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3TUDIES OF SORGHUM LEAF BLIGHT INCITED BY Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leo. & Suggs. by M.H. ADEN, B.SC(A~) THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF PLAN'!'.+%3139L00y CEREALS PATHOLOGY UNIT COLLEGE OF AQRIGU~TVRI CERCEAL8 PROGRAM ANDHRA PRADESH.~@MflMt;"t#RAk IaCPfbM' UNIVERSITY MYMCMERU RAJENDRANAQAR, #$@#%at?$00 090 A,P, '402 324 AUGUST 1991 Studies of Sorghum Leaf Blight Incited by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leo. & Suggs. by M.H. ADEN, B.Sc (Ag) Master of Science STUDIES OF SORGHUM LEAF BLIGHT INCITED BY Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leo. & Suggs. THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY CEREALS PATHOLOGY UNIT COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE CEREALS PROGRAM ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL ICRISAT UNIVERSITY PATANCHERU RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD 500 030 A.P. 602 324 AUGUST 1991 CERTIFICATE Mr. Mohamed Hassan Aden has satisfactorily prosecuted the course of research and that the thesis entitled "Studies of sorghum leaf blight incited by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leo. and Suggs" submitted is the result of original research work, and is of sufficiently high standard to warrant its presentation to the examination. I also certify that the thesis or part thereof has not been previously submitted by him for a degree of any university. Date: 3f Major ~&i&r L.K. Mughogho Principal Plant Pathologist Cereals Program ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502324 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Studies of sorghum leaf blight incited by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leo and Suggs." submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirment for the degree of Master of Science in Agricul- ture of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hyderabad, is a record of the bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Mohamed Hassan Aden under my guidance and supervision. The subject of the thesis has been approved by the Student's Advisory Committee. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. The published part has been fully dc- knowledged. All assistance and help received during the course of investigations has been duly acknowledged by the author of the thesis Chairman of the Advisory Committee Thesis approved by the Students' Advisory Committee: ( a k4\ik.v LC\:jP9- Member L.K. Mughogho Dr.A.G.Ramachandra Reddy Principal Plant Pathologist Assoc. Professor Cereals Program Dept. of Plant Pathology ICRISAT APAU - --L)) *, fi?,L +--- Member 7 Dr. A. Shiv Raj Prof. & Head Dept, of Plant Physiology APAU CONTENTS Chapter Title Page N 0 No I. INTRODUCTION 1-3 11. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2,l The fungus 4 2.1.1 Taxonomy 4 2.1.2 Morphology 4 2.2 The disease 5 2.2.1 Symptoms 5 2.2.2 Disease cycle 6 2.2.3 Distribution and economic importance 6 2.3 Mass production of conidial inoculum 7 2.3.1 Effects of media 7 2.3.2 Effects of temperature 9 2.4 Inoculation methods 9 2.4.1 Diseased leaves as inoculum 9 2,4.2 Spore suspensions as inoculum 10 2.5 Infection process 11 2.5.1 Spore deposition and germination 11 2.5.2 Penetration and colonization 13 2.6 Plant growth stages and their suscepti- bility to E.turcicum 14 2.7 Host range and pathogenic specificity on maize and sorghum 15 I11 MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolation of the fungus 18 Pathogenicity tests 19 Preparation of inoculum 19 Inoculation of plants 20 Mass production of conidial inoculum 21 Preparation of the media 2 2 Inoculation of the media 2 3 Incubation of inoculated media 2 3 Colony growth of E. turcicum 23 Sporulation of E. turcicum 2 4 Inoculation methods 2 5 Diseased sorghum leaves burried in soil 26 Diseased sorghum leaves spread over soil 26 Diseased sorghum leaves placed in the leaf whorls 27 Chapter Title Page No No Conidial suspension of the fungus sprayed onto leaves 2 7 Conidial suspensions of the fungus placed in the leaf whorl 2 8 Disease scoring 2 8 Data analysis 2 8 Infection process 2 8 Plant growth stages and susceptibility of E.turcicum 3 1 -E. turcicum isolates from sorghum and maize and their pathogenicity on genotypes of both hosts 3 2 Collection of the isolates 3 2 Inoculation 3 3 IV RESULTS Pathogenicity tests 3 5 Mass production of conidial inoculum 3 6 Effects of temperature and media on colony growth of E, turcicum 3 6 Effects of temperature and media on sporulation 46 Combined effects of temperature and media on colony growth and sporulation 5 2 Inoculation methods 60 Infection process 61 Spore deposition and germination 61 Germ tube and appressoria formation 62 Penetration and colonization 63 Plant growth stages and susceptipility to E. turccum 7 4 E.turcicum isolates from sorghum and maize and their pathogenicity on both hosts 76 Isolates from sorghum 77 Isolates from maize 77 V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 80-88 VI SUMMARY 89-91 VII LITERATURE CITED 1-vii LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page No. No. 1 The 1-5 leaf blight disease rating scale 2 0 2 Contents of the media 2 1 3 Mean disease score for pathogenicity tests of 3 5 F.turcicum on sorghum variety Framida with three concentrations. 4 Mean colony growth of E.turcicum in mm on 3 6 lactose casein hydrolysate agar at different temperatures and days of incubation. 5 Mean colony growth (mm) of E.turcicum on 3 8 potato dextrose agar at different temperatures and days of incubation. 