JOURNAL of Applied Sports Sciences 02/2018 FRONT-HAND- SPEED IMPROVEMENT EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY IN

Radoslav Penov, Milen Chalakov National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”

ABSTRACT This article presents the development of an experimental methodology that aims to improve the speed of the front-hand punch in karate. The rationale behind developing this methodology is that the speed of the front-hand punch in karate is one of the most important criteria for the successful defeat of the opponent. In addition, the front-hand punch is one of the most commonly used punches during matches. The objective that we set was to study the effect of the application of the methodology we developed for the purpose of improving the speed of the front-hand punch (Kizami ) in karate. To accomplish this study, we used a computerized video system to register and analyze the speed of karate punches performed by the participants in the experiment. The results regarding the speed of the straight-hand punch were measured in the same way in order to provide identical conditions. Input data was processed by means of applied software for kinematic analysis. To prove the credibility of the registered data, we used statistical analysis methodology. We hope that by presenting our methodology in this article, more coaches will begin to use modern tools and methods in order to improve the quality of training in karate.

Key words: methodology, karate, punch, front hand, speed

INTRODUCTION (Chaabène et. al, 2015). A prerequisite for the There is a large number of hand punches high quality of assault technique is the exer- used in modern karate, as these punches are cises practiced in karate, which increase the also specific for this sport. These punches are speed of the punches (Marqueset. al., 2013). aimed at three body levels: low, middle, and The most commonly used offensive tech- high (Gedan, Chudan, and Jodan). Using these niques in karate used during a fight are strikes punches in high maneuverability and dynam- such as (gyakuzuki is the reverse punch, ics demands highly specialized technical prep- kizami zuki is the punch and oi zuki is the aration and physical and psychical stability on lunge punch) and the kicks (maegeri is the the competitor’s part (Bishop, 1989, Higaon- front kick and mawashi geri is the semicircu- na, 1985). lar kick) (Chaabène et. al, 2014). But punches Hand punches are easier to perform than are more likely to be applied because they of- kicks because they allow for keeping balance, fer better opportunities for successful striking which provides a more stable support. If the (Marques, 2013). technique is performed correctly, its power, According to Marquez Junior (Marques, speed, precision, and the damage on the op- 2014), the speeds which karate hand-fighting ponent cannot be denied (Habersetzer 1998, techniques are performed, as well as the fact Bogdanov, Ivanov 1972). that they are executed with a person facing the Karate is a successful fighting sport, be- opponent, increase the chance of successful cause the punches performed during a fight strikes. are with high speed, power and accuracy According to Nakayama (Nakayma, 2012),

Journal of Applied Sports Sciences 2018, Vol. 2, pp. 21 - 34 ISSN 2534-9597 (Print), ISSN 2535-0145 (Online) FRONT-HAND-PUNCH ... R. Penov, M. Chalakov speed is particularly important for offensive male competitors from National Sports Acad- techniques in karate because the high-speed emy “Vassil Levski” took part in the study. attack is difficult to defend. The average age of the participants was 22 After a systematic review of the speed of years, ranging from 19 to 26. Ranks in karate punch techniques in karate, we found that it varied from 5thKyu to 1st Dan. is of paramount importance to the fighter who Competitors (surveyed): must choose the best attack during the bout. 1. Ivaylo S. – Republican champion for (Barbanti, 2010) 2017, 3 kyu, brown belt. There is little information on this topic 2. Denis N. – Republican champion for (Marques, 2012) and there is no systematic re- 2017, 3 dan, black belt. view of velocity of the offensive techniques of 3. Martin M. – Republican champion 2018, the karate in combat sports literature (Franchi- 2 dan, black belt. ni, Del Vecchio, 2011) 4. Emre K. – third place Republican Cham- In order to improve and perfect karate pionship 2017, blue belt. techniques, trainees need to perform multiple 5. Nikolay N. – Republican champion – repetitions with maximum concentration and Team 2017, 5 kyu, blue belt. dedication. This, however, will not be enough 6. Antoine T. – Republican champion for if the training does not rely on proper physical 2014, 1 dan, black belt. and physiological principles (Marques, 2014). 7. Stancho S. – Republican champion 2017, 1 dan, black belt. Study Objective: 8. Vadim G. – Republican champion 2016, Studying the effects of the application of 3 dan, black belt. the methodology for targeted improvement 9. Miroslav M. – Republican champion of the speed of the front-hand punch (Kizami 2012, 1 dan, black belt. Tsuki) in karate. 10. Georgi A. – Republican champion 2013, 1 dan, black belt. Study Goals: To complete the tasks, the participants To reveal the importance of the speed of were divided into two groups: a test group the punch as inherent to technical mastery in and a control group. Both groups delivered a karate–do. straight-hand punch onto the target, and the To develop a methodology specifically results achieved were diligently recorded. We aimed at developing the speed of the punch. applied the specialized methodology aiming To analyze the effect of using this specific to develop the speed of the front hand punch training method. onto the test group for a period of five months. The methodology applied is shown in Table 2 METHODOLOGY and Table 3. The study was conducted by means of a The distribution of the persons surveyed computerized video system for registration by us in two groups is shown in Table 1. and analysis of the karate punch speed. Ten

