Title: Post-mining tourism in Upper and Czech-Moravian country

Author: Marzena Lamparska

Citation style: Lamparska Marzena. (2019). Post-mining tourism in and Czech-Moravian country. "Journal of Geography, Politics and Society" Vol. 9, iss. 2 (2019), s. 57-68, DOI 10.26881/jpgs.2019.2.06

Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 2019, 9(2), 57–68 https://doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2019.2.06

Post-mining tourism in Upper Silesia and Czech-Moravian country

Marzena Lamparska

Faculty of Earth Science, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60, 41-205 Sosnowiec, , ORCID: 0000-0001-8574-9253 e-mail: [email protected]

Citation Lamparska M., 2019, Post mining tourism in Upper Silesia and Czech Morawian Country, Journal of Geography, Politics and Society, 9(2), 57–68.

Abstract Europe experiences the development of post-industrial tourism documenting the time of growth of traditional coal basins. Contemporarily, the processes of deindustrialization take place. The material resources of traditional industry are being liq- uidated – which is expensive, or are adapted for the needs of tourism, which gives a new chance of development for these regions which are by rule in a difficult economic situation. Polish coal basin where many industrial plants and coal mines were closed as a result of restructurizing may serve as an example. Similar processes, although in smaller a scope, occur in the . Some of the industrial objects and coal mines concentrate certain values that predestine them to be included in the group of post-industrial heritage: the Czech and Polish coal mines from the 19th century, or coking plants and steel plants – as Hlubina in Vitkovce. The idea of this article is to connect some Czech and Polish objects with one tourist route. The proposed tourist area starts in Czerwionka-Leszczyny and runs to Ostrava, and includes former industrial objects, old mines equipped with steam engines, patronage housing estates, coking plants, as well as mine waste dumps subjected to natural succession of vegetation. Creation of such route will allow to popularize the landmarks of post-industrial heritage for tourists of both countries, as well as will contribute to the development of services based on tourism. The route could become a com- mon training ground for students of polytechnic departments of mining and environment protection, as it illustrates both the former mining technological processes and the processes of renaturalization of dumping grounds. The visiting sites were selected on the basis of unified criteria such as their age, suitability for tourism and education, as well as because of their origi- nality, authenticity and uniqueness. The proposed tourist route will also connect the Polish Industrial Monuments Route with the monuments and mining museums in Ostrava.

Key words post-industrial heritage, tourist route, cross border, old mines, Upper Silesia, Czech-Moravian country

Received: 14 April 2019 Accepted: 29 May 2019 Published: 30 June 2019 58 Marzena Lamparska

