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Home , Connolly Association, Connolly Column, Good Friday Agreement, Laudabiliter

luisli Oemociuc July/August 1998 Connolly Association: campaigning for a united and independent 60p Sixty years of The link between The Papacy's role campaigning for in the conquest Irish freedom and nationalism of Ireland Page 5 Connolly Column: Page 6 Anonn IsAnall: Page 12

Kevin McCorry assesses the significance of the and argues the need for a new type of politics which addresses the needs of Irish nationalists and the most oppressed sections of the community t is important for northern nation- a mass basis around such a pro- progressive opinion within Britain, Ireland co-operation in the interests of document. The continuing growth of alists to realise that if there is a gramme; an ideological battle against the United States and international both communities; and policies to fos- parties such as the PUP, the Women's more positive political situation in the most intransigent strands of opinion generally. ter mutual understanding and closer Coalition and other groupings shows the six counties, it is not the result unionism, highlighting the increas- The key elements of a programme community co-operation. Loyalists in that the fragmentation of unionism is of the so-called Good Friday ingly divergence of interests between to bring about democracy and social working class areas of the North are now an irreversible process. In this sit- Agreement but it is rather a conse- the Union and the interests of the pop- progress in7 the North must include: perfecdy correct in stressing that the uation nationalism should have the quencI e of affairs brought about by the ulation of the North (this batde can be measures to fully implement the equality agenda must also include confidence to consider a politics Hume/Adams initiative and the Irish fought around political, social, cultur- equality agenda to gurantee equality of measures for the social and economic which can achieve a nationalist hege- peace process generally. al and economic issues); maximising treatment and parity of esteem; the regeneration of their areas. mony over this potential constituency. There was not an agreement allies in bringing pressure for such a operation of the North/South ministe- Nearly 700,000 people voted 'Yes' In this way the unification of Ireland between nationalism and unionism in programme - the Dublin government, rial council to extend and deepen all- in the referendum on the Good Friday can be quickly brought onto the agenda. on Good Friday and the docu- ment contains elements which nation- alists will find questionable, and some of which they will find downright objectionable. Nevertheless it is clear that Good Friday marks another stage on the road to the re-unification of Ireland. The dynamic which can drive that process forward continues to be broad political unity between the major strands of constitutional and advanced nationalism around a poli- tics of progressive transformation in the six counties. Northern nationalists should not become too fixated with the politics and institutions of Good Friday. Certainly there must be no backslid- ing on such crucial issues as prisoner release, decommissioning, policing, Sinn Fein representation at all levels of the assembly and the executive authority, the equality agenda and the north/south ministerial council. But the political battle on all these matters must be fought on a broader front than in the new assembly. To that extent, there must be no return to Stormont over nationalist grievances. It was not until the start of the civil rights move- ment that a real struggle commenced to bring about a redress of these griev- ances. The logical development of the Irish peace process must be the build- ing of a politics which can continue and develop the civil rights tradition in the North. The key elements of such a politics are: a programme which addresses the grievances of nationalists and the most oppressed elements of the population within a framework of 60 years on: still marching for peace and justice in Ireland democracy and social progress; the The Sheffield and S.Yorkshire branch of the Connolly Association took its place alongside labour movement and international solidarity organisations for the annual political mobilisation of these Chesterfield May Day march. Activists witnessed a rise in interest around the CA's bookstall this year due to widespread interest in the Good Friday Agreement. oppressed sections with their allies on Members gave out information about the Belfast Agreement and collected signatures in support of Charter for Change, (see page five for CA 60th anniversary story) Irish Democrat July/August 1998 Irish Democrat July/August 1998 Page 3 News Imsh Oemociuc Ahern responds NEWS IN BRIEF NEWS IN BRIEF Edinburgh Connolly March Patten to Founded 1939 Volume 53, No. 4 Asylum rights call Blair must keep parades promise to heraldic claim Around a thousand people, complete A major Irish trade union has added with DISBAND THE RUC placards, its backing to calls for a Charter on SECTARIAN MARCHES chair policing CLAIM attended the annual Asylum Rights in Ireland. Democrat reporter commemoration in Edinburgh on Democrat reporter Delegates attending the annual commission MAJORITY SIGN UP FOR CHANGE May 30th. conference of the Irish public sector The call for the British authorities to aoiseach has final- Following a march, which passed union IMPACT gave their over- put a stop to all contested sectarian RUC REVIEW In the debate amongst nationalists and republicans over the Good ly replied to Conor Keller of Ar Connolly's birthplace in the city's whelming support to motions calling marches in the six counties was reiter- Democrat reporter Friday Agreement, there has been a tendency to focus too much on Maoin who has asked for a state- Cowgate, there was a short rally in the for a charter and demanding that ated at a meeting in the House of The announcement that the former details, weighing up good points against bad. The potential for ment of the Irish government's Meadows, where Connolly himself "genuine asylum-seekers" be "treated Commons in London in late June. Governor of Hong Kong, Chris attitude to the use of the Irish addressed many political meetings. with compassion". A rights charter political progress does not lie in the minutiae of the text, but in the Speaking at the meeting, which was Patten, had been selected by the state heraldic symbol quartered Jim Slaven of the James Connolly must guarantee freedom of expression organised by the Labour Committee Government to chair the commission way that the agreement has forced a dramatic realignment in Irish Iin the British Royal Coat of Arms. Society welcomed the large crowd, and of movement for asylum-seekers on Ireland, Breandan Mac Cionnaith charged with reforming the Royal politics. The details of the compromise were not as important as As explained by the Irish Democrat, which included people from and rule out the use of detention, of the Garvaghy Road residents associ- Constabulary caused the ex the overriding fact that a compromise was actually achieved. in heraldic terms these are the 'Arms , the Basque Country as delegates agreed. ation and John Gormley of Lower Tory minister to recall his previous of Dominion' by which the head of the North it would not be prudent to well as Ireland, England and all over The debate at IMPACT'S annual Ormeau Concerned Community experience as a Northern Ireland There will always be those within unionism who regard any state of the contin- raise the issue of the use of the Irish . conference comes at a time when the warned against forcing provocative junior minister with responsibility for compromise - however reasonable - as a betrayal of unionism. In ues to claim sovereignty over all heraldic harp on the British Royal Speaking at the rally, Sinn number of unprovoked attacks on sectarian marches through nationalist town planning. this they are correct. Traditional unionism is all about walking 32 Irish counties. (Irish Democrat Coat of Arms. However, it is likely Fein Councillor Peter Anderson said immigrants m Dublin continues to areas against the wishes of local On one occasion, a Dungannon that the vote for the Good Friday over the rights of nationalists. The concept of compromise and October/ November, 1996, February/ that in any agreement following the cause concern. residents. 