U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs

E. 07 DEC. National Institute of Justice

Special REPORT

Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children: What Do We Know and What Do We Do About It?

www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531

Michael B. Mukasey Attorney General

Cybele K. Daley Acting Assistant Attorney General

David W. Hagy Acting Principal Deputy Director, National Institute of Justice

This and other publications and products of the National Institute of Justice can be found at:

National Institute of Justice www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij

Office of Justice Programs Innovation • Partnerships • Safer Neighborhoods www.ojp.usdoj.gov DEC. 07 Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children: What Do We Know and What Do We Do About It?

Findings and conclusions of the research reported here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

NCJ 215733 ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL CRIME / DEC. 07

ABOUT THIS REPORT

Much investigation remains to to NCMEC. Federal programs be done regarding the com­ include the FBI’s Innocent mercial sexual exploitation of Images National Initiative, children (CSEC). As with other which targets crimes con­ “low visibility” crimes, there is ducted via the Internet, and a a lurking “dark figure” of unre­ U.S. Postal Service program ported cases. Moreover, little focusing on child obscenity reliable information exists sent through the mail. On an about the types of people international level, the United who exploit children in States participates in World this way. Congresses on CSEC and supports United Nations Research has revealed that programs that attack CSEC CSEC takes place at three lev­ on the global stage. els: local exploitation by one or a few individuals, small region­ al networks involving multiple What more can adults and children, and large be done? national or international sex crime networks where chil­ ■ Keep pace with new tech­ dren are traded and sold as nologies, such as those commodities. that create “virtual” images of children in pornographic situations. What prevention and ■ Educate potential victims intervention programs about the tactics used by exist? recruiters. Current U.S. outreach pro­ ■ Educate the public about grams include the National the great harm caused by Center for Missing & Exploit­ CSEC. ed Children (NCMEC) Cyber- Tipline and 40 regional task ■ Improve parental supervi­ forces funded by the Office sion of vulnerable children. of Juvenile Justice and Delin­ quency Prevention. There ■ Enhance the role of is also a Federal law that women and children in requires Internet service societies where they are providers to report child treated as sex objects. pornography on their systems ii COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN

Jay Albanese

Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children: What Do We Know and What Do We Do About It?

The commercial sexual ex­ be sexually exploited for ploitation of children (CSEC) is monetary gain by family and sexual abuse of a minor for friends. Often, the cycle of economic gain. It involves exploitation begins when an physical abuse, pornography, adult family member or friend prostitution, and the smug­ sexually abuses a minor child gling of children for unlawful in his or her care. This can purposes. Although there escalate to systematic sexual have been efforts in recent behavior involving multiple years to better define CSEC, children, and to photograph­ more needs to be done to ing or videotaping sexual publicize its existence and abuse and distributing it develop strategies to reduce through the Internet. its incidence. The criminal justice system The number of known cases has a significant role to play of CSEC is growing. Children in addressing commercial are being kidnapped and sold child sexual exploitation, into forced labor in the illegal especially in its more orga­ sex industry. Some impover­ nized forms: serial victimiza­ ished families are selling their tion of multiple children; children to traffickers in the networks of adult exploiters; hope of giving the children a and the kidnapping, smug­ better life. There are docu­ gling, and sale of children as About the Author mented reports of children commodities. As technology being held captive in base­ and communication become Jay Albanese, Ph.D., is a ments and other slavelike more advanced and global professor at Virginia Commonwealth Univer­ conditions where they are travel becomes easier, the sity’s L. Douglas Wilder beaten, malnourished, threat­ effort to prevent CSEC must School of Government ened, and sexually exploited. become more sophisticated. and Public Affairs and a previous director of NIJ’s In the United States, it is International Center. more common for children to

