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Migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

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Migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development September 2018 Readers are encouraged to reproduce material from ODI publications for their own outputs, as long as they are not being sold commercially. As copyright holder, ODI requests due acknowledgement and a copy of the publication. For online use, we ask readers to link to the original resource on the ODI website. The views presented in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of ODI. © Overseas Development Institute 2018. This work is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. Foreword Louise Arbour, UN Special Representative for International Migration Migration is an overwhelmingly positive story. The web of interactions between host communities, migrants and those locations from which they travel is one of great economic, social and cultural richness. Yet the full potential and nature of this relationship is not sufficiently understood. As migration emerges as a global issue requiring global solutions, there is a risk that development policies are only considered as tools to address the root causes of migration, or that aid is used to deter migration from low-income countries. Instead, it is important to consider how migration can facilitate development and improve opportunities for all. I am therefore delighted to welcome this series of briefings which explore how migration can help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from gender equality to urbanisation, climate change and poverty reduction. These briefings are essential reading for anyone tasked with implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, yet unsure about the how and whether migration can help achieve specific SDGs. The evidence presented here clearly shows that migration will impact the achievement of all goals, and that development will have an impact on future migration. It is crucial that we understand this interrelationship if we are to achieve our common goals of promoting safe, orderly and regular migration, and holistic sustainable development. Contents Foreword 1 Louise Arbour, UN Special Representative for International Migration Overview 5 Marta Foresti and Jessica Hagen-Zanker with Helen Dempster Poverty, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 15 Jessica Hagen-Zanker, Hannah Postel and Elisa Mosler Vidal Decent work, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 33 Richard Mallett Urbanisation, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 53 Paula Lucci, Dina Mansour-Ille, Evan Easton-Calabria and Clare Cummings Gender equality, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 69 Tam O’Neil, Anjali Fleury and Marta Foresti Education, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 83 Susan Nicolai, Joseph Wales and Erica Aiazzi Health, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 101 Olivia Tulloch, Fortunate Machingura and Claire Melamed Social protection, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 115 Jessica Hagen-Zanker, Elisa Mosler Vidal and Georgina Sturge Water and sanitation, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 131 Guy Jobbins, Ian Langdown and Giselle Bernard Energy, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 147 Andrew Scott, Leah Worrall and Sam Pickard Citizenship, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 165 Katy Long, Elisa Mosler Vidal, Amelia Kuch and Jessica Hagen-Zanker Technology, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 181 Stephen Gelb and Aarti Krishnan Climate change, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 201 Emily Wilkinson, Lisa Schipper, Catherine Simonet and Zaneta Kubik 3 Overview Marta Foresti and Jessica Hagen-Zanker with Helen Dempster 1 Migration, development and the The 2030 Agenda is well placed to reflect and exploit 2030 Agenda the links between migration and development for three reasons. First, the 2030 Agenda is the first international Migration is one of the defining features of the 21st development framework to include and recognise century. It contributes significantly to all aspects migration as a dimension of development. The Agenda of economic and social development everywhere, includes migration related targets and recognises its and as such will be key to achieving the Sustainable important contribution to sustainable development, Development Goals (SDGs). while acknowledging the specific vulnerabilities migrants Although the relationship between migration and may face (UN, 2015). development is increasingly recognised, it remains under- Second, as we show here, migration interacts with explored. We know that a lack of opportunities and all dimensions of development. The multi-disciplinary investment in origin countries can drive migration. But and cross-sectoral nature of the 2030 Agenda is a we also know that migration can improve development useful platform to assess the impact of migration and and investment in origin countries, fill labour gaps and human mobility on a range of development issues foster innovation in host countries, and can contribute to (Lönnback, 2014). This is not just important in terms development along the journey (or, in ‘transit countries’). of problem analysis but also offers opportunities for It is an effective poverty reduction tool – not just for finding policy solutions. migrants themselves, but also for their families and their Finally, and crucially, the 2030 Agenda is supported wider communities. by the necessary political ‘traction’ in different member Migration can contribute to positive development states and in the multilateral system. The impacts of outcomes and, ultimately, to realising the goals of the migration can be felt at all stages of the journey – 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (the ‘2030 notably in both origin and host countries – and as such Agenda’). To do this, we need to understand the impact it interacts with different sectors, requiring coordination of migration on the achievement of all SDGs, and – between multiple actors and enhanced coherence across equally – the impact this achievement will have on future policies. This kind of coordination is only possible with migration patterns. As member states and international high-level buy-in, something the SDGs have already institutions are starting to discuss how to implement secured. Furthermore, the SDGs’ multi-disciplinary the Global Compact for Migration (GCM), it is more nature increases the potential for multi-stakeholder important than ever to understand these links and their collaboration (Mosler Vidal, 2017). implications for policy. In a series of 12 policy briefings, the Overseas 1.1 How does migration feature in the 2030 Agenda? Development Institute (ODI) has analysed the links The 2030 Agenda includes a number of targets which between migration1 and development outcomes recognise the economic value of migrants including SDGs in key areas: poverty, decent work, urbanisation, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16 and 17 (Table 1). In particular, target gender, education, health, social protection, water 10.7 – the cornerstone of migration in the 2030 Agenda and sanitation, energy, citizenship, technology and – calls for the facilitation of ‘safe, regular and responsible climate change. Each briefing explores how migration migration’ and the implementation of ‘well-managed affects different kinds of development outcomes and, migration policies’. in turn, the achievement of the SDGs. It also offers Outside these targets, however, the Agenda is silent on pragmatic recommendations to ensure that migration is the broader contribution of migration to development incorporated into the 2030 Agenda and contributes to outcomes. These omitted and ‘indirect’ links between positive development outcomes. migration and development are the focus of our work. 1 The main focus of the project was on international labour migration, though the briefings also considered internal migration (notably the briefing on urbanisation) and forced displacement (particularly the briefings on climate change and education). 5 Table 1 The targets that mention migration 4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries in particular LDCs, SIDS and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and ICT, technical, engineering and scientific programmes in developed countries and other developing countries 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms 8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3% the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5% 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children 17.18 By 2020,
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