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Nitrous Oxide Emissions from European EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Biogeosciences, 10, 2671–2682, 2013 Open Access www.biogeosciences.net/10/2671/2013/ Biogeosciences doi:10.5194/bg-10-2671-2013 Biogeosciences Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Open Access Open Access Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Nitrous oxide emissions from European agriculture – an analysis of Open Access Open Access variability and drivers of emissions from field experimentsEarth System Earth System Dynamics 1 2 3 1 4 5 6 Dynamics7 8 R. M. Rees , J. Augustin , G. Alberti , B. C. Ball , P. Boeckx , A. Cantarel , S. Castaldi , N. Chirinda , B. Chojnicki , Discussions M. Giebels1, H. Gordon1, B. Grosz9, L. Horvath10, R. Juszczak8, A.˚ Kasimir Klemedtsson11, L. Klemedtsson12, S. Medinets13, A. Machon9, F. Mapanda14, J. Nyamangara15, J. E. Olesen7, D. S. Reay16, L. Sanchez17, Open Access A. Sanz Cobena17, K. A. Smith16, A. Sowerby18, M. Sommer2, J. F. Soussana5, M. StenbergGeoscientific19, C. F. E. Topp1, Geoscientific Open Access O. van Cleemput4, A. Vallejo17, C. A. Watson1, and M. Wuta14 Instrumentation Instrumentation 1Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC) Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH93JG, UK Methods and Methods and 2ZALF, Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Muncheberg,¨ Germany 3Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine,Data Italy Systems Data Systems 4Isotope Bioscience Laboratory, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Discussions Open Access Open Access 5INRA, Grassland Ecosystem Research, UREP, Avenue du Brezet, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France Geoscientific 6Department of Environmental Science, University of Naples, via Vivaldi 43,81100 Caserta,Geoscientific Italy 7 Model Development Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle´ 20, Postboks 50,Model D8830 Tjele, Development Denmark 8Meteorology Department, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649 Poznan, Poland Discussions 9Department of Meteorology, Eotv¨ os¨ Lorand´ University, Pazm´ any´ Peter´ set´ any´ 1/a 1117 Budapest, Hungary 10 Open Access Plant Ecology Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany and Ecophysiology, SzentOpen Access Istvan´ University, Pater´ K. utca 1, 2100 God¨ oll¨ o,˝ Hungary and Hungarian Meteorological Service,Hydrology Gilice ter´ 39, and 1181 Budapest, Hydrology and Hungary 11University of Gothenburg, Department of Earth Sciences, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden Earth System Earth System 12University of Gothenburg, Department of Plant & Environmental Science, S40530 Gothenburg,Sciences Sweden Sciences 13 Odessa National II Mechnikov University, 65082 Odessa, Ukraine Discussions 14 Open Access University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe Open Access 15International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Ocean Science Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Ocean Science 16University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK Discussions 17Polytechnic University of Madrid, Dpto. Qu´ımica y Analisis´ Agr´ıcola, ETSI, Agronomos,´ C/Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain Open Access 18Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, UK Open Access 19 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment, P.O. Box 234, SE-532 23 Skara, Sweden Solid Earth Solid Earth Correspondence to: R. M. Rees ([email protected]) Discussions Received: 13 June 2012 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 27 July 2012 Revised: 20 March 2013 – Accepted: 21 March 2013 – Published: 22 April 2013 Open Access Open Access The Cryosphere The Cryosphere Abstract. Nitrous oxide emissions from a network of agri- Logarden˚ in Sweden, Maulde in Belgium, Paulinenaue in Discussions cultural experiments in Europe were used to explore the rel- Germany, and Tulloch in the UK. Grassland experiments ative importance of site and management controls of emis- were conducted at Crichton, Nafferton and Peaknaze in the sions. At each site, a selection of management interventions UK, God¨ oll¨ o¨ in Hungary, Rzecin in Poland, Zarnekow in were compared within replicated experimental designs in Germany and Theix in France. Nitrous oxide emissions were plot-based experiments. Arable experiments were conducted measured at each site over a period of at least two years us- at Beano in Italy, El Encin in Spain, Foulum in Denmark, ing static chambers. Emissions varied widely between