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How extensive is the the public’s ability to report problem? cases of child sexual exploita­ tion. From 1998 to 2004, To date, no concerted effort there were almost 300,000 has been made to gather hotline tips regarding child reliable data regarding the sexual exploitation (see extent of the commercial exhibit 1). sexual exploitation of chil­ dren. As with other so-called Increases in CyberTipline “low visibility” crimes, the calls may be due to a number greatest challenge in assess­ of reasons: ing the prevalence of CSEC ■ is the size of the “dark fig­ Growing awareness of ure,” i.e., for every report of dedicated ways to report CSEC, how many cases go child sexual exploitation. unreported? ■ Rapid growth worldwide in In 1996, the U.S. Congress the use of the Internet. established the Exploited ■ A Federal law requiring Child Unit within the National Internet service providers Center for Missing & Exploit­ to report child pornography ed Children (NCMEC). Two on their systems to NCMEC. years later, NCMEC launched a toll-free telephone line, ■ An increase in the CyberTipline (1–800–843–5678), prevalence of the sexual and a Web site (www. exploitation of children. cybertipline.com) to increase NCMEC estimates that 1 in 5 girls and 1 in 10 boys are Exhibit 1. Calls to NCMEC CyberTipline sexually abused or assaulted Year Tips Increase before they reach adulthood; less than 35 percent of those 1998 4,578 — cases are reported to authori­ 1999 9,673 111% ties. Unfortunately, the data on which these estimates are 2000 19,276 99% based are incomplete. 2001 24,460 27% 2002 43,097 76% Interviews with police officers, 2003 81,987 90% victim service providers, and, if possible, victims and 2004 112,017 37% offenders may help develop Source: National Center for Missing & Exploited Children a better understanding of the

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problem. More accurate data United States.1 Pimps scout on the commercial sexual bus stations, arcades, and exploitation of children is nec­ malls, focusing on girls who essary before the success of appear to be runaways with­ prevention and intervention out money or job skills. measures can be evaluated. Pimps, or their procurers, befriend the children by showing affection and buying Continuum of abuse, them meals, clothes, jewelry, recruitment, and or video games in exchange exploitation for sex. The case histories of child Eventually, pimps use the chil­ sexual exploitation victims dren’s emotional and financial often reveal a continuum of dependency to coerce them abuse, frequently starting into selling sex for money with abuse by a family mem­ that is turned over to the ber (see exhibit 2). pimp. In time, the relationship becomes less emotional and A study on recruitment, more “contractual” as the based on a survey of child pimp sets a minimum on the and youth service providers child’s earnings. In one case, and interviews with officials for example, a pimp recruited at governmental and non­ girls from Vancouver, British governmental organizations, Columbia, and took them to estimated that pimps control Hawaii, withholding their about 50 percent of the girls papers so they could not engaged in prostitution in the leave. The girls were drugged,

Exhibit 2. Continuum of abuse and commercial exploitation*

Adult family member or friend sexually abuses the child. Adult abuses the child regularly. Abuser seeks other children. Photographs/videos shared via Internet. Photos/videos sold via Internet. Family members or friends pimp children. Children kidnapped, sold for prostitution and sex tourism.

*Based on numerous case histories.

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handcuffed, and told that if children obtained referrals they did not comply, photo­ from waiters, doormen, taxi graphs of them engaging in drivers, receptionists, night­ sex would be sent to maga­ club security guards, valet zines or to their families.2 parking attendants, and street vendors.3 Traffickers also recruit chil­ dren by convincing families— through “success” stories— How is CSEC that their children will be organized? safer, better taken care of, and taught a useful skill or Little reliable information is trade. Cash may be paid to available regarding the types families, to be “repaid” of people and networks in­ through their child’s earnings. volved in CSEC. Existing (Sometimes a “contract” is data come from a small created that implies a legal number of research studies indebtedness, which provides and reports of nongovern­ even more leverage to force mental organizations, none a child into prostitution.) of which provide a complete picture of CSEC. One Mexican study revealed that, upon arriving in Tijuana, Research based on interviews 14- to 17-year-old girls were with pimps and sexually ex­ recruited by “middlemen” ploited children in several U.S. (local exploiters), beaten, and cities found that most pimps threatened that their families manage one to three girls at a would be harmed. Other time and operate along the fol­ means of maintaining control lowing lines:4 over the prostituted children ■ included giving them drugs At least half appear to oper­ and keeping them in forced ate at the local level only isolation. In addition to their and are not part of a larger sexual exploitation in brothels criminal network. and on the streets, the girls in ■ At least one-quarter may this study were forced to be tied to citywide crime work in hotels, boarding rings (often engaged in houses, parks, bus stations, drug sales as well as prosti­ bars, nightclubs, beauty and tution) and are constantly massage parlors, modeling looking for new recruits. and escort agencies, and spas. Adults seeking sex with