1 unionist councillor had asked him for March, 1998, and April/ current talks process, Agreement was a declaration that the The appeal comes at a time when p an extra car park. Pointing out that dialogue entails the concept of equality - and it is this which tra- May, 1998). Ar Maoin reference will be made status quo had failed and that funda- Nuclear pollution danger the Orange marching season is once < there were already two car parks, the ditional unionists cannot contemplate. This is the reason, on a is campaigning for the Ar Maoin to the use and display of mental political and constitutional Environmental campaigners Green- again moving towards its frightful unionist councillors told him that one Above: community leaders John smaller scale, why Orangemen refuse to talk to resident groups - Irish state heraldic Our x rcasurc various symbols.' change was required. peace have again warned of the danger climax. RUC chief Ronnie Flanagan was 'green' and that true Protestants As Maoin feared, He appealed to , who Gormley and Breanddn Mac Cionnaith. wouldn't use it. symbol to be withdrawn /si Ar posed by Sellafield's nuclear waste has also recendy indicated that he is as it would undermine their own perceived position of superiority. Left: RUC Chief Ronnie Flanagan from the British Royal f the Irish government was addressing an Orange march less dump in the Irish Sea. prepared to bow to loyalist threats of Thus he learnt thSt the unionist On the other hand there are many ordinary unionists who have Coat of Arms. Iti was prepared to alter than 20 miles away, to "concentrate on A report by the organisation pub- violence and allow the 'tribe' wouldn't even allow their cars no time for sectarian nonsense and just want to get on with life, In a letter from the 1 m Articles 2 and 3 of the building relationships with the rest of lished at the end of May warned that to march down the Garvaghy Road in The Orange Order has attempted to near vehicles of the opposite religious and who are prepared to do a deal with nationalists. It was this ele- Office of the , % w Constitution, withdraw- us who are doing our utmost to reach sediment collected from the seabed . distance itself from the involvement of persuasion, something he never expe- ing its territorial claim an accommodation which will bring rienced in Hong Kong. ment which voted for the agreement along with nationalist Ireland with a date typed April, close to Sellafield's outflow pipe would Nowhere in Britain or the Irish its supporters in the disgraceful out- 1998, but with the figure to the six counties, while an end to conflict in the North of be classed as low-level radioactive Republic would such offensive, break of football hooliganism in on May 22. The referendum result opens up the possibility of a '9' added in pen (giving HF leaving the forever." waste if brought on land. provocative, and downright racist, after a photograph of a skin- Commenting on the appointment of new demarcation of democratic forces - based upon the concept of significance to the date Kingdom continuing an Messages of support from Tony marches be allowed through residen- headed thug wearing an Orange Order , dissident UUP MP \ Benn MP, Ken Livingstone MP and compromise, equality and reasonableness. The acceptance of the as being the day before heraldic claim to all 32 Crown forces ban to stay tial areas, added Ken Livingstone MP T-shirt appeared on the front page of Willie Thompson, is reported to have the Agreement was signed in Belfast) . from Herri Batasuna's imprisoned A recent attempt by Gaelic Athletic the Daily Mirror. "" by nationalists will reassure most unionists, who chaired the meeting. said: "Most unionists will remember the letter reads: Ar Maoin has promised to continue National Executive were also read out. Association members to secure the Speaking a week earlier, Sinn Fein A spokesman for the Orange Order, Mr Patten as he stood lowering the as it means that partition will continue for the foreseeable future. 'The Taoiseach, Mr Bertie Ahern its campaign to ensure the Taoiseach (RMD) repeal of a rule barring members of the president MP stressed Mervyn Gibson, claimed that they had Union Jack on Hong Kong. What we But it also opens up an intriguing scenario. Hardline unionists TD asked me to advise you that at this does finally raise this issue which is or the RUC has that "a relatively small number of no evidence that the individual was a find in Northern Ireland is that the EMU gets green light who have made such a song and dance about the 'principle of con- sensitive stage of the all party talks in sensitive to all Irish people. been unsuccessful due to massive contentious marches" were rapidly member of the organisation, and said British Government are slowly but Prime minister used the opposition from six county members. becoming a test of whether the British that he would be expelled if he was surely lowering the flag." sent' and the 'democratic majority' are slowly going to realise that opportunity of the recent European The GAA's central council agreed government would live up to its com- conviced of an offence and turned out We live in hope, Willie, we live they have hoisted the Sword of Damocles over their own heads. Casement forgery connection summit in Cardiff to strengthen his not to debate a motion at it's recent mitment to changing the status quo. to be an Orangeman. in hope. For the referendum result has created a new 'democratic major- government's commitment to eco- annual conference which called for the Newly released MI5 papers have who have long argued that the Black nomic monetary union. Mr Blair ity' of nationalists and moderate unionists, who are now ranged dropping of , after it became Speaking after the original ruling, Inquiry chairman, Lord Saville, said revealed a direct connection between Diaries are also forged and were used informed the gathering that the single clear that it would not get the required Anthony Coughlan said that "the Irish Concern over that the tribunal was proposing to against an outpost of bigotry and sectarianism represented by the British naval officer who led the by the British authorities to stifle the currency marked the turning point for majority. Delegates opted instead to public have the judiciary, not the postpone the opening of the hearing Paisley and McCartney. Objectively, this 'six county majority' is campaign to discredit Roger Casement campaign to prevent the Irish revolu- and helped place the European endorse a compromise motion which court decision politicians, to thank for vindicating inquiry delay until February 1999. Lawyers acting now in the same political camp as the rest of the Irish people, thus through the distribution of the so- tionary from being executed as a trai- Union alongside the United States as called for the ban to be lifted once the law and the Constitution and on behalf of the families are still await- called 'Black Diaries' and the forged tor. Extracts from the Black diaries the "two pillars of economic stability". creating an embryonic 32 county movement with potential for "effective steps are taken to implement BROADCASTS DECISION establishing standards of fairness in ing a response from the inquiry team which helped bring were distributed to prominent sup- A parallel anti-EU summit was also the amended structures and policing Democrat reporter conducting constitutional referen- Democrat reporter about representation for the families further democratic advance. down the 1924 Labour government. porters of Casement such as Arthur held in Cardiff, bringing together arrangements envisaged in the dums which are appropriate to a of the victims and the injured. It is possible that Paisley and co may be able to wreck the The linking of Admiral Blinker Conan Doyle, George Bernard Shaw, campaigners from across Europe high- British-Irish agreement". mature democracy." Growing concerns over the new Connolly Association general Assembly. But they will be demonstrating to all the world who the Hall with the leaking of the famous T. E. Lawrence and Joseph Conrad lighting the dangers to democracy An editorial in the Cork Examiner inquiry into Bloody Sunday are being secretary Enda Finlay said that it was Zinoviev forgery adds weight to those during Casement's trial. posed by the Euro-federalist project. Scottish independence boost the following day offered a worthy expressed by the families of those vital for