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Scrubbing Scales, Saving Trees, Engaging Students

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Scrubbing Scales, Saving Trees, Engaging Students . •�. \ College Campus as a Living Laboratory: Scrubbing Scales, Saving Trees, Engaging Students LYNNE K. RIESKE, STACY BORDEN, BRIANNA DAMRON, NIC WILLIAMSON, MARY ARTHUR, AND ADRIENNE KINNEY pportunities formeaningful engagement of col­ The UK mair� campus occupies 384 ha (948 ac) with 0 lege students in their campus communitiesrare­ nearly 350 distincttree species. The beauty of the campus, ly focus on tree health, and even less frequently and its sense of community and identity, is enhanced address insect pests. Tree Campus USA certification by its 8,400 trees; the tree canopy covers approximately typically involves service-learning projects such as tree 17% of the total area. Protection and expansion of the plantings(Arbor Day Foundation2018), with little concern campus tree canopy is a priority for campus adminis­ forissues associated with insect infestations. The Urban trators. Substantial tree-centricefforts have been under­ Forest Initiative (UFI), a consortium of urban tree inter­ way for the past decade, including a 2010 tree-planting ests centered at the University of Kentucky,saw a unique initiative involving more than 500 trees on UK's cam­ opportunity in a calico scale infestation that was leading pus. More recently, certified arborists were appointed to tree decline on campus. The outbreak presented a as essential members of UK Facilities Management for chance to blend pest management and tree health with improved tree maintenance and proactive engagement student engagement to contribute to Tree Campus USA in infrastructuredevelopment to minimize tree-hard­ certification,for the greater good of both the campus tree scape conflicts (that is, conflicts with pavement, wires, canopy and the student volunteers ( see sidebar on UFI). and structures). Located in the heart of Lexington, the University of In addition to these beautificationefforts, UK is con­ Kentucky (UK) strives to navigate tensions between tinually seeking ways to utilize its campus as a living developing facilities to keep pace with an ever-growing laboratory, and several entitieshave developed multifac­ campus to support the needs of its student body while eted projects to increase student engagement in campus maintaining the beauty and ecosystem functions of its development, campus sustainability, and human health. green infrastructure. Space and infrastructure are at a Included in these ambitious ventures are support for premium forboth the universityand forthe city, which farm-to-tableprojects for locally sourced foodproducts, is situated in the geographically distinct Inner Bluegrass creative solutions forstorm water management, and ini­ Region. The region has a unique geologic substrate that tiatives to expand, promote, and engage with the urban supports rich grasslands where large, open-grown trees treecanopy. For UFI, transforming the UK campus into persist. Development, urbanization,and sparse resources a living laboratory involves garnering student engage­ and long-range planning threaten the distinct landscape ment and support to ensure the continued health and of the Bluegrass Region and its iconic trees, as does inva­ development of the campus tree canopy and to promote sion by non-native organisms. a sense of place forUK students. Providing a mechanism AmericanEntomologist • Volume 65, Number 1 43 for college students to engage in nature is proving critically in spring before producing >3,000 eggs per individual, important in students' emotionaland physical well-being which hatch into crawlers that migrate to newly expanding (Capaldi et al. 2015) and has become a major emphasis leaves. The feeding and settling behaviors of crawlers on in UFI's work plan (see sidebar on UFI). abaxial leaf surfaces along the midvein make manage­ ment with foliar sprays problematic, and the efficacy of Hiding in Plain Sight stem/trunkinjections is variable, apparently dependent A significant portion of the 500 trees in UK's 2010 tree on the translocation capacity of the host plant (Hubbard plantinginitiative were honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos and Potter 2006). Calico scale infests numerous landscape L., planted on main thoroughfares and as allees along trees such as maples, sweetgum, and crabapples, as well pedestrian conduits. Honey locust are fast-growing trees as honey locust, making the street and landscape trees tolerant of urban stresses. Their leaf morphology permits of urban areas especially susceptible. filtered light to penetrate, allowing grass or partial shade By 2017, scale infestations on the honey locust on the plants to grow, making them especially useful in urban UK campus had induced crown thinning and branch landscapes. Unfortunately, a