilated room and made sure to prohibit the use of perfumes and the like to avoid other

scents from blending in with the scents of the odorants. Lastly, to prevent the participants

from cheating during the second level of the experiment, ―watchers‖ were on stand-by to

supervise the participants and made certain that the blindfold was secure for each of

them.

Research Instrument

There is one (1) major instrument used in the study named Smell Matching Test

(With and Without Vision), a researcher-made test.

This test has its materials prepared for the experimentation. The following

supplies used in the test are stated below.

Table 2. Materials used for the experiment and codes for the containers

Odorants Code for the 14 Containers Other Materials (in liquid state)

Mandarin orange A & K Stopwatch Calamansi fruit G & L 2 Deep Blue Handkerchiefs Calamansi-scented F & H Coffee powder in a small dishwashing liquid container (can be replaced by coffee beans ) Calamansi-scented detergent M & C 15 Tabulation sheets bar (researcher-made)

Lemon fruit B & N 28 Transparent containers

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 47

Lemon-scented dishwashing D & E liquid

Lemon-flavored juice J & I

A-N (1-14) were the letters assigned in a certain container that served as a code

for the experimenters when they have checked the number of pairs matched by the

participants. The odorants were in liquid form for convenience in adding the color to the

containers‘ substances.

Some of the odorants were in liquid form by nature; others were manually

dissolved in water. Black was the color applied to all odorants to make them appear

visually identical. It was especially useful during Level 1 of the experiment wherein there

was no suspension of vision. A stopwatch was used in setting time allotted to do the task

and also for the intervals. Two (2) deep blue handkerchiefs were worn by the participants

to fulfill the description for Level 2 which was the Smell matching Test without vision.

Coffee was placed in a small container and was used to reset one‘s olfactory sense. The

tabulation sheet is where the experimenters checked the odors that were paired by the

participants in the two levels.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 48

Arrangement of the containers in the actual experiment is illustrated below.

Figure 2. Experimental Setup

Upon the preparation of the materials needed for the experiment, these were set up in the testing room. The test was administered to the participants to measure their

Odor Matching Performance. Along with this, a scale was prepared for the evaluation of one‘s performance.

Odor Matching Performance Scoring Criteria. The scores that were gathered were determined by the given criteria intended to identify the participants‘ performance in the Smell Matching Test within the two levels. The test consisted of a total of 7 points.

Each point has a corresponding evaluation according to its range. The following are the assessment of each score range in the scoring criteria.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 49

There are three (3) corresponding scoring criteria.

Scores Verbal Interpretation Description

5-7 High Odor Matching The participant can easily match

Performance the odors.

4 Average Odor Matching The participant can fairly match

Performance the odorants.

0-3 Low Odor Matching The participant experienced

Performance difficulty in matching the pairs

of odorants.

High Odor Matching Performance. The participant attained a score ranging between 5-7 out of 7 in the smell matching test.

 Pre-test

The participant is able to match the odorants well. The presence of

vision has a positive effect to the odor matching performance of the

participant.

 Posttest

The participant is able to match the odorants well despite the

hindrance in sight. Suspending vision has a positive effect to the odor

matching performance of the participant.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 50

Average Odor Matching Performance. The participant attained a score of 4 out of

7 in the smell matching test. The participant can fairly match between odorants.

 Pre-test

The participant‘s ability to match the odorants is not determined by

the presence of vision. The presence of vision neither has a positive nor

negative effect to the odor matching performance of the participant.

 Posttest

The participant‘s ability to match the odorants is not determined by

the absence of vision. Suspending vision has either a positive or negative

effect to the odor matching performance of the participant.

Low Odor Matching Performance. The participant has attained a score ranging between 0-3 out of 7 in the smell matching test.

 Pre-test

The participant has experienced difficulty in matching the

odorants. The presence of vision has a negative effect to the odor

matching performance of the participant.

 Posttest

The blindfold has hindered the participant‘s ability to match the

odorants and has greatly affected his/her performance. Suspending vision

has a negative effect to the odor matching performance of the participant.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 51

Statistical Treatment

The statistical tools used in this study are mean for ungrouped data and the dependent t-test.

