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Chapter 29: the Reformation, 1475 AD 0448-0465 CH29-846240 12/23/02 1:01 PM Page 448 CHAPTER The Reformation 29 1475 A.D.–1650 A.D. ᭡ Indulgence box Martin Luther, Church reformer ᭤ 1517 1534 1545 1588 1598 1618 Luther posts Henry VIII heads Council of England defeats Edict of Nantes Thirty Years’ 95 theses Church of England Trent meets the Armada is signed War begins 448 UNIT 9 BEGINNING OF MODERN TIMES 0448-0465 CH29-846240 12/23/02 12:53 PM Page 449 Chapter Focus Read to Discover Chapter Overview Visit the Human Heritage Web site • Why Martin Luther’s beliefs brought him into conflict at humanheritage.glencoe.com with the Roman Catholic Church. and click on Chapter 29— • How Protestantism developed. Chapter Overviews to preview this chapter. • How Catholic reformers worked to improve their Church. • How and why the reformation of the Church of England came about. • How the Thirty Years’ War affected Europe. Terms to Learn People to Know Places to Locate reformation Martin Luther Wittenberg indulgences Pope Leo X Geneva theses John Calvin heretic Henry VIII armada Mary Tudor galleons Elizabeth I Why It’s Important The Roman Catholic Church did not adjust to the many changes taking place in western Europe during the 1400s and 1500s. Many Europeans began to call for a reforma- tion (ref uhr ma¯ ’ shuhn), or a change, in the way the Church taught and practiced Christianity. Reading Check Church leaders, however, were too busy with their own Why did many and government affairs to make changes. They did not like the Europeans call for a reformers’ ideas, especially those that could affect their power. reformation? Because of this, the unity of the Church was threatened. SECTION 1 Martin Luther One reformer who challenged the Church was a German monk named Martin Luther. Luther, born in 1483, was the son of peasants. His family wanted him to be a lawyer, but he decided to become a monk. As a monk, Luther faithfully followed Church teachings and practices. However, he could find no peace of mind. He wondered how God would judge his actions. While studying the New Testament, Luther found the answer to the questions that had been troubling him. He decided that trusting in Jesus, rather than doing good works, would save people from their sins. Luther’s ideas soon brought him into con- flict with the Church. In 1517, Pope Leo X wanted money to CHAPTER 29 THE REFORMATION 449 rebuild St. Peter’s Church in Rome. He sent out monks to sell Reading Check indulgences (in dul’ juhnt sez), or documents that freed their What were owners from the punishment they were due to receive for their indulgences? sins. Luther believed the sale of indulgences led people to think they could buy God’s forgiveness for their sins. Reading Check One night Luther posted a list of 95 theses (the¯’ se¯z), or What did Luther statements of beliefs, on the door of the castle church in Witten- state in his list of 95 berg (wit’ uhn buhrg), Germany. In the list, Luther stated theses? that only God could forgive sins. He challenged anyone who dis- agreed to debate with him. Luther began to attack other Catholic beliefs openly. He said that Popes could make mistakes; that the only true guide to reli- gious truth was the Bible, which every Christian had the right to read; and that every Christian had the right to pray to God with- out the aid of a priest. In 1520, Pope Leo condemned Luther’s teachings and excommunicated him. Leo insisted that the German emperor, SALE OF INDULGENCES Hoping to lessen God’s punishment upon them, many Christians bought the indulgences offered by the Church. Here, indulgences are sold at the village marketplace. Why was the Church selling indulgences? 450 UNIT 9 BEGINNING OF MODERN TIMES 0448-0465 CH29-846240 11/15/02 10:38 PM Page 451 Charles V, try Luther as a heretic (her’ uh tik), or person who Reading Check holds a belief that is different from the accepted belief of the Why did the Church. Charles was loyal to the Church, but he relied on German Pope want to try princes who supported Luther. To keep their loyalty, Charles Luther as a heretic? agreed to give Luther a fair trial. At the same time, he secretly promised the Pope that Luther would be condemned. In 1521, Luther was tried by the German Diet of Worms. When he refused to give up his ideas, he was condemned for heresy. Section 1 Assessment Graphic Organizer Activity 5. 