DOCSLIB.ORG

Roman and Late Antique Wine Production in the Eastern Mediterranean a Comparative Archaeological Study at Antiochia Ad Cragum (Turkey) and Delos (Greece)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Roman and Late Antique Wine Production in the Eastern Mediterranean a Comparative Archaeological Study at Antiochia Ad Cragum (Turkey) and Delos (Greece) Roman and Late Antique Wine Production in the Eastern Mediterranean A comparative archaeological study at Antiochia ad Cragum (Turkey) and Delos (Greece) Emlyn K. Dodd Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 63 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-402-4 ISBN978-1-78969-403-1 (e-Pdf) © Emlyn K. Dodd and Archaeopress 2020 Cover: Reconstructed lever press, Villa dei Misteri, Pompeii (E. Dodd 2015). All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Severn, Gloucester This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com For my Grandfather, whose scholarly prowess never failed to inspire Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................................................v Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................................................. vi Miscellaneous ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vi Journals ................................................................................................................................................................................. vi Ancient Authors and Texts ............................................................................................................................................. vii Definition of Terminology ....................................................................................................................................................viii Part 1 Prolegomenon 1 Chapter 1: Wine Production in Antiquity ............................................................................................................................3 1.1 General Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................3 Scope and Aims ..................................................................................................................................................................4 Presentation of Material ..................................................................................................................................................5 1.2 An Ethnographic Approach .........................................................................................................................................6 1.3 A Summary of the History of Research ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 The Beginnings of Viticultural Research �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 Early Developments in Italy and France �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 An Expanding World of Viticultural Research: The Late 20th Century ...................................................................10 Expansion of the Working Typology and a Levantine Emphasis ...............................................................................12 A 21st Century Focus on the Birthplace of Wine: Anatolia ........................................................................................12 Pioneering Scientific Approaches: Biomolecular Archaeology ..................................................................................15 The Future of Ancient Viticultural Research ..............................................................................................................16 1.4 A Summary of the Ancient Literature ....................................................................................................................17 Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 BC): De Agri Cultura ...................................................................................................17 Marcus Terentius Varro (116-27 BC): Res Rusticae ....................................................................................................17 Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (unknown, c. 1st century AD): De Re Rustica ...............................................18 Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23-79): Naturalis Historia .............................................................................................19 Palladius Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus (unknown, late 4th century AD): Opus Agriculturae ...............................19 Geoponika (unknown, 10th century AD) ......................................................................................................................20 Smaller References in Texts Throughout Antiquity: ..................................................................................................21 Part 2 Antiochia ad Cragum 23 Chapter 2: Introduction and Dataset ..................................................................................................................................25 2.1 Introduction and Regional Context ........................................................................................................................25 2.2 Viticulture at Antiochia ad Cragum .......................................................................................................................27 Methodology .....................................................................................................................................................................31 2.3 Dataset ............................................................................................................................................................................33 The Geographical and Topographical Setting .............................................................................................................33 Architectural Characteristics of the Press and their Purposes ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������36 Chapter 3: Analyses and Discussion ....................................................................................................................................47 3.1 Wine or Oil Production? ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������47 3.2 Dating the Press and Production .............................................................................................................................49 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................................49 Relationship to the Temple ............................................................................................................................................51 Structural Features .........................................................................................................................................................51 Reuse of Monumental Architecture ..............................................................................................................................51 Ceramic Evidence ............................................................................................................................................................52 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................................................53 3.3 Production at the Antiochia ad Cragum Press ....................................................................................................54 3.4 Fermentation Processes .............................................................................................................................................56 Theory One: Staged Fermentation in Multiple Storage Vessels ................................................................................56 Theory Two: Single Vessel Fermentation .....................................................................................................................58 i 3.5 Types of Wine Produced – Passum? ........................................................................................................................59 3.6 Quantified Production ................................................................................................................................................64 Quantification using Grapes ..........................................................................................................................................65 Quantification using Raisins for Passum Production ................................................................................................65 Quantification of Land Use ............................................................................................................................................66 3.7 Religion and Wine at Antiochia ad Cragum ..........................................................................................................67
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CILICIA: the FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCHES in ANATOLIA1 Mark Wilson
    CILICIA: THE FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCHES IN ANATOLIA1 Mark Wilson Summary This article explores the origin of the Christian church in Anatolia. While individual believers undoubtedly entered Anatolia during the 30s after the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:9–10), the book of Acts suggests that it was not until the following decade that the first church was organized. For it was at Antioch, the capital of the Roman province of Syria, that the first Christians appeared (Acts 11:20–26). Yet two obscure references in Acts point to the organization of churches in Cilicia at an earlier date. Among the addressees of the letter drafted by the Jerusalem council were the churches in Cilicia (Acts 15:23). Later Paul visited these same churches at the beginning of his second ministry journey (Acts 15:41). Paul’s relationship to these churches points to this apostle as their founder. Since his home was the Cilician city of Tarsus, to which he returned after his conversion (Gal. 1:21; Acts 9:30), Paul was apparently active in church planting during his so-called ‘silent years’. The core of these churches undoubtedly consisted of Diaspora Jews who, like Paul’s family, lived in the region. Jews from Cilicia were members of a Synagogue of the Freedmen in Jerusalem, to which Paul was associated during his time in Jerusalem (Acts 6:9). Antiochus IV (175–164 BC) hellenized and urbanized Cilicia during his reign; the Romans around 39 BC added Cilicia Pedias to the province of Syria. Four cities along with Tarsus, located along or near the Pilgrim Road that transects Anatolia, constitute the most likely sites for the Cilician churches.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood of the Grape
    The LORD’s Supper Series Blood of the Grape With His Stripes We are Healed Biblical Imagery ¡ Bible writers tried to capture what an infinite God revealed to them––in human language ¡ To accomplish this they had to stretch their words to the limit, using: ¡ Symbols, motifs, metaphors, figures of speech and literary patterns to communicate rich Bible truths as accurately as possible Biblical Imagery ¡ Among the most popular in the Bible are: ¡ Symbols: actual people, places or things that point to something or someone greater than themselves ¡ Figures of Speech: expressions that cannot be taken literally––used to suggest a picture, image, or some other special effect Biblical Imagery ¡ One of the most powerful families of symbols in the Bible that point together to Christ and what He did for God’s people, has to be: ¡ The grape ¡ The wine that comes from it ¡ The winepress that squeezes grapes into wine ¡ Let’s tackle them, one at a time Grapes ¡ The grape, a major crop in biblical times, was grown in vineyards for wine production. ¡ So a land full of vineyards symbolized abundance and prosperity ¡ Images of grapes represent successful agriculture ¡ Epitomized by the cluster of grapes brought back by the 12 spies as evidence of fertility in Canaan (Num. 13:23) Grapes ¡ In the coming golden age, according to Amos, there will be such an abundance, that: ¡ “The treader of grapes” will overtake the sower (Amos 9:13), still harvesting when next planting season begins ¡ In the Bible the success or failure of crops is often linked to people’s
