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/ Chapter 2 THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS Storrs L. Olson Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC. I. Introduction 80 II. Archaeopteryx 85 III. Early Cretaceous Birds 87 IV. Hesperornithiformes 89 V. Ichthyornithiformes 91 VI. Other Mesozojc Birds 92 VII. Paleognathous Birds 96 A. The Problem of the Origins of Paleognathous Birds 96 B. The Fossil Record of Paleognathous Birds 104 VIII. The "Basal" Land Bird Assemblage 107 A. Opisthocomidae 109 B. Musophagidae 109 C. Cuculidae HO D. Falconidae HI E. Sagittariidae 112 F. Accipitridae 112 G. Pandionidae 114 H. Galliformes 114 1. Family Incertae Sedis Turnicidae 119 J. Columbiformes 119 K. Psittaciforines 120 L. Family Incertae Sedis Zygodactylidae 121 IX. The "Higher" Land Bird Assemblage 122 A. Coliiformes 124 B. Coraciiformes (Including Trogonidae and Galbulae) 124 C. Strigiformes 129 D. Caprimulgiformes 132 E. Apodiformes 134 F. Family Incertae Sedis Trochilidae 135 G. Order Incertae Sedis Bucerotiformes (Including Upupae) 136 H. Piciformes 138 I. Passeriformes 139 X. The Water Bird Assemblage 141 A. Gruiformes 142 B. Family Incertae Sedis Ardeidae 165 79 Avian Biology, Vol. Vlll ISBN 0-12-249408-3 80 STORES L. OLSON C. Family Incertae Sedis Podicipedidae 168 D. Charadriiformes 169 E. Anseriformes 186 F. Ciconiiformes 188 G. Pelecaniformes 192 H. Procellariiformes 208 I. Gaviiformes 212 J. Sphenisciformes 217 XI. Conclusion 217 References 218 I. Introduction Avian paleontology has long been a poor stepsister to its mammalian counterpart, a fact that may be attributed in some measure to an insufRcien- cy of qualified workers and to the absence in birds of heterodont teeth, on which the greater proportion of the fossil record of mammals is founded. -
Evolution of Galliformes and Their Presence in the Carpathian Basin
Ornis Hungarica 2019. 27(2): 142–174. DOI: 10.2478/orhu-2019-0021 Evolution of Galliformes and their presence in the Carpathian Basin Jenő (Eugen) KESSLER Received: April 23, 2019 – Revised: May 13, 2019 – Accepted: May 15, 2019 Kessler, J. (E.) 2019. Evolution of Galliformes and their presence in the Carpathian Basin. – Or- nis Hungarica 27(2): 142–174. DOI: 10.2478/orhu-2019-0021 Abstract Due to the number of specimen, their size and weaker flight capabilities they are one of the favorite preys of furred and feathered carnivores. Due to this factor quite a number of skeletal fragments remained and fossilized over millions of years, especially in caves. Their presence in Europe can be traced back to the Eocene, but the majority of finds come from the Neogene and the Quaternary. In the Car- pathian Basin they are known since the beginning of the Neogene. The text is complemented with the bibliogra- phy concerning the fossilized material, one figure and six table. Keywords: Europe, Carpathian Basin, evolution, Galliformes, grouses Összefoglalás Egyedszámuk, méretük, életmódjuk, és gyengébb repülési képességük következtében kedvenc prédaállataik a tollas és szőrmés ragadozóknak. Az előbbieknek köszönhetően így elég sok vázrészük fennma- radt és fosszilizálódhatott az évmilliók folyamán, főleg a barlangi lelőhelyeken. Európai jelenlétüket már az eo- céntól követni lehet, de a leletek többsége a neogénből és a kvarterből származik. A Kárpát-medencéből a neo- gén elejétől ismertek. A szöveget kiegészíti a fosszilis anyagot felölelő irodalomjegyzék, egy ábra és hat táblázat. Kulcsszavak: Európa, Kárpát-medence, evolúció, tyúkfélék, fajdok Department of Paleontology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Hungary, e-mail: [email protected] Introduction Their dimensions vary (sexual dimorphism is a usual characteristic), they are herbivores or omnivores. -
The Evolution Dynamics of the Strigiformes in the Mediterranean Islands with the Description of Aegolius Martae N. Sp