the British Prime Minister, real wreckers are, further increasing their isolation. They will A majority of Scots would vote for assessment of the real significance of murdered by the Parachute Regiment Tony Blair to uphold his commitment OBITUARY hardly endear themselves to the British government, who may be Donations to the Connolly independence in a referendum if given the ruling: "The outcome of this case in January, 1972. to the House of Commons that the the opportunity, a recent ICM opinion Lawyers acting on behalf of the aim of the inquiry would not be to forced to consider an even more drastic solution to the problem. Bridget (Biddy) O'Connor Association and the Irish Democrat is a classic demonstration of the vital So while the new situation underwrites partition in a formal, - 27 March to 8 June 1998 poll revealed. Fifty two per cent of role played by single-minded people of families have stressed that they "will "accuse individuals or institutions, or We are sad to report the death earlier ground, CP membership and service Scots polled at the beginning of June the calibre of Anthony Coughlan, peo- not take part in the inquiry" unless to invite fresh recrimination, but to legal sense, it also has the effect of undermining its sectarian foun- R. Kelly £10; J. McKeever £24.50; this year of Bridget (Biddy) O'Connor. in the Connolly Column in . C. Smith £10; T. Barrett £2; F. Small said that they were in favour of inde- ple prepared to stand up and be count- their fears of getting adequate legal establish the truth about what dations, as traditional unionism retreats in ever decreasing circles, A number of CA members were her Giving the oration in the Cathedral £15; G. Sables £3; E. Reidy £1; pendence compared with just 41 per ed, to pose awkward questions and representation are allayed. The fami- happened on that day". Establishing in the face of moderate democratic political advance. guests over the years, including of the Holy Trinity , Mr Ken M. Moore £5; K. Galley £5; cent against. Of particular concern to embrace unpopular causes, who refuse lies are also concerned that the inquiry the truth in this circumstance needed Desmond Greaves who stayed in the Keable described her as woman of E & M. Quin £10; S. O'Coileann £10; the Labour Party in Scotland will be to lie down meekly before the jugger- will not allow for complete disclosure the full disclosure and full legal house on many occasions. extraordinary energy, strong and inde- J. McCarthy £5; F. Rushe £10; the poll's confirmation that almost The decision of RTE and the Irish naut of government. It is no exaggera- of all relevant documents and that it representation for the families if UGLY ENGUSH NATIONALISM Born Bridget Hartley in pendent, who always spoke her mind. R. Doyle £10; E Jennings £10; four out of five of those questioned by Broadcasting Complaints Commission tion to describe (the) rul- will have a narrow scope. another whitewash was to be avoided, Ballybricken, a working-class district "She was fiercely loyal to Peter, even M. Cleeve £7; W. Ronksley £5; ICM felt that the Scottish National to appeal a recent High Court decision ing a striking a blow for democracy." Recently a spokesperson for he said. Images from France of a minority of English football fans of Waterford, she married Peter when he was condemned by the S. Hone £5; S. Deans £5; M. Furlong Party stood up for Scodand. Only 43 in favour of the Irish Democrat's long- indulging in verbal and physical violence has provided a timely, O'Connor in 1939 against strong Church for his political activities, and £10; P Latham £10; E McLoughlin per cent felt that Labour stood up for standing Dublin correspondent, Anthony Coughlan, over uncontested and ugly, reminder of the reactionary nature of English national- opposition from her family because of yet she remained a devout person all £10 (in memory of Desmond Greaves Scodand. Peter's republican anti-Treaty back- her life," he said. state radio and television broadcasts ism. Yet disgust at the antics of the hooligans, or sympathy for the and Paddy Bond); Anne Walsh £5; various anonymous donations £52.20. Concern over lack of action during referenda campaigns is not sur- overwhelming majority of responsible and well-behaved England The Standing Advisory Commission prising according to campaigners. Bankers orders (3 months) £449.55 supporters, misses the point. Public demonstrations of overt on Human Rights (SACHR) has "That victory for fair and balanced Totah £709.25 racism, xenophobia, and misplaced supremacism, as seen during Inish Oemoctuc expressed "grave concern" at what it broadcasting in referendums went describes as the Government's down very badly with establishment the World Cup, are but a reflection of the deeper malaise permeat- For a united and independent Ireland Readers' Ads "unwillingness to act on the recom- politicians, as did the increased No ing British society due to the legacy of imperialism. Whether or Wanted: Northampton Connolly mendations" contained in a special vote in the May 22 Amsterdam Treaty not desirable, there is currently no such thing as 'progressive' Published continuously since 1939, the Irish Democrat is the bi-monthly Association, sponsors of the Irish UN report on the independence of referendum," said John O'Dowd of the journal of the Connolly Association which campaigns for a united and Community Arts Project, seek access lawyers and the judiciary in the six National Platform. English nationalism. Unlike Ireland, South Africa, or Palestine, independent Ireland and the rights of the Irish in Britain. to a small offset litho printer and counties. "The motivation behind this where nationalists have played a key role in attempts to break the 1798 platemaker - we have ample A4 print- SACHR has frequendy highlighted appeal to the Supreme Court is clearly Annual Subscription Rates (six issues) shackles of national oppression, English nationalism, even in its ing stock. Would welcome support many of the concerns identified by one of political convenience. It is the first step in a campaign to roll back the more benign forms, is thoroughly reactionary in character and £5.50 Britain I enclose a cheque from anybody with access to such a UN Special Rapporteur Mr Param advances represented by the Mckenna 1798 bicentenary stamps issued remains indelibly stamped with the mark of the oppressor. £10.00 Solidarity subscription (payable to "Connolly printer. Please telephone Peter Cumaraswamy in his report, including and Crotty judgements." political movement towards demo- £8.00 Europe (airmail) Publications Ltd")/postal Mulligan on 01604 715793. the need for improved safeguards for The Irish postal service, An Post, has soldier, and a woman, symbolising the cracy. "The men and women of '98 £11.00 USA/Canada (airmail) order for £ those detained under emergency legis- In May, the Irish High Court ruled joined celebrations marking the bicen- role played by women in the rebellion £12.00 Australia (airmail) Wanted: Information and contact with lation and measures to protect defence that RTE had acted unfairly in allow- tenary of the United Irish rebellion by (see pages 7 and 10) who fought Irom Tubberneering to iRish Ocmociuc former members (to interview) of the lawyers from police intimidation. ing significandy more air time to the issuing a series of five commemorative All figures are depicted against the New Ross were following in the same Name.... Bi-monthly Newspaper of the Connolly Association Anti-Internment League in Britain in The commission also supports the those supporting changes to the stamps. background of batdes from the rebel- radical path as those who stoftned the Address. the 1970s. Material required for Irish UN report's call for an independent Constitution voted on in the 1995 Designed by progressive artist lion and feature the Harp, the symbol Bastille in France and confronted the Editorial Board: divorce referendum. Referenda on of the United Irishmen. British in America," he said. Helen Bennett; Gerard Curran; David Granville (editor); Jonathan Hardy; Studies degree research. Anyone with inquiry into the murder of Pat Robert Ballagh, the five stamps feature Peter Mulligan; Alex Reid. Production: Derek Kotz relevant information should contact Finucane, and regards the UN report constitutional changes were the United Irish leaders Theobald Wolfe Speaking at the official launch of The stamps are available from the property