    [Show full text]
  • 295 Emanuela Borgia (Rome) CILICIA and the ROMAN EMPIRE
    EMANUELA BORGIA, CILICIA AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE STUDIA EUROPAEA GNESNENSIA 16/2017 ISSN 2082-5951 DOI 10.14746/seg.2017.16.15 Emanuela Borgia (Rome) CILICIA AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE: REFLECTIONS ON PROVINCIA CILICIA AND ITS ROMANISATION Abstract This paper aims at the study of the Roman province of Cilicia, whose formation process was quite long (from the 1st century BC to 72 AD) and complicated by various events. Firstly, it will focus on a more precise determination of the geographic limits of the region, which are not clear and quite ambiguous in the ancient sources. Secondly, the author will thoroughly analyze the formation of the province itself and its progressive Romanization. Finally, political organization of Cilicia within the Roman empire in its different forms throughout time will be taken into account. Key words Cilicia, provincia Cilicia, Roman empire, Romanization, client kings 295 STUDIA EUROPAEA GNESNENSIA 16/2017 · ROME AND THE PROVINCES Quos timuit superat, quos superavit amat (Rut. Nam., De Reditu suo, I, 72) This paper attempts a systematic approach to the study of the Roman province of Cilicia, whose formation process was quite long and characterized by a complicated sequence of historical and political events. The main question is formulated drawing on – though in a different geographic context – the words of G. Alföldy1: can we consider Cilicia a „typical” province of the Roman empire and how can we determine the peculiarities of this province? Moreover, always recalling a point emphasized by G. Alföldy, we have to take into account that, in order to understand the characteristics of a province, it is fundamental to appreciate its level of Romanization and its importance within the empire from the economic, political, military and cultural points of view2.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline 6 BC to 70 AD One Clue Often Repeated Is Christ’S Birth Could Not Have Been in the Winter, Near December First Century Revelation 25
    CODE 166 CODE 196 CODE 228 CODE 243 CODE 251 CODE 294 CODE 427 CODE 490 CODE 590 CODE 666 CODE 01010 COD E 1260 CODE 1447 CODE 1900 CODE 1975 CODE 2300 CODE 6000 CODE 144000 TIMELINE – 6 BCE to 70 CE by Floyd R. Cox (Revised 12-29-2018) Sources: HERE and HERE (Translation: Copy & paste into: https://www.freetranslation.com/) I did a Google search for “date of Herod’s death” and received 14,300 pages of hits. This is evidence there is lots of interest and considered to be importance. Why is it important? Christ born after Herod’s Death? http://code251.com/ If the generally accepted date for Herod’s death is correct (about March 30, 4 BC) then Jesus could not have been conceived in about December, 5 BC, and born 274 days later, on the Related Topics feast of Trumpets, the fall of 4 BC. In this view, Jesus was not born before Herod died. This suggests we should research earlier years and other clues for the conception and birth British Israelism in 5 or 6 BC. Revisited Born in the Winter? Timeline 6 BC to 70 AD One clue often repeated is Christ’s birth could not have been in the winter, near December First Century Revelation 25. Luke says the shepherds of Bethlehem were watching their sheep at night, and this would not likely be in the winter. However, I checked the weather for Bethlehem this year on and Restoring the First Century Context found the temperature in Bethlehem. It was 56 degrees on December 25, 59 degrees on December 26, and 54 on December 27.
    [Show full text]
  • April 1 – a Day with a Long History of European Tradition and Mischief
    April 1 – a day with a long history of European tradition and mischief March 30, 2012 By U.S. Army Europe Public Affairs Tweet HEIDELBERG, Germany -- April Fool’s Day is this weekend, and that means mischief. Social Media Facebook But where did it all begin? Across Europe there are many explanations for this day of pranks, and many ways of…er…celebrating…the day. Twitter Flickr Here are some bits of European April Fool’s lore and lunacy: YouTube Some historians suggest that the tradition began with ancient festivals such as Hilaria, celebrated by the Romans at the end of March and Saturnalia in late December, both of which included celebrations involving play acting and costumes. Some speculate that the day was once tied to the vernal equinox -- the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere -- when Mother Nature fooled people by sending them changing, unpredictable weather. British folklore traces April Fool’s Day to the Gotham, the “town of fools” in Nottinghamshire. Legend has it that because 13th-century tradition made any road used by the king public property, the citizens of Gotham spread a false story designed to stop King John from passing through their town. The king found out about their deception, however, and sent a messenger to the town to demand an explanation. What the messenger found in Gotham was a town that appeared to be engaged in foolish activities such as drowning fish or attempting to cage birds in roofless pens. Of course it was all an act, but it tricked the king, who declared Gotham too foolish to punish.