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institutional Research Information System University of Turin ARTICLE IN PRESS Quaternary International 182 (2008) 80–89 The evolution dynamics of the Strigiformes in the Mediterranean islands with the description of Aegolius martae n. sp. (Aves, Strigidae) Ã Marco Pavia Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Museo di Geologia e Paleontologia, Via Valperga Caluso 35, I-10125 Torino, Italy Available online 14 June 2007 Abstract Living and fossil owls (Aves, Strigiformes) constitute an important group for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of birds in island environments. After their different trends in island evolution, the Strigiformes can be seen as a representative of insular adaptations of birds as a whole. In fact they respond quickly to isolation with deep changes in body size, including dwarfism and gigantism, and allometric variations, such as reduction of wings, lengthening of hindlimbs and strengthening of digits and claws. The only exception is the loss of the ability to fly, which has never been recorded in Strigiformes. In this paper I report on all the endemic owls found in Mediterranean Islands, both living and fossil, in order to emphasize trends in insular evolution and the relationships between the different species sharing a certain island. The description of Aegolius martae n. sp. completes the guild of endemic Strigiformes of the early Middle Pleistocene of Sicily and allows to use Sicily as the best example of a biogeographical island type with intermediate characteristics between the oceanic and the continental ones, with the presence of some non-flying mammals, but the lack of terrestrial carnivores. -
A Review of Gastrolith Function with Implications for Fossil Vertebrates and a Revised Classification
A review of gastrolith function with implications for fossil vertebrates and a revised classification OLIVER WINGS Wings, O. 2007. A review of gastrolith function with implications for fossil vertebrates and a revised classification. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52 (1): 1–16. Misleading interpretations of “gastroliths” in fossil taxa have complicated the use of this term in palaeontology. This pa− per reviews the definitions and ascribed functions of gastroliths. According to the suggested definition, gastroliths are hard objects within the digestive tract of animals—without specification of the mechanisms that are responsible for their accumulation. To further improve definitions, the origin−based terms “bio−gastrolith”, “patho−gastrolith”, and “geo− gastrolith” are introduced. The term “exolith” is introduced for isolated clasts with a possible history as geo−gastroliths. Hypotheses about the function of stomach stones in fossil and extant taxa are reviewed, discussed and supplemented with new research. Trituration and mixing of foodstuff are the generally accepted functions of gastroliths in many vertebrates, including birds. In contrast, ballast provided by swallowed stones is considered to be of limited importance for buoyancy in aquatic animals. Other functional hypotheses include mineral supply and storage, stomach cleaning, maintenance of a beneficial microbial gut flora, destruction of parasites and alleviation of hunger. Accidental ingestion of sediment, either by being mistaken for prey, by being attached to it, during playing or due to pathological behaviour, is considered to be common. Different functions may overlap in various taxa. Key words: Gastroliths, stomach stones, gastrolith function, palaeobiology, ingesta, vertebrates, digestion, digestive tract. Oliver Wings [[email protected]], Institut für Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, D−53115 Bonn, Germany; present address: Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen, Sigwartstr. -
A New Tropicbird (Aves: Phaethontidae) from the Late Miocene of Austria
©Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 98 A lSI - 154 Wien, Februar 1997 A new tropicbird (Aves: Phaethontidae) from the late Miocene of Austria by Jffil MLfKOVSKYI (With 1 textfigure) Manuscript received on February 26'", 1996 Abstract A new tropicbird species, Heliadornis paratethydicus, is described from the late Miocene of Vosendorf in Austria. It is the second record of the family Phaethontidae in the Tertiary of the world. Keywords: Aves, Phaethontidae, Miocene, Austria. Zusammenfassung Eine neue Tropikvogelart, Heliadornis paratethydicus, wird aus dem Jung-Miozan von Vosendorf, Oster- reich, beschrieben. Es handelt sich urn den zweiten Beleg .der Familie Phaethontidae im Tertiar der Welt. Schliisselworter: Aves, Phaethontidae, Miozan, Osterreich. Introduction The tropicbirds (family Phaethontidae) are marine, plunge-diving birds which inhabit all tropical oceans. Their fossil record is extremely meagre, going back only to the middle Miocene (OLSON1985b). In this paper, I will describe a new tropic bird from the late Miocene (MN 10) locality Vosendorf in Niederosterreich, Austria (48.07 N, 16.19 E). The locality Vosendorf (Brunn- Vosendorf) was excavated in the 1930s and 1940s. It yielded numerous remains of vascular plants, invertebrates and vertebrates (PAPP& THENIUS1954, PAPP1985), but only two avian bones were known previously (THENIUS1954). The latter two bones are deposited in the Institute of Paleontology of the University of Wien, Austria. In 1989, I discovered in the Department of Geology and Paleontology of the Museum of Natural History in Wien, Austria, a third avian bone from Vosendorf, which is identified here as a new tropic bird species. The stratigraphy of the Neogene used herein follows MEIN (1990). -