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Table 1. Groups organization Control group Test group I. S. A. T. D. N. M. M. N. N. V. G. S. S. E. K. G. A. M. M.

Table 2. Applied methodology for the test group: Months I II III IV V Mandatory exercises used to build speed for the “Kizami tsuki” hand-punch 1. 10-Meter spring / reps. dosage dosage dosage dosage dosage Week 1 4Х10 6Х10 10Х10 12Х10 10Х10 Week 2 6Х10 8Х10 12Х10 10Х10 8Х10 Week 3 6Х10 10Х10 12Х10 10Х10 8Х10 Week 4 8Х10 10Х10 12Х10 10Х10 8Х10 2. 20-Meter spring / reps. Week 1 2Х20 6Х20 9Х20 10Х20 8Х20 Week 2 4Х30 7Х20 10Х20 8Х20 6Х20 Week 3 6Х20 9Х20 10Х20 8Х20 6Х20 Week 4 7Х20 9Х20 10Х20 8Х20 6Х20 3. 30-Meter spring / reps. Week 1 6Х30 7Х30 8Х30 7Х30 6Х30 Week 2 4Х30 6Х30 6Х30 6Х30 4Х30 Week 3 2Х30 3Х30 4Х30 3Х30 2Х30 Week 4 2Х30 3Х30 4Х30 3Х30 2Х30 4. 50-Meter spring / reps. Week 1 2Х50 3Х50 4Х50 3Х50 2Х50 Week 2 3Х50 4Х50 5Х50 4Х50 3Х50 Week 3 4Х50 5Х50 6Х50 5Х50 4Х50 Week 4 4Х50 5Х50 6Х50 5Х50 4Х50 5. 100-Meter spring / reps. Week 1 3Х100 4Х100 5Х100 4Х100 3Х100 Week 2 2Х100 3Х100 4Х100 3Х100 2Х100 Week 3 2Х100 2Х100 3Х100 2Х100 2Х100 Week 4 1Х100 1Х100 2Х100 1Х100 1Х100 6. Shuttles 3-6-9 meters/ reps. Week 1 2Х3-6-9 3Х3-6-9 4Х3-6-9 5Х3-6-9 4Х3-6-9 Week 2 3Х3-6-9 4Х3-6-9 5Х3-6-9 4Х3-6-9 3Х3-6-9 Week 3 3Х3-6-9 4Х3-6-9 5Х3-6-9 4Х3-6-9 3Х3-6-9 Week 4 3Х3-6-9 4Х3-6-9 5Х3-6-9 4Х3-6-9 3Х3-6-9

