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Monocot Pollen Flora of Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, with a Note on Pollen Dispersal Mechanism

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Monocot Pollen Flora of Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, with a Note on Pollen Dispersal Mechanism Current Botany 2017, 8: 41-54 http://scienceflora.org/journals/index.php/cb/ Original Article doi: 10.19071/cb.2017.v8.3199 Monocot pollen flora of Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, with a note on pollen dispersal mechanism Arundhati Ghosh, Prakash Karmakar* Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India Received: 26.03.2017 ABSTRACT Accepted: 03.05.2017 Published: 07.05.2017 During the present investigation, pollen morphological studies of 66 species belonging to 19 families of monocots in Paschim Medinipur District have been worked out by light microscopy. The studied families are *Address for Agavaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Arecaceae, Asphodelaceae, Cannaceae, Colchicaceae, Commelinaceae, Costaceae, correspondence: Cyperaceae, Hemerocallidaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Iridaceae, Liliaceae, Limnocharitaceae, Musaceae, Poaceae, Prakash Karmakar, Pontederiaceae, Typhaceae, and Zingiberaceae. The apertural patterns mostly belong to two different categories, Department of Botany and Forestry, viz., monosulcate form (Agavaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Arecaceae, Asphodelaceae, Colchicaceae, Commelinaceae, Vidyasagar University, Costaceae, Hemerocallidaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Iridaceae, Liliaceae, Limnocharitaceae, Musaceae, Poaceae, Midnapore - 721 102, and Pontederiaceae) and anaporate type (Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Typhaceae). The shape of the pollen grains West Bengal, India. with monosulcate apertures is mostly oblate to peroblate type, whereas taxa showing anaporate apertures are E-mail: karmakar_p@yahoo. co.in more or less spheroidal. Regarding the mode of pollen dispersal plant taxa with monosulcate apertures and apiculate surface ornamentations (e.g. reticulate, rugulate, spinulate, and verrucate) are entomophilous (mainly melittophilous), while anaporate with smooth or minutely apiculate surface features are anemophilous. Here, entomophilous taxa provide reward as pollen grains and nectar to the honeybee species, and therefore, contribute as resource mobilizer for sustenance of honeybee colonies. KEY WORDS: Anemophily, entomophily, monocot, pollen, porate, sulcate INTRODUCTION with a comprehensive approach regarding the pollen morphological studies of monocots with all its aspects in Unlike dicots, the pollen of monocots has received very Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. little attention. Pollen morphological data were used by Dahlgren and Clifford (1982) and Dahlgren et al. (1985) The District Paschim Medinipur is situated in the south- during comparative studies and toward a more natural, western side of West Bengal. The district lies between ′ ′ phylogenetic classification of the monocotyledons. Zavada 21°47 and 23°N latitude and between 86°40 and 87°52′E longitude. It has an area of 929528 hectors. The (1983) summarized the apertures and wall structures of climate is tropical and land surface is characterized by monocot pollen and discussed evolutionary trends for those hard rock uplands, lateritic covered area, flat alluvial and characters. Since then there has been a gradual increase deltaic plains. This area is predominantly covered by Shorea in the use of pollen morphological data in phylogenetic robusta. The forest type is tropical dry deciduous type. The analyses. A number of authors studied different groups usual associates of S. robusta are Bombax ceiba, Madhuca of monocot pollen, viz., Wodehouse (1935), Jones and latifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Schleichera oleosa, Terminalia Newwell (1948), Sampath and Ramanathan (1951), arjuna, and Terminalia belerica. Plantation mostly includes Erdtman (1952), Ethirajan (1953), Rowley (1960), Eucalyptus globulus, Acacia auriculiformis, and Anacardium Nair and Sharma (1965), Thanikaimoni (1965), Gornall occidentale (Ghosh and Karmakar, 2012). Besides, a large (1977), Meerow and Dehgan (1985), Siddiqui and Qaiser number of grasses, sedges and other monocots are found in (1988), Goldblatt et al. (1991), Chaturvedi et al. (1998), the district. Kangsabati, Silabati, Subarnarekha, Dulongs, and Furness and Rudall (2000, 2003). This study deals Keleghai and their tributaries are the main rivers of the Current Botany ● Vol 8 ● 2017 41 Ghosh and Karmakar: Monocot pollen flora of Paschim Medinipur District district. The district is also a lead producer of flowers such the pollen samples for better understanding of the pollen as Tuberose, Gladiolus, and Marigold. Arabari forest range walls. Finally, the polleniferous materials were washed which was the site of India’s first Joint Forest Management with distilled water and centrifuged again. The pollen