Erna Gunther (1896-1982) Author(s): Viola E. Garfield and Pamela T. Amoss Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 86, No. 2 (Jun., 1984), pp. 394-399 Published by: Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/678972 Accessed: 24-03-2017 17:59 UTC

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This content downloaded from 128.95.104.66 on Fri, 24 Mar 2017 17:59:48 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 394 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [86, 1984]

:i:i comfortable middle-class home. Her father, Casper Gunther, was a jeweler who had emi- grated from Germany, so she learned German

:~r#:I:I: at home and acquired a good command of French from a French-speaking grandmother. :ir::::::l;g:?::::: j)#~l:;:;8:i;::j?,,:::::::_:: :::::::j?:-:... ~"-?::::i::::::::i:I:i:::::::;:?:?:?:: :.i ~,:::::::j: In 1919 she graduated from Barnard College ~?li;:j?::i?:~~':':I? :::: ,:,:::::.:_:.::.:_:_:__:::-:::::-,::: :::: :: :::::::::::::: :::j::: :?:l-:i:::~i~,

:;'::::':::::':-:::::i'tiiZii;ii:':'-ii :.:...: .-:::-:i_::i?i-i:i::- where she had taken courses from , ~::~~:~IX~~:i:::a:::::~ :-: :::?:?:i: i- then professor of anthropology at Columbia. :::;:::l:;l:i:i:iil:ii_:- :...... _ ;-i::i::::i:jii:r:lt:I :?:?: :?::::::::

~~i8i?iil-l ;::::?:::::?:? :':::::::::':':: ;:::i::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::; :-ii ::-i-i ':::::-::-:::::::"::- .. : .. : .. : -.... : : : : :::i::: ::::: .:::. She went directly to graduate study in anthro- :i:i:iii:ii:i-i-iii:i :: ::- i i::::::::::: _.. .: i:::i:: ;:&:jijiijjil''i'::"' pology at Columbia and received her MA in '''':':'-'-'-'':::':':- ::: ::::::::::::::::j: i:.ijjiiiril;i:iii:iiiii:i:i::::-i-l--:: ii:li:: .-.-.- i-i'i 1920. :::::,: i::, :iiiiii::li3Si_':I.i:.-1:iiilil-' ?:?::::i:i::::i::::::::::::::::::::::::: :.-:-:.. liIii 1:i::i:5::a::-: Gunther came to the University of Washing- :i :'~i-:lii:::i;irBI;i :::::::::j::j ton first in 1921, with her new husband, , who had replaced T. T. Waterman as the University's resident anthropologist. During the early years in Seattle, Gunther's professional and family life were both busy. She was ap- pointed to the associate faculty at the university in 1923, produced four major publications (1924, 1925, 1926, and 1927), and gave birth to the couple's two children, Robert and Christo- pher. Her connection with the University of was temporarily broken when Spier resigned to teach at Oklahoma and she com- Erna Gunther (1896-1982) pleted her doctoral work, but in 1929 Washing- ton invited them both back, Spier as director of the Washington State Museum and professor of VIOLA E. GARFIELD* anthropology, and Gunther as instructor in an- thropology. In 1930 when she and Spier PAMELA T. AMOSS separated, he left Seattle for the last time, but she remained to carry on as director of the P. M. Consulting, Seattle museum and head of the department. With Erna Gunther's death in 1982 terminated Spier's departure, the department consisted of two faculty, Erna Gunther and Melville Jacobs. over six decades of productive scholarship and The challenge of keeping her department alive further thinned the ranks of that first genera- tion of Franz Boas's students, whose work setand the growing in a university atmosphere not always friendly to either anthropology or to style and defined the problems that have women faculty absorbed much of Gunther's characterized American anthropology up to and prodigious energy for the next 25 years. Very including the present time. An assessment of Gunther's role in American early she learned that anthropology's survival at Washington depended as much on strong local anthropology cannot be separated from her support as on a reputation for scholarship. In place at the University of Washington in Seat- the mid-1930s Melville Jacobs, writing to Franz tle. She directed the Department of Anthropol- Boas, lamented Gunther's unwillingness to bat- ogy for 25 years and the museum for 31 years. tle the dean for extra funds to publish his Coos More than anyone else she was responsible for texts because "text volumes have little sale or setting the direction and establishing the repu- circulation beyond the narrowest scholarly tation of anthropology at Washington. The circles and she wishes to build our position and evolution of her own interests can only be prestige with publication of material that is far understood in the light of the opportunities and more widely in demand" (Jacobs 1936). Gun- limitations of that setting. ther's preference was dictated less by personal Born in Brooklyn, New York, on November taste than by a realistic reading of the political 9, 1896, Gunther grew up an only child in a factors promoting survival in the difficult depression years. To this same end, in those ear- * Professor Garfield passed away on ly years Gunther was always on the "Chatauqua November 25, 1983-Ed. Circuit" speaking to Cub Scout packs, business-

