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University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2016 MULTIDISCIPLINARY WORK TO DETERMINE HYDROLOGY OF ARID LAND SPRINGS AND HOW SPRING WATERS INFLUENCE WATER QUALITY AND ECOSYSTEM HEALTH FOR DESERT ENVIRONMENTS Rebecca Jane Frus Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalrepository.unm.edu/eps_etds Recommended Citation Frus, Rebecca Jane. "MULTIDISCIPLINARY WORK TO DETERMINE HYDROLOGY OF ARID LAND SPRINGS AND HOW SPRING WATERS INFLUENCE WATER QUALITY AND ECOSYSTEM HEALTH FOR DESERT ENVIRONMENTS." (2016). http://digitalrepository.unm.edu/eps_etds/29 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rebecca Jane Frus Candidate Earth and Planetary Sciences Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Laura J. Crossey, Chairperson Dr. Clifford N. Dahm Dr. Karl E. Karlstrom Dr. Louis Scuderi Dr. Gary Weissmann MULTIDISCIPLINARY WORK TO DETERMINE HYDROLOGY OF ARID LAND SPRINGS AND HOW SPRING WATERS INFLUENCE WATER QUALITY AND ECOSYSTEM HEALTH FOR DESERT ENVIRONMENTS By Rebecca Jane Frus B.S., Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, 2008 M.S., School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, 2011 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Earth and Planetary Sciences The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2016 Dedication I dedicate this work to my daughter, Elizabeth, and all of her girl cousins, Emma, Quincey, Parker, Elle, Kloey, Galilee, Sadie, Claire, Zoey, Violet, Penny and Juniper. In my youth there were no examples of women in science. I did not even know what science was when I started my undergraduate degree at the age of 29. A large part of the learning for my post-graduate education has been to understand the nature of science. I continue to learn more and more about what it means to be a scientist. I want all of the young girls in my family to know that they can do anything. That if they are interested, engaged and hardworking, they can have it all. They can be TRAIL BLAZERS! I also want to dedicate this work to my parents Bill and Rosemary Mathews for always expecting me to go to college, for supporting me when I quit a successful marketing career to pursue my education, and always telling me (and all of my brothers and sisters) that I was the smartest of their six kids. iii Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Laura Crossey. I met Laura as I was finishing my master’s degree and knew that I had found a mentor who would help me to understand the nature of science as well as celebrate being a woman and mother. I have appreciated her guidance, support and dedication to helping women and minorities find success in science. I also want to give special thanks to my husband and daughter, Adam and Elizabeth Frus. They have been the best field assistants, editors and cheer leaders! Special thanks for field and laboratory assistance including students from Earth and Planetary Sciences and Environmental Sciences at the University of New Mexico: Rebecca Wacker, Lauren Main, Chad W. Bryant, Pavel Vakhlamov, Chris McGibbon, Johanna Blake, Eric McKeage, Alexandra Priewisch, Alexander Nearson, Elizabeth Davis, Rachel Swatenson- Franz, Samuel Rhodes and Mariah Kelly; employees from the Forest Guild including, Eytan Krasilovsky and Matthew Piccarello; as well as volunteers from the Great Olds Broads for Wilderness including Susan Ostlie. In addition, I would like to thank other members of my committee who informed the work including Dr. Karl Karlstrom, Dr. Clifford Dahm, Dr. Louis Scuderi, Dr. Gary Weissmann, Dr. Rebecca Bixby, Dr. Ayesha Burdett, Dr. Gary Smith and Dr. Aurora Pun. Analyses were made with the help of Dr. Abdul-Mehdi Ali (Analytical Laboratory in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences), Dr. Viorel Atudordi and Dr. Laura Burkemper (Center for Stable Isotopes), and Dr. David Dettman (Environmental Isotope Lab). I would like to acknowledge the Cibola National Forest for financial, technical and logistical support. Specifically, I would like to thank Livia Crowley, Hydrologist for Cibola National Forest Supervisors Office for her mentorship and support of the work. iv MULTIDISCIPLINARY WORK TO DETERMINE HYDROLOGY OF ARID LAND SPRINGS AND HOW SPRING WATERS INFLUENCE WATER QUALITY AND ECOSYSTEM HEALTH FOR DESERT ENVIRONMENTS By REBECCA JANE FRUS B.S., Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, 2008 M.S., School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, 2011 Ph.D., Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, 2016 ABSTRACT In the desert southwestern United States, water resources are stressed due to anthropogenic use, drought and climate change. Arid land spring sites are considered hotspots for biodiversity, providing refugia to aquatic habitats during dry seasons. To quantify the importance of desert land springs, this research applied an interdisciplinary approach to assess 78 springs of Cibola National Forest, New Mexico. Of specific importance are several springs that provide habitats for the endangered Zuni Bluehead Sucker (ZBS), Zuni Mountains, New Mexico. Inputs to the three remaining ZBS habitats include spring waters and shallow alluvium waters from stream channels upstream from spring discharge. This research used hydrogeochemical methods to determine flow paths, mixing scenarios, residence time and recharge mechanism for ground, surface and spring waters for the ZBS habitats. Continuous monitoring of physico-chemical parameters at the three ZBS habitats lead me to propose a water quality stability classification (WQSC) that v differs upstream and downstream from spring inputs: 1) high WQSC (downstream from perennial spring), 2) medium WQSC (perennial waters upstream from spring) and 3) low WQSC (stream areas that dry). Sampling of biological communities showed that biodiversity varies with and may be influenced by the WQSC. Hydrogeochemical analysis indicate that springs are from confined regional and local aquifers. Isotopologues (δ18O, δD, 3H) indicate that spring waters discharge from confined aquifers and are recharged primarily through snowmelt with a residence time greater than 70 years. In contrast, waters in the shallow alluvium are recharged from both snow and rain events. Geochemical mixing models explain seasonal inputs to ZBS habitats, where spring waters provide up to 99% of water during dry seasons. Continuous monitoring indicates that springs provide input of geochemically stable waters that maintain appropriate physico-chemical parameters (dissolved oxygen concentrations and specific conductance). In contrast medium WQSC areas become stagnant, anoxic and concentrated in ions. Areas with low WQSC dry completely. Biologic communities at different WQSC are significantly different from each other. Overall results show that springs of the Zuni Mountains are drying and those remaining are essential to water quality and biodiversity. vi Table of Contents List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... xiii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... xvii Preface .................................................................................................................................... xix Chapter 1: Desert Spring’s Influence on the Habitat of the Endangered Zuni Bluehead Sucker (Catostomus discobolus yarrowi) ...................................................................... 1 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 2 Study Area ..................................................................................................................... 4 Climate .......................................................................................................................... 7 Hydrogeologic Setting ................................................................................................... 8 Methods ...................................................................................................................... 14 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................ 17 Agua Remora site waters ................................................................................ 17 Discussion of spring water influence on ZBS habitat ...................................... 30 Regional hydrogeochemistry for spring water ............................................... 37 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 41 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 43 References .................................................................................................................
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