1. The post-industrial Heritage space • ways of making information about the object for the post-industrial heritage tourism available, presentation and marketing (creation of the brand), single product or a chain one. Europe was the cradle of the Industrial Revolution. Europe as continent, is very attractive for tourists The legacy of the most radical change in economic – many of the tourist attractions here are classi- history is a crucial element in the continent’s identity fied as classics of the genre, and a large number of (Richards (ed.), 2001). Yet, as a result of modern struc- them have been tourist attractions since the times tural changes, many parts of Europe have de-indus- of the Grand Tour. There are Greek and Roman ruins, trialised, leaving unemployment and physical der- famous European museums, pearls of architecture eliction. Dealing with such sites is expensive, calling such as Venice in Italy, Vatican City, and Paris, and for innovative solutions; a redundant plant is rarely their museums and cabarets. All of them have been viewed as a heritage resource, as industrial history visited many times since the 18th century (Richards is a common European heritage and the protection (ed.), 2001; Urry, 2002). Mines were also among these of such sites is such a difficult task It was considered attractions. We should remember that the 18th cen- an issue that could be appropriately tackled through tury was also the time of the industrial revolution. co-operation between many partners: financial Back then, tourists admired the achievements of en- backers, governments, and even international part- gineering genius in mines (Dorstewitz, 2014). ners (Cizler, 2014; Our common..., 2001). A new cul- Modern Europe has once again “given” something tural and tourist space in Europe has developed over new to the world – for example, experience in clos- the last 50 years as a result of the joint work of these ing down large-scale traditional industries and the partners As a result of the joint work of the partners, creation of new functional spaces, as well as a new a new cultural and tourist space in Europe has devel- brand of tourist attractions (Berger et al., 2018). oped over the last 50 years. It is marked by material Nowadays, tourism is becoming an important structures, which are already historic, and consist of part of the existence of a multicultural, multi-ethnic post-industrial facilities concentrated in the former society. D. MacCannell (1989) wrote about tourism mining districts constituting the material basis of as “the new world religion”. The altars of this “new re- the post-industrial heritage (Hospers, 2002). In the ligion” are the countless tourist attractions; and pil- sphere of the heritage, there are also intangible as- grimage, which is a form of worship – the journey to sets: the history of technical, social and economic the place of attraction. A post-industrial mindscape? achievements of the inhabitants of the continent, However, the essence of the tourist experience the ethos of workers’ life and work (Ujma-Wasowicz, is in consumption of the tourist product, which Sulimowska-Ociepka, 2017). The areas where the must be novel and original. In Europe, in the post- most of those resources have been found and where industrial societies, the centres of former industrial their civilization and culture-forming role has been fame have been turned into such places. They are recognized as cultural heritage are located in: Great frequently visited and they have become a part of Britain: Midlands, Wales, southern Scotland, France: the culture of touristic choices of the inhabitants of Nord pas de Calais, Loire coal mining basin, Saar the continent (Parinello, 1993). These products are Warndt coal mining basin, Vogeses and Jura coal mining and post-mining landscapes, underground mining basins, Germany: Saarland and Ruhr, Poland tour routes, and cultural and entertainment events and the Czech Republic: Wałbrzych Basin and Upper taking place in the historic halls of the old factories Silesia Coal Basin, Belgium and Spain (Cizler, 2014, or in underground areas in the old mines. This is an Pinter et al., 2017). integral part of the material and immaterial heritage The process of creating the cultural and tourist which has been shaping up for the past 250 years. value of those facilities and centres consists of sever- The heritage, very diverse one, has been recognized al stages, the most important of them are (Ashworth as a tourist resource, which is the youngest group of Larkham (eds.), 1994; Lamparska, 2017): historical monuments of culture identifying cultural • recognition of their value (for the history of tech- and civilizational identity of the European conti- nology, architecture, culture as a settlement doc- nent (Terlouw, 2011, Gőrmar et al., 2019). Their im- ument), portance is also significant for the history of culture • valorising (determining the rank of their value for and industry in the whole world. Several objects culture and tourism from the local to the world have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage scale), List. They include the Nord pas de Calais complex • adaptation (reconstruction, a method of con- in France, the Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Com- structing information about the object), plex in Germany, the zinc, lead and silver ore mine in Post-mining tourism in Upper Silesia and Czech-Moravian Country 59