    [Show full text]
  • Chardonnay Educator Guide
    CHARDONNAY EDUCATOR GUIDE AUSTRALIAN WINE DISCOVERED PREPARING FOR YOUR CLASS THE MATERIALS VIDEOS As an educator, you have access to a suite of teaching resources and handouts, You will find complementary video including this educator guide: files for each program in the Wine Australia Assets Gallery. EDUCATOR GUIDE We recommend downloading these This guide gives you detailed topic videos to your computer before your information, as well as tips on how to best event. Look for the video icon for facilitate your class and tasting. It’s a guide recommended viewing times. only – you can tailor what you teach to Loop videos suit your audience and time allocation. These videos are designed to be To give you more flexibility, the following played in the background as you optional sections are flagged throughout welcome people into your class, this document: during a break, or during an event. There is no speaking, just background ADVANCED music. Music can be played aloud, NOTES or turned to mute. Loop videos should Optional teaching sections covering be played in ‘loop’ or ‘repeat’ mode, more complex material. which means they play continuously until you press stop. This is typically an easily-adjustable setting in your chosen media player. COMPLEMENTARY READING Feature videos These videos provide topical insights Optional stories that add from Australian winemakers, experts background and colour to the topic. and other. Feature videos should be played while your class is seated, with the sound turned on and SUGGESTED clearly audible. DISCUSSION POINTS To encourage interaction, we’ve included some optional discussion points you may like to raise with your class.
    [Show full text]
  • Magic in Private and Public Lives of the Ancient Romans
    COLLECTANEA PHILOLOGICA XXIII, 2020: 53–72 http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-0319.23.04 Idaliana KACZOR Uniwersytet Łódzki MAGIC IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LIVES OF THE ANCIENT ROMANS The Romans practiced magic in their private and public life. Besides magical practices against the property and lives of people, the Romans also used generally known and used protective and healing magic. Sometimes magical practices were used in official religious ceremonies for the safety of the civil and sacral community of the Romans. Keywords: ancient magic practice, homeopathic magic, black magic, ancient Roman religion, Roman religious festivals MAGIE IM PRIVATEN UND ÖFFENTLICHEN LEBEN DER ALTEN RÖMER Die Römer praktizierten Magie in ihrem privaten und öffentlichen Leben. Neben magische Praktik- en gegen das Eigentum und das Leben von Menschen, verwendeten die Römer auch allgemein bekannte und verwendete Schutz- und Heilmagie. Manchmal wurden magische Praktiken in offiziellen religiösen Zeremonien zur Sicherheit der bürgerlichen und sakralen Gemeinschaft der Römer angewendet. Schlüsselwörter: alte magische Praxis, homöopathische Magie, schwarze Magie, alte römi- sche Religion, Römische religiöse Feste Magic, despite our sustained efforts at defining this term, remains a slippery and obscure concept. It is uncertain how magic has been understood and practised in differ- ent cultural contexts and what the difference is (if any) between magical and religious praxis. Similarly, no satisfactory and all-encompassing definition of ‘magic’ exists. It appears that no singular concept of ‘magic’ has ever existed: instead, this polyvalent notion emerged at the crossroads of local custom, religious praxis, superstition, and politics of the day. Individual scholars of magic, positioning themselves as ostensi- bly objective observers (an etic perspective), mostly defined magic in opposition to religion and overemphasised intercultural parallels over differences1.
