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Radical Political Economy: Sraffa Versus Marx Provides Readers with a Third Choice

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Radical Political Economy: Sraffa Versus Marx Provides Readers with a Third Choice RADICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY Sraffa Versus Marx Robin Hahnel 2017 RADICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY For too long radical political economy has suffered for lack of a coherent alternative to formal Marxian economic theory. People have had to choose between (1) continuing to use a formal model based on the labor theory of value as Marx developed in Capital to justify and retain one’s opposition to capitalism, or (2) abandoning the formal Marxian framework as outdated, and risk losing a critical evaluation of capitalism. Radical Political Economy: Sraffa Versus Marx provides readers with a third choice. A point-by-point comparison of Sraffian and Marxian treatments of prices, profits, technological change, economic crises, environmental sustainability, and the moral case against capitalism, are presented in six core chapters. They explain how the Sraffian treatment surpasses the formal Marxian treatment in every case. Both Marxian and Sraffian theories are presented in a highly accessible way, while large professional literatures are thoroughly referenced throughout. Marx was not the first, but remains the greatest, critic of capitalism, and richly deserves his place in history. However it is time to use intellectual tools unavailable to Marx in the nineteenth century to improve upon his formal analysis. This book is of great importance to those who study Sraffa and Marx, as well as academics and students who are interested in political economy, the history of economic thought, and economic and philosophical theory. Robin Hahnel is Professor Emeritus at the Department of Economics, American University Washington DC, USA. He is also the Co-Director of Economics for Equity and the Environment and has published widely in the fields of radical political economy and environmental economics. Contents Preface Introduction 1 Prices 2 Profits 3 Technological Change 4 Theories of Capitalist Crises 5 Economy and Environment 6 Moral Critique of Capitalism Conclusion References Preface Marx deserves his place in history as the greatest critic of capitalism. Marx opened our eyes to how the economic sphere of social life exerts a powerful influence over the political, cultural, and reproductive spheres of social life. Marx gave intellectual support to workers’ instinct that capitalism systematically exploits them. And Marx reminded us that life beyond capitalism, where workers manage and coordinate their economic activities themselves, democratically, fairly, and efficiently, is a real possibility. However a great deal has happened since Marx died in 1883. There are 133 years of world history – some of which, such as the Soviet perversion of the socialist vision, and capitalism’s recovery from the Great Depression, would have come as a great surprise to Marx. And there have been new intellectual discoveries as well, some of which, such as proof of the Frobenius–Perron theorem in mathematics, and modern, egalitarian, philosophical theories of distributive justice, provide us with intellectual tools unavailable to Marx. It is time to acknowledge that Marx’s early attempt to fashion a formal economic theory of price and income determination in capitalism based on a “labor theory of value,” and elaborate a Hegelian “critique” of capitalism can now be surpassed. Not surpassed by neoclassical theory, which only disguises the origins of profits and their lack of moral legitimacy. Surpassed instead by a modern reworking of classical economics along the lines pioneered by Piero Sraffa (1960), centered on the production and distribution of the physical economic “surplus,” and by a modern egalitarian philosophical theory of distributive justice. This book argues that Sraffian theory can now provide a stronger basis for radical political economy in the twenty-first century than formal Marxian economic theory for a number of reasons: • Sraffian theory is devoid of embarrassing inconsistencies which plague Marxian formal theory which apologists for capitalism exploit. • Because it uses familiar economic and philosophical concepts – rather than a conceptual apparatus abandoned long ago by all except Marxists – Sraffian theory is more intelligible to economists, philosophers, and lay audiences today. • Sraffian theory and the “Fundamental Sraffian Theorem” show more clearly why capitalists are parasites living off the work of others than does Marxian theory and the “Fundamental Marxist Theorem.” • Formal Marxian economic theory misleads us to search for non-existent crises which distracts us from focusing attention on actual sources of crisis in capitalism. • Finally, no theory unsuited to analyzing the increasingly problematic relation between human economic activity and the natural environment will attract allegiance as the twenty-first century unfolds. Unlike the Marxian labor theory of value which is ill-suited to incorporating inputs from “nature” into our formal analysis, the Sraffian framework easily accommodates natural resources and rents into an explanation of price and income distribution. Moreover, recent developments demonstrate how Sraffian theory can facilitate a rigorous analysis of what ecological economists call environmental throughput, allow us to formulate sufficient conditions for achieving environmental sustainability in a multi-good economy, and sort out the “sense” from the “nonsense” in the steady-state and de-growth literatures. This book examines six topics: In each topic area both the Marxian and Sraffian treatments are presented and compared. Those six core chapters are preceded by an introduction that pays full homage to Marx, but argues that it is time to improve on his formal modeling, and followed by a conclusion summarizing the advantages of a radical version of modern Sraffian theory. Since this book is intended for a broad audience, I will use a simple, two sector version of both the Marxian and Sraffian models which requires nothing more than simple algebra, and I will emphasize intuitive explanations for all important results, referring readers to endnotes for more complicated calculations and suitable sources for proofs of key theorems. Introduction For too long radical political economy has suffered for lack of a coherent alternative to formal Marxian economic theory. For too long those dis-enamored with the economics of competition and greed have had only two choices: (1) Continue to use a formal model based on the labor theory of value as Marx developed it in Capital – to justify one’s opposition to capitalism. Or (2) abandon the Marxian framework as outmoded – and risk losing a rationale for rejecting capitalism as fundamentally flawed. This book is dedicated to providing the next generation fighting against the destructive effects of financialized, neoliberal, global capitalism a third choice: (3) A modern, rigorous, logically sound, and profoundly radical version of Sraffian economics. Sraffian theory uses concepts and tools familiar and acceptable to economists and philosophers in the twenty-first century. A radical version of Sraffian theory can be every bit as critical of capitalist inequality as Marxism. Sraffian theory suggests no mythical theories of crisis, allowing us to focus on real sources of instability and crisis in capitalist economies. And finally, unlike Marxian theory, the Sraffian framework proves to be well suited to addressing what is arguably already the paramount issue of the twenty-first century – environmental sustainability. However, before beginning it is appropriate to pay homage to Marx, who in all likelihood will forever remain the greatest critic of capitalism. Prior to Marx nobody understood how much the way we organize our interrelated economic activities affects the way we think and behave. In the hands of some of his disciples lumping the political, cultural, and reproductive spheres of social life into a single “superstructure,” and insisting that the “economic base” always exerts more influence over the superstructure than vice versa, may have become an obstacle to a fuller understanding of how human societies function.1 But to blame the prophet for the sectarian excesses of his disciples is unfair. Nobody has provided more support to workers’ sense that capitalists rob them of part of what they produce and suppress their abilities to manage and coordinate their own laboring capacities. Even if it proves that we now have better tools and ways to explain how and why the capitalist employment relationship is exploitative than were available to Marx 150 years ago, this does not diminish the magnitude of what he accomplished in this regard: Nobody has provided stronger ideological support for the labor movement and its cause than Marx. And finally, Marx more than anyone else emphasized that capitalism was merely the latest in a series of flawed, class-divided economic systems that have come and gone throughout history. And like other human creations before it, there is no reason people cannot replace it with a better economic system, a classless economy in which workers and consumers coordinate a rich and productive division of labor among themselves – democratically, fairly, and efficiently. For all this, and more, we owe Marx an unpayable intellectual debt, and nothing in this book should be interpreted as implying otherwise. In chapter 1 the Marxian and Sraffian theories of prices are presented and compared. Sraffian theory derives relative prices in capitalism directly from the technologies used to produce different goods and services and whatever hourly wage rate workers are able
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