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■ About 15 percent are tied ■ About 10 percent appear to regional or national to be tied to international networks that are well sex crime networks and, financed and organized, through them, actively par­ in which the pimps com­ ticipate in the international municate easily with one trafficking of children. another electronically (e.g., Some pimps also are part via cell phone); provide of international drug net­ support services such as works and may use chil­ recruitment, selection, dren to move drugs into indoctrination, and move­ and across the United ment of new girls; and States. occasionally assist in locat­ ing and disciplining girls Exhibit 3, “Organization of who escape from other commercial sexual exploita­ pimps. tion of children,” illustrates the organizational structures of CSEC.

Exhibit 3. Organization of commercial sexual exploitation of children

Local exploitation by one Citywide or regional network National or international sex person (or a few persons). involving multiple children and crime network where children often other criminal activity, such are trafficked and marketed as as drugs. commodities.

Common Features • Minors are exploited for monetary gain and the sexual gratification of the exploiters and their clients. • New “recruits” are constantly sought. • False promises of a “better life” are a central recruitment tool. • Once exploited, children are often threatened or assaulted to ensure obedience and prevent escape.

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Roles in organized Researchers estimate that trafficking 10–15 percent of children liv­ ing on the streets in the Unit­ The following roles exist in ed States are trafficked for organized trafficking: sexual purposes.5 This figure includes U.S. residents traf­ ■ Investors or “arrangers” ficked inside and outside the who provide money for country and children from trafficking operations and other countries. oversee the criminal enterprise. Some foreign children traf­ ficked into the United States ■ Recruiters who find the work in sweatshops under children and may collect coercive and sometimes fees from their families. slavelike conditions. Others become victims of commer­ ■ Transporters who move the cial sexual exploitation. Traf­ children through the origin, fickers are skilled in providing transit, and destination fake documents with false countries. names and ages. Sometimes an easily acquired tourist visa ■ Public officials who receive suffices. Often traffickers tell bribes to provide identity children that if they escape or documents and facilitate cooperate with law enforce­ exiting and entering ment, previous cash advances countries. to their families and other ■ Informers who gather money “owed” will be col­ information on border lected from their parents, surveillance, law enforce­ who may also be physically 6 ment activities, and harmed. immigration and transit “Sex tourism”—including procedures. Americans who travel to des­ ■ Debt collectors in destina­ tinations in or outside of the tion countries who collect United States to have sex trafficking fees, which can with children—is also a signif­ be $30,000 or more per icant problem in some loca­ person. tions. According to one study of the situation in Tijuana, ■ Money movers who laun­ Mexico, “Sex tourism is der trafficking proceeds. something that happens daily as Americans cross the border

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with the purpose of having 12) would be given an educa­ a sexual exchange with tion and a job; parents minors.”7 Sex tourists usually received monthly payments frequent relatively poor coun­ but did not know that their tries that have well-developed children were the subject of commercial sex industries, pornography.9 although the travel pattern is also reversed, with sex Child sex rings. Child tourists coming from poorer pornography produced by countries (for example, sex rings is used in mem­ Argentina, India, and Mexico) bers’ personal collections to such affluent sex-tourist and is often offered for publi­ destinations as Amsterdam, cation, sale, or exchange via Las Vegas, and New York.8 the Internet or e-mail.10 Pedophiles. Child porno­ Pornography graphy may play a key role in molestation by pedophiles, Children also may be com­ helping them justify their mercially sexually exploited conduct and assisting them for purposes of pornography. in seducing victims and black­ The producers of child mailing children to avoid pornography include mem­ exposure. Some pedophiles bers of organized crime, have sold homemade videos pedophiles, sex tourists, and photographs of child and family members. pornography, using the profits to help finance trips to sex Organized crime. Organized tourism destinations.11 crime pornographers have been reported to involve chil­ Parents and other family dren under 9 years of age, members. Children may be sometimes portraying them photographed by parents in photos and videos as as part of intrafamilial child adults. Well-organized net­ sexual abuse. A U.S.-focused works of pornographers in study noted that although Mexico, for example, have child prostitution primarily bought girls and boys in poor involves runaways, about 75 regions and rotated them percent of child pornography from place to place, keeping victims are living at home them under the influence of when they are exploited.12 drugs. In another case, pro­ This suggests that a signifi­ curers told parents their chil­ cant portion of commercial dren (girls and boys aged 6 to