23 FRONT-HAND-PUNCH ... R. Penov, M. Chalakov

7. “Kizami tsuki” hand- punch 10 seconds/ reps. Week 1 2Х10 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 3Х10 Week 2 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 3Х10 2Х10 Week 3 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 3Х10 2Х10 Week 4 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 3Х10 2Х10 8. Kizami tsuki hand- punch and change of guard 10 seconds / reps. Week 1 2Х10 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 3Х10 Week 2 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 3Х10 2Х10 Week 3 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 3Х10 2Х10 Week 4 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 3Х10 2Х10 9. “Kizami tsuki” hand- punch and a feint tech- nique for Mawashi geri 10 seconds / reps. Week 1 2Х10 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 3Х10 Week 2 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 3Х10 2Х10 Week 3 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 3Х10 2Х10 Week 4 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 3Х10 2Х10 10. Shot-putting a heavy ball against a wall punch- bag reps. Week 1 2Х10 3Х10 4Х10 5Х10 4Х10 Week 2 3Х10 4Х10 5Х10 4Х10 3Х10 Week 3 3Х10 4Х10 5Х10 4Х10 3Х10 Week 4 3Х10 4Х10 5Х10 4х10 3Х10 11. “Kizami tsuki” hand- punchagainst elastic resis- tance. Week 1 3Х10 4Х10 5Х10 6Х10 5Х10 Week 2 4Х10 5Х10 6Х10 5Х10 4Х10 Week 3 4Х10 5Х10 6Х10 5Х10 4Х10 Week 4 4Х10 5Х10 6Х10 5Х10 4Х10

Description of exercises used by the test up. It is evident from the table with the dosage group for the development of speed when of this exercise that from January to March the performing “Kizami tsuki” hand-punch. number of the series increases and from April 10-Meter sprint – This exercise aims to de- to May the overall amount decreases. velop the quality of speed. It is performed from 20-Meter sprint –This exercise aims to a low-start position upon the coach’s signal at develop the quality of speed. It is performed the maximum speed possible. The exercise is from a low-start position upon the coach’s sig- performed in series with a 30-second break nal at the maximum speed possible. The exer- between the series. The exercise is performed cise is performed in series with 30-45 seconds after a very good general and special warm- of break between the series. The exercise is

24 JOURNAL of Applied Sports Sciences 02/2018 performed after a very good general and spe- position upon the coach’s signal. The athlete cial warm-up. From the table with the dosage sprints from the starting point to the 3-meter of this exercise, it is evident that from January mark, then sprints back to the starting point, to March the number of the series increases sprints to the 6-meter mark, sprints back to and from April to May the overall amount de- the starting point, and sprints to the 9-me- creases. ter marker and back. This exercise develops 30-Meter sprint – This exercise aims to speed and agility. It is performed after a very develop the quality of speed. It is performed good general and special warm-up. The break from a low-start position upon the coach’s sig- between the series is 2 minutes. It is evident nal at the maximum speed possible. The exer- from the table with the dosage of this exer- cise is performed in series with 45-seconds to cise that from January to March the number of 1-minute breaks between the series. The ex- the series increases and from April to May the ercise is performed after a very good general overall number decreases. and special warm-up. From the table with the “Kizami tsuki” hand-punch for 10 sec- dosage of this exercise, it is evident that dur- onds – This is one of the specialized exercises ing the first week of each month this exercise for developing speed of the upper limbs, and is done in more series and the number of series more particularly, it is the straight punch with decreases in each of the following weeks. the front hand. This exercise is performed in 50-Meter sprint – This exercise aims to de- pairs, as one participant holds a pinching pad velop the quality of speed. It is performed from at the level of the head and the other partici- a low-start position upon the coach’s signal at pant performs ‘Kizami tsuki” and aims to per- the maximum speed possible. The exercise is form as many techniques as possible within performed in series with a 1-minute break be- the 10-second interval. The coach measures tween the series. The exercise is performed af- the time and signals the beginning and the ter a very good general and special warm-up. end of the interval. The intermission between It is evident from the table with the dosage of the series is 1 minute. From the table with the this exercise that from January to March the dosage of this exercise, it is evident that the number of the series increases and from April number of the series increases from January to to May the overall number decreases. March and that it decreases from April to May. 100-Meter sprint – This exercise aims to “Kizami tsuki” hand-punch with change develop the quality of speed. It is performed of guard for 10 seconds – This is a special- from a low-start position upon the coach’s sig- ized exercise for developing speed of both nal at the maximum speed possible. The ex- the upper and the lower limbs. This exercise ercise is performed in series with 1,5-minute is performed in pairs, as one participant holds breaks between the series. The exercise is per- a pinching pad at the level of the head and formed after a very good general and special the other participant performs “Kizami tsu- warm-up. From the table with the dosage of ki”, then switches the guard position and the this exercise, it is evident that during the first punching hand and performs “Kizami tsugki” week of each month this exercise is done in again from the newly assumed guard. The ath- more series and the number of series decreases lete aims to perform as many techniques as in each of the following weeks. possible within the 10-second interval. The 3-6-9 Shuttle running. This exercise of coach measures the time and signals the be- shuttle running is performed from low-start ginning and the end of the interval. The inter-