This content downloaded from 128.95.104.66 on Fri, 24 Mar 2017 17:59:48 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms OBITUARIES 395 men's associations, women's clubs, church Although she was no longer attached to a groups, or lecturing to extension classes, orga- university or museum, Gunther's professional nizing special training sessions for local Bureau services were still very much in demand. She of Indian Affairs employees, and the like. continued to travel to museums all over the Her strategy succeeded for both department country setting up new exhibits or reorganizing and museum. Under her direction the depart- collections. For example, after the death of ment grew from a skeleton force of two faculty Melville Jacobs in 1972, it was Gunther who was in 1930 to four faculty and a teaching assistant commissioned by the Whatcom Museum of His- in 1932. Soon a physical anthropologist and tory an and Art to catalog his exceptionally fine archeologist were added. By the time Gunther basket collection, donated to the museum by his resigned from the chairmanship in 1955 there widow. During this period, also, Gunther's were some ten full-time faculty. During earlierthe service to community and profession was same period the Washington State Museum recognizedalso in a variety of ways. In 1971 the flourished. Always alert to make the museum's Washington State Historical Society awarded name illustrious, Gunther often lent pieces her to its highest honor, the Robert Gray Medal, other museums for special exhibitions. On in the gratitude for her years on the advisory board local scene she brought the museum to life of byPacific Northwest Quarterly, her public lec- sending displays to schools, giving innumerable tures, and her labor refurbishing the society's public lectures, and by her classes, both large on Indian basket collection. In 1976 she was campus and through extension. Her radio invited to present a retrospective on her own series, "Museum Chats," later expanded into a research to the Simon Fraser Northwest Studies television show, had a particularly lasting effect: Conference, in Vancouver, Canada. And in many people who saw her on TV in the 1950s 1981, some twenty years after she had relin- still have a lively interest in Northwest Indian quished the directorship, the Burke Museum at art and culture 30 years later. Ironically, when Washington held a special ceremony to honor the old building left to the university from the her. Scholars, former students, old friends from 1909 Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition, which the Indian communities, and local patrons of had housed both Museum and Department of Northwest Coast art gathered to hear her eulo- Anthropology for so many years, was finally gized and to congratulate her on her long and condemned and a new museum opened in 1964, productive career. The museum at the same Gunther was no longer director. Two years time announced plans for the Erna Gunther later, faced with mandatory retirement, Erna Memorial Garden to be devoted to plants used Gunther chose to leave the institution to which by local Native people. her personal and professional life had been soAn assessment of Gunther's scholarship closely tied for so long. In 1966 she joined makes the it clear that however successful her ad- Department of Anthropology and Geography ministrative at career, her own research interests the University of Alaska in Fairbanks and were initially constrained and ultimately re- became Chair in 1967. Her interest in the directed by those responsibilities. One has only northern Northwest Coast had been growing to compare for the impressive list of publications some years before she relocated. In shethe produced early from 1924 to 1930 with the slower 1960s she had been invited to reorganize rate the at col- which she published after she became lection of Indian and Eskimo artifacts at the head of anthropology and museum, to realize Sheldon Jackson Museum in Sitka, Alaska. that Hershe was forced to sacrifice the intensity of displays were so successful that they merited her earlier a scholarly commitment to the needs of letter of appreciation read into the U.S. department Con- and museum. Furthermore, one gressional Record of September 2, 1964. can While trace in the six decades of her publications a at the University of Alaska she campaigned gradual alienation from the mainstream of vigorously for better facilities and more modern theoretical development in favor of increasing equipment for her department, edited concentration the on regional culture and history. university's anthropological publication series, Her early publications reflect the theoretical and continued to teach and do her own re- concerns of the time in which they were written search. Although she apparently relished and show the the influence of her teacher, Franz challenges of harsh winters and record Boas, spring of other senior scholars she admired, floods, she remained at Fairbanks only Lowie, until for one, and, not surprisingly, Leslie 1969 before returning to Seattle to begin Spier. Professionallyher much her senior when they very active "retirement." married, Spier initiated Gunther into fieldwork