The mean is the average of the data points, it is denoted by ̅. It is a mathematical representation of the typical value of a series of numbers, computed as the sum of all the numbers in the series divided by the count of all numbers in the series. The data obtained in original form are called raw data or ungrouped data.

On the other hand, dependent t-test is used when having one sample of subjects who are tested several times at different conditions or treatments. Each subject is measured on the same dependent variable, but under different levels of the independent variable. It compares the means of two related groups to detect whether there are any statistically significant differences between these means.

The obtained mean scores were evaluated to accept whether the treatment had gained either a positive or negative effect towards the odor matching performance of the participants and also to identify their overall performance.

Mean for Grouped Data

̅ =

where = summation; x = data points (scores); and f = frequency of scores.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 52

Alternatively, in this study, the participants underwent two levels of the treatment;

Level 1- Smell Matching Test without Suspension of Vision and Level 2- Smell

Matching Test with Suspension of Vision. It was used in determining whether the given treatment had its effect on the dependent variable or not.

Dependent t-test

√

where = summation; d = difference of scores (x - y); and N = total number of participants.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Presented in this chapter are the results and discussion of the data gathered. The findings were tabulated for discussion. In-depth analysis and interpretations were made for better appreciation and understanding of the data. Below are the findings of the study about the odor matching performance of selected adolescents before and after the treatment with further clarifications and explanations on the results.

Odor Matching Performance in Level 1

The table below shows the frequency of the participants in each performance in

Level 1 (without suspension of vision). According to the results, ten out of fifteen participants obtained high odor matching performance; one out of fifteen participants obtained average odor matching performance and the remaining four participants obtained low odor matching performance.

Table 3. Frequency per Performance, Mean Score, and Overall Performance (Level 1)

Performance Frequency

High Odor Matching Performance 10

Average Odor Matching Performance 1

Low Odor Matching Performance 4

Total: 15

Mean Score: 5.4

Verbal Interpretation: High Odor Matching Performance EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 54

Legend:

High Odor Matching Performance 5-7

Average Odor Matching Performance 4

Low Odor Matching Performance 0-3

The mean score of the participants in Level 1 is 5.4. Scores that will fall from 5-7 will be interpreted to have a high odor matching performance according to the scoring criteria stated. The data and findings show that the presence of vision yielded the overall interpretation of the adolescents‘ performance which is high odor matching performance.

This infers that the participants were able to easily match the odors in pairs.

The results were probably due to the convenience and comfort of being able to see while performing the task. According to ―Vision: The Visual System, the Eye, and Color

Vision‖, humans have progressed into highly visual beings over time, which could explain the tendency of humans to heavily rely on their sense of sight. This is why many participants were able to identify many odors with much ease if aided with vision.

The implication of the outcome is that the presence of vision has a positive effect to the odor matching performance of the selected participants. There is greater number of participants who obtained high scores; only one participant obtained an average score and the few remaining obtained low scores in the smell matching test. This means that majority of the participants were able to match the odors correctly while it proved difficult for the other few to match the odors.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 55

Odor Matching Performance in Level 2

Table 4 shows that based on the outcome, all the participants obtained high and low scores (3 high and 12 low); nobody obtained an average score.

Table 4. Frequency per Performance, Mean Score, and Overall Performance (Level 2) Performance Frequency

High Odor Matching Performance 3

Average Odor Matching Performance 0

Low Odor Matching Performance 12

Total: 15

Mean Score: 2.8

Verbal interpretation: Low Odor Matching Performance

Legend:

High Odor Matching Performance 5-7

Average Odor Matching Performance 4

Low Odor Matching Performance 0-3

The mean score obtained in Level 2 is 2.8. Relatively, the mean score value falls to the criterion of low odor matching performance in accordance with the scoring criteria, a score of 0-3. The data and findings show that the absence of vision yielded the overall interpretation of the adolescents‘ performance which is low odor matching performance.

This interprets that majority of the participants have experienced difficulty in matching the odors. EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 56

The results were probably due to the inconvenience and discomfort of not being able to see while performing the task. In agreement with the research study conducted at the University of Pennsylvania wherein blind and sighted people were the participants, the sighted participants performed better than the blind ones, concluding that blind people do not necessarily have a keener sense of smell. This could explain why many participants failed to identify much of the odors without the aid of vision.