25 FRONT-HAND-PUNCH ... R. Penov, M. Chalakov mission between the series is 1 minute. From kilograms. The athlete assumes “guard” po- the table with the dosage of this exercise, it is sition facing the wall punch-bag at a 3-meter evident that the number of the series increases distance and shot-puts the heavy ball towards from January to March and that it decreases the punch-bag. It is essential the push should from April to May. resemble biomechanically the “Kizami tsuki” “Kizami tsuki” hand-punch and a feint pinch as much as possible. The intermission technique for “Mawashi geri” – This is a between the series is 30 seconds. From the specialized exercise for developing speed of table with the dosage of this exercise, it is evi- both the upper and the lower limbs. This ex- dent that the number of the series increases ercise is performed in pairs, as one participant from January to March and that it decreases holds a pinching pad at the level of the head from April to May. and the other participant performs a feint tech- “Kizami tsuki” hand-punchagainst elastic nique for “Mawashi” Geri after which per- resistance – This exercise aims to develop the forms “Kizami tsuki”, then switches the guard explosive power of the upper limbs. It is per- position and the punching hand. The athlete formed after a very good general and special aims to perform as many techniques as pos- warm-up. An elastic band is used to provide sible within the 10-second interval. The coach elastic resistance. The athlete stands with his/ measures the time and signals the beginning her back towards a horizontal bar or a wall bar, and the end of the interval. The intermission to which one end of the elastic band is tied. between the series is 1 minute. From the table The athlete holds the other end of the elastic with the dosage of this exercise, it is evident band with the punching hand and performs that the number of the series increases from “Kizami tsuki”. The exercise is repeated 10 January to March and that it decreases from times at maximum speed and the intermission April to May. between the series is 1 minute. From the table Shot-putting a heavy ball against a wall with the dosage of this exercise, it is evident punch-bag – This exercise aims to develop the that the number of the series increases from explosive power of the upper limbs. It is per- January to March and that it decreases from formed after a very good general and special April to May. warm-up. The weight of the heavy ball is 3

Table 3. Applied methodology for control group: Months I II III IV V Exercises used to build speed for the “Kizami tsuki” hand-punch in the control group 1. 50-meter sprint Week 1 2Х50 4Х50 5 Х50 6Х50 7х50 Week 2 3Х50 5Х50 6Х50 7Х50 8х50 Week 3 4Х40 5Х50 6Х50 7Х50 8х50 Week 4 4Х50 5Х50 6Х50 7Х50 8х50

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2. Standing long jump Week 1 2х10 3х10 4х10 5х10 6х10 Week 2 3х10 4х10 5х10 6х10 7х10 Week 3 3х10 4х10 5х10 6х10 7х10 Week 4 3х10 4х10 5х10 6х10 7х10 3. “Kizami tsuki” hand- punch – maximum number per 20 seconds Week 1 2Х20 3Х20 4Х20 5Х20 6Х20 Week 2 2Х20 3Х20 4Х20 5Х20 6Х20 Week 3 2Х20 3Х20 4Х20 5Х20 6Х20 Week 4 2Х20 3Х20 4Х20 5Х20 6Х20 4. 6-9-12 Shuttle running Week 1 2Х6-9-12 3Х6-9-12 4Х6-9-12 5Х6-9-12 6Х6-9-12 Week 2 2Х6-9-12 3Х6-9-12 4Х6-9-12 5Х6-9-12 6Х6-9-12 Week 3 2Х6-9-12 3Х6-9-12 4Х6-9-12 5Х6-9-12 6Х6-9-12 Week 4 2Х6-9-12 3Х6-9-12 4Х6-9-12 5Х6-9-12 6Х6-9-12