    [Show full text]
  • Auroraauroraaurora ARTIST SERIES 2015
    AuroraAuroraAurora ARTIST SERIES 2015 Blend: 52% Syrah 29% Cabernet Sauvignon 19% Cabernet Franc Alcohol: 14.6% abv TA: 5.85g/L pH: 3.83 Case Production: 560 cases Date Bottled: 5/9/17 Grape Source(s): Syrah: Pace Vineyard, Yakima Valley AVA, WA Cabernet Sauvignon: Shaw Vineyard, Red Mountain AVA, WA Cabernet Franc: Six Prong Vineyard, Horse Heaven Hills AVA, WA Aging: 18 months in barrel 52% New American - Pennsylvania, 17% New French/American blended, 26% New French, 5% Neutral Winemaker Notes: The 2015 vintage in Washington state was the hottest to date, yet mild conditions near harvest left us with wines that exhibited both power and elegance. Inspired by some of Australia's most famous blends, we combined soft, lush Syrah with firmly structured Cabernet Sauvignon and aromatic Cabernet Franc. This dark, deep wine was aged in American oak barrels for rich tannins and structure, French barrels for enticing vanilla, and special hybrid barrels with alternating French and American oak staves for hints of clove and spice. Tasting Notes: Drinking beautifully with integrated notes of cherry, rich raspberry, and spiced chocolate. Awards: Best Cabernet/Syrah Blend, Double Gold (98 Points) - 2019 San Francisco International Wine Competition Double Platinum - 2019 Winepress Northwest Platinum Awards Gold - 2019 Critic's Challenge (93 Points) Gold - 2019 Cascadia Wine Competition Gold - 2019 San Francisco Chronicle Wine Competition Gold - 2018 Vinalies Internationales Paris 2018 Tasting Panel Magazine Publisher's Picks (91 Points) Pairing Suggestions: - Grilled sausage with roasted vegetables - Lamb - Venison - Rib-eye steak with maitre d' butter - Flavorful cheeses Price: $32.00 Last updated: 12/10/2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Zinfandel Tips
    Tips for Making Great Z I N F A N D E L Zinfandel is a lush, fruity grape that is adaptable to many terriors, but is best in warm (but not too hot) climates with cool nights. Picked early, it has more acid and strawberry flavors; picked late and it can have a jammy, blackberry flavor and can sustain alcohol approaching 16 percent. DNA typing has shown that the Italian grape, Primitivo, and Zinfandel are clones of the same grape. Primitivo is a superior grape, from a grower’s standpoint, to Zinfandel. It also is made in a darker, spicier style than most American Zinfandels. The EU recognized Zinfandel and Primitivo as synonymous in 1999. In 2007, the U.S. TTB listed both wines as approved grape varietals – but they are NOT synonymous. Zins must be labeled as Zins, and Primitivos must be labeled as Primitivos 1. Of course, start with good fruit. We believe the Club Project fruit will be top notch Zinfandel from one of the best Zinfandel terriors in the world, the Sierra Foothills. 2. Harvest brix should be between 24 and 25.5 degrees (see note 1). When you get this must home, immediately check the pH and the TA. The pH is likely to be a little high (3.60+) and acid low (perhaps .50 g/l or so). My advice is to carefully add tartaric acid in stages to bring the pH down to about 3.35 to 3.40 3. Consider adding pectic enzyme before fermentation to aid in color extraction (2.5 to 5.0 grams per 100 liters).
    [Show full text]
  • And KEEPING up with the PERSIANS Some Reflections on Cultural Links in the Persian Empire
    Working draft, not for distribution without permission of the author 1 ‘MANNERS MAKYTH MAN’ and KEEPING UP WITH THE PERSIANS Some reflections on cultural links in the Persian Empire Christopher Tuplin (University of Liverpool) Revised version: 9 June 2008 The purpose of the meeting (according to the web site) is to explore how ancient peoples expressed their identities by establishing, constructing, or inventing links with other societies that crossed traditional ethnic and geographic lines. These cross-cultural links complicates, undermine, or give nuance to conventional dichotomies such as self/other, Greek/barbarian, and Jew/gentile In the Achaemenid imperial context this offers a fairly wide remit. But it is a remit limited – or distorted – by the evidence. For in this, as in all aspects of Achaemenid history, we face a set of sources that spreads unevenly across the temporal, spatial and analytical space of the empire. For what might count as an unmediated means of access to a specifically Persian viewpoint we are pretty much confined