This content downloaded from 128.95.104.66 on Fri, 24 Mar 2017 17:59:48 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 396 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [86, 1984] with Native Americans in the summer of 1921 reservation and continued to work with them. when they spent two months with the Hava- Ella Aquina from Tulalip remembers seeing supai. (Acknowledgements of her assistance Gunther at winter spirit dances in the 1920s and that appear in Spier's publications from recalls the how impressed she was that Gunther 1920s suggest that her interests had some effect could recognize all the different genres of spirit on his scholarship as well.) The most theoret- songs. Clallam Indians from the area where ically oriented of Gunther's early work, the Gunther two collected information for Klallam Eth- papers on the first salmon ceremony, represent nography (1927) and Klallam Folktales (1925) the kind of cultural analysis that Spier had stilldone remember how she cheerfully joined their in his Sun Dance (1921) and were significant parents ap- working in the hayfields when the plications of evolving diffusionist theory. demanding"An summer chores impinged on ethno- Analysis of the First Salmon Ceremony" graphicap- work. Shortly thereafter Gunther began peared in volume 28 of the American Anthro- field research with the Nookan-speaking Makah pologist (1926) with another classic, Hallowell's at Neah Bay. Her first publication on this re- "Bear Ceremonialism." It is instructive to com- search was a paper on Makah ethnozoology pare the ways Gunther and Hallowell ap-(1936). This represented an interest in native proached similar problems. She asked to what classification and use of animals and plants extent cultural traits shared by many different which had its roots in the salmon ceremony groups (in this case the ritual welcome of research the and which later found expression in salmon) should be attributed to common oneen- of her most popular works, Ethnobotany of vironmental and economic conditions, and to Western Washington (1945). what extent they should be explained by the As early as 1923 Gunther had hoped to en- historical processes of diffusion. Although shecourage a botanist to cooperate in research on acknowledged the impact of diffusion on cere- native plants and their use (Gunther 1923). She monial details shared by contiguous tribes, hadshe continued to collect information on Native found more persuasive the evidence that a per-uses of plants while pursuing other research vasive attitude of reverance for the salmon was problems. When she decided to publish her ex- created by the people's own recognition of theirtensive data, she organized it by plant families dependence on the annual runs. Contrasting and supplemented it with a thorough literature her goals with those Hallowell set for himself search. Though she never claimed it to be a shows that Gunther was committed to a positi- complete systematic work, it is remarkably vistic enterprise, determining causes and identi- thorough and, for the time, quite sophisticated. fying regular patterns of correlations, while Still extensively consulted today, her work is a Hallowell was primarily engaged in cultural foundation on which all subsequent ethno- analysis yielding a more "historical" interpre- botanical research in the area has been based. tation in contrast to Gunther's "functional" one. The book has been reprinted many times, and In "Further Analysis of the First Salmon Cere- was reissued in 1973 with illustrations and addi- mony" (1928), her doctoral dissertation, Gun- tional material on Quileute plants and their use ther considered the salmon rituals in the context supplied by Jay Powell. of a wider set of observances, including bear Gunther's first ethnohistorical work, "The ceremonialism as analyzed by Hallowell. ShakerShe Religion of the Northwest" (1949), concluded that the northwest salmon ceremony traced the development of the Indian Shaker was a unique synthesis of two widespread Church cul- from its late-19th-century origins to the tural complexes, first fruits observances 1940s. and Her article demonstrated a good under- special relationships with animals. standing of contemporary Indian life and re- Gunther's early work was a major contribu- mains one of the basic sources on Shakerism. It tion to the ethnography of western Washington. also signaled her shift away from Coast Salish Beginning in the early 1920s when she first ethnography. From that time on she devoted came to Seattle, she pursued fieldwork first herselfwith increasingly to ethnohistory and art. As the Coast Salish and then with the Makah. Her early as 1939 Gunther had had a hand in the interest in the Coast Salish had begun while Northwest she Coast art displayed at the San Fran- was still in New York, when Boas asked her to cisco World's Fair, but the Northwest Coast prepare the late Hermann Haeberlin's field show she arranged for exhibition at the Seattle notes on Puget Sound Indians for publication and Colorado Springs Art Museums in 1952 (1924, 1930). Once in Seattle, Gunther con- really brought the aboriginal northwest tradi- tacted Haeberlin's informants on the Tulalip tion to the attention of the art world for the first