Description of exercises used by the con- “Kizami tsuki” hand-punch – maximum trol group for the development of speed when number of repetitions for 20 seconds. This is performing “Kizami tsuki” hand-punch. a specialized exercise for developing speed of 50-Meter sprint – This exercise aims to both the upper and the lower limbs. This exer- develop the quality of speed. It is performed cise is performed in pairs, as one participant from a low-start position upon the coach’s sig- holds a pinching pad at the level of the head nal at the maximum speed possible. The ex- and the other participant performs “Kizami ercise is performed in series with a 1-minute tsuki”, then switches the guard position and break between the series. The exercise is per- the punching hand and performs “Kizami formed after a very good general and special tsugki” again from the newly assumed guard. warm-up. It is evident from the table with the The athlete aims to perform as many rep- dosage of this exercise that from January to etitions as possible in 20 seconds. The coach May the number of the series increases. measures the time and signals the beginning Standing long jump – This exercise devel- and the end of the interval. The intermission ops the explosive power of the lower limbs. between the series is 2 minutes. From the table It is performed after a very good general and with the dosage of this exercise, it is evident special warm-up. One series includes 10 rep- that the number of the series increases from etitions. The intermission between series is 1 January to May. minute. The athlete performs a long jump from 6-9-12 Shuttle running. This exercise is the starting position, then faces backwards and performed from low-start position upon the performs another long jump towards the star- coach’s signal. The athlete sprints from the ing position. A total of 10 repetitions are per- starting point to the 6-meter mark, then sprints formed. As the dosage table indicates for this back to the starting point, sprints to the 9-me- exercise, from January to May the number of ter mark, sprints back to the starting point, and the series increases. sprints to the 12-meter marker and back. This

27 FRONT-HAND-PUNCH ... R. Penov, M. Chalakov exercise develops speed and agility. It is per- x̄ = (Σ xi) / n formed after a very good general and special x̄ just stands for the “sample mean”; warm-up. The break between the series is 3 Σ means “add up”; minutes. It is evident from the dosage table xi “all of the x-values”; about this exercise that from January to May n means “the number of items in the sam- the number of the series increases. ple”. The results received regarding the speed Standard deviation – S. The formula for straight-hand punch of both groups were mea- standard deviation (SD) is sured in identical ways in order to provide the same test conditions for both groups. The data received were discussed with specialists in or- der to eliminate possible mistakes. The speed of the punch was recorded by means of Sony ​ PJ740 video camera, at 50 frames per second. Where Σ means “sum of”, Χ is a value in The camera was positioned perpendicularly to the data set, μ is the mean of the data set, and the sagittal axis of the punches, and the point Ν is the number of data points. of view was at the height of the punches. The Coefficient of variation - V%. The formula video recordings were further processed by for the coefficient of variation is: Kinovea video computer software for cin- Coefficient of Variation = (Standard De- ematic analysis. Only attempts that met the viation / Mean) * 100. requirements for the speed of the punch were In symbols: CV = (SD/x mean) * 100. analyzed. The data were further analyzed and averaged with regard of the phase periods RESULTS (Rathee, Magnes, Davis, 2014). The results The punch-speed in karate depends on the received through video recording were pro- correct performance of all phases included cessed by means of statistical method – de- in their execution. Figure 1 illustrates all the scriptive statistics: phases of the punch that were videotaped. Average values of indicators – X mean. Eventually, all punches performed were com- The sample mean formula is: pared with their correct execution.

Figure 1. Punch phases

After the first and the second measure- the control group. The results are shown in ments, regarding the speed parameters of the Figure 2 and Figure 3. punch, we received the following results for

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Figure 2. Average speeds of punches for the first measurement

Figure 3. Average speeds of punches for the second measurement After the first and the second measure- the test group. The results are shown in Figure ments, regarding the speed parameters of the 4 and Figure 5. punch, we received the following results for

Figure 4. Average speeds of punches for the first measurement

29 FRONT-HAND-PUNCH ... R. Penov, M. Chalakov

Figure 5. Average speeds of punches for the second measurement

Studying the speed of the Kizami Tsuki As a result of the training process we ap- punch in karate is an important part of the plied, indeed, we achieved improvements of training process and is connected to the correct the speed parameters of the punch. The results execution of the punch as well as with the in- we received are provided in the materials to ability of the opponent to perform the respec- follow. tive defensive techniques. Therefore, it was For the past period of training in the con- important to us to prove that the methodology trol group we observed no significant increas- we created leads to improving the speed of the es in the average maximum impact velocity by front-hand punch (Kizami Tsuki) in karate. 0.53 m/s. These results are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Generalized results of the two measurements for the control group