The outcome implicates that the absence of vision has a negative effect to the odor matching performance of the selected participants. There is greater number of participants who obtained low scores in the smell matching test; the few remaining obtained high scores in the smell matching test while no one was able to obtain an average score. This means that while at least three of the participants were able to match the odors correctly, still, majority of the participants found matching odors as a complicated task.

Difference in Pretest (Level 1) and Posttest (Level 2) Scores

The table below indicates the levels, degrees of freedom, level of significance, tabulated t-value, computed t-value, decision, and remarks.

Table 5. Difference in Pretest and Posttest Scores Level of Tabulated Computed Levels df Decision Remarks Sig. t-value t-value

Level 1 vs. 14 0.05 1.761 4.73 Reject Significant Level 2

Decision Rule: Reject if –1.761≤ computed t-value ≥ 1.761 EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 57

Defining the null and alternative hypotheses respectively, :

, which means having no significant difference between their scores from the first and second treatment levels of the experiment and , having significant difference between their scores from the pretest and posttest experiment otherwise. The fixed level of significance (α) is 0.05 and the degrees of freedom (df) is 14 from N-1 which is 15-1. Finding the intersection of α and df in the distribution probability table, as the tabulated t-value. The decision rule in rejecting the hypothesis is that t-value should be less than or equal to -1.716 or it must be greater than or equal to 1.716. Calculating the test statistic (see Appendix F), 4.73 was obtained.

Applying the decision rule, 4.73 (t-value) is greater than 1.761, which proves that the null hypothesis shall be rejected. There is not enough evidence to support that . Suspension of vision produces effect on the odor matching performance of the participants. The remark is significant. Therefore, there is significant difference between the scores from level 1 and level 2.

Effect of Suspending Vision to the Odor Matching Performance

Restating the hypothesis of the study, suspending vision has no significant effect to the odor matching performance of participants as evidenced by having no significant difference between their scores from the first and second treatment levels of the experiment. As supported by the findings from the difference in the pretest and posttest scores, the hypothesis is consequently rejected due to having a greater value of the computed t than the tabulated t-value. From that, it was determined whether suspending vision had an effect or not to the dependent variable and whether it produces a positive or EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 58

negative effect. In the table below, though the hypothesis is rejected, remarks had been made.

Table 6. Effect of Suspending Vision to the Odor Matching Performance

Decision Remarks

Suspending vision has no Suspending vision has a significant effect to the odor Reject significant effect to the odor matching performance of matching performance of participants. participants.

As indicated in the table above, there is a significant effect to the odor matching performance as the antecedent condition was applied. The result generates a negative effect on the performance of the participants. The said variable made the odor matching performance lower comparing the outcomes in table 3 and table 4. As shown in the distribution of scores within the two levels, the overall performance of the participants in level 1 yielded high odor matching performance, while in the level 2, their predominant achievement is attaining a low odor matching performance.

The results can be explain by Findlay (1933), he stated that visual presentation (or better visual perception) has to do with the process of formation of the visual cues which are codified, recognized, and organized. Due to that, the participants found difficulty in administering the task with the absence of their vision. They found more convenience and comfort in doing the task efficiently with the presence of their vision. It only proves that without the sense of sight, odor matching performance decreases, instead of increases.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter summarizes the highlights of the study. The conclusions presented were derived from the outcome of investigating the Effect of Suspending Vision to the

Odor Matching Performance of Selected BS Psychology Students of Cavite State

University – Main Campus. Also presented in this chapter are recommendations that were based from the findings and conclusion of the study.

Summary

The key objective of this research was to determine if suspending vision has a significant effect to one‘s odor matching performance. Before pushing through with the study, determining the extensive meanings of vision and olfaction was essential in conducting the literature review. In order to test the research study‘s hypothesis, the researchers used the experimental method; the type of experiment the researchers have designed was a smell matching test consisting of two levels (pre-test and posttest) where the suspension of vision was applied posttest. The participants were BS Psychology students and all were adolescents. The sampling procedure used was simple random sampling. The experiment was conducted on the 12th of March 2015 at Cavite State

University – Main Campus. A researcher-made scoring criteria and tabulation sheet were used to measure and record the scores of the participants. The data was computed using dependent t-test.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 60

Conclusion

Based on the data gathered which presents the results and outcomes of this research study, the researchers concluded that there is an evident effect of suspending vision on the odor matching performance of the participants specifically a negative effect.