substantial number of the dieback; sooty mold growing on the honeydew excreted honey locust trees planted in 2010 arrived on campus by the scales had blackened stems, branches, and twigs. with undetected infestations of the non-native calico The extent and location of the scale-infested trees ( adja­ scale, Eulecanium cerasorum (Cockerell). cent to a major automobile and pedestrianthoroughfare) Calico scale is polyphagous, univoltine, and parthe­ necessitated some type of management action but pre­ nogenetic, with a remarkable reproductivepotential that cluded traditional insecticide sprays. contributes to its pest status (Hubbard and Potter 2005). It is distributed throughout the U.S., with infestations An Opportunity for Engagement reported on both the East and West Coast, but is report­ The high-profile, scale-infested trees presented UFI with edly a more severe pest in the central states of Ohio and an opportunity to engage UK college students in the care Kentucky (USDA FS 2016). Calico scale overwinters on of their campus tree canopy while strengthening existing stems and main branches as nymphs, maturing rapidly partnershipsbetween UFI and UKFacilities Management. Because of prior success in working with the Alpha Phi Omega (APO) Service Fraternity, UFI reached out to their leadership to collaborate on a "Scale Scrub" event. Urban Forest Initiative The Scale Scrub involved physically scrubbing calico Since 2014, the Urban Forest Initiative scale offinfested honey locust using some very basic (UFI) has championed the perception, tools, along with the APO students' enthusiasm and value, and function of the urban forest willingness to care for their campus trees. The project on the University of Kentuckycampus and beyond. These efforts, along with was designed to allow evaluation of the effectiveness of strong collaborations with campus and three treatments for suppression of scale populations: community partners, have achieved 1) insecticidal soap+ scrubbing significant and positive impacts on public awareness of and active in­ 2) water+ scrubbing volvement in the support, care, and expansion 3) dry scrub (scrubbing alone) of our local tree canopy. UFI provides a dynamic framework for opportunities to partner across organizational and community The results from these three treatments were com­ boundaries to enhance urban forests. Collaborators bring a wide pared with results from untreated controls. Additional­ array of skills and expertise from academia, government, private ly, we conducted pre- and post-assessments regarding industry, and non-profits. UFI is heavily reliant on student interns, the tree and pest knowledge of the APO volunteers, as who support our activities and help drive our success. UFl's cur­ rent efforts include: well as their engagement with the campus tree canopy. ■ Development of a cross-disciplinary Urban and Community For­ estry Certificate for UK undergraduates to help address the needs Our Approach of a growing industry We recruited 42 APO student volunteers to scrub cal­ ico scale from trees on two consecutive days, 8 and 9 ■ Support for Tree Campus USA efforts at UK and surrounding - April 2017. campuses to increase tree health and meaningfully engage stu­ dents in connecting with their campus trees Experimental trees. Trees were even-aged, with an average diameter of 12. 7 cm at 1.37 m above ground level ■ The Adopt-a-Tree Program forK-college students, which helps (range 9-20 cm). We identifiedsuitable trees and used a participants understand the ecosystem benefits that urban trees provide and provides a mechanism to connect with nature randomized block design with four trees per block and a total of 20 blocks to evaluate scale suppression treat­ ■ Free campus and community workshops and events that engage ments. Blocking was based on the trees' proximity to one the broader community in a greater understanding of the value and care of urban trees another and their location relative to a major thorough­ fare and sidewalk. ■ Free public lectures highlighting nationally known urban and community forest experts to engage the general public and cam­ Treatments. Students were grouped into teams of pus and create opportunities for community building three, and each team was equipped with a standard toilet brush, a standard toilet brush attached to a 1.8 m 44 AmericanEntomologist • Spring2019 scale density across treatments, evaluating the effects of block, road, tree, and canopy level ( upper versus lower canopy; SAS Institute 2011). Additionally, we conducted a one-minute scale count on six randomly selected blocks of trees (N = 24) three weeks after the Scale Scrub event. Two independently trained observers counted scales at accessible heights on each tree for a one-minute period. The mean of the two counts was calculated, and a general linear model ( GLM)
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