HOBBYIST BOARD GAME DESIGN PRACTICES: HOW DO BOARD GAME DESIGNERS CRAFT THEIR RULES MANUALS and SOLICIT USER FEEDBACK on PROTOTYPE GAMES? by Tony Bushner
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HOBBYIST BOARD GAME DESIGN PRACTICES: HOW DO BOARD GAME DESIGNERS CRAFT THEIR RULES MANUALS AND SOLICIT USER FEEDBACK ON PROTOTYPE GAMES? by Tony Bushner A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English West Lafayette, Indiana August 2020 THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL Dr. Michael Salvo, Chair Department of English Dr. Samantha Blackmon Department of English Dr. Bradley Dilger Department of English Dr. Michael Trice Comparative Media Studies Approved by: Dr. Manushag Powell 2 For all of my family, both inherited and chosen, who have always offered their love, guidance, and encouragement when I needed it most. I did it, y’all. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I’d like to acknowledge the wonderful community of scholars and graduate students in my department, whose various and overlapping knowledges helped me navigate this project. A special thank you goes out to my chair and mentor, Michael Salvo, whose encouragement and unbounded enthusiasm for my research never failed to inspire confidence and excitement about my work. Our long conversations over games of Go and pints of beer always left me feeling reinvigorated with my work and with a playlist of good music to explore. I’d also like to extend my gratitude to the rest of my committee—Samantha Blackmon, Bradley Dilger, and Michael Trice—for their unwavering enthusiasm and willingness to entertain a non-standard dissertation project. The advice I received from all of you has been incredible and I could not have asked for a better group of scholars to assist me on this journey. Through our combined efforts, I have created something about which I am truly proud. A huge bundle of thanks goes out to my interview subjects for being so willing to share their accumulated knowledge about board game design with me. I learned so much from your collected wisdom and it is my utmost hope that this project can send even a fraction of that knowledge back out to the community through my Manual on Manuals. I recognize that summer is an incredibly busy time for game designers with conventions and trade shows and travel, and yet these amazing designers took time out of their day to answer my questions about their craft with great enthusiasm. While I cannot thank you enough for your time and expertise, I hope that you are able to learn something new from my efforts. And hey, if you ever need another set of eyes on your manuals, you know how to reach me. I would be remiss to neglect giving a major shout-out to all of my friends and colleagues who supported me in this project. To the Frasses—Michelle, Alisha, and Lee— thank you for always being there when I needed advice, encouragement, or a good, hearty chuckle. To Harry, Tammy, and Vicki in the Writing Lab, I thank you for your unflinching dedication to all students that pass through your doors in Heavilon Hall; I am honored and lucky to be one of many who have benefitted from your sage words of wisdom. A debt of gratitude is owed to Jeff, who shared with me his assignment sheet for a board game design project for freshman composition students during my first year as a graduate student: I don’t know if you realize what an incredible journey you started with that act of kindness; then again, you and Stacey are some of the most effortlessly kind people I’ve ever met, so I’m 4 sure it came as naturally as breathing to you. I’d also like to thank Joe for the many conversations and libations over the years: it has truly been an honor to collaborate with someone as incredibly funny and kind as you. And I would like to extend my sincerest gratitude to my cohort, the Pasta Jets: Priya, Amelia, Sam, Trinity, Jen, Erin, and Talisha. Y’all provided such a necessary structure of love and support in a place where I knew no one. I have learned so much from each and every one of you. And finally, I would like to acknowledge the incredible debt I owe to my family— both inherited and chosen—for their unending support through my graduate career. To Ashley, Stacy, and Jordan, I cannot begin to describe how powerful an impact your unconditional love has had on my life. I am a better person for knowing all of you. To my cousin Zach, who has been like a brother to me for as long as I’ve known him: I could not ask for a more understanding or supportive bro, and the lifelong friendly rivalry that we have shared is one of the deepest connections I’ve ever had with another human. A big, sappy thank you to my immediate family, Chris, Jeff, and Sam and all of the gifts you’ve given me throughout my life: from my mother, her boundless passion for helping others and listening to people we know are starving to be heard; from my father, his obsessive need to understand every last detail about something that catches his interest; and from my sister, the effortless positivity about life that has inspired my own unbridled optimism in the face of adversity. Y’all are incredible. And last, but not least, I would like to thank my pugs Midna, Ludo, and Draco for the incredible love and affection you’ve shown over the years (as well as the many naps when we are too tired from writing to do anything else). And a posthumous thank you to Dahlia, Queen of All Pugs: my memories of you continue to warm my heart even after your passing. And I promise to never stop blaming my farts on you. Oh, and thank YOU, dear reader! For without you, the words on this page are meaningless squiggles. Thank you for breathing life into my work with your thoughtful attentiveness and curiosity. It is for you that I labor. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................ 10 The Golden Age of Board Games ......................................................................................... 10 So, Like, You’re Talking About Monopoly, Right? ............................................................. 12 Overview of Turn Order ....................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................................... 15 Game Design Resources: Everything but the Manual .......................................................... 15 Board Game Design Handbooks ........................................................................................... 16 Miscellaneous Resources ...................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 3: Methods .................................................................................................................. 19 Participants ............................................................................................................................ 20 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................... 22 Coding & Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 23 Ethics, Reciprocity, & Limitations ....................................................................................... 26 Chapter 4: Elements of Manual Design ................................................................................... 27 Design Experience ................................................................................................................ 27 Design Process ...................................................................................................................... 30 Manual Drafting .................................................................................................................... 31 Influences from Designers’ Jobs & Education ..................................................................... 33 Writing Better Manuals: Lessons Learned from Designers .................................................. 35 Headings, Keywords, and Other Organizing Design Elements ............................................ 41 Striking the Right Tone ......................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 5: Prototype Testing Data Collection ......................................................................... 46 Polished Prototypes vs. Basic Prototypes ............................................................................. 46 The Stages of Playtesting and Playtester Selection .............................................................. 49 Data Collection & Filtering Feedback .................................................................................. 53 Chapter 6: Important Lessons from Game Designers .............................................................. 57 Insights for the Board Game Design Community................................................................. 57 Insights for the PWTC Community ...................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX A. Interview Questions.......................................................................................