Tarnowskie Góry in Poland (Rautenberg, 2012; Lam- documents historical monuments of the continent’s parska, 2017). industry, is the most important proof of importance Heritage tourism is a special form of tourism in of the post-industrial tourism. Below, there is a pro- which tourists explore and commune with the past posal of such a route, because the author assumes by experiencing historical artifacts and living envi- it should be included in the list of the routes of the ronments during their trips (this definition empha- project which have been marked out so far. This pa- sizes and characterizes a difference in tourist experi- per introduces an idea to create a thematic tourist ence in this kind of tourism) (Edson, 2004; Thimothy, route in the south-western part of the Upper Sile- Boyd, 2006). Industrial heritage tourism combines sia coal basin, between Czerwionka-Leszczyny near tourist activities and industrial culture relics which Rybnik and Ostrava. The key tourist values will be present and preserve the historical, technological, old mines and mining and post-mining landscapes, social, and architectural values of industrial tradi- steel works, and coking plants. The goal of creating tions. Post industrial heritage tourism is an impor- such a route is to preserve and show tourists places tant part of cultural tourism. This last one involves of historical and cultural significance, created as part visits to cultural attractions and events. The currently of the development of traditional industry in this most accepted definition is given by the Association part of the Industrial Region called Upper Silesian for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS): “Cultural Coal Mining Basin. I would like to characterize select- tourism is the movement of persons to cultural at- ed historic buildings in the mines areas, mine shafts, tractions away from their normal place of residence, workers’ settlements, mining machinery and equip- with the intention to gather new information and ment, reclaimed land (former brown fields) and re- experiences to satisfy their cultural needs” (Richards, claimed old dumps as tourist attractions. These sites 2000, p. 3). In addition, it at the same time can edu- are very popular with “3E” tourists (3E: environment, cate and raise tourists’ appreciations, bring up nos- education, entertainment). While this type of tour- talgic affections for local sites, project the image of ism is relatively new, it is not a small niche. glorious industrial achievements, and revitalize local economy (Alonso et al., 2010). By stressing the value of the industrial past and present, an industrial area’s 2. Why the thematic route in this cross-border shift from a site of active production to a tourist at- region? traction may also enhance the local community’s sense of identity. C. Ryan (2002) perceived heritage Thematic routes are very popular trends of post- tourism as a type of alternative tourism where “sus- industrial heritage tourism development in today’s tained value creation” aims to benefit communi- world (Berti, 2013). The popularity of thematic tour- ties, environments, businesses and tourists. D. Mac- ist routes has increased over the last two decades, Cannell (1989) annotated it as “a museumization and has shown an enormous potential for tourists, of work”, which he terms “work display”, as a post- offering intercultural dialogue, and promoting the construction of conventional production culture on image of European traditional regions. However, the marking the death of industrial society. idea of thematic routes is at least as old as the Grand As industrial heritage culture set for tourism pur- Tour. The postindustrial heritage routes encour- poses, “work watching” becomes a normative prac- age tourists to participate in historical and cultural tice, in which both landscape and labour become activities raising awareness of our past (Regional interpreted and marketed for tourists (Wanhill, Routes…, 2001). Established on post-industrial ob- 2000). These definitions show how important post- jects and respecting social and cultural principles, industrial heritage tourism is in cultural life of the the postindustrial heritage routes linking sites repre- European society. Post-industrial heritage tourism is sent the „living past” (Moulin, Boniface, 2001). developing in Europe. This tourism crosses borders There are many places in the Region of Upper (in Saarland and Lorraine regions there are post-in- Silesia which can be considered milestones of Eu- dustrial routes). A set of revitalized industrial facili- ropean industrial history. Poland has the “Industrial ties located in the area of the geological unit known Monuments Route” which links the Silesian and Pol- as the Upper Silesian Coal Basin is a great example ish post-industrial heritage sites (Lamparska, 2017). of such tourism, focusing on the regions of southern However, Poland shares the Upper Silesia Coal Basin Poland and northern Czech Republic. On the Czech- with the Czech Republic (Jureczka et al., 2005). Un- Polish border there are post-industrial monuments fortunately, there is no existing international post-in- that can become the basis for establishing an inter- dustrial tourist route in this area. The route proposed national tourist route. Creation of the European net- in this article will link landscapes and sites which work of ERIH routes www.erih.net in the 