The results indicate that the participants were more efficient with smell matching during the first level, where there was no suspension of vision. The decline in their overall scores during the second level was the consequence of having their visions suspended through the use of the blindfold.

The researchers determined that the absence of vision does not aid an individual in enhancing or heightening his sense of smell, rather, it does the opposite and hinders his olfactory abilities. It is therefore concluded that suspending vision has a negative effect to the odor matching performance of the participants.

According to Movshon (2013), visually conducted behaviors of humans and other animals are routinely successful. Apparently, with the comparison of the participants‘ efficiency in doing the task, their performance in level 1 is high while in level 2 is low.

They have matched well the odors when vision is not suspended. It just clarifies that without their sight, they cannot do good to accomplish their assignments- experiencing difficulties.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 61

Recommendation

The following recommendations below were given by the researchers based from the conclusions and findings of the study;

For sighted individuals, when in the act of smelling, it is more effective to let the vision in its present state to increase the odor matching performance or other olfactory functions.

For the field of psychology which is Cognitive Psychology, the relationship of the two senses: vision and olfaction can be expanded for there are seldom literatures and few studies cited about it unlike auditory and visual, gustatory and visual, olfactory and gustatory associations that have a great number of researches. The effect of vision to olfaction can be more explored and the vice versa, how olfaction affects vision.

For future researchers that would like to take interest in the further development of this research, other means of determining what can trigger an individual to have a keener sense of smell can be attempted, since it was proven that suspending vision does not. Other variables that are not within the scope of this research can be added to the current variables the researchers have already studied, such as gender and age. The mechanics of the Smell Matching Test used in the experiment can be openly modified to suit the objectives of future experimenters. The exploration of other senses besides olfaction and vision, such as gustation and audition can also be considered.

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 62

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EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 67

APPENDIX A Permit Letter

Republic of the Philippines CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY Don Severino De Las Alas Campus Indang, Cavite

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Department of Social Sciences and Humanities

March 6, 2015

MR. GIL RAMOS Department Chair DSSH

Dear Sir,

Greetings!

We are 2nd year BS Psychology students currently enrolled in PSYC 70A (Experimental Psychology). One of the requirements for this subject is to conduct an experimental research. Hence, we are conducting a research titled ―EFFECTS OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS OF CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY- MAIN CAMPUS”. This research will include 15 Psychology students as participants of the study.

In line with this, may we respectfully ask permission to conduct the research in your department? Rest assured that the information gathered will be used for research purposes only. Utmost confidentiality regarding personal information of the participants will be ensured.

We are looking forward for your favorable consideration for this request. Thank you and God bless!

Sincerely yours,

ALOT, MARGARETTE E. ARDINA, ROIDER D. CRUZADA, JEANOUELLA E.

PEREZ, JON P. SAN JUAN, ELAINE C. Researchers

Noted by:

JOY N. BABAAN Instructor, PSYC 70A EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 69

APPENDIX B Tabulation Sheet

Republic of the Philippines CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY Don Severino De Las Alas Campus Indang, Cavite

“THE EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS OF CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY- MAIN CAMPUS”

Level 1. Smell Matching Test With Vision

ODORS MATCHED NOT MATCHED 1. Calamansi-scented Detergent 2. Calamansi-scented Dishwashing Liquid

3. Calamansi fruit 4. Lemon-scented Dishwashing Liquid

5. Lemon fruit

6. Lemon Powdered Juice

7. Mandarin Orange Score:

Level 2. Smell Matching Test Without Vision ODORS MATCHED NOT MATCHED 1. Calamansi-scented Detergent 2. Calamansi-scented Dishwashing Liquid

3. Calamansi fruit 4. Lemon-scented Dishwashing Liquid

5. Lemon fruit

6. Lemon Powdered Juice

7. Mandarin Orange Score:

______Signature over printed name

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 71

APPENDIX C Samples of Signed Informed Consent Forms

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 87

APPENDIX D Samples of Raw Data

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 103

APPENDIX E Raw Scores of the Participants in Levels 1 and 2

Scores without Suspension of Vision (Level 1)

Verbal Participant Score Description Interpretation

High Odor The participant can A 7 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

Average Odor The participant can B 4 Matching fairly match the Performance odorants.