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time. The success Throughout her career, of with theher exception ofuntiring efforts to develop public the first salmon appreciation papers, Gunther almost never for Northwest Coast Native culture was confirmed when she indulged in explicit theorizing, about her own was asked to assemble a collection of Northwest or other people's work. She assumed that her Coast art for the 1962 Seattle World's Fair. In methodological stance was part of the common preparation she visited museums and art collec-paradigm of the profession and needed no tions throughout the world, cajoling curators explication. into lending some of their finest pieces to pro-The same matter-of-fact approach charac- duce an exhibit of exceptional items never terized her advocacy for social change. Her long before seen outside their own home bases. commitment to Indian rights was directed to The study of art objects led her into what helping one Indians meet the expectations of White of her more distinguished students, Wayne society Sut- rather than to questioning those expec- ties, has called "the ethnohistory of material tations. She had a genuine sympathy for the culture." In the early 1950s, to learn more problems contemporary Indian people faced about the often poorly documented pieces and in wasthe both active and vocal on their behalf. Washington State Museum, Gunther launched In the 1950s she participated in the founding of a comprehensive search of Northwest Coast the col- Congress of American Indians and coop- lections in American and European museums. erated with the Friends Service Committee. In She combined information culled from the thejour- 1960s she helped a group of urban Indian nals and diaries of the collectors with internal women, among them, Pearl Warren, Ella evidence from the style and manufacture Aquina, and and Dorothy Lombard, to organize the material of the objects themselves to develop Indian a Women's Service League. The league fuller picture of provenience, use, and function still operates a thriving Indian art shop in of the object. The insights she developed downtown ap- Seattle providing an outlet for Indian peared in regional historical journals (e.g. 1960)artists and craftsmen from all over the north- and in the many catalogs she wrote (1953, west.1962, 1966), but relatively little of it made its way intoIn contrast to her explicit support for Indian professional journals of anthropology. Herrights, Gunther took no public position on growing interest in history made her realize women's how concerns. She was, nonetheless, a sup- inaccessible some of the major sources were porter and of women academics and an important convinced her to undertake translations of two role model. In a discipline with many promi- important 19th-century works, Aurel Krause nent on women scholars, Gunther was remarkable, the Tlingit (1956) and Johan Jakobson (1977) perhaps on unique, because she was a woman who his voyage to the Northwest Coast in the held early a position of authority in an important 1880s. department of anthropology for over a quarter Gunther's last important work, Indian Life of a century. While achieving the position in the on the Northwest Coast of North America first place may be attributed to historical acci- (1972), despite its focus on ethnohistorical dent - Spier's departure left her the ranking an- methods and museum items, was a distillation thropologist in the infant department - keeping of all her scholarly concerns. It represented her it for so long must be credited to her ability, final effort to realize the Boasian ideal of acumen, and hard work. As she herself pointed presenting Native culture in its own out terms in response and to a 1934 survey of job satis- as it really was, by drawing on ethnographic, faction among Washington faculty, she was do- historical, and material evidence. Gunther had ing a job formerly done by two men, "one of begun her anthropological work with a primary them a full professor at twice the salary" (1934). emphasis on cultural process, using the North- Characteristically, even in private conversation, west coast area only as a convenient setting in Gunther did not dwell on the difficulties which to explore more general questions of how academic women faced, but she did what she complexes of ideas and practices are borrowed could for women scholars, whether students or and adapted. As her interests were shaped by junior women colleagues at her own or other the demands of her job, she began to focus on universities. She was instrumental in organizing process as it appeared on the Northwest Coast an association of women faculty at Washington specifically. Gradually she became more in- who met regularly to read papers on their terested in cultural products as an expression of research and to provide informal support for the ethos of the Northwest Coast and set aside each other. After she was appointed to the ac- her concern with process. creditation committee of the American Asso-