1990s, which have left their mark on European industrial history 60 Marzena Lamparska in this part of Europe and this part of the Upper Sile- KWK “Pniówek”, KWK “Krupinski,” KWK “Zofiówka” sia Coal Basin. The route, running from Czerwionka- and KWK “Borynia” Coal Mine “May 1”, closed down Leszczyny in Poland to Ostrava in the Czech Repub- in 2001. The Czech part of the basin (called the lic, illustrates the development of industry sites in Karviná-Ostrava Basin) has gained great economic the Czech and Polish parts of the Industrial Region. importance after the establishment of independent The route could become a common training ground Czechoslovakia (Jureczka et al., 2005). A significant for learning, as well as research for students of Polish part of the energy sector and steel industry sector and Czech universities and polytechnic departments was based on coal from Ostrava. A large-scale indus- of mining and tourism. The route could also stimu- trialization has changed the image of the entire re- late the economic development of the service sec- gion (Uhelné hornictví..., 1985). Access to local coal tor and tourism in both countries. Western countries had particular importance for the growing industry. have for a long time been making efforts to preserve Currently operating mines in the Czech Republic are important monuments of the industrial period from located in the area of Karwina and Frydek-Mistek. demolition and to provide them with new roles in They are: “Karvina Mine” with two establishments. contemporary economies (Lamparska, 2017; Pinter “CSM Mine”, “Mine Darkov” mines in Paskov and et al., 2019). Outstanding examples of former indus- Frenštát. Nowadays both regions are experienc- trial activity – industrial buildings, areas, and excep- ing similar problems related to landscape changes tionally landscapes, have in some cases come un- precipitated by 200 years of mining activity. Issues der international protection as world heritage sites related to the closure and liquidation of mines are (Kolejka, 2016). also common, although they affect the Polish part The main attraction of these objects is included of the basin on a larger scale. Units of mining and in their history. The history of coal mining in the area post-mining landscapes are commonplace through- has more than 200 years. The oldest mines are: “Ig- out the basin, documenting the various methods of nacy” in Rybnik, „Orlova” colliery and „Azelm” near reclaim (Produkcja skały…, 2018). Development of Ostrava. The mine in Michalkowice is about 150 mining technology and digging methods also had years old. The mines in Ostrava-Vítkovice and Ostra- a great impact on the rate of transformation and va-Petrkowice are 150 years old as well. These old industrialization of landscape in neighborhoods of mines are no longer operational, but they serve as mines in Poland and in the Czech Republic. These monuments to old mining. Presently, the Upper Sile- changes were mainly visible in: high concentration sian Coal Basin is home to some of the most modern of industrial and residential infrastructure, growing mines in this part of Europe. These are mine “Fryd- density of road infrastructure and vanishing or mar- land” in the Czech Republic and mine “Morcinek 1”or ginalized farmland in favor of dumping grounds. “Budryk” in Poland. In the early nineteenth century the south-western part of the basin was divided be- tween the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prus- 3. The route project sia. It was a time of rapid development of traditional industries. Coal was the primary energy source In selecting objects that, in the author’s opinion, which gave an impetus to the development of the are the most interesting, both indoor and outdoor mining industry. Further intensification of produc- research was conducted. The outdoor research al- tion was affected by the expansion of railroads in the lowed to assess the diversity of landscape in the pre- mid-nineteenth century. These railroads linked the sented areas. The indoor research consisted of que- areas of exploitation with export markets in Europe rying libraries, archives and museums, where various (Dzieła techniki…, 2002; Jaros, 1975). After World current and archived materials have been studied War I, the northern part of the basin was shared by to enable the reconstruction of these sites’ history. Southern Poland and Czechoslovakia. Coal mining Interviews with the curators of museums in Rybnik from the basin supplied industrial plants of both were conducted, and web pages pertaining to min- regions. In that time, the north-western part of the ing in Poland and the Czech Republic were retrieved. basin was more important for Polish economy than A photographic documentation of selected historic the southern part. Intensification of the Rybnik coal buildings located in mining complexes, as well as basin development began after the Second World landscapes, has also been kept. War. In addition, existing mines were modernized The selection criteria of those objects are: (Coal Mine “Anna-Rydultowy”, Coal Mine “Marcel”, • exceptional historical importance in terms of in- Coal Mine “Chwałowice”, Coal Mine “Jankowice”, dustrial heritage which also offer a high quality Coal Mine “Dębieńsko”) and several new, very mod- visitor experience, ern, were built (KWK “Morcinek” liquidated in 2002 Post-mining tourism in Upper Silesia and Czech-Moravian Country 61