High Odor The participant can C 7 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

High Odor The participant can D 5 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

High Odor The participant can E 7 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

High Odor The participant can F 7 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

The participant Low Odor experienced G 3 Matching difficulty in Performance matching pairs of

odorants.

High Odor The participant can H 7 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

High Odor The participant can I 7 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

The participant Low Odor experienced J 3 Matching difficulty in Performance matching pairs of odorants.

High Odor The participant can K 7 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

The participant Low Odor experienced L 2 Matching difficulty in Performance matching pairs of odorants.

High Odor The participant can M 5 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

The participant Low Odor experienced N 3 Matching difficulty in Performance matching pairs of odorants.

High Odor The participant can O 7 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

Total Scores: 81 High OMP High OMP: 10 Mean Score: 5.4 Average OMP: 1 Low OMP: 4

Scores with Suspension of Vision (Level 2)

Verbal Participant Score Description Interpretation

High Odor The participant can A 7 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

The participant Low Odor experienced B 3 Matching difficulty in Performance matching the pairs of odorants. The participant Low Odor experienced C 3 Matching difficulty in Performance matching the pairs of odorants. The participant Low Odor experienced D 3 Matching difficulty in Performance matching the pairs of odorants. The participant Low Odor experienced E 3 Matching difficulty in Performance matching the pairs of odorants. The participant Low Odor experienced F 0 Matching difficulty in Performance matching the pairs of odorants. The participant Low Odor experienced G 1 Matching difficulty in Performance matching the pairs of odorants. The participant Low Odor experienced H 3 Matching difficulty in Performance matching the pairs of odorants.

The participant Low Odor experienced I 2 Matching difficulty in Performance matching the pairs of odorants. The participant Low Odor experienced J 1 Matching difficulty in Performance matching the pairs of odorants.

High Odor The participant can K 7 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

The participant Low Odor experienced L 0 Matching difficulty in Performance matching the pairs of odorants. The participant Low Odor experienced M 0 Matching difficulty in Performance matching the pairs of odorants. The participant Low Odor experienced N 2 Matching difficulty in Performance matching the pairs of odorants.

High Odor The participant can O 7 Matching easily match the Performance odors.

Total Scores: 42 Low OMP High OMP: 3 Mean Score: 2.8 Average OMP: 0 Low OMP: 12

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 108

APPENDIX F Statistical Computation of the Data

Scores Obtained in the Pretest and Posttest Experiment PARTICIPANT PRETEST POSTTEST DIFFERENCE

(x) (y) (d) A 7 7 0 0 B 4 3 1 1 C 7 3 4 16 D 5 3 2 4 E 7 3 4 16 F 7 0 7 49 G 3 1 2 4 H 7 3 4 16 I 7 2 5 25 J 3 1 2 4 K 7 7 0 0 L 2 0 2 4 M 5 0 5 25 N 3 2 1 1 O 7 7 0 0 TOTAL 81 42 39 165 N= 15

Computation of the Statistic test:

√ √ √

√ √ √

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING VISION TO THE ODOR MATCHING PERFORMANCE 110

APPENDIX G Documentation

First Dry Run Testing

Second Dry Run Testing

Signing of Informed Consent Forms

Preparation for the Actual Experiment

Pre-Test (Level 1 – Smell matching test with vision)

Participants during break time

Post-Test (Level 2 – Smell matching test with suspension of vision)

Comments of the Panelists:

1. At least one week interval in performing the pretest and posttest experiment.

2. Change research title‘s dependent variable from odor identification performance to odor matching performance.

3. Provide a table for statement of the problem # 4.

4. Table names above the tables.

5. Explain how and why cognitive psychology benefits.

6. State a concrete and specific type of adolescents that will benefit in the study.

7. Simplify more the tables.

Group 5:

Alot, Ann Margarette E.

Ardina, Roider D.

Cruzada, Jeanouella Marie E.

Perez,Jon P.

San Juan, Jessa Elaine C.