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child sexual exploitation Social Security number. The begins in home settings. local sheriff, working with the FBI, secured warrants and arrested the suspect, who Reducing commercial pled guilty to distributing sexual exploitation of child pornography.13 children Training community groups As with all borderless crimes, and law enforcement officials reducing the commercial also would help reduce the sexual exploitation of children incidence of CSEC. The requires a multipronged ap- Office of Juvenile Justice and proach aimed at increasing Delinquency Prevention, an public awareness, promoting agency within the U.S. De- the public’s ability to report partment of Justice, funds incidents, and strengthening 40 regional task forces that national and international provide expertise in CSEC interdiction and prosecution. investigations.

In Virginia, for example, an Public awareness of CSEC Internet service provider has also been greatly in- called the National Center creased in recent years for Missing & Exploited through legislation. Most Children’s CyberTipline to countries have laws—with report that a subscriber had substantial penalties—that posted pornographic photos prohibit the sexual exploita­ involving children to an online tion of children, including group. Analysts used Internet kidnapping, smuggling, and, search engines to find the more recently, trafficking in suspect’s name, address, and human beings. Despite this

TEENAGE PROSTITUTES: VICTIMS, NOT OFFENDERS

When child-victims of commercial sexual exploitation come to the attention of authorities, the public often regards them as teenage prostitutes, but this is not an accurate description. Rather, when a minor, with few visible choices, sells sex at the hands of an exploitative adult, it is generally a means of survival. The term ‘teenage prostitution’ also overlooks the legal status of minors who have greater legal protections regarding sexual conduct because of their emotional and physical immaturity and the need to protect them from exploitative adults. Therefore, it is important that victims of child sexual exploitation are not mistaken for offenders.

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progress, however, the global­ investigators and victim sup­ ization of crime, dramatically port personnel. increased access to the Inter­ net, and ease of travel have Signatory countries are also brought new challenges to required to implement securi­ the prevention of CSEC. ty and border controls and develop standards for pass­ Global agreements. One ports, visas, and other travel way to meet these chal­ documents. The protocol also lenges is through internation­ calls for measures to prevent al agreements and treaties. revictimization—that is, when The first World Congress victims are returned to their Against Commercial Sexual countries of origin only to be Exploitation of Children—held trafficked out again. Although in Stockholm in 1996—was the U.N. protocol represents attended by 122 nations and an enormous step forward, brought CSEC to light as a some have argued for a sepa­ worldwide problem. Five rate international agreement years later, the second World to explicitly address the Congress attracted three abduction of children for pur­ times as many participants. poses of sex trafficking, pornography, or prostitution. Another tool that promotes international cooperation is U.S. initiatives. The FBI’s the United Nations Conven­ Innocent Images National tion Against Transnational Initiative is one example of a Organized Crime, which has multiagency effort to combat an anti-human-trafficking child pornography and child “protocol” focused on sexual exploitation via the women and children. As of Internet. A component of the the summer of 2007, 134 FBI’s Cyber Crimes Program, countries had ratified the pro­ the Innocent Images initiative tocol and another 13 had provides coordination and signed but not yet ratified it. analysis of case information Law enforcement agencies in among agencies and govern­ countries that ratify the proto­ ments in an effort to establish col are required to cooperate a law enforcement presence in the identification of offend­ and deterrence on the Inter­ ers and trafficked persons, net. From 1996 to 2006, the share information about traf­ number of Innocent Images ficking methods, and train cases rose from 113 to 2,135.14 The U.S. Postal

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Service has a program focus­ enforcement initiative to ing on child pornography sent protect children from pornog­ through the mail.15 Federal raphers, child prostitution cases of CSEC are prosecut­ rings, Internet predators, and ed by the Child Exploitation human traffickers. Launched and Obscenity Section of the in 2003 and coordinated U.S. Department of Justice, through the Department’s which is also involved in train­ Bureau of Immigration and ing and policy development Customs Enforcement (ICE), in the areas of child pornogra­ Operation Predator uses phy, trafficking, and related the Internet to identify child crimes.16 predators.