• historical authenticity with symbolic value and • site is a part cultural landscape of this region, (ideally national) importance in Europe’s indus- • the age of the mine, trial history, • the presence of listed buildings under legal pro- • recounts its history with imaginative interpreta- tection, tion and exhibitions – this includes on-site visits, • the presence of archives, memorial halls, and mu- demonstrations of factory operations, seums on the site’s premises. • illustrates processes of natural reclaim,

1. The Dębieńsko coal mine in Czerwionka-Leszczyny, Poland. 2. The old dumping ground in Czerwionka-Leszczyny, Poland. 3. The historic patronage housing estate of the coal mine “Dębieńsko”, Poland. 4. The mine “Ignacy” in Rybnik-Niewiadom (Rydułtowy), Poland. 5. Mining Museum, situated on Anselm mine area, Ostrava, the Czech Republic. 6. Michal Mine in Ostrava, the Czech Republic. 7. Hlubina, Dolní Oblast Vitkovice, Ostrava, the Czech Republic.

Fig. 1. The plan of proposed route Source: Lamparska, 2017. 62 Marzena Lamparska

In case of old dump areas and old pits, ecological plant, it is only accessible to guided tourist groups assessments have been used to determine those (fig. 2). objects’ value in the natural reclaim process, as well Another site worth seeing is the old dumping as their aesthetics. It was acknowledged that certain ground in Czerwionka-Leszczyny, where old shafts dumps have been incorporated into the cultural of mine Dębieńsko were located (number 2 on fig. landscape. The idea and the initial draft of the route 1, tab. 1, fig. 2). The dumps have been present there have emerged after a series of field exercises organ- for over 100 years and are an integral element of the ised by geographers of Earth Science Faculty of the landscape of this part of Czerwionka-Leszczyny. The University of Silesia, to Rybnik and Ostrava. It has dumping ground originally included 5 dumps, de- been directed at the local governments where the posit tanks and a flat heap. Conical dumps reached mines are located. The proposal has also been pre- the height of 351m above sea level. The relative sented at an international conference dedicated to height of the highest one is about 75 metres. Post historic technological objects in Zabrze, and its ab- mining waste (rock mixed with fine coal fractions) stract was published in “Industrial Patrimony” n. 12, and coal washer tailings were stored there. Deposit anno VI, 2004, Part II, published by The International tanks collected slush. The contents of hard coal in Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial waste are estimated at 10 to 12%. Pyrite concentra- Heritage (TICCIH; http://ticcih.org/) in Paris. It has tions in the chemical contents of waste reach 0.9%, also been presented to museums and societies who so the dumps show thermal activity. Currently, two promote and preserve mining traditions in the Pol- cones are being deconstructed in order to recover ish part of the Industrial Region. The tourist facilities coal and obtain building material for roads and described in the article were included in the “tour- highways. The other three cones have been subject ism among mining shafts” trail, running through the to reclamation processes. Trees and shrubs were entire area of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. There- planted in the 1980s. Research carried out in the re- fore, they were among the 100 most important cent years suggests continuous natural succession and most characteristic objects documenting the of vegetation on the waste dumps. Lower parts of cultural identity of Silesia and the Moravian Region the dumps are dominated by deciduous trees (in- (Lamparska 2017). Brief characteristics of potential cluding silver birch), and upper partsby black cherry post-industrial tourist values and cultural events in and black locust. There are a few species represent- the Polish-Czech border area is presented in tab. 1. ing vegetation in the uppermost part of the dumps The first group of objects included in the sug- (Zając, Zarzycki, 2013). Dumps of post-floatation gested tourist route comprises several sites in the waste and coal washer tailings, which belong to the direct neighbourhood of coal mine “Dębieńsko” in mine and take up the area of about 100 ha, are also Czerwionka-Leszczyny (number 1 on fig. 1, tab.1). gradually being overgrown with vegetation. Conical The mine was put into liquidation in 2001, after dumps have high landscape values, creating specific 102 years of operation. For all that time, the mine culminations in the rural landscape of Czerwionka. has had a tremendous impact on the transformation They have grown into the cultural landscape of the of landscape of the Czerwionka-Leszczyny region, neighborhood, emphasizing the mining nature of giving it typically mining-related features (Jureczka, this part of region. During periods of barometric 2005). During the earliest period of work, coal had depression, gas emissions, mainly of carbon dioxide been mined using open-pit or shallow shaft meth- from carboniferous shales burning inside, are re- ods, as outcrops of coal seams, situated in the area of ported in some dumps, even those which are com- Dębieńsko. The beginnings of the colliery date back pletely overgrown with vegetation. Nevertheless, to 1853, when Wilhelm Schneider started a mine the dumps are an interesting element among the named “Dubensko”. During the Nazi occupation, it agricultural and forest landscapes of the Czerwionka belonged to Herman Goering’s armaments concern. region (Lamparska-Wieland, Waga, 2002). After World War II, this mine worked as a very impor- Mine “Dębieńsko” includes a complex of historic tant colliery in this region, where coking coal was housing estates built for the miners. The historic pa- mined. Currently, after 12 years of inactivity, there tronage housing estate of the coal mine “Dębieńsko”, are proceedings aimed at reopening the mine. A dip- in Czerwionka-Leszczyny, is one of several workers’ heading is being built, which will make it possible settlements established in Upper Silesia (number 3 to access rich coking coal deposits. Buildings on the on fig. 1, tab.1.). It was built between 1899 and 1916. surface have been modernized; of all 19th-century The houses there still have their residents. The build- buildings, only the pithead has been preserved. As ing material was red brick. The houses have wooden it is situated within the area of an operating mining gable roofs and are distinguished by high architec- tural diversity. The complex, set on the rectangular Post-mining tourism in Upper Silesia and Czech-Moravian Country 63