1. Define: reformation, indulgences, the- Draw this diagram, and use it to sum- ses, heretic. marize Luther’s beliefs about indul- 2. Why did Luther come into conflict with gences, the Bible, the Pope, and prayer. the Church? dulgence 3. What happened to Luther at Worms? In s B r i e Critical Thinking b y Luther's l e a r 4. Identifying Central Issues What P Beliefs was the central or underlying issue in the debate between Luther and Pope Pope Leo X? SECTION 2 A New Religion By 1524, most people in northern Germany supported Luther. They left the Roman Catholic Church and formed the Lutheran (lu¯ ’ thuhr uhn) Church. The Lutheran princes of Germany had strong armies, which Charles V could not defeat. In 1555, Charles realized he could not force the people to return to the Roman Catholic Church. He then agreed to sign a treaty known as the Peace of Augsburg (ogz’ buhrg). There could be both Catholic and Lutheran church- es in Germany. The Peace of Augsburg kept German Lutherans and Catholics from fighting each other for nearly 50 years. Protestant Groups Luther’s ideas soon spread to other areas of Europe. People in Scandinavia founded Lutheran churches. Preachers and merchants in Switzerland (swit’ suhr luhnd) also left the Roman Catholic Church. They set up Reformed churches. Because they protested against Catholic ideas, Lutheran and Reformed churches were called Protestant (prot’ uh stuhnt). Protestant church leaders were called minis- Reading Check ters. They spent more time teaching from the Bible. They con- How did Protes- ducted services in the language of the area instead of in Latin. tant ministers differ This made services easier for people to understand. from Catholic priests? CHAPTER 29 THE REFORMATION 451 0448-0465 CH29-846240 11/15/02 10:38 PM Page 452 Ulrich Zwingli was important in leading the Protestant movement in Switzerland. Zwingli lived from 1484 to 1531. Unlike Luther, however, he wanted to break completely from Catholic rituals. He ordered the removal of images from church- es, and he wanted to close monasteries. Zwingli led a group of Protestants from Zurich, Switzerland, in a battle against Catholic forces in 1531 and was killed. After Zwingli’s death, the Protes- tant church was firmly established in Switzerland. John Calvin The most powerful Reformed group was in John Calvin the Swiss city of Geneva (juh ne¯’ vuh). There, John Calvin set up the first Protestant church governed by a council of ministers and elected church members. Calvin also wrote books that became a guide for Protestants throughout Europe. Calvin believed that there was nothing in the past, present, or future that God did not know about or control. He also held that from the beginning of time, God decided who would be saved and who would not. Calvin used the scriptures to support his ideas. He believed that God’s will was written in the Bible, which ministers had the right to interpret. The ministers also had the right to make sure everyone obeyed God’s will. Calvin had the Geneva town council pass laws to force people to follow strict rules of behavior. They could not dance, play cards, go to the theater, or take part in drinking parties. Those who refused to obey these laws were put in prison, executed, or banished. Calvinism taught people to work hard and to save money. For this reason, many rich merchants supported Calvin. With their help, Calvin worked to improve Geneva. Streets and buildings were kept clean. New workshops opened, providing more jobs for people. Persecuted Protestants from all over Europe found safety in Geneva. Young men came to study at the school Calvin founded to train Reformed ministers. Many of them later returned to their own countries to set up Reformed churches. Section 2 Assessment Graphic Organizer Activity 5. 1. Define: ministers. Draw this diagram, and use it to com- 2. What was the Peace of Augsburg? pare Protestant and Catholic practices. 3. Why were Lutheran and Reformed Protestant Catholic churches called Protestant? Practices Practices Critical Thinking 4. Analyzing Information What ideas of Calvinism do you agree with? What ideas do you disagree with? 452 UNIT 9 BEGINNING OF MODERN TIMES 0448-0465 CH29-846240 11/15/02 10:38 PM Page 453 SECTION 3 Catholic Reform While Protestants formed new churches, Catholic reformers worked to improve their church. Many came from Spain and Church Membership Italy, the leading countries of the Catholic reform movement. Worldwide, the Roman One of the best known Catholic reformers was Ignatius (ig Catholic Church is still the na¯’ she¯ uhs) of Loyola (loi o¯’ luh). In 1521, he gave up his life as a largest Christian church, Spanish noble to serve God and the Roman Catholic Church. In with about 968 million peo- 1540, he founded the Society of Jesus. Its members were called ple. About 466 million fol- low some of the many vari- Jesuits (jezh’ u¯ its). This group was formed to spread Roman eties of Protestantism.
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