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Education in Federal States: Lessons From Report No: ACS13298 . Republic of Yemen Education in Federal States: Lessons from Selected Countries A Study of Decentralization and School-Based Management for the Republic of Yemen . June 2015 . GED05 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA . Document of the World Bank . Standard Disclaimer: . This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Copyright Statement: . The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. Education in Federal States: Lessons from Selected Countries A Study of Decentralization and School-Based Management for the Republic of Yemen Lianqin Wang, Laura Gregory, Gustavo Arcia Angela Demas, Tomomi Miyajima, Khalid Moheyddeen June 2015 2 Education in Federal States: Lessons from Selected Countries Acknowledgements This report was prepared in response to a request from the Government of Yemen in mid-2014 to provide an analysis of the experiences of federal states in the management and delivery of education services. A team from the World Bank Education Global Practice prepared the report, with advice and contributions from the Ministry of Education in Yemen. The World Bank team was led by Lianqin Wang and included Laura Gregory, Gustavo Arcia, Angela Demas, Tomomi Miyajima, and Khalid Moheyddeen. Joel E. Reyes contributed significantly to the conception of the study, in particular in relation to the framework for the country case studies. At the concept development stage of the study, guidance was provided by Amit Dar, Wael Zakout, Cristian Aedo, Juan Manuel Moreno, and Peter Darvas. The report also benefited from the support of Sandra Bloemenkamp, Safaa El-Kogali, and Harry Patrinos, and feedback from peer reviewers of the report: Juan Manuel Moreno, Joel E. Reyes, and Thang Thi Mai. Hamoud Al Seyani collected the data for the SABER School Autonomy and Accountability instrument and provided advice on the analysis of the survey results. The country case studies benefitted from the contributions of Xioyan Liang, Thang Thi Mai, Zaina Dawani, Rafael De Hoyos, and Yinan Zhang. Valuable feedback and advice was also received from Balakrishna Menon Parameswaran, Gustavo Demarco, Dina N. Abu-Ghaida, Simon Thacker, Wafaa Shakir and other colleagues in the World Bank. Education in Federal States: Lessons from Selected Countries 3 Contents Acronyms …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………6 1 Context, Objective and Scope of the Study ………………………………………………………..14 1-1 Background to the Study ………………………………………………………………………………………..…14 1-2 Yemen Political Context …………………………………………………………………………………………….14 1-3 Yemen Education Context …………………………………………………………………….……………..……16 1-4 Objective, Purpose and Scope of the Study ……………………………………………………………….18 1-5 Findings of Research to Date on Education Decentralization …………………………………….19 2 Country Case Study 1: Mexico …………………………………………………………………………...25 2-1 Overview of the Education Sector in Mexico ……………………………………………………………..25 2-2 Rationale for the Decentralization of Basic Education: Politics and Policies in Mexico……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…..26 2-3 The Legal Framework for Decentralization in Mexico …………………………………...............28 2-4 Education Decentralization in Mexico in Practice ………………………………………….............29 2-5 Education Service Delivery in Mexico: Four Basic Components ………………………...........31 2-6 Education Finance in Mexico ………………………................................................................35 2-7 Experiences and Lessons from Mexico ……………………………………………………………...........38 3 Country Case Study 2: The United Arab Emirates ………………………………………….…..40 3-1 Overview of the Education Sector in the UAE …………………………………………………………...40 3-2 Politics, Policies and the Legal Framework for Education in the UAE …………………………42 3-3 Education Service Delivery in the UAE in Practice …………………………………………………..…45 3-4 Education Service Delivery in the UAE: Four Basic Components …………………………..……49 3-5 Education Finance in the UAE ……………………………………………………………………………….…..53 3-6 Experiences and Lessons from the UAE ………………………………………………………………………54 4 Country Case Study 3: Malaysia …………………………………………………………………………56 4-1 Overview of the Education Sector in Malaysia …………………………………………………..………56 4-2 Politics, Policies and the Legal Framework for Education in Malaysia ……………………..…58 4-3 Education Service Delivery in Malaysia: Four Basic Components ……………………………….61 4-4 Education Finance in Malaysia ……………………………………………………………………………..……66 4-5 Experiences and Lessons from Malaysia ………………………………………………………………..…..68 5 Country Case Study 4: Ethiopia ………………………………………………………………………….71 5-1 Overview of the Education Sector in Ethiopia ……………………………………………………………72 5-2 Politics, Policies and the Legal Framework for Education in Ethiopia …………………………73 5-3 Education Service Delivery in Ethiopia: Four Basic Components ………………………….…….76 5-4 Education Finance in Ethiopia …………………………………………………………………………….……..80 4 Education in Federal States: Lessons from Selected Countries 5-5 School-Based Management in Ethiopia ……………………………………………………………….…….83 5-6 Experiences and Lessons from Ethiopia ……………………………………………………………………..84 6 School-Based Management …………………………………………………………………………..…..86 6-1 From System Decentralization to School-Based Management ……………………………….….86 6-2 School-Based Management and Country Context ……………………………………………………..91 6-3 Special Topics for School-Based Management ………………………………………………..…………97 6-4 The Status of Yemen’s Current School-Based Management System and Policy Framework ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………101 7 Implications for Yemen and the Way Forward …………………………………………………106 7-1 Education Under Federalism—Implications for Yemen ……………………………………………106 7-2 School-Based Management—Implications for Yemen …………………………………………….117 7-3 Education in Conflict and Post-conflict Situations ……………………………………………..…….118 7-4 The Way Forward ……………………………………………………………………………………………………122 Appendixes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………125 Appendix A: Understanding Mexico’s Funding Formula ………………………………………………..………125 Appendix B: Comparison of Education Functions and Roles Across Federal System Levels in Case Study Countries …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....127 References …………………………………………………………………………………………………….………139 Education in Federal States: Lessons from Selected Countries 5 Acronyms ADEC Abu Dhabi Education Council BOS Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (School Operational Assistance Program, Indonesia) CCC Central Curriculum Committee (Malaysia) DEO District Education Office ECA Europe and Central Asia EMIS Education management information system GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP Gross domestic product GEQIP General Education Quality Improvement Project, Ethiopia GER Gross enrollment ratio HEI Higher education institution IBE International Bureau of Education INEE Interagency Network for Education in Emergencies ISCED International Standard Classification of Education KHDA Knowledge and Human Development Authority (Dubai) MDG Millennium Development Goal MOE Ministry of Education MOF Ministry of Finance NDC National Dialogue Conference NGO Non-governmental organization NLA National Learning Assessment (Ethiopia) OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PBS School-based assessment (Malaysia) PEC Programa de Escuela con Calidad (Mexico) PIRLS Progress in International Reading Literacy Study PISA Programme for International Student Assessment PLANEA Plan Nacional para las Evaluaciones de los Aprendizajes (Mexico) PPP Public-private partnership PTA Parent-teacher association SAA School autonomy and accountability SABER Systems Approach to Better Education Results SBM School-based management SED State Education Department (Malaysia) SEP Secretaría de Educación Pública (Mexico’s Ministry of Education) SMC School management committee/council SNNPR Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (Ethiopia) STR Student-teacher ratio TED Teacher Education Department (Malaysia) TIMSS Trends in Mathematics and Science Study TTI Teacher Training Institution (Malaysia) TVET Technical and vocational education and training UAE United Arab Emirates UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WEO Woreda education office (Ethiopia)
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