ICE also works with the FBI, What can we do? the U.S. Postal Inspection Service, the U.S. Secret In addition to supporting Service, and the Justice existing intervention and Department on the National prevention measures, these Child Victim Identification actions could have a dramatic Program, the Nation’s first impact on reducing the com­ comprehensive effort to help mercial sexual exploitation of police around the world iden­ children: tify and rescue children who are being sexually exploited. ■ Keep pace with technology. The National Child Victim ■ Educate potential victims. Identification Program has identified children in hundreds ■ Educate the public. of pornographic images. In one case, for example, the ■ Improve parental New York State Police inter­ supervision. cepted child pornography images and sent them to ICE ■ Enhance the role of agents who were able to women and children in match the images to children. society. The defendant in that case was convicted, despite his Keep pace with techno­ defense that the images were logy. The U.S. Department of not photographs of actual chil­ Homeland Security, in part­ dren but, rather, were “virtu­ nership with the National al” or “morphed.”17 This Center for Missing & issue—virtual versus “real” Exploited Children, manages images—demonstrates how Operation Predator, a law important it is for the criminal

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justice system to keep pace Educate the public. The with evolving technologies. commercial sexual exploita­ tion of children is a demand- Educate potential victims. driven crime. Although it is Children from poor communi­ important to deter consumers ties in the U.S., Latin Ameri­ through investigation and ca, and Asia are especially prosecution, it is also crucial vulnerable to sexual exploita­ to raise the perceptions of tion for commercial purpos­ consumers about the harm es.18 Innovative, creative that is caused. Highly publi­ approaches must be used to cized shutdowns of sex tour help educate these popula­ operators—through sting tions about the problem. operations or undercover agents posing online as For example, the Internation­ children, for example—also al Organization for Migration, may improve deterrence. a nongovernmental organiza­ tion, produced Shattered Improve parental super­ Dreams, an animated film vision. Many children who that tells the story of two become victims of commer­ sisters who travel to the “big cial sexual exploitation have city” (Bangkok) for a better suffered from absent, negli­ life, but end up in forced gent, or abusive parenting. prostitution. When the film A survey of adult prostitutes was shown to children in at an Atlanta jail, for example, Thailand who had been res­ revealed that nearly half had cued from forced labor in fac­ been sexually molested as tories, 90 percent of them children.20 Carefully planned said that they would not have and evaluated child abuse gone to Bangkok if they had prevention programs, better known about the risk of treatment of victims, and forced prostitution depicted more attention focused on in the film.19 abusive households would help address the issues that The United Nations Office can underlie CSEC. of Drugs and Crime has pro­ duced public service televi­ Enhance the role of women sion announcements in six and children in society. In languages aimed at raising some places, women and awareness of trafficking in children are considered women and children. unworthy of respect and stereotyped as sex objects.

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Poverty, globalization, porous Directions for borders, aggressive sex the future tourism campaigns, Internet pornography, mail-order Additional research that brides, intercountry adoption, investigates intervention and visiting foreign military and prevention measures— forces: all of these factors including an assessment of can affect attitudes toward the risk factors for children— women and children.21 would be an important step Researchers in the U.S. have toward reducing the commer­ pointed out that some popu­ cial sexual exploitation of lar culture and music glorifies children. In particular, more pimping and treating young research is needed to assess women like property.22 the impact of deterrence and Changing these perceptions education approaches. may help decrease CSEC. For more information Visit NIJ’s Web site at www. ojp.usdoj.gov/nij and enter “CSEC” or “Commercial Sex­ ual Exploitation of Children” in the search box.