This content downloaded from 128.95.104.66 on Fri, 24 Mar 2017 17:59:48 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 398 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [86, 1984] ciation of University Women to golf, swim, in kayak,1952, and she ski most of her years worked tirelessly for some in four Seattle. years She once reviewingbought a harp, determined the applications, corresponding to play it herself. with She admini- eventually abandoned the strators, and visiting the campuses enterprise, perhaps of small the one col- retreat she per- leges seeking AAUW's endorsement. mitted herself in a long life of conquering ob- To all her activities Gunther stacles. brought her own definite style. She responded She generously loved dogs and alwaysand haden- one who ac- thusiastically to people, whether companied herfellow to class anthro-to provide a ready sub- pologists, students, or museum ject for pedagogical visitors. illustration. She She also had a answered innumerable letters that came to her great weakness for sports cars. The most notable as chair of anthropology or museum director, was a beautiful tan Mercedes to which she gave treating inquiries from curious schoolboys a Makahas name translated as "color-a-little- seriously as correspondence from distinguished lighter-than-the-deer," which she delighted in scholars. On the other hand, she could be direct rolling off in the full glory of its glottalized con- to the point of bluntness and her propensity to sonants. dismiss objections with breezy assurance was oc- It is, of course, impossible to neatly evaluate a casionally infuriating. Gregarious and energe- professional life so long and so full in scholar- tic, she loved to perform. However much the ship, service, and teaching. Although it is endless round of speaking engagements must tempting to speculate what Gunther might have have wearied her, she always rose cheerfully to achieved had she been willing to subject her the occasion. Teaching was a joy for her. Her taken-for-granted ethnographic methodology to former students remember the delight she took critical analysis, it is more important to recog- in her subject, an enthusiasm they came to nize the significant contributions she made to share. This natural flair made it easy for her to public and profession following the path she dramatize and popularize Northwest Coast In- chose. Her friends in the local community, In- dian culture and she never ignored any prom- dian and White, will remember her for making ising opportunity. From the Indians she learned Northwest people proud of their distinctive In- how to detach a salmon from its backbone, dian art and culture. She made her students spread it open, and cook it over a bed of hotaware of the Northwest Coast as a laboratory of coals. She often prepared fish this way for large Indian cultures in a period of change often crowds and for years she cooked salmon for radicalthe and rapid. For her profession she annual anthropology department picnic. demonstratedShe the value of a multidisciplinary was a culinary purist and steadfastly refused approach to to documenting and interpreting adulterate the salmon with garlic salt or other museum collections and greatly enhanced the exotic seasonings. Gunther's own style of dress usefulness of the existing collections of North- was part of her campaign: blue glass Indian west arts and artifacts. In electing to pursue a "trade" beads, gold and silver bracelets, pen- close and thorough knowledge of the history dants carved by Haida artists, and Cowichan and culture of one pivotal region rather than sweaters. Quick to take advantage of a good the broader aspects of cultural theory, Gunther idea, Gunther cooperated with Frederic created a scholarly legacy that shows both the Douglas to bring Seattle the "Fashion Show" rewards and costs of that strategy. featuring traditional Indian women's clothing from the Denver Art Museum collections. After Acknowledgments. We thank the following Douglas's death she continued to present thepeople who were particularly helpful: Christo- show using material from the Washington State pher and Robert Spier, Dr. Gunther's sons; Bill Museum. Holm, George Quimby, Robert and Susan Free Thanks to her efforts to publicize and buildand James Nason, of the Burke Museum; support for the museum and the department, Wayne Suttles, Barbara Lane, Richard Conn, Gunther was well known in Seattle, and her Margaret Corley, and Sally Snyder, Dr. Gun- outgoing personality won her a wide circle ther's of students; Patricia Gessler, Queen Char- friends and acquaintances. An avid patron lotte of Islands Museum, Bruce Leroy, Washing- the arts, she always bought season tickets for ton two State Historical Society, Lester Torgerson so she could take a guest to plays or concerts. and As Ellen West, of the University of Alaska; Ella might be predicted, Gunther was not a person Aquina and Dorothy Lombard, of the Indian to limit herself to the spectator's role. She Women'shad Service League; Lucien and Jane been athletic as a young woman and continued Hanks, former colleagues and friends of Dr.

