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Distributed Cooperative MIMO in Beyond 2020 Wireless Networks Distributed Cooperative MIMO in Beyond 2020 Wireless Networks Departamento de Comunicaciones Universitat Polit`ecnicade Val`encia A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor por la Universitat Polit`ecnica de Val`encia Valencia, February 2016 Author: Jorge Cabrejas Pe~nuelas Supervisors: Dr. Jos´eF. Monserrat del R´ıo Dr. Narc´ısCardona Marcet A mis padres, a mis hermanas y a Merche. Abstract Mobile communication systems are currently being developed with the aim of providing peak data rates up to 20 times higher to those of Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced Release 10. However, this performance improvement is often far from being the experimented performance by all users, especially, for those users who are far from the base station. In this sense, there exists a consensus within the international scientific community on the fact that the best way to achieve the same quality for all users is with the use of heterogeneous networks composed of macrocells, microcells, femtocells, and relays. This dissertation addresses the use of mobile relays to provide service to users who are out-of-coverage or undergo low data rates as they are located at the cell-edge. Mobile relaying is a natural extension of the fixed relay in which users who are in the idle state could retransmit signals received from other transmitters to enhance signal quality and consequently data rates. The use of mobile relaying could make the data boost required by the future Fifth Generation (5G) affordable. Our investigations employ a simulation platform that includes link-level and system-level simulations. This dissertation focuses on proposing and evaluating new techniques that manage the use of the mobile relay in the new generation cellular networks. In particular, the dissertation studies mobile relaying from two complementary points of view. The first point of view investigates the mobile relay management at the network level through a signaling protocol known as Media Independent Han- dover (MIH). The main idea of the proposed mechanism is to use this signaling to connect the base station and the user in one of the following two manners. In the former, both entities are connected directly through the xG (x= 2, 3, 4, 5) wireless network. In the latter, there exists an xG connection between the base station and the mobile relay and another one between the mobile relay and the user through an IEEE 802.11 local wireless network. The investigations in this Thesis aim at finding a trade-off between using multiple mobile relays and reducing signaling overhead. i ABSTRACT The second point of view deals with mobile relying integration at the air interface level. It consists in detecting, proposing, and evaluating new trans- mission techniques that solve the drawbacks derived from coherent detection. As with point-to-point systems, employing multiple antennas in a cooperative system can significantly improve the spectral efficiency of the systems with only one transmit antenna assuming that the channel state information is available at the receiver. However, performing a coherent detection in a network assisted by relays consumes much more resources than a point-to-point network since the coherent detection requires the channel estimation of source-relay, relay- destination, and source-destination links. In this Thesis, the proposed solution is to use transmission techniques that do not need the channel knowledge to perform the detection. This transmission mode is referred to as non-coherent. This dissertation evaluates, firstly, the use of single-user open-loop commu- nication techniques over temporally-correlated Rayleigh fading Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channels. Two non-coherent techniques are com- pared with several coherent schemes, for two and four antennas. On the other hand, in multi-carrier systems, the dissertation proposes to transmit the Grass- mannian signaling in the virtual block formed by the coherence time and the coherence bandwidth. This proposal is due to the fact that Grassmannian signaling achieves data rates approaching capacity over block-fading channels where the channel coefficients are constant during T time slots. However, this channel type is not common in real systems since channel correlation is of- ten found in frequency, time, and space. For this reason, the next objective is to evaluate the performance of Grassmannian signaling compared to the diversity transmission modes of LTE, analyzing the impact of user mobility and antenna correlation. Thanks to these investigations, we point that non- coherent systems are promising techniques in mobility scenarios with a high number of transmit antennas. This result motivates its relevance in the design of new single-user open-loop transmission methods with multiple antennas. In downlink multi-user non-coherent scenarios, superposition coding and a new suboptimum detection scheme are proposed. This