to iconographically decorated monuments and associated royal inscriptions at Behistun, Persepolis and Susa (which are at least, on the face of it, intended to broach ideological topics) and the Persepolis Fortification and Treasury archives (which emphatically are not). This material is not formally or (to a large extent) chronologically commensurate with the voluminous, but unevenly distributed, Greek discourse that provides so much of the narrative of Achaemenid imperial history. Some of it may appear more commensurate with the substantial body of iconographically decorated monuments (most not associated with inscriptions) derived from western Anatolia that provides much of the material in the two papers under discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • Hugh Lindsay, Strabo and the Shape of His Historika Hypomnemata
    The Ancient History Bulletin VOLUME TWENTY-EIGHT: 2014 NUMBERS 1-2 Edited by: Edward Anson David Hollander Timothy Howe Joseph Roisman John Vanderspoel Pat Wheatley Sabine Müller ISSN 0835-3638 ANCIENT HISTORY BULLETIN Volume 28 (2014) Numbers 1-2 Edited by: Edward Anson, David Hollander, Sabine Müller, Joseph Roisman, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley Senior Editor: Timothy Howe Editorial correspondents Elizabeth Baynham, Hugh Bowden, Franca Landucci Gattinoni, Alexander Meeus, Kurt Raaflaub, P.J. Rhodes, Robert Rollinger, Carol Thomas, Victor Alonso Troncoso Contents of volume twenty-eight Numbers 1-2 1 Hugh Lindsay, Strabo and the shape of his Historika Hypomnemata 20 Paul McKechnie, W.W. Tarn and the philosophers 37 Monica D’Agostini, The Shade of Andromache: Laodike of Sardis between Homer and Polybios 61 John Shannahan, Two Notes on the Battle of Cunaxa NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS AND SUBSCRIBERS The Ancient History Bulletin was founded in 1987 by Waldemar Heckel, Brian Lavelle, and John Vanderspoel. The board of editorial correspondents consists of Elizabeth Baynham (University of Newcastle), Hugh Bowden (Kings College, London), Franca Landucci Gattinoni (Università Cattolica, Milan), Alexander Meeus (University of Leuven), Kurt Raaflaub (Brown University), P.J. Rhodes (Durham University), Robert Rollinger (Universität Innsbruck), Carol Thomas (University of Washington), Victor Alonso Troncoso (Universidade da Coruña) AHB is currently edited by: Timothy Howe (Senior Editor: [email protected]), Edward Anson, David Hollander, Sabine Müller, Joseph Roisman, John Vanderspoel and Pat Wheatley. AHB promotes scholarly discussion in Ancient History and ancillary fields (such as epigraphy, papyrology, and numismatics) by publishing articles and notes on any aspect of the ancient world from the Near East to Late Antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Triumphs of Cilicia and Cicero's Proconsulship
    The Triumphs of Cilicia and Cicero’s Proconsulship Over barely 50 years, at least 9 of the Romans assigned Cilicia requested a triumph and at least 6 received one. Given that many of them had multi-year assignments, this leads to a state of near constant campaigning in southern Asia Minor during the early first century. Even factoring in the conflicts with Mithridates (and perhaps especially then), it is puzzling to see Cilicia as such a volatile province. Clearly, these triumphs did not entail any sort of permanent settlement (see Pittenger 2008). Relying chiefly on the testimony of Cicero, I argue here that Cilicia, which at the time was one of the largest and richest provinces, was also the ideal low-risk province for the triumph-seeker. While triumphal motives have been discussed recently (e.g. Beard 2007, Pittenger 2008), I present Cilicia as an exemplar of typical triumphal machinations. Cicero did not want to be governor of Cilicia. Nevertheless, in some of his letters (ad fam. 2.10 and 8.5), he alludes to the possibility of provoking a fight and attaining a triumph from Cilicia, despite the fact that he arrived as late as he could and left as early as he could. While Cicero’s personal motivations here have also been assessed (see Correa 2013, Wistrand 1979), less is said about the ramifications for the province. Among his other letters, he reveals the activities others, such as Appius Claudius Pulcher, pursued in seeking Cilician triumphs. Hunting for a triumph was not regarded poorly. Cicero rather frankly attributes triumph- hunting to Crassus (cos.
    [Show full text]