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Figure 7 presents the generalized values of serve a significant improvement in the average speeds measured for the test group before and maximum punch velocity by 1,72 m/s. after applying the methodology. Here, we ob-

Figure 7. Generalized results of the two measurements for the test group

In order to illustrate the progress of the two the achieved results of the two groups for the groups more clearly, a comparison between period of training is presented in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Generalized results after the training period

31 FRONT-HAND-PUNCH ... R. Penov, M. Chalakov

As Table 4 indicates, the average speed of of the two groups is 1, 40 m/s in favor of the the test group is significantly higher than that group that used the experimental methodol- of the control group. Respectively, the differ- ogy. ence between the average maximum speeds

Table 4. Statistical analysis

Indicator/Group Control Group Test Group X 8. 773 10. 162 S 0. 534 0. 350 V% 6. 086 3. 448

To calculate V% (the coefficient of varia- ear velocity of 5,83±2,54 to 10 m/s (Marques, tion) we needed to calculate the standard devi- Gianino, 2010), but the oi zuki without informa- ation S. The variation coefficient was obtained tion about the target of the attack was of 5,52 by applying the following formula: to 12,64 m/s (Fernandes et.al., 2011). The best linear velocity was the gyaku zuki tchudan, the The coefficient for the control group was 2nd best linear velocity was the oi zuki tchudan 6, 086 %. and the last position was the kizami zuki tchudan. The coefficient for the test group is 3,488 The linear velocity of the punches (kizami %. zuki, gyakuzuki and oi zuki) in this systematic It may be concluded that the survey is review was of 5,52 to 14 m/s. According to highly uniform, since V% does not exceed 10- Ning (Ning et.al., 2011), the karate punch is 12%. very fast because this type of combat needs this motor capacity. The kung fu attack with DISCUSSION technique similar to the punch, but with the After examination of several studies that open hand (yau-man in Chinese), the linear affect the measurement of parameters of punch velocity was of 5,3 to 8,33 m/s (Neto, Magi- velocity, we determined what is the registered ni, Saba, 2007). Then, the result of the karate punch velocity measured by the other authors. punch was better than the yau-man. The mo- The linear velocity of the kizamizuki tchudan tive is the characteristics of the karate fight, in (jab punch in the trunk) was of 5,8 to 7,1±1,88 a few seconds the combat can finish with a pre- m/s (Marques, 2012), the kizami zuki without cise attack (Tabben et.al., 2015). For example, information about the target of the attack was of Nakayama (Nakayama, 2012) informed that 5,7 to 9,8 m/s (Diacu, 2013), the gyakuzuki tchu- the karate has the objective to finish dan (reverse punch) had linear velocity of 6,58 the fight with an attack (ikkenhissatsu in Japa- to 13 m/s (Rathee, Magnes, Davis 2014), but the nese). Therefore, the karateka usually trains gyakuzuki without information about the target the precision of the attack (Stevens, 2013) of the attack was of 14 m/s (Cynarski, Wajs, In conclusion, we can state that, based on Vencesbrito 2014). The oi zuki (lunge punch) the literature related to the topic of the thesis, was the last punch that the researcher detected the speed of execution with the right arm in the linear velocity. The oi zuki tchudan had lin- karate is one of the basic criteria for success-