scheme is only 30 km away from the district town. sediment was taken on a small piece of glycerine jelly and transferred to the center of a glass slide. Then, warmed According to APG III system of classification (2009), gently to melt the jelly containing pollen sediment and there are 60,000 species of monocots occurring globally covered by cover glass. The cover glass was sealed with belonging to 78 families and 12 orders. Prain (1903) paraffin wax. Microscopy was done using Leica DM1000, reported 241 genera and 740 species of monocots from and photomicrographs of suitable magnifications were West Bengal. In the present investigation, pollen grains of made with Leica DFC295 Digital camera. Pollens were 54 genera and 66 species belonging to 19 families were described using standard terminologies (Erdtman, 1952; collected from different parts of Paschim Medinipur 1960; Kremp, 1965; Faegri and Iversen, 1975; Walker district and simultaneously analyzed. The study was aimed and Doyle, 1975). The collected families are Agavaceae, at improving the general knowledge of the palynology Amaryllidaceae, Arecaceae, Asphodelaceae, Cannaceae, and mode of pollen dispersal in this plant group and to Colchicaceae, Commelinaceae, Costaceae, Cyperaceae, contribute toward the constitution of a regional pollen flora Hemerocallidaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Iridaceae, in this part of the country which has received exceptionally Liliaceae, Limnocharitaceae, Musaceae, Poaceae, modest consideration. Regarding the manner of pollen Pontederiaceae, Typhaceae, and Zingiberaceae. Besides, dispersal, sedges and grasses are anemophilous while the melissopalynological observations (Pal and Karmakar, majority of the taxa with monosulcate pollen morphotypes 2012; Layek et al., 2015; Layek and Karmakar 2016) and are entomophilous and mostly dispersed by the different field observations were also noted regarding the mode of honeybee species, therefore, families producing such type pollen dispersal. of pollen grains are also adding themselves as potential bee plants for sustenance of honeybee hives of wild and RESULTS managed varieties. The different palynological features of the studied taxa MATERIALS AND METHODS are presented in Table 1. Text figures and photographs are displayed in Plates 1-5. Pollen morphological variation During the present study, fresh polleniferous materials was described for size and shape, the number, position, were collected from the different regions of Paschim and type of apertures and pattern of exine ornamentation. Medinipur district, West Bengal. Polleniferous materials were preserved in formalin-acetic acid-alcohol solution, Description of Pollen Grains and the corresponding herbarium sheets were prepared. Allium cepa Plant specimens were identified by the scientists Alliaceae: L. [Pl.I:1, Pl.IV:1] (Monocot section) of Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. Pollen grains bilaterally symmetrical, oblate (20 µm Palynological preparation of pollen samples was done × 41 µm); amb elliptic, monosulcate, sulcus narrowly using acetolysis method (Erdtman, 1960). First, anthers elliptic, ends of the sulcus acute, exine ±1 µm thick, sexine were dissolved in acetic acid, crushed and transferred to tegillate, as thick as nexine, surface striate-perforate. centrifuge tubes through proper mesh size. Pollen material was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 min and decanted Agavaceae: Polianthes tuberosa L. [Pl.I:17, Pl.IV:21] off. 5 ml of acetolysis mixture (acetic anhydride and concentrated sulfuric acid in a ratio of 9:1) was then added Pollen grains bilaterally symmetrical, peroblate (18 µm in the tubes containing pollen pellet. After thoroughly × 28 µm); equatorial outline oval-elliptic, monosulcate, mixing, the mixture containing tube was placed in a water sulcus narrowly elliptic, exine about 2 µm thick, surface bath (at 80°C) for 3-4 min. After cooling, it was again with densely arranged reticulate ornamentation. centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 min. Again 5 ml of glacial acetic acid was poured in the sediment and centrifuged. Amaryllidaceae: Crinum asiaticum L. [Pl.I:8, Pl.IV:10,11] A mixture was prepared having 2 ml of glacial acetic acid, 2-3 drops of saturated sodium chlorate solution Pollen grains bilaterally symmetrical, peroblate followed by 1-2 drops of concentrated HCl. Such prepared (43 µm × 77 µm), amb elliptic, monosulcate, sulcus chlorination mixture was then supplemented in the tubes narrowly elliptic, extending from pole to pole, exine containing pollen material (Nair, 1970), used to bleach 2.5 µm thick, sexine as thick as nexine, surface distinctly 42 Current Botany ● Vol 8 ● 2017 Ghosh and Karmakar: Monocot pollen flora of Paschim Medinipur District Table 1: The size, shape, apertural pattern and surface features of the studied monocot taxa Families Plant taxa Shape of pollen P×E (µM) Apertural pattern Surface features Alliaceae Allium cepa Oblate 20×41 Monosulcate Striate‑perforate Agavaceae Polianthes
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