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Gunther. Gary In The Indians Lundell of the Urban Northwest. and Richard Berner of University of Marian Washington Smith, ed. pp. 37-76. New York: Archives, Margaret Hall and Lenore Ziontz, historians. Friends and Press. colleagues read and commented on earlier 1952 Indians of the Northwest Coast. Seattle: drafts: Lawrence Thompson, William Seaburg, Taylor Museum of the Colorado Springs Fine Harold Amoss and Dean Edmundson. We also Arts Center and the Seattle Art Museum. thank the trustees of the Melville Jacobs 1953 Collec- Viewer's Guide to Primitive Art. Seattle: tion at the University of Washington Archives University of Washington Press. for permission to use the Jacobs correspon- 1956 Translation of, The Tlingit Indians, by dence. Aurel Krause. Seattle: American Ethnolog- ical Society and University of Washington REFERENCES CITED Press. 1960 Vancouver and the Indians of Puget Erna Gunther Sound. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 51 (1). 1923 Letter to Isaac Crumb, in Edmund 1962 (compiler) Northwest Indian Art, an Meany collection, University of Washington exhibit at the Seattle World's Fair, Fine Arts archives, Seattle. Pavillion, April 21-October 21, 1962 1924 Hermann Haeberlin and Erna Gunther (Catalog). Seattle: Century 21 Exposition, Ethnographische Notizen Uber die Indian- Inc. erstdimme des Puget-Sundes. Zeitschrift 1966 fiirArt in the Life of the Northwest Coast Ethnologie 51:1-74. Indians, with a Catalogue of the Rasmussen 1925 Klallam Folktales. University of Wash-Collection of Northwest Indian Art at the ington Publications in Anthropology 1: Portland Art Museum. Portland: Portland 113-169. Art Museum. 1926 Analysis of the First Salmon Ceremony. 1972 Indian Life on the Northwest Coast of American Anthropologist 28:605-617. North America as Seen by the Early Explorers 1927 Klallam Ethnography. University of and Fur Traders during the Last Decades of Washington Publications in Anthropology the Eighteenth Century. Chicago: University 1:171-314. of Chicago Press. 1928 A Further Analysis of the First Salmon 1977 (translator) Alaskan Voyage, 1881- Ceremony. University of Washington Publi- 1883: A Expedition to the Northwest Coast of cations in Anthropology 2:129-173 (disser- America, by Johan Adrian Jacobsen. tation, contains vita). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1930 (with Hermann Haeberlin) The Indians of Puget Sound. University of Washington Other authors cited: Publications in Anthropology 4:1-83. 1934 Gunther response to questionnaire Hallowell, A. I. distributed to University of Washington 1926 Bear Ceremonialism in the northern faculty. University of Washington Archives, hemisphere. American Anthropologist 28: Seattle. 1-175. 1936 A Preliminary Report of the Zoological Melville Jacobs (to Franz Boas) Knowledge of the Makah. In Essays in An- 1936 Unpublished letter in Melville Jacobs thropology Presented to A. L. Kroeber. R. correspondence. University of Washington Lowie, ed. pp. 105-108. archives, Seattle, Washington. 1945 Ethnobotany of Western Washington. Spier, Leslie University of Washington Publications in An- 1921 The Sun Dance of the Plains Indians: thropology 10:1-62. (2nd ed. published in Its Development and Diffusion. Anthropolog- 1973.) ical papers, American Museum of Natural 1949 The Shaker Religion of the Northwest. History 16:451-527.

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