32 JOURNAL of Applied Sports Sciences 02/2018 ful overcoming of the opponent. This gave us pp. 302-308. the good reason to do research on this subject. Chaabène, H., Franchini, E., Sterkowicz, S., Tabben, M., Hachana, Y., Chamari, K. CONCLUSIONS (2015). Physiological responses to karate spe- The parameter analysis of the speed of the cific activities.Sci Sports. front-hand punch, as well as the application of Cynarski, W., Wajs, W., Vencesbrito, A. the experimental methodology aimed at im- (2014). Improving the movements of basic proving the speed of this punch have brought with the use of motion cap- about observable positive results. ture and mathematical modeling. The concept Improving the speed of punches in karate of a research project. Journal of Martial Arts is of great significance in offensive techniques Anthropology, pp. 39-53. because attacks at higher speeds are harder to Diacu, F. (2003). On the dynamics of ka- block by the opponent, which in turn, leads to rate, PIMS, pp. 9-11. winning the match. Fernandes, F., Wichi, R., Silva, V., Ladeira, Following the analysis of the front-hand A.,Ervilha, U. (2011). Biomechanical meth- punch speed (Kizami Tsuki), we observed that ods applied in martial arts studies. Journal of this speed is of great importance for the con- Morphological Science, pp. 141-144. tender, who needs to choose the best attack Franchini, E., Del Vecchio, F. (2011). Es- during the sports match. tudos emmodalida des esportivas de combate: The improvement of the speeds between “estado da arte”. Revista Brasileira de Educa- the attempts of both groups is credible, which ção Física e Esporte, pp. 67-81. proves that the speed measurement and the Habersetzer R. (1998). Ko-Budo, Oruzhie video analysis applied can be used in the Okinavii, Tirasop, Modus, pp. 230-254. sports training of karate practitioners and will Higaonna, Morio, (1985). Traditional ka- contribute to improving their sports skills. rate do Fundamental Techniques, Vol. 1, Japan Publications, pp. 17-20. REFERENCES: Marques Junior, N. (2012). Velocidade do Barbanti, V. (2010). Treinamento esport- soco e do chute do karatê: uma meta-análise. ivo: as capacidades motoras dos esportistas, Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, pp. Barueri: Manole, pp. 104-143. 1-12. Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate: Marques Junior, N. (2013). Porque o soco Teachers, Stylesand Secret Technique, A & C causa maispontos do que o chute durante a Black, pp. 153 – 166. luta de karatê? Conteúdo para prescrever o Bogdanov, P., Ivanov Sv., (1972). Karate, treino de karatêshotokan. Brazilian Journal MIF, Sofia. of Exercise Physiology and Prescription, pp. Chaabène, H., Franchini, E., Miarka, B., 376-387. Selmi, M., Mkaouer, B., and Chamari, K., Marques Junior, N. (2014). Scientific evi- (2014). Time-motion analysis and physiologi- dences about the fight of the shotokan karate cal responses to karate official combat ses- of competition, Brazilian Journal of Exercise sions: is there a difference between winners Physiology and Prescription, pp. 400-417. and defeated karatekas?, International Jour- Marques Junior, N. (2012).Velocidade do nal of Sports Physiology and Performance, soco e do chute do karatê: uma meta-análise.

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Lecturas: EducaciónFísica y Deportes, pp. neering: Applications, Basis and Communica- 1-12 tions, pp. 75-82. Marques Junior, N., Gianino, C. (2010). Pinto Neto, O., Magini, M., Saba, M. Physics of karate: kinematics analysis of ka- (2007). The role of effective mass and hand rate techniques by a digital movie camera. speed in the performance of kung fu athletes Latin-American Journal of Physics Educa- compared with nonpractitioners. Journal of tion, pp. 32-34. Applied Biomechanics, pp.139-148. Marques Junior, N., Silva J. (2013). Filho. Rathee, N., Magnes, J., Davis J., (2014). Treino de forza para o karateca do estiloshoto- Kinematics of board breaking in karate us- kanespecialistano kumite. Revista Brasileira ingvideo physics and human performance. de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício, pp. European Scientific Journal, pp. 338-348. 506-533 Stevens, J. (2013). Trêsmestres do budo: Nakayama, M. (2012). O melhor do karatê Kano (judô), Funakoshi (karatê) e Ueshiba 3 – kumite 1. 7ª ed., São Paulo: Cultrix, pp. (). 10ª ed., São Paulo: Cultrix, pp. 80- 11-12. 81. Nakayma, M. (2012). O melhor do karate Tabben, M., Coquart, J., Chaabène, H., – fundamentos. vol. 2, 9ª ed., São Paulo: Cul- Franchini, E., Ghoul, N., Tourny, C. (2015). trix, pp. 108-109. Time-motion, tactical and technical analysis Ning, Y-L., Li, J-D., Lo, W-C., Huang, in top-level karatekas according to gender, C-H., Chang, C-F., Hsieh, F-H., Lu, T-W. match outcome and weight categories. Jour- (2011). Patterns and consistency of muscle nal of Sport Science, pp. 841-849. recruitment for karate jab, Biomedical Engi-

Corresponding author:

Radoslav Penov Department “Wrestling and Judo” National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski” Studentski grad, 21, Acad. Stefan Mladenov str. Sofia 1700, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]

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