of the people as a whole and by Connolly Publications Ltd, 244 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8JR, tel: 0171 833 3022 Si'obhan Maguire, 130 Downhills as support for its position on issues Tone and Henry Joy McCracken, an the stamps in May, An Post Chairman, Philatelic Shop, GPO, Dublin 1 and Send to: Connolly Publications Ltd, 244 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8JR Email: connolly(» geo2.poptel.org.uk Park Road, London N17 6BI? email: such as access to legal advice, the right not just the main political parties, Mr heroic figure representing those who Mr Stephen O'Connor stressed that from all main post offices in the by Ripley Printers (TU) Ltd, Nottingham Road, Ripley, Derbyshire, tel: 01773 743 621 [email protected] to silence and Diplock Courts. Coughlan had argued. fought in the rebellion, a French the rebellion was part of a wider twenty six counties. Irish Democrat July/August 1998 Page 5 Page 4 Irish Democrat July/August 1998 Features News/Features The chance of a CAJ awarded ( Mixed feelings over agreement terms Questions raised over not so thin' Orange line new beginning rights prize TRADE UNIONS The Irish Democrat's Northern Correspondent, Bobbie Heatley, argues that the Good Friday Agreement provides Connolly Association general secretary Enda Finlay examines three recent contributions on the policing issue in Democrat Reporter republicans with a framework for transferring the democratic struggle from the military to the political sphere HUMAN RIGHTS the six counties and hopes that their conclusions will be taken on board by the Tory Party grandee, Chris Patten, Democrat reporter Trade union support for the Irish veryone on the republican-nationalist side of who has been entrusted by Tony Blair to chair the important commission on the future of the RUC peace process received a major boost the fence agrees that the Good Friday deal is The outstanding work and commit- he participants believe it is and legitimisation. in June when delegates attending the not a settlement. Its ingredients have to be ment of the Belfast-based Committee essential that policing To Serve Without Favour (Human Communication Workers Union seen as not fixed but capable of being devel- for the Administration of Justice has structures and arrangements are Rights/Helsinki Watch) deals with (CWU) gave their unanimous backing oped. Only elements of the British and Irish been formally recognised by the EU such that the police service is areas of policing that have given rise to to the support given by the people of media are hyping it up as a settlement while, ministers who have named the professional, effective and human rights concerns. It recom- to theGood Friday Agreement. simultaneously, speculating if the unionists will ever organisation as the recipient of a efficient, fair and impartial, free mends movement on such issues as "The multi-party agreement E from partisan political control; allow it to get off the ground. prestigious international human I emergency legislation, police account- offered a truly historic opportunity for A settlement will be arrived at only when a future rights award. accountable, both under law for its ability, composition of the RUC, polic- a new beginning," said six county British government decides to disengage from its The prize, which is awarded every actions and to the community it ing parades and marches, punishment engineering branch representative interference in the internal affairs of Northern three years following nominations serves; representative of the society it shootings and allegations of collusion. Pauline Buchanan. Ireland and allows the Irish people, as a whole, to from MPs in the parliaments of mem- polices, and operates within a coherent It also deals adequately with a range of While the union must never forget govern themselves. Only then will decolonisation ber states, is intended to assist those and co-operative criminal justice human rights issues and is very good the victims of the conflict union mem- have taken place and democracy attained. campaigning to protect and promote system, which conforms with human at detailing why the current situation bers could best honour them by dedi- rights norms," thus spoke the Good is not acceptable. Only those nationalists who are mesmerised by human rights 'in accordance with the cating themselves to promoting recon- Friday Agreement. the EU or who have opportunism uppermost in their principles of individual freedom, With the police commission due to ciliation, tolerance, mutual trust and minds - the prospect of an overpaid job in the puta- political liberty and the rule of law'. It's hard to quibble with this state- be set up under the stewardship of human rights for all. The trade union tive assembly - are able to accept, without a twinge Commenting on the award, the ment of intent. The problems that Chris Patten, and not due to report movement was committed to partner- of conscience, the present Agreement as satisfactory CAJ's Martin O'Brien said that the arise, in similarity with most of the until autumn 1999, it remains to be ship, equality and mutual respect as for the foreseeable future. Even here, disquiet is not prize came at a critical time for the issues tackled in the Agreement, will seen how effectively the man the the basis of relationships within protection of human rights in be in the implementation stage. Chinese media dubbed "a criminal", Northern Ireland, between North and entirely absent. The unionists may be too backward Prisoners are visited regularly and helped with legal advice (ie insufficiently clued-up on European Unionism,) Northern Ireland. "While the Agree- It is worth reminding ourselves "a political prostitute" and "a serpent" South and between Britain and or malign to allow the thing to work. The Irish side, the Dublin establishment and the form of British nationalism. That is why so many in ment has strong language and a that the police force in the North, the the Committee on the Administration it stands - and as it has existed since will deal with this crucial issue. He Ireland, she said. Mainstream republicans and nationalists have a SDLP - with Sinn Fein not having much option - the democratic camp have, at least, mixed feelings number of mechanisms specifically RUC, does not fit the above statement, of Justice, Centre for Research and its inception - will be resistant to would be well advised to read these Trade unionists had been among more principled objection to what is contained in now considers, what with the EU and all that, that about it. designed to protect human rights the as it stands. On the contrary, the force Documentation and Human change, leading some to conclude that three books as a starting point and to those who had suffered as a result of the' Agreement to do with its overall reactionary we are now living in a post-nationalist age, that the However, realism is not essential, and the struggle task ahead is to translate this into stands accused of a catalogue of abuses Rights/Helsinki Watch, is consensus reform is, by definition, impossible. ensure that he utilises the vast amount the conflict. "We want no more hijack- nature. Speaking at a recent Campaign for ancient Anglo-Irish conflict is over, and that the to get the prescriptions of the document actualised in reality," he said. which includes: the use of life-threat- over the need for policing in the north The other two books make a of international experience which ing of communication workers' vehi- Democracy meeting, professor Liam O'Dowd said border is irrelevant. It is assumed that with EU the North is ongoing. - with the outcome depending The award also comes at a time ening force, including the use of plas- to embrace the statement in the first number of important points. exists in this field. cles, no more letter bombs, no more that it "epitomised EU methodology in relation to integration the border will eventually wither away on the balance of'Yes' and 'No' unionists returned to when the CAJ, along with other organ- tic bullets in public order situations; paragraph. This requires the disman- Beyond the Politics of Law and Order death threats, no more bullets, lead or frontier conflicts as applied to the Anglo-Irish naturally, that there is nothing else to do but to work the assembly. Even, if Trimble is triumphant, there's isations campaigning for equality in physical and psychological abuse of ding