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Applying Distributed Orthogonal Space Time Block Coding in Cooperative Communication Networks

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Applying Distributed Orthogonal Space Time Block Coding in Cooperative Communication Networks APPLYING DISTRIBUTED ORTHOGONAL SPACE TIME BLOCK CODING IN COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS JAMES ADU ANSERE ODION EHIMIAGHE This thesis is presented as part of the Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering with emphasis on Telecommunication Blekinge Institute of Technology April 2012 School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden Supervisor: Professor Abbas Mohammed ABSTRACT In this research, we investigate cooperative spectrum sensing using distributed orthogonal space time block coding (DOSTBC). Multiple antennas are introduced at the transmitter and the receiver to achieve higher cooperative diversity in the cooperative wireless (CW) networks. The received signals from the primary users (PUs) at the cooperative relays (CRs) are encoded and retransmitted to the cooperative controller (CC), where further decisions are made depending on the information sent from the CRs. The cooperative relaying protocol employed here in CRs is based on decoding forward (DF) technique. The proposed Alamouti scheme in orthogonal space time block code (OSTBC) has been found to enhance detection performance in CW networks. The analyses over independent Rayleigh fading channels are performed by the energy detector. In CW networks the secondary users (SUs) use the available frequency band as the PUs is absent. The SU discontinue using the licensed band and head off as soon as the PU is present. The SUs is more responsive and intelligent in detecting the spectrum holes. The principal aim of the CW network is to use the available holes without causing any interference to the PUs. The CRs are preferably placed close to the PU to detect transmitted signal, with decoding capability the information collected are decoded by CRs using Maximum Likelihood (ML) decoding technique. The CRs then re-encode the decoded data and retransmit it to the receiver. The energy detector accumulates information from various users, compares it using threshold value ( ) predefined and the final decision made. The probabilities of detection and false alarm are observed using DOSTBC on PU and SU in cooperative communication via DF protocol. The system performance is investigated with single and multiple relays; with and without direct path between the PUs and SUs. Selection Combining (SC) and Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) schemes are applied in energy detector and the outcomes are evaluated with and without direct link between PU and SU. The proposed cooperative spectrum sensing using DF protocol at CRs with Alamouti space time block code (STBC) is processed and results are validated by computer simulation. Keywords: Decode and Forward, BER, DOSTBC, Cooperative communications I Acknowledgments Our gratefulness and praise goes to Almighty God for His mercies and wisdom endowed us to come out with this research work. We will forever thank Him and praise His holy name. We would also like to extend our profound appreciation to Prof Abbas Mohammed at Blekinge Institute of Technology for his supervision and support towards our work. Finally we dearly thank our respective families and love ones for their prayers and diver supports. God bless you all. II Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………I Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………..II List of Figures………………………………………………………………………….……...…VI List of Symbols and Abbreviations…………………………………………………………….VIII CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: MIMO Techniques for Wireless Communications ................................................................ 2 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................2 2.2 MIMO Diversity Scheme ...........................................................................................................2 2.2.1 Time diversity .....................................................................................................................3 2.2.2 Frequency diversity .............................................................................................................3 2.2.3 Space diversity ....................................................................................................................3 2.2.4 Polarization diversity ..........................................................................................................3 2.2.5 Cooperative diversity ..........................................................................................................3 2.3 Forms of MIMO Techniques .................................................................................................................. 3 2.3.1 SISO ....................................................................................................................................4 2.3.2 SIMO...................................................................................................................................4 2.3.3 MISO...................................................................................................................................5 2.3.4 MIMO .................................................................................................................................5 2.4 Functions of MIMO ................................................................................................................................ 6 2.4.1 Spatial multiplexing ........................................................................................................... 6 2.4.2 Precoding ........................................................................................................................... 6 2.4.3 Diversity Coding ................................................................................................................ 7 2.5 Applications of MIMO ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.6 Cooperative spectrum sensing ................................................................................................................ 7 2.7 Interference Cancellation Technologies .................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 3: Cooperative Communication ................................................................................................. 9 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 9 III 3.2 Cooperative Communication Techniques ................................................................................. 9 3.3 Cooperative Diversity Protocols ............................................................................................. 10 3.3.1 Amplify Forward (AF) ......................................................................................................... 11 3.3.2 Decode -Forward (DF) ..................................................................................................... 12 3.3.2.1Fixed Decode Forward (FDF):....................................................................................... 14 3.3.2.2 Adaptive Decode Forward (ADF) ................................................................................ 15 3.3.2.3 Opportunistic Decode and Forward (ODF) .................................................................. 16 3.4 Diversity Combining Techniques. ........................................................................................................ 17 3.4.1 Equal Ratio Combining (ERC) ........................................................................................ 17 3.4.2 Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) ................................................................................ 17 3.4.3 Selection Combining Diversity (SC) ............................................................................... 18 3.4.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) ........................................................................................... 18 3.4.4.1 Estimation of SNR using DF ........................................................................................ 18 3.5 Relay Positioning .................................................................................................................................. 19 3.6 Node Placement .................................................................................................................................... 20 3.6.1 Relay Centered ................................................................................................................. 20 3.6.2 Relay Close to Source ...................................................................................................... 20 3.6.3 Relay Close to Receiver ................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 4: Decoding Forward Relay Using DOSTBC .......................................................................... 22 4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................
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