FROM the LOWER MIOCENE of SAINT-GE´ RAND-LE-PUY (ALLIER, FRANCE) by URSULA B
[Palaeontology, Vol. 48, Part 6, 2005, pp. 1331–1350] REVISION OF THE PHASIANIDS (AVES: GALLIFORMES) FROM THE LOWER MIOCENE OF SAINT-GE´ RAND-LE-PUY (ALLIER, FRANCE) by URSULA B. GO¨ HLICH* and CE´ CILE MOURER-CHAUVIRE´ *Department fu¨r Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Sektion Pala¨ontologie, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, D-80333 Mu¨nchen, Germany; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] UMR 5125, Pale´oenvironnements et Pale´obiosphe`re, Universite´ Claude Bernard – Lyon 1, 27–43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; e-mail: [email protected] Typescript received 16 January 2004; accepted in revised form 1 October 2004 Abstract: A revision of the phasianids (Aves, Galliformes) whereby Palaeortyx intermedia was recognized to be a junior from the Lower Miocene of St-Ge´rand-le-Puy (Allier, France) synonym of Palaeortyx prisca and is synonymized with the has been carried out. Palaeortyx brevipes Milne-Edwards, latter here. These results are supported by investigations on 1869, Palaeortyx gallica Milne-Edwards, 1869, Palaeortyx variability statistics on some recent quails and partridges phasianoides Milne-Edwards, 1869, and Palaeortyx intermedia (Coturnix, Perdix, Alectoris). Comparisons with fossil phasia- Ballmann, 1969 have been known before from this locality. nids from Quercy, Sansan, and La Grive (all France) and St-Ge´rand-le-Puy is the type locality of the first three species. Wintershof-West (Germany) are made. New morphological The four species of Palaeortyx represented at St-Ge´rand- and size differences between Palaeortyx and some species of le-Puy are distinguished by their size. -
Late Messinian Mollusks and Vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, North-Western Italy
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications Simone Colombero, David M. Alba, Carmine D’Amico, Massimo Delfino, Daniela Esu, Piero Giuntelli, Mathias Harzhauser, Paul P.A. Mazza, Michele Mosca, Thomas A. Neubauer, Giulio Pavia, Marco Pavia, Andrea Villa, and Giorgio Carnevale ABSTRACT The systematic analysis of more than 20,000 fossils (Vertebrata and Mollusca), recovered from the post-evaporitic Messinian (5.41–5.33 Ma) succession of Moncucco Torinese (NW Italy), resulted in the identification of 90 vertebrate and 65 mollusk taxa that provide additional information about the paleoecological context and the paleoen- vironmental settings of NW Italy slightly before the Mio-Pliocene boundary. Our analy- ses indicate a landscape dominated by open woodlands within a mosaic environment also including closed canopy forests, grasslands, rocky outcrops and limited water edges. The wide spectrum of habitats may have had a prominent role in determining the high paleobiodiversity observed in the paleocommunity of Moncucco Torinese. Slight variations in the abundances of the most common rodent species over the inves- tigated succession are probably related to local changes in the paleolandscape. From a paleoclimatic point of view, the overall information provided by the fauna indicates mesic conditions in a subtropical climate, which is also consistent with the interpreta- tion derived from paleobotanical and sedimentological analyses for the latest Messin- ian of Northern Italy. Simone Colombero. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy. [email protected] David M. Alba. Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain. -
Evolution of Galliformes and Their Presence in the Carpathian Basin