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Notes 7. Klain, Prostitution of Children and Child-Sex Tourism: An Analysis of 1. Estes, Richard J., and Neil Alan Domestic and International Weiner, ”The Commercial Sexual Responses (see note 3). Exploitation of Children in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico,” revised final 8. Ibid. report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 1999–IJ–CX– 9. Healy, Margaret A., “Child 0030. Philadelphia: University of Pornography: An International Pennsylvania, School of Social Work, Perspective,” a working document Center for the Study of Youth Policy, for the 1996 World Congress Against 2002: 110–111. Available online at Commercial Sexual Exploitation of www.sp2.upenn.edu/~restes/ Children, Stockholm, Sweden, CSEC.htm. Accessed November 1, August 27–31, 1996; Azaola, Elena, 2007. Stolen Childhood: Girl and Boy Victims of Sexual Exploitation in 2. Ibid. Mexico, Mexico City: Comunicación Gráfica y Representaciones, 2001. 3. Klain, Eva J., Prostitution of Children and Child-Sex Tourism: 10. Klain, Eva J., Heather J. Davies, An Analysis of Domestic and and Molly A. Hicks, Child Pornog­ International Responses, Washing­ raphy: The Criminal Justice System ton, DC: National Center for Missing Response, Washington, DC: National & Exploited Children, 1999. Center for Missing & Exploited Children, 2001. 4. Estes and Weiner, “The Commer­ cial Sexual Exploitation of Children 11. Healy, “Child Pornography: An in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico” International Perspective” (see note (see note 1). 9).

5. Ibid. 12. Estes, “The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S., 6. U.S. Department of State, Canada, and Mexico” (see note 1). Trafficking in Persons Report, Washington, DC: U.S. Department 13. National Center for Missing & of State, June 2003; Barnitz, Laura Exploited Children, “Winchester Man A., Commercial Sexual Exploitation Pleads Guilty to Child Pornography of Children: Youth Involved in Charges,” US Fed News (October 19, Prostitution, Pornography, and Sex 2005). Trafficking, Washington, DC: Youth Advocate Program International, 14. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1998; The Protection Project, Innocent Images National Initiative. Trafficking in Persons, Especially www.fbi.gov/publications/innocent. Women and Children in the htm. Accessed November 1, 2007. Countries of the Americas, Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, 2000.

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15. U.S. Postal Inspection Service, 20. Hansen, Jane O., “Child Prosti­ Mailing of Child Pornography. tution: Where is Lloydia?” Atlanta www.usps.com/postalinspectors/ Journal-Constitution (November 12, kid-porn.htm. Accessed November 1, 2000). 2007. 21. Vilches, Judge Nimfa Cuesta 16. U.S. Department of Justice, Child “Commentary: Trafficking of Women Exploitation and Obscenity Section. and Children,” Businessworld www.usdoj.gov/criminal/ceos. (December 17, 2003); Media Institute Accessed November 1, 2007 of Southern Africa, “We Should All Be Ashamed by the Sexual Exploita­ 17. Seper, Jerry, “Initiative Targets tion of Girls,” Africa News (Novem­ Child Exploitation,” Washington ber 25, 2003); see also Fernando, Times (July 10, 2003). Jude L., “Children’s Rights: Beyond the Impasse,” The Annals of the 18. EchoHawk, Larry, “Child Sexual American Academy of Political and Abuse in Indian Country: Is the Social Science 575 (May 2001): Guardian Keeping in Mind the 8–24. Seventh Generation?,” New York University Journal of Legislation & 22. Thompson, Carla, “Hottest Hip Public Policy 5 (2001/2002): 83–128; Hop Glorifies Pimping,” Inter Press Mora, José Eduardo, “Rights— Service (November 11, 2003); Central America: Poverty Spurs Albanese, Jay S., “Looking for a New Growth of Child Sex Rings,” Inter Approach to an Old Problem: The Press Service (October 14, 2003). Future of Obscenity and Pornog­ raphy,” in Visions for Change: Crime 19. “‘Shattered Dreams’ to Educate and Justice in the 21st Century (4th Migrants,” The Nation (Thailand) edition), ed. R. Muraskin and A. (November 12, 2003). Roberts, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2005.

14 The National Institute of Justice is the research, development, and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. NIJ‘s mission is to advance scientific research, development, and evaluation to enhance the administration of justice and public safety.

The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance; the Bureau of Justice Statistics; the Community Capacity Development Office; the Office for Victims of Crime; the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; and the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking (SMART).

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