of the structures, conventions by Johnny Connolly (CRD) is a well Human Rights on Duty: principles for plastic." But, peace, stability and situation". Governing elites in the age of trans- this agreement and, that eventually, enough no certainty that his role will be constructive. The the six counties, continues to raise detainees in holding centres; intimi- and means which have lead to the argued perspective on community better policing - International lessons progress would require economic dation and routine harassment of national capitalism 'resolve' historical conliicts of Northern Ireland unionists will come to see that it is whole thing could yet fall down because of unionists concerns over British government RUC's indictment for the catalogue of policing. The author points out that for Northern Ireland, Mary O'Rowe development as well as an end to vio- defence lawyers; collusion with loyal- this nature, which they once created for market gain, in their interest to play along. If there is to be conflict backwoods pressure on Trimble, leading him to proposals on 'fair treatment' legisla- abuses listed above. community policing challenges the and Dr. Linda Moore (Committee on lence alone, she told delegates. ist paramilitaries; routine harassment by dissolving national frontiers in a way that further let it be between the two communities in the North, cajole Blair into even greater concessions. tion, as detailed in the White Paper When the RUC is held up to exam- view that it is only the state that can the Administration of Justice); Historic links between the people and negligence in failing to police par- distances the power-brokers from the indigenous without much violence and meanwhile the govern- Nationalist-republican patience is already being published in March (see the last issue ination under the six crucial headings: have a monopoly of legal force, both Beyond the Politics of 'Law and Order': of Scotland and Ireland were mirrored ticular areas or to respond to crimes populations involved. ing elites in Ireland and England can develop their tested, particularly over the handling of the new of the Irish Democrat). representation; training; accountabili- contemporary and historical examples towards community policing in Ireland, by similar links between trade union- involving those targeted as belonging Thus the Agreement presents the people of the great pals act. Bloody Sunday inquiry, the Parades Commission, A broad coalition of groups work- ty; legal accountability; democratic exist of non-state policing which is Johnny Connolly (Centre for Research ists in both countries, said Scottish to certain political/social/religious North with an over-peopled Assembly with minimal Unfortunately the British side and the unionists the membership of the RUC review body, re- ing to secure equality in the six coun- accountability; and structures, as it is effective and popular. It would be and Documentation); TUC general council member, Martin groups. responsibilities, a Council of the Isles and cross- do not see matters in quite the same way, while militarisation and unionist attempts to re-write the ties met with the British Home in Human Rights on Duty by Mary genuinely constructive, for such a rad- To Serve Without Favour: Policing, Keenan. The significance of the May border bodies whose actual remit, at this stage, is accepting the inevitability of a EU determinism. In terms of the deal itself. Secretary, Jack Straw, on June 8 and What is abundantly clear in all O'Rowe and Dr Linda Moore (CAJ), ical approach to be taken into account Human Rights and Accountability in 22 referendum result should hot be as its implied bottoin-up approach Northern Ireland, confined to purely economic matters with no sover- their perception, the EU does not negate the contin- The one extremely important aspect of the urged him to set aside the White Paper three recent contributions to the the force is found wanting on all Human Rights/ underestimated. All sides had com- would lead to a greater participation Helsinki Watch. eignty implications. The SDLP is correct when, for uing construction and 'reconstruction' of a British Agreement is the argument that it provides republi- proposals in favour of stronger equali- policing debate which have come from counts. It seems that the police force as promised. "When the people speak electioneering purposes, it claims the Belfast deal as 'nationalism'. Indeed this is still their mission. John cans with a framework for the struggle to be ty commitments contained in the and give their consent as they did in largely its own patented baby. Of course, there is no Major stated it blundy when he foresaw the 'British transferred from the military to the political sphere. Good Friday Agreement. that referendum, then we should accept it without question," he said. way in which the British establishment, Blairite Isles' as a unit, under English hegemony, of course, It is imperative that this must be seen to work. The delegation, which included Labour or Tory, could possibly deny their joint wielding greater power and influence in the EU It must result in the dismantling of the anti-democ- representatives from trade unions, Sixty years campaigning for Irish Freedom paternity of this particular foundling. But the arena as a consequence. They see themselves in a ratic Orange-unionist stanglehold in the North. The community organisations, ethnic A packed fringe meeting at the CWU parents are not entirely at one in their motivations pre-nationalist stage. All the negatives in the Belfast future task of British democrats will be to monitor minority, women's and disability The Connolly Association celebrates its 60th anniversary in July. Enda Finlay, the organisation's general annual conference in Blackpool was for having played a part in its production. document stem from that reactionary, colonialist developments and to ensure that this takes place. groups, informed the British , celebrates six decades of unbroken campaigning for Irish unity and for the rights of the Irish in Britain addressed by Sinn Fein local council- Secretary that the measures contained lor Garret O'Factna and senior PUP in the White Paper were "seriously he Connolly Association cele- Following the collapse of the negotiator and Belfast City councillor deficient". brates its 60th anniversary at a , the editorial . Both men are Nurtured on the milk of republicanism Equality of opportunity must be time when the best chance for board of the Irish Front kept going and standing as candidates in the brought into the mainstream and the peace in many generations, it was Michael Maclnerney's decision, Assembly elections. Connie Marks continues her series of profiles of Connolly Association veterans with Bernard 'Barney' Morgan, promotion of equality put at the heart exists. The Association has in July 1938, to send out invitations to The gathering listened attentively the founding meeting of the Connolly as the two main speakers outlined a long-standing and tireless campaigner for Irish freedom, and familiar figure on the Liverpool Irish scene of the decision making process, they welcomed, with some reserva- insisted, putting the case for a Itions, the Good Friday Agreement as a Clubs. The inaugural meeting took their party's respective assessment of place at the Engineers Hall, 39 the Agreement and the prospect for eeting Barney Morgan is to from . His father was a sea- Barney does tours of the city point- Department of Equality as suggested step in the direction of securing a just Doughty Street, London, on Sunday, peace in Ireland. Although it was clear touch history, directly. man, his grandfather and his brothers ing out all the places of Irish interest. in the Good Friday Agreement. and lasting peace in Ireland. We September 4, and James Connolly's that differences over sovereignty and Sitting is his large had been sea captains. The CA also used to do Irish interest believe that it gives nationalists, grandson, Roddy, agreed to become the union with Britain would be unaf- Liverpool house crammed Barney went to a Catholic school coach trips. republicans, trade unionists and the organisation's President. A friend fected, at least in the short term, there with scholarly books and but left at 14 to become a merchant Barney claims the Civil Rights' socialists in Britain and Ireland a new of , Eamon Martin, also was a large degree of consensus over a curiosities