Ornis Hungarica 2019. 27(2): 142–174. DOI: 10.2478/orhu-2019-0021 Evolution of Galliformes and their presence in the Carpathian Basin Jenő (Eugen) KESSLER Received: April 23, 2019 – Revised: May 13, 2019 – Accepted: May 15, 2019 Kessler, J. (E.) 2019. Evolution of Galliformes and their presence in the Carpathian Basin. – Or- nis Hungarica 27(2): 142–174. DOI: 10.2478/orhu-2019-0021 Abstract Due to the number of specimen, their size and weaker flight capabilities they are one of the favorite preys of furred and feathered carnivores. Due to this factor quite a number of skeletal fragments remained and fossilized over millions of years, especially in caves. Their presence in Europe can be traced back to the Eocene, but the majority of finds come from the Neogene and the Quaternary. In the Car- pathian Basin they are known since the beginning of the Neogene. The text is complemented with the bibliogra- phy concerning the fossilized material, one figure and six table. Keywords: Europe, Carpathian Basin, evolution, Galliformes, grouses Összefoglalás Egyedszámuk, méretük, életmódjuk, és gyengébb repülési képességük következtében kedvenc prédaállataik a tollas és szőrmés ragadozóknak. Az előbbieknek köszönhetően így elég sok vázrészük fennma- radt és fosszilizálódhatott az évmilliók folyamán, főleg a barlangi lelőhelyeken. Európai jelenlétüket már az eo- céntól követni lehet, de a leletek többsége a neogénből és a kvarterből származik. A Kárpát-medencéből a neo- gén elejétől ismertek. A szöveget kiegészíti a fosszilis anyagot felölelő irodalomjegyzék, egy ábra és hat táblázat. Kulcsszavak: Európa, Kárpát-medence, evolúció, tyúkfélék, fajdok Department of Paleontology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Hungary, e-mail: [email protected] Introduction Their dimensions vary (sexual dimorphism is a usual characteristic), they are herbivores or omnivores. -
Fossil and Subfossil Bird Remains and Faunas from the Carpathian Basin
Ornis Hungarica 2014. 22(2): 65–125. DOI: 10.2478/orhu-2014-0019 Fossil and subfossil bird remains and faunas from the Carpathian Basin Jenő (eugen) Kessler Jenő (Eugen) Kessler 2014. Fossil and subfossil bird remains and faunas from the Carpathian Basin. – Ornis Hungarica 22(2): 65–125. Abstract The author summarizes the knowledge of fossil and subfossil bird life from the Car- pathian Basin, of all geological ages, site by site. After a historical overview, he presents the Mesozoic, Tertiary and Quaternary bird fauna, based on a holistic reference material consisting of 196 titles indi- cated in the bibliography, including papers in English (64), Hungarian (50), German (46), Romanian (26), Cro- atian (9) and Polish (1) languages. The text is supplemented with maps of fossiliferous sites from different ages and a list from 341 paleontological and archaeological sites on species of the Carpathian Basin, respectively. The number of taxa reaches 845, including 189 extinct taxa (two orders, four families, nine genera – five ichnotaxa of which (154 species, five ichnotaxa and 10 subspecies) were described from the Carpathian Basin, primarily. Most significant records include the Mesozoic taxa (Eurolimnornis, Palaeocursornis, Elopteryx), the new Neo- gene songbirds species and the presence of predecessors of recent European grouses, Bustards and Corvidae spe- cies from the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene in the Carpathian Basin. Keywords: Carpathian Basin, paleo-ornithological studies, fossil sites, evolution Összefoglalás A szerző összefoglalja a Kárpát-medence fosszilis és szubfosszilis madárvilágáról szóló ismere- teket, mind koronként, mind lelőhelyenként. A történelmi visszatekintés után ismerteti a mezozoikumi, a har- mad- és negyedidőszaki lelőhelyek madárfaunáját egy teljességre törekvő, angol (64), magyar (50), német (46), román (26), horvát (9) és lengyel (1) nyelvű, 196 tételből álló hivatkozáslista alapján. -
A Synopsis of the Fossil Rallidae
n, < A SYNOPSIS OF THE FOSSIL RALLIDAE By STORRS L. OLSON Reprinted with a separate bibliography from Chapter 5 of RAILS OF THE WORLD A Monograph of the Family Rallidae By S. DILLON RIPLEY DAVID R. GODINE, Publisher • Boston • Massachusetts March 1977 n A SYNOPSIS OF THE FOSSIL RALLIDAE By STORRS L. OLSON Reprinted with a separate bibliography from Chapter j of RAILS OF THE WORLD A Monograph of the Family Rallidae By S. DILLON RIPLEY DAVID R. GODINE, Publisher • Boston • Massachusetts March 1977 5. A SYNOPSIS OF THE FOSSIL RALLIDAE Let me not burst in ignorance, but tell Why thy canonized bones, hearsed in death, Have burst their cerements; why the sepulchre Wherein we saw thee quietly inurnd, Hath oped his ponderous and marble jaws To cast thee up again. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616) Hamlet, Act i, Scene 4 BY STORRS L. OLSON No ACCOUNT OF THE RALLIDAE could properly be said to be complete without a consider- ation of the fossil and subfossil species of the family, particularly since these include some of its most bizarre and divergent members. In this chapter I have attempted to assemble and condense the primary literature concerning all the extinct forms of rails for which there are no known study skins, with the exception of the extinct rail of Tahiti, discussed elsewhere in this volume. The chapter falls into two main parts — the first treating of the more ancient forms of rails from continental deposits, usually known from a few bones or fragments only, and the second dealing with recently exterminated species from oceanic islands, most of which are represented by fairly complete skeletons. -
Newsletter - Nº 22, October 2008
SOCIETY OF AVIAN PALEONTOLOGY AND EVOLUTION - Newsletter - nº 22, October 2008 Secretary: GERALD MAYR, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany e-mail: [email protected] MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT Dear Colleagues, We live in an era of a tremendous accumulation of new knowledge about avian evolution thanks to the many, The 7th International Meeting of the Society of often spectacular, new bird fossils, as well as to a Avian Paleontology and Evolution in Sydney has just renewed interest in studying systematics relationships come to an end. It was truly a great meeting. I by analyzing more and hopefully better data (molecular congratulate the members that had the possibility to and morphological) with methodologies that while at attend and I want to extend the thanks from the their best reduce subjectivity and produce more Executive Council to the Australian Museum of Natural transparent results. Numerous of scholars and History, which hosted the meeting and especially to amateurs are eager to learn more about the advances Walter Boles and Jaynia Sladek who took care of most within our field. I believe that SAPE should provide the of the practical arrangements. Abstracts of the many meeting place for all these people. By that I also mean interesting talks and posters can be found at the SAPE that SAPE should actively seek members among webpage: molecular systematists, neornithologists (particularly http://www2.nrm.se/ve/birds/sape/sape001.html.en those studying developmental and functional I will take this opportunity to share with you some morphology in birds), and other. -
Abstracts 4Th SAPE Meeting 2004
1 SIXTH INTERNATIONAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY OF AVIAN PALEONTOLOGY AND EVOLUTION Quillan, France 28th September – 3rd October, 2004 Sponsored by Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5561 (Paléontologie analytique, Université de Bourgogne), and Association Dinosauria. ABSTRACTS Edited by Eric Buffetaut and Jean Le Loeuff 2 SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF SOUTH AMERICAN FOSSIL PENGUINS (SPHENISCIFORMES) Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche1,2 and Claudia Patricia Tambussi1,3 1Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; 2CIC. ([email protected]);3CONICET. ([email protected]). A phylogenetic and morphometric analysis of South American fossil penguins has been done using skull and appendicular skeleton characters. Our current studies lead us to identify two groups substantially equivalent to those proposed originally by Simpson though abandoned later by himself after examining fossil New Zealand penguins: Palaeospheniscinae and Paraptenodytinae, and a third group belonging to a new subfamily Madrynornithinae. However, we have reevaluated both subfamilies, and when necessary we have amended the respective diagnoses. Only nine of the 35 previously named species are recognized, therefore the diversity would not have been so high as it was supposed. Herein we propose the following systematic arrangement: (1) PALAEOSPHENISCINAE Simpson, 1946 (Early Miocene of Argentina and Middle Miocene- Pliocene of Chile and Peru), characterized by humerus with a bipartite fossa tricipitalis, a high crus dorsale fossae, a laterocraneal fossa over the tuberculum ventrale and a sulcus ligamentaris transversus divided in two parts; tarsometatarsus with elongation index higher than two, a flattened metatarsal II, and a foramen vasculare proximale medialis only open in cranial side, including Eretiscus tonni (Simpson, 1981), Palaeospheniscus bergi Moreno and Mercerat, 1891, P.