6 Mean colony growth (in mm) of E.turcicum on 4 0 sorghum leaf extract agar at different temperatures and days of incubation. 7 Mean colony growth (in mm) of E.turcicum on 4 2 maize leaf extract agar at different temperatures and days of incubation. 8 Mean colony growth (in mm) of E.turcicum on 4 4 maize grain extract agar at different temperatures and days of incubation. 9 Mean colony growth (in mm) of E.turcicum on 46 sorghum grain extract agar at different temperatures and days of incubation. 10 Mean sporu1 ation of E.turcicum as number of 4 8 spores mL- on lactose casein hydrolysate ' agar at different temperatures and days of incubation. 11 Mean sprul tion of E.turcicum as number of spores mL - B on potato dextrose agar at different temperatures and days of incubation. 12 Mean sporu ation of E.turcicum as number of 4 9 spores mL-i on sorghum leaf extract agar at different temperatures and days of incubation. Table Title Page No. No. 13 Mean sporu ation of E.turcicum as number of 5 0 spores mL-1 on maize leaf extract agar at different temperatures and days of incubation. 14 Mean sporu ation of E.turcicum as number of 5 0 spores mL-' on maize grain extract agar at different temperatures and days of incubation. 15 Mean sporu ation of E.turcicum as number of 5 1 spores mL-i on sorghum grain extract agar at different temperatures and days of incubation. 16 Mean sporu ation of E.turcicum as number of 5 2 spores mLmi on sorghum leaf medium at different temperatures and days of incubation. 17 Mean colony growth of E.turcicum on six media 53 and five temperatures after 12 days of incubation. 18 Mean sporu ation of E.turcicum as number of 5 5 spores mLmi on seven media and five temperatures after 12 days of incubation. 19 Mean disease score on two sorghum varieties 60 (Framide and Local FSRP) and five different inoculation methods with E.turcicum. 2 0 Number of conidia of E-turcicum seen and 62 their germination percentage on the leaves of susceptible (Framida) and resistant (IS 8283) sorghum varieties at different hours after inculation. 21 The number of conidia seen, percentage of 64 conidia forming germ tubes, appressoria and penetration, and colonization by E.turcicum on the leaves of susceptible (Framida) sorghum variety at different hours after incubation. 22 The number of conidia seen, percentage of 65 conidia forming germtubes, appressoria and penetration, and colonization by E,turcicum on the leaves of resistant sorghum variety (IS 8283) at different hours after inoculation. Table Page No. No. 2 3 The number of conidia seen, percentage of 66 conidia that penetrated, colonized and spread of mycebin of E.turcicum inside the leaves of susceptible sorghum variety (Framida) at different hours after inoculation. 2 4 The number of conidia seen, percentage of 7 4 conidia that penetrated, colonized and spread of mycelium of E.turcicum inside the leaves of resistant sorghum variety (IS 8283) at different hours after inoculation. 2 5 Mean disease score for six sorghum growth 7 5 stages of two sorghum varieties (Framida and local FSRP) inoculated with E.turcicum. 2 6 Mean disease score of leaf blight incidence of 76 two sorghum varieties (Framida and local FSRP) at six growth stages. 2 7 Pathogenicity of E.turcicum isolates from 7 7 sorghum on maize and sorghum varieties. 2 8 Pathogenicity of E.turcicum isolates from 7 8 maize on sorghum and maize varieties. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure number Title Page 1. Colony growth of E, turcicum at different 3 7 temperatures and days of incubation on lactose casein hydrolysate agar. 2. Colony growth of E. turcicum at different 3 9 temperatures and days of incubation on potato dextrose agar. 3. Colony growth of E. turcicum at different 4 1 temperatures and days of incubation on sorghum leaf extract agar.
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    Case Report DOI: 10.7241/ourd.20134.129 A CASE OF SUBCUTANEOUS PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS CAUSED BY EXSEROHILUM SPECIES IN AN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT Koppada Rajasekhar, Anaparthy Usharani, Nirupama Padmaja Bondili, Ratna Harika Dusi, Perala Balamurali Krishna Source of Support: Department of Microbiology, Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, India Nil Competing Interests: Corresponding author: Prof. Anaparthy Usharani [email protected] None Our Dermatol Online. 2013; 4(4): 498-500 Date of submission: 11.08.2013 / acceptance: 30.09.2013 Abstract Phaeohyphomycoses are rare fungal infections, caused by dematiaceous fungi, manifested as cutaneous and subcutaneous infections, meningitis, sinusitis, keratitis, osteomyelitis and disseminated infection. This is a case report of a 45year old immuno compromised female on ART (Anti Retroviral therapy) presented with fever and generalized nodular lesions draining pus on face, hands, axilla, groin and labia majora since one month. Biopsy of the subcutaneous nodule on the lateral aspect of the thigh revealed septate fungal hyphae on 10% KOH (10% Potassium Hydroxide) mount. Fungal culture of the biopsy material on SDA (Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar) at 250C showed cotton wooly, dark gray to olivaceous black growth with black reverse and identified as dematiaceous fungi belonging to Exserohilum species by microscopy. The patient was put on Itraconazole 200mg BD in combination with Terbinafine 250mg BD for which she responded with healing of pustular lesions in two weeks and complete remission in two