detection system consid- erably reduces the complexity respect to the maximum likelihood detection. Finally, this dissertation proposes that Grassmannian signaling is transmitted in a new carrier type, where any reference signal is transmitted if it is indicated in the signaling forwarded to the user. In this way, the user would change its detection method to non-coherent. ii Resumen Los sistemas de comunicaciones m´ovilesest´ansiendo desarrollados en la actu- alidad con el objetivo de proporcionar tasas de datos de pico de hasta 20 veces superiores a las proporcionadas por Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced Re- lease 10. Sin embargo, esta mejora en las prestaciones a menudo dista mucho de ser la experimentada por todos los usuarios, sobre todo por aquellos que est´anlejos de la estaci´onbase. En este sentido, existe un consenso entre la co- munidad cient´ıficainternacional sobre que la forma m´aseficiente de conseguir la misma calidad de servicio para todos los usuarios es con el uso de redes heterog´eneasque incluyan macroceldas, picoceldas, femtoceldas y relays. Esta Tesis aborda el uso de relays m´ovilespara dar servicio a usuarios que se encuentran fuera de cobertura o que experimentan bajas tasas de datos debido a que est´ansituados en el borde de la celda. El relay m´oviles una extensi´on natural del relay fijo, de manera que usuarios que est´enen reposo podr´ıan retransmitir las se~nalesrecibidas de otros transmisores, mejorando as´ıel nivel de se~nalrecibido y por consiguiente la tasa experimentada. Esto permitir´ıa mejorar la tasa del sistema hasta alcanzar los requisitos de la 5G con un coste razonable. Las investigaciones de esta Tesis doctoral emplean una plataforma de si- mulaci´onque incluye simulaciones a nivel de enlace y a nivel de sistema. Esta Tesis se centra en proponer y evaluar nuevas t´ecnicasque gestionen el uso del relay m´ovilen las redes celulares de nueva generaci´on.En particular, esta Tesis propone la gesti´ondel relay m´ovildesde dos puntos de vista. El primer punto de vista se centra en la gesti´on del relay m´ovil a nivel de red a trav´esde una se~nalizaci´onconocida como Media Independent Handover (MIH). La idea principal del mecanismo propuesto es usar esta se~nalizaci´onpara conectar la estaci´onbase y el usuario de dos formas diferentes. En la primera alternativa, ambas entidades est´anconectadas directamente a trav´esde la red inal´ambrica xG (x= 2, 3, 4, 5). En la segunda alternativa, existe una conexi´onxG desde la estaci´onbase al relay m´ovil,y otra desde el relay m´ovilal usuario a trav´esde una red local inal´ambrica IEEE 802.11. Las iii RESUMEN investigaciones de esta Tesis se centran en encontrar un compromiso entre usar multiples relays m´ovilesy reducir al m´aximola carga de se~nalizaci´on. El segundo punto de vista se centra a nivel radio y consiste en proponer y evaluar nuevas t´ecnicasde transmisi´onque solucionen los problemas deriva- dos de la detecci´oncoherente. Al igual que ocurre con los sistemas punto a punto, emplear m´ultiples antenas en un sistema cooperativo puede mejorar significativamente la eficiencia espectral respecto a los sistemas con una ´unica antena transmisora con la condici´onde que la informaci´ondel estado del canal est´edisponible en el receptor. Sin embargo, realizar una detecci´oncoherente en una red con relays consume muchos m´asrecursos que en una red punto a punto, puesto que la detecci´oncoherente requiere la estimaci´ondel canal de los enlaces fuente-relay, relay-destino y fuente-destino. En esta Tesis, la soluci´on propuesta es usar t´ecnicasde transmisi´onque no necesiten el conocimiento del canal para hacer la detecci´on. Este modo de transmisi´onse conoce como no coherente. Esta Tesis eval´ua,en primer lugar, el uso de t´ecnicasde comunicaci´on en lazo abierto y a un ´unicousuario sobre canales Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) con desvanecimientos Rayleigh temporalmente correlados. Se comparan dos t´ecnicasno coherentes con varios esquemas coherentes, para dos y cuatro antenas. Por otra parte, en sistemas multiportadora, la Tesis propone transmitir la se~nalizaci´onGrassmannian en el bloque virtual formado por el tiempo de coherencia y el ancho de banda de coherencia. Esto se debe a que la se~nalizaci´onGrasmannian alcanza tasas pr´oximasa la capacidad en canales block-fading donde los coeficientes del canal son constantes durante T periodos de tiempo. Sin embargo, este tipo de canal no suele ser com´unen sistemas reales, puesto que la correlaci´ondel canal suele encontrarse en frecuencia, en tiempo y en espacio. Por este motivo, el objetivo siguiente consiste en evaluar las prestaciones de la se~nalizaci´onGrassmannian con los modos de transmisi´on de diversidad de un sistema celular como LTE, analizando el impacto de la movilidad y la correlaci´onde las antenas. Gracias a estos estudios, se muestra que los sistemas no coherentes son t´ecnicas prometedoras en escenarios con movilidad y con un alto n´umerode antenas.
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