sites Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2672 R. M. Rees et al.: Nitrous oxide emissions from European agriculture Figure 1 and as a result of manipulation treatments. Average site emis- sions (throughout the study period) varied between 0.04 and −1 −1 21.21 kg N2O-N ha yr , with the largest fluxes and vari- ability associated with the grassland sites. Total nitrogen addition was found to be the single most important deter- minant of emissions, accounting for 15 % of the variance (using linear regression) in the data from the arable sites (p < 0.0001), and 77 % in the grassland sites. The annual emissions from arable sites were significantly greater than those that would be predicted by IPCC default emission fac- tors. Variability of N2O emissions within sites that occurred as a result of manipulation treatments was greater than that resulting from site-to-site and year-to-year variation, high- lighting the importance of management interventions in con- tributing to greenhouse gas mitigation. 1 Introduction Terrestrial sources of nitrous oxide (N2O) make an impor- Fig. 1. Locations of the European experimental sites. Circles repre- tant contribution to Europe’s net emissions of greenhouse sent arable sites and triangles grassland sites. gases. A recent continental study identified N2O as the single most important greenhouse gas emitted from land- based sources with emissions from Europe equivalent to tions in different years (Smith and Dobbie, 2002). Variabil- − 97 Tg C yr 1 (Schulze et al., 2009). Agricultural soils used ity in emission factors used for cereals was smaller, but still for grassland and arable production are a major source of showed a five-fold variation. N2O, and strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from Against such variability, it could be argued that manage- the agricultural sector frequently highlight the importance of ment interventions make a relatively small contribution to the management interventions (Mosier et al., 1998; Rees et al., mitigation of emissions. Furthermore, such interventions are 2013). However, the contribution of management to mitiga- constrained by the societal needs to maintain food produc- tion can be difficult to assess against a background of fluxes tion, and the most attractive mitigation options are therefore that are highly variable in time and space, since emissions those that increase utilisation of added N, and in so doing vary significantly in response to both climate and local envi- reducing losses. ronmental (particularly soil) conditions (Abdalla et al., 2010; In order to explore the relative importance of management, Flechard et al., 2007; Skiba and Ball, 2002). climate and site variability in influencing N2O emissions, we We now have a good understanding of the importance of have used a network of 14 experimental sites (eight arable individual variables in determining emissions, through their and six grassland) established as a part of the NitroEurope effect on the source processes of nitrification and denitrifica- project, for the measurement and reporting of N2O emis- tion (Dobbie and Smith, 2001; Smith et al., 1998; Wrage et sions and related environmental drivers. At each site a range al., 2001). Meta-analyses have shown that rates of fertiliser of management interventions were compared. Total annual application, and soil properties, such as organic matter con- emissions of N2O from different treatment sites and years tent, texture, drainage, pH, fertiliser timing and rate, all in- showed wide variability. Single variables were often poor fluence emissions (Bouwman et al., 2002). Within a farming predictors of emissions, and so multivariate statistical tech- system these factors interact with local climatic conditions to niques were used to explore the relationships between an- determine overall rates of emission. Climate has been shown nual emissions and underlying driving variables. The aim to be particularly important in influencing emissions even un- was to quantify the magnitude of changes in N2O emission der constant management. A study of European grasslands that could result from changes to agricultural management showed that the proportion of N released as N2O from fer- across a network of European sites. tilisers (emission factor) could vary from 0.01 to 3.6 %, com- pared with the IPCC default value of 1 % (Flechard et al., 2007). Applications of constant amounts of fertiliser N to 2 Materials and methods a grassland site in the UK over several years resulted in variation emission factors in different years of between 0.3 Manipulation experiments were established at
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