Tab. 1. Brief characteristics of potential post-industrial tourist values in the Polish-Czech border area Number Object name and ad- Short description Tourist attraction and values Homepage and interesting links of object dress in fig. 1. 1. The Dębieńsko coal Working coal, Architecture of buildings, and https://fkzrow.pl/kopalnie/czerwion- mine in Czerwionka- limited acces for Museum for Memory ka-leszczyny/debiensko Leszczyny, Poland, tourists, acces- Liquidated Mines in this re- www.twgs.pl Czerwionka Leszczyny 3 sible to guided gion, post-mining landscape maja 15 str. Poland tourist groups 2. Old dumbs areas, Chro- Living laboratory Landscape of dumps (the https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ brego str, Czerwionka of biological pro- iconic landmark of Silesian Kopalnia_W%C4%99gla_ Leszczyny. Poland cess of reclaim, landscape), natural reclaim Kamiennego_D%C4%99bie% open access process, space open for tour- C5%84sko www.twgs.pl ists and walkers 3. The historic patronage The district is Urban tourism, landscape, http://familoki.com.pl/sample-page/ housing estate of the a part of the town architecture, lokal events, jak-dojechac/ coal mine “Dębieńsko”, The houses there markets, Corpus Christi Czerwionka-Leszczyny, still have their celebration in local church streets: Wolności, residents, open Słowackiego, Generała access for tourists Hallera, Kombatantów, Mickiewicza, Szkolna. Poland 4. The mine “Ignacy” in The oldest colliery Two steam machines, (XIX http://kopalniaignacy.pl/ www.twgs. Rybnik-Niewiadom in this region, century), The tower was erect- pl (Rydułtowy), Ryb- available for ed on a 306-metre-high above nik – Niewiadom, individual tourists sea level hill, architecture val- Mościckiego 3 str., 44- and groups, open ues, post-mining landscapes, 273 Rybnik. access local events, markets Poland 5. Landek Park, Mining Former Anselm A unique exhibition of the http://www.landekpark.cz/pl Museum Pod Landekem Mine, open air Mining Museum highlights www.twgs.pl 64, 725 29 Ostrava — museum, under- the evolution of coal mining Petřkovice. The Czech ground tourist in the Ostrava-Karvina region, Republic route, as well as mining technology, open access for and rescue services. It is the tourists, hotel, largest exhibition of its kind cafetieres, restau- in the world. Local cuisine, rants events, landscape 6. Michal Mine, Nám. National Cultural Michal Mine: extremely valu- www.dul-michal.cz Armády 95 str, 715 00 Landmark of the able authentic industrial site www.twgs.pl Ostrava – Michálkovice. Czech Republic, in terms of construction and The Czech Republic open air museum, technical equipment open access for tourists 7. The Vítkovice complex The Vitkovice An industrial open air mu- http://www.dolnivitkovice.cz/pl/ Dolní Oblast steel works, seum, open access for tourists, www.twgs.pl Ruská 2993 str., 703 00 metallurgy and The giant gas container for Ostrava-Vítkovice. machine engi- blast furnace gas (around 70 The Czech Republic neering m wide and 33 m high) has been modified into a concert hall for 1,500 visitors, a gallery, café, hotel, concerts, events Source: Lamparska, 2017 64 Marzena Lamparska

Fig. 2. The “Dębieńsko” mine in Czerwionka -Leszczyny Source: own study. plan, consists of about 90 multi-family or public in mining centres with centuries-long traditions. buildings with ridge roofs parallel to the road. Due to An analogous process of mine development can be its high historic and architectural values, the whole observed in the region of Kutna Hora in the Czech concept has been entered into the register of his- Republic, where large specialist mines developed toric monuments. in 16th and 17th century, along with the develop- Another object which could be included in the ing industry in the region. These were mines with suggested route is mine “Ignacy” in Rybnik-Niewia- a well-developed infrastructure for transportation, dom (Rydułtowy) (number 4 on fig. 1, tab. 1). drainage and ventilation of workings based on the This colliery started operating in 1792, thus being shaft system. In the south-western part of the Up- one of the oldest mines in this part of the coal basin. per Silesian Coal Basin, these mines developed dur- Mines “Sylwester”, “Biertułowy”, “Carolus” and “Laura” ing the turn of the 20th century; the best example of were opened in its neighbourhood in years 1834– this, besides mine “Ignacy”, is mine “Michał” situated 1870. Between 1922 and 1936, and later between in Ostrava Michałkowice (Dzieła techniki…, 2002; 1939 and 1945, the mine was named “Hoym” to hon- Jaros, 1975). The concept of preservation of mining our the Prussian minister (governor) of the Silesian objects of mine “Ignacy” emerged in the late 1990s. province, in years 1871–1922 it was named “Hoym- It is an expression of local initiatives created with Laura”. From 1936 until 1939, it was called “Ignacy” to the development of tourist traffic and economic ac- honour the Polish President Ignacy Mościcki. Mine tivation of the region in mind. Shaft “Głowacki” and “Ignacy” with two shafts:”Głowacki” and “Kościuszko” the water tower are available for guided tours. What is now part of Coal Mine “Anna-Rydułtowy”. The is worth particular attention is a steam engine on story of spatial development of Mine “Hoym-Laura” shaft “Kościuszko”, and another steam machine on is a classic case of a “wandering mine”, which trans- shaft “Głowacki”. This complex of shafts and steam formed into a modern multi-shaft multi-level mine machines is over a hundred years old, and includes with specialist mining, draining, transporting and historic, but still working, technical facilities (fan, sorting functions (Dzieła techniki…, 2002). Mine diffuser). The complex of buildings has also been “Ignacy” has an origin similar to mines developed preserved, including the lamp room, baths, the shift Post-mining tourism in Upper Silesia and Czech-Moravian Country 65