from around the seaman "when I could hardly write or Movement was sparked by the CA and opportunity to work together in the gave a donation of £15 to help the wide range of social and economic globe, one is struck by how solidly he spell". He began reading at sea Betty Sinclair of the Belfast Trades' campaign against discrimination and M Connolly Clubs bring out a newspaper, issues. The prospect of co-operation in embodies the continuity and the jus- "because there was loads of time". Council and there is plenty of evi- repression in the six counties and for a Irish Freedom, which first appeared in these areas on an essentially class basis tice of the ancient struggle for Ireland. In Liverpool there used to be a col- dence to back him up. "The People's united and independent Ireland. January 1939. was not ruled out by either speaker. Listening to his recollections of his lege of the sea from which he could Democracy just jumped on the band- The Connolly Association recog- mother and his memories of forty borrow books. Each time he returned wagon." nises that the Agreement is a compro- In 1944 the Connolly Clubs became The meeting which was expertly years of work for the cause is a hum- to the ship after leave he would take He regards the Association as the mise between opposing political forces the Connolly Association and its chaired by Billy Robinson, who heads the pioneering trade union anti-sec- bling experience. But hey, Barney cases of books on board which he forerunner of the present Irish Studies within the six counties, but we also paper, Irish Freedom became the Irish Fashions change but the Connolly Assoc tkm Is stHI marching after 60 years started life at a gigantic advantage. He devoured between ports. department at the University. Many recognise that compromise requires Democrat in the following year. tarian initiative in the six counties, Counteract, was also addressed by took in with his While he was sailing the seven seas years ago it was the first to organise respect and equality - something In its 60 years of campaigning, the organisation to publish a political influence of the Association's work Labour Party MP Roger Stott, who mother's milk. Barney began to take an interest in the lectures on Ireland in Liverpool. which the nationalist community in Connolly Association has been both paper throughout the last 60 years. For and ideas has spread far and wide. contributed little of any substance. Making sense of Barney is impossi- ancient wonders of the world, espe- Barney's advice for CA now is to Northern Ireland has been denied innovative and prescient in its politi- many of those years, the Irish Democrat There is no doubt that it will continue ble unless one knows about his moth- cially in . "I made my way to focus on getting the message over to The Staining Advisory Commission on since the statelet was established. cal analysis and organisation. Most was the only campaigning Irish paper. to be felt in the future wherever Irish notably, it was the first Irish body to people gather to work for a worthwhile er, Rose Anne Murphy. From her ear- various historic places, the Acropolis the English that "it is in all our inter- Human Rights (SACHR) recently Many of us would also see a happy The comments contained in the set out to win the Labour movement political cause". 60th anniversary items liest years she was a passionate where Collins had also been interned. and other ruins, and studied their his- ests to live in peace, it is in all our reiterated its call for the establishment coincidence in our anniversary coin- Irish Democrat marking the 50th to the cause of Irish independence and anniversary of the CA are equally It is also appropriate to pay tribute The Connolly Association has com- Republican. At 17 she was already a No surprise then to hear that tory". interests to have a united Ireland". of a strong human rights body for ciding with the bi-centenary of the was the first,organisation to attempt to relevant today: "Perhaps in the long to the members, affiliates and support- missioned a series of commemorative member of Cumann na mBan. Barney's remarkable mother was In Peru he visited Inca sites. If the British-Irish Agreement Northern Ireland with wide-ranging United Irish rebellion, a movement persuade Irish immigrants in Britain run it is the Association's contribution ers of the Connolly Association who items to mark the organisation's 60th In 1915 when the body of the great based at the GPO in 1916! Her own Because he didn't smoke or drink at doesn't work he thinks another group powers in line with similar bodies Connolly held in high regard due to its to join a trade union. to political ideas which will be seen as have ensured that the organisation has anniversary. These include a special Fenian O'Donovan Rossa was brought contribution to the uprising is record- sea he had plenty of time for his pur- of young lads will start all over again. operating in South Africa, Australia, revolutionary and unifying mission. most important. Its work and that of been able to carry out its campaigning limited edition enamel badge (400 home from Staten Island, USA, the ed in Ruth Taillon's book When history suits while his mates were indulging He predicts trouble during the first New Zealand and Canada. On this anniversary it is important Guided over four decades by the the editor of its paper has been mainly activities throughout the sixty years of only) priced £7.99 (includes presenta- women of Cumann na mBan marched was made : the women of 1916 (Beyond in less educational activities! few years of the Agreement. Speaking at a major human rights to look back at the origins of the remarkable socialist historian, writer and political activist, Desmond responsible for the growth of interest its existence. Finally a special thanks tion box and brief history of the alongside the Citizen Army and the the Pale). Bernard the boy was nur- For over forty years he has been "The Connolly Association is conference in Dublin recently, Association which go back to 1935 Greaves, the Association pioneered in James Connolly in recent decades. must go out to those dedicated and Association); and matching pair of Irish Volunteers to Glasnevin tured on stories of 1916. "As a kid I was Chair of Liverpool CA, so knew always in the vanguard. It focuses on SACHR chair, Michael Lavery QC, when the London branch of the the idea of civil rights as a way to shat- The relation of democracy and social- selfless individuals - some who have Wolfe Tone and James Connolly mugs Cemetery to hear Pearse's graveside conscious of needing to do something. Desmond Greaves well. When, on the things which later become common (above) stressed that the body should Republican Congress published a ter the stranglehold of reactionary ism is fundamental for the thought been involved with the CA for over 40 priced £6.00 for the pair (individual oration at O'Donovan Rossa's funeral. I was always on the side of the death of his sister, Greaves left policy." Prisoners should now be its have as wide a mandate as possible, weekly bulletin, the Irish Front, edited Ulster unionism. The Connolly and practice of the modern Labour years - for their dedication, tireless, mugs £3.50). All prices exclusive of Barney still has his mother's badge Indians." London and moved into her house in immediate focus. including the right to receive com- by Charlie Donnelly, who was later Association is also the only Irish and progressive movement-, the work, support and encouragement. postage and packing. showing a rifle with 'CnAmB' made by Barney was born in Liverpool into Birkenhead, it was Barney who was An sfternoon with Barney Morgan plaints and to investigate allegations killed fighting fascism in Spain. a prisoner in Frongoch Camp in a seafaring family but his parents came his Liverpool guide. inspires. of human rights abuses. Page 6 Irish Democrat July/August 1998 Irish Democrat July/August 1998 Page 7