Fig. 3. The colliery Ignacy Hoym in Rybnik Source: own study token room, transformer and compressor buildings, lamps and hand tools, visitors get a real taste of the storehouses and the 46-metre-high water tower. The hard work and dedication the men of the mines had. tower was erected on a high hill, 306 metres above The tour includes a view of mining in the original sea level, which is the highest point in the area and seams with wooden braces, mining machines and offers the best views in the neighbourhood (fig. 3). conveyor belts. The Mining Museum, opened in 1993 Mine “Ignacy” with post-mining landscapes varying but incorporating collections dating back to 1905, is in age may become a center of tourist traffic which based in a range of red brick colliery buildings, de- could record the history of hard coal mining, where signed by Viennese architects between 1890 and tourists could learn about the whole technological 1915 (Fragner, 2006; Hluščiková (ed.), 2001–2004). process of coal exploitation (Koncepcja..., 2000; Lam- Michal Mine, which history goes back to 1843, parska-Wieland, Rybałtowski, 2003). is an extremely valuable authentic industrial site Ostrava is the third city of the Czech Republic, in terms of construction and technical equipment and in the 19th and 20th centuries was the centre of (number 6, fig. 1, tab.1). The museum provides a heavily industrialised region, similar to that in Sile- visitors with a chance to look over all of the above- sia to the north. Some of the largest and most tour- ground work areas that a miner would have to go istically interesting industrial companies are located through to get to his shift. The tour includes the in the city of Ostrava. Located on the former Anselm dressing rooms, washrooms, registry, dispatching, Mine (one of the first to be established at the end and most importantly, the machine room, with its of the 18th century in what is today the Petřkovice original and unique equipment that had worked District of Ostrava), the Mining Museum was opened until 1993, when the mine was permanently closed. in the early 1990s (number 5 on fig.1, tab.1, fig. 4). The scene, intentionally left intact, without any artifi- A unique exhibition of the Mining Museum high- cial arrangements being made, gives the impression lights the evolution of coal mining in the Ostrava- as if work there has just ended. Some of the rooms Karvina region, as well as mining technology, and in the Museum house also other kinds of tempo- rescue services. In fact, it is the largest exhibition of rary exhibitions, often displaying works by foreign its kind in the world. With the collection of miner’s artists. Michal Mine underwent several changes. Its 66 Marzena Lamparska

appearance was significantly affected by its recon- struction which was completed in 1915. The first electric mining machinery, compressors and ro- tating converters were put into operation here in 1912. The buildings have been preserved in near-au- thentic form, as they looked at the turn of the 20th century. Thanks to this, the area was declared a Na- tional Cultural Landmark in 1995 (Hluščiková (ed.), 2001–2004). The Vitkovice steel works, located in the suburb of the same name near the city center, focuses on metallurgy and machine engineering (number 7, fig. 1, tab.1. fig 5). The Vitkovice Ironworks was built in Ostrava from 1828, following a suggestion made some 18 years earlier by the Scottish engineer John Baildon. Much of its finance was provided by Sa- lomen Mayer Rothschild. The first iron was produced from its blast furnaces in 1832. A rolling mill for rails was completed in 1847, a Bessemer steel plant in 1866, and a tube mill in 1883. There were extensive engineering shops and by-product plants. In 1938 the plant employed 18,860 people, a total that rose to 33,477 by 1944. The blast furnaces were blown out in 1998, and the remaining parts of the business, concerned chiefly with mechanical and construc- tional engineering, were privatized 2003. Much of the disused plant, the Hlubina Colliery, the coke ov- Fig. 4. Landek in Ostrava. Anselm Shaft ens and blast furnaces along Mistecka Street and the Source: own study steel plant and rolling mill on Ruska Street, including many 19th century buildings, have been declared

Fig. 5. The Vítkovice complex, Dolní Oblast Source: own study Post-mining tourism in Upper Silesia and Czech-Moravian Country 67 a National Cultural Monument, and are in process of Langdale Cotton Mill into an industrial heritage tourism conservation. This is one of the most substantial pro- attraction, Journal of Heritage Tourism, 5(1), 33–48. doi: jects of its kind in Europe, comparable with Volklin- 10.1080/17438730903469821 gen or Duisburg-Meiderich. The Vítkovice complex Ashworth Larkham P. (eds), 1994, Building a new heritage. Dolní Oblast underwent extensive reconstruction. Tourism, culture and identity in new Europe, Routledge Library Edition, Tourism, London. The giant gas container for blast furnace gas (around Berger S., Golombek J., Wicke C., 2018, Industrial Heritage and 70 m wide and 33 m high) has been modified into Regional Identities The mainstreaming and touristification a concert hall for 1,500 visitors, a gallery, café, etc., of industrial heritage in the Ruhr 2018, Routledge, London. based on design by leading Czech architect, Josef Berti E., 2013, Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe: New Pleskot. Blast Furnace no. 1 has become the start of Paradigms for the Territorial Project and Landscape. Al- a tour route, and the sixth energy central office has matourism, Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial De- become an industrial museum (project authored by velopment, 4(7), 1–12. doi:10.6092 Václav and Helena Zemánkovi). The expected date of Cizler J., 2014, The Role of Creative and Civil Initiatives in completion of the reconstruction was set for 2015. Transforming Post-Industrial Landscapes: A Case Study of Industrial Heritage Re-Use in the Czech Republic, Ar- chitecture and Civil Engineering, 12(3), 207–219. doi: 4. Conclusion 10.2298/FUACE1403207C Drostewitz P., 2014, Planning and Experimental Knowledge Production: Zeche Zollverein as an Urban Laboratory, Restoration of old industrial plants, including mines International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, as historic objects is a very valuable local initiative 38(2), 431–449. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12078 with trans-local impact and international signifi- Dzieła techniki – dobra kultury (Eng. Works of technology – cance. It activates creative industries, economy and cultural goods), 2002, series: Zabytki przemysłu i techniki education, especially in border areas. In many Eu- w Polsce T. 6, Politechnika Wrocławska, Wrocław. ropean regions, including the Czech Republic and Edson G., 2004, Heritage: Pride or passion, product or service? Poland, where a number of industrial plants are put International Journal of Heritage Studies, 10(4), 333–348. into liquidation because of economic conditions or doi:10.1080/1352725042000257366 complete exploitation of deposits, the mining indus- Fragner B. 2006, National Report for the Czech Republic. try is gradually becoming a history for people who TICCIH Congress 2006, http://ticcih.org/wp-content/ live there. uploads/2013/04/CzechRepublicRpt_06.pdf (accesed 03 March 2019). Preserving those objects as tourist attractions Görmar F., Harfst J., Simić D., Wust A., 2019: The Transformative is of great importance for tourism, which supports Power of Industrial Culture. From Concepts to Actions, Leib- budgets of communities, and also makes visitors fa- niz-Institut für Länderkunde & Institut für Geographie miliar with the mining history, tradition and technol- und Raumforschung, Graz, https://www.interreg-central. ogy, creating at the same time Europe-wide cultural eu/Content.Node/InduCult2.0/The-Transformative-Pow- heritage. er-of-Industrial-Culture.pdf (accessed 13 May 2019). The scale of tourist traffic in the objects is not of Hlušičková H. (ed.), 2001–2004, Technické památky v Čechách, a uniform character. The objects in the Czech Re- na Moravě a ve Slezsku. Příruční encyklopedie, I-IV (Eng. public are more popular and more frequently visited Technical Monuments in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, by tourists, all thanks to a well-considered market- I-IV), VCPD ČVUT, Prague. ing strategy. It can be verified through, to mention Hospers G-H. 2002. Industrial Heritage Tourism and Regional one thing only, visiting web pages. 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