Connolly Commemoration Features connoLLy column One oj Connolly's major Uniting Irish people in the United in struggle: the women of 1798 contributions to political theory and practice relates to his Following on from the contribution by Priscilla Metcher in the last edition of the Irish Democrat, Mary Cullen examines the frequently extensive analysis and under- ignored role of women in the United and suggests that considerable further research is still needed standing of the relationship struggle for democracy between nationalism and the o far relatively little has been struggle for social justice in Printed below are extracts from a speech given by Eddie Glackin on the occasion of the published dealing specifically Ireland. We reprint below the Communist Party of Ireland's annual Connolly commemoration at Arbour Hill on 10 May, with women and 1798. Helena first part of Connolly's essay Concannon's Women of Ninety- on nationalism and socialism shortly before the recent referenda. His contribution examines the significance of the United Eight was published in 1919, which appeared in Shan Van Irishmen and touches on a number of important issues facing socialists and democrats today and in this bicentenary we have The Women of 1798 edited by Vocht, a republican magazine S This year marks the 200th anniversary of the United Irishmen. 1798 was a Catholic rebellion, the national Daire Keogh and Nicholas Furlong. edited by Alice Milligan, the rebellion of 1798. As we all know the rebellion was question 'belonged' to Catholics and Obviously further research will reveal in January 1897. This month (May, ed.) sees two referen- drowned in blood. The role of General Protestants were the enemy of an indepen- much more. But drawing on these and da - on the Amsterdam Treaty and the Lake is well known, less well known is the dent Ireland. other published work, it can be argued 'Good Friday Agreement'. They are both, role in the suppression of the rebellion of James Connolly was one of the few to with some confidence that women as Socialism and nationalism we are assured, devoted to building closer the largely Catholic South Down inject a class perspective into an under- well as men were active in all aspects. co-operation and strengthening peace. and the Irish-speaking North Cork militia. standing of Irish history. He took Tone's The foundation of the United (Part 1) When has the European Union or its The Catholic hierarchy condemned the slogan of uniting Catholic, Protestant and Irishmen i ,rew directly from the broad In Ireland at the present time there are at work a variety of predecessor ever played a significant role in rebels in 1798, as in 1690 when the Dissenter - relying on the men of no prop- 18 th Century debate around agencies seeking to preserve the national sentiment in the hearts of any peace process? How will ultimate 'Protestant' victory of King Billy was erty in combined action against their class Enlightenment emphasis on the ratio- the people. involvement in the Western European marked by a solemn high mass celebrated enemies, Orange and Green - heaping nal nature of all human beings and These agencies, whether movements, literary Union and a strengthening of NATO con- by the in . scorn on those who separated the national republican emphasis on virtuous gov- societies or commemoration committees, are undoubtedly doing a tribute to a strengthening of peace? As a result of the failed rebellion, and and social question. ernment in which both the interests work of lasting benefit to this country in helping to save from The only basis for the So it was then and so it and the voice of the people as a whole extinction the precious racial and national history, language and Amsterdam Treaty is not is now. were represented. to her brother, organised his escape to and forbidding reception from the mounted on her gallant mare, and that cutting the crossbelts from the characteristics of our people. to protect Europe from For almost 80 years we It appears that women were more America, which foiled when he was partner of his choice who, whether brandishing her burnished sword bodies of fallen dragoons was "a com- Nevertheless, there is a danger that by too strict an adherence to some imaginary threat but, have dealt with the conse- actively involved in this political arrested, and was with him literally to from apathy or timidity, had not yet above her head, while side by side mon task for camp followers, many of their present methods of propaganda, and consequent neglect of through speeding up inte- quences of partition and debate than has usually been recog- the foot of the scaffold. Many other subscribed to the test of union." with Munroe she led one victorious them apparently women". Women also vital living issues, they may only succeed in stereotyping our gration, to create a new the unfinished struggle for nised. Other participants included women acted in a similar fashion. Much of our information on the charge after another." appear to have made gun-powder. historical studies into a worship of the past, or crystallising superpower which can national independence, Martha McTier, sister of William Such support is active and self- activities of women in the United Irish Molly Weston who fought and died Such activities as acquiring and nationalism into a tradition - glorious and heroic indeed, but still challenge the USA for the consequences of which Drennan, Mary Ann McCracken, sis- directed work without which a politi- and Defender movements comes in at the battle of Tara is also remem- supplying combatants with food, arms only a tradition. global hegemony. Connolly predicted would ter of Henry Joy, and Margaret Bond, cal movement could not function. Its passing references, from a report here bered as a leader, rallying the pikemen and other supplies, carrying messages Now traditions may, and frequently do, provide materials for This is the real image of be a "carnival of reaction, wife of Oliver Bond, also famed for importance needs recognition and of women going through towns and and leading repeated charges. Her four and gathering information, the provi- glorious martyrdom, but can never be strong enough to ride the Amsterdam, not a lot of North and South". smuggling documents into acknowledgement by historians with- villages singing seditious songs, and a brothers were reported killed but sion of hiding places and safe houses, storm of a successful revolution. blather about workers Over the last couple of Kilmainham gaol in baked pies. out allowing it to obscure the same report there of women wearing green Molly Weston was never seen again. the dangerous harbouring and hiding If the national movement of our day is not merely to re-enact rights and social provision. decades we have seen The same factors that fostered women's contribution to United Irish ribbons, handkerchiefs and shoe laces At the battle of New Ross in County of rebels on the run, the collection and the old sad tragedies of our past history, it must show itself capable The reality is that there 'solutions' come and go: United Irish republicanism also stim- thinking and planning. Women took to show their allegiance. Wexford, when the rebel army was burial of dead bodies from the field of of rising to the exigencies of the moment. is nothing preventing the Sunningdale, the Anglo- ulated feminist assertion in many part in the actual organisation of the We have no records in their own reduced to a tattered remnant the only battle are all seen as part of soldiers' It must demonstrate to the BHB^^^^^^^^HHBHB John Dunne's* of this Irish Agreement etc. What countries, and we know that at least words from these women, the more work when done by men in all-male people of Ireland that our world, or their British, is different this time one Irishwoman, Mary Ann frustrating as research is showing that armies. Many cases of all these activi- nationalism is not merely a Traditions may French, German, Italian around? McCracken, challenged the United It appears that the Defenders were far more political- There is striking ties being carried out by women are morbid idealising of the past, and other capitalist coun- Perhaps the most sig- Irishmen to include women as equals ly aware and motivated than previous- remembered in various parts of the but is also capable of formulat- provide materials contrast between terparts across Europe, nificant is that now — for in their plans for a new Ireland. Again women were more ly realised. As always the well off and country. Current efforts to compile ing a distinct and definite for glorious from improving the work- the first time - the repre- further research may reveal more. better educated have left more records local knowledge and folk memory answer to the problems of the actively involved in United Irish ideology ing conditions and social sentatives of mainstream The support given to many United of what they did and thought than should provide the basis for a more present and a political and eco- systematic record. martyrdom, but rights of their workers - republicanism and loyal- Irishmen by their wives, mothers and this political debate have the poor and less well educated. of women's role and nomic creed capable of adjust- except their own greed. ism are supporting the sisters is central to the theme of Regarding the rebellion itself there Already it is clear that asking what ment to the wants of the future. can never be Speaking of the North, proposed deal. Helena Concannon's book. While his- than has usually is striking contrast between United popular memory women did in 1798 will increase our This concrete political and many unlikely people have of the torians of women are understandably Irish ideology of women's role and knowledge of the United Irish and social ideal will best be sup- strong enough to recently discovered an SDLP has described the uneasy with looking at women only in been recognised popular memory. The first portrayed piece of rebel artillery to survive did so Defender movements and of what plied by the frank acceptance ride the storm apparently long sup- proposed Treaty as the context of their relationships with women as symbols, as heroic mothers through the efforts of Mary Doyle. actually happened in 1798. It broadens on the part of all earnest pressed devotion to James "Sunningdale for slow men we need to re-examine and re- United Irish movement as members of or as beautiful maidens endangered by Ruth Hackett was killed at the battle the focus from a relatively small num- nationalists of the Republic as of a successful Connolly's famous state- learners". Whilst being a evaluate male-female relationships Societies of United Irishwomen, auxil- the soldiery, but never as actual com- of Prosperous in County Kildare. ber of male leaders to the scale of the their goal. ment: "Ireland without its clever turn of phrase this and sex-based divisions of labour iary groups who organised aid for batants. Popular songs and ballads on Many other women whose names are contribution at every level, including revolution people means nothing to Not a republic, as in France, is both unfair and inaccu- rather than ignore them. imprisoned United men and their the other hand remember individual lost also fought and died. At Vinegar political thinking, the organisation of where capitalist monarchy with me". It can equally be rate. In this context Nancy Curtin notes families, as couriers and intelligence women who took part in physical Hill, for example, many women the movement and the rebellion, by an elective head parodies the constitutional abortions of England, applied to the Amsterdam Not all learning comes the sheer physical and mental strength carriers and as recruiters. Recruiting combat as heroines, and often as Joans fought with the men, and a number men and women of all classes who are and in open alliance with the Muscovite despotism brazenly Treaty: "Europe without not seen as leaders. Above all it chal- from books, sermons and involved in Matilda Tone's sacrifice of could be done in various ways includ- of Arc leading their men into battle. were found dead among the fallen. flaunts its apostasy to the traditions of the revolution. its people means nothing lenges us to find out more about who lectures - much is experi- a normal domestic life in her unfailing ing persuading militiamen to change This contrast raises many questions. Obviously the participation of to us." these women were, what they did and Not a republic, as in the United States, where the power of the mental. support for her husband's undertak- their allegiance or by exerting moral Best known is Betsy Grey who women in war goes far beyond the purse has established a new tyranny under the forms of freedom; why they did it. Deepening and It is no coincidence ings. Pamela Fitzgerald too gave on- pressure on young men. Charles fought and died with her brother and actual wielding of weapons in battle. where, one hundred years after the feet of the last British red-coat strengthening the econom- that the key leaders of loy- going support to Lord Edward. After Teeling wrote that in "many of the her lover at the battle of Ballynahinch, The work of women in the rebel polluted the streets of Boston, British landlords and financiers ic, social and cultural ties alism and republicanism the battle of Antrim Mary Ann higher circles, and in all the rustic County Down. She is remembered as a camps has yet to be recorded in a Mary Cullen is an Academic Associate impose upon American citizens a servitude compared with which between the peoples does cumAtitiAtt: are all former prisoners; McCracken brought help and supplies festivities, that youth met with a cold "beautiful girl, dressed in green silk, systematic way. Anna Kinsella writes at the University of Ireland, Maynooth. the tax of pre-revolution days was a mere trifle. not require the creation of they have learnt their 4a North Great George No! The republic I would wish our fellow countrymen to set a superpower. It will not STsZ lessons the hard way. before them as their ideal should be of such a character that the happen by treaties or referenda, but by the the demonstrated inability of the Dublin They have learned that the armed strug- mere mention of its name would at all times serve as a beacon-light combined power and solidarity of working- Parliament to keep Ireland safe for gle not only doesn't offer a way forward, but The chauffeur, the policeman, the Lord mayor and the 'wobble gun' to the oppressed of every land, at all times holding forth promise of class people, at national and Eurorean England, the corrupt Ascendancy parlia- in fact deepens sectarian division and post- freedom and plenteousness as the reward of their efforts on its level, working to build a 'Europe of the ment was prorogued and replaced by pones the coming together of all the people uring the period of the British Although the guilty police officers behalf. people' and not of the cartels. A recently published collaboration between the Curator of Military Museum Direct Rule from Westminster. The Act of of Ireland. occupation, two brothers, Jim spread the word that McCurtain had To the tenant farmer, ground between landlordism on the one The first attempt to build a Europe of Union was England's declaration that the Our approach to politics is that the and Miah Grey, who operated a at Cork Barracks, Dan Harvey, and serving Irish soldier, Gerry White, who has been been shot as a spy by republicans hand and American competition on the other, as between the the People occurred in the French nobody believed their story and, Protestant Ascendancy class could not be working people must become the subject small garage in Military Hill stationed at the Co'lins barracks in Cork since 1974, has resulted in a beautifully upper and nether millstone; to the wage-workers in the towns, Revolution of 1789, which had such a pro- trusted with the . rather than the object of history. But as opposite the Victoria Barracks implicated in the murder, Swansey suffering from the exactions of the'slave-driving capitalist to the found influence across Europe, and partic- By the time of the centenary commem- Engels remarked: "man makes his own his- (the name of the barracks illustrated history of this historic military establishment. While full of praise was transferred out of Cork for his agricultural labourer, toiling away his life for a wage barely suffi- ularly in Ireland. The principles of liberty, oration in 1898 history had effectively been tory but he does not make it in circum- under British rule), were employed by own safety. cient to keep body and soul together. fraternity and equality found their echo D rewritten for their own selfish class reasons stances of his own choosing". the British to chauffeur senior officers for this informative and evocative book, the Irish Democrat's Cork correspondent, Swansey was eventually traced to In fact to every one of the toiling millions upon whose misery here in the Society of United Irishmen, the by the burgeoning Catholic bourgeoisie - It is in this context that we must view in the city. The British well under- Jim Savage, reflects one interesting story which has been omitted Lurgan. In an ironic twist, the wobble the outwardly splendid fabric of our modern civilisation is reared founders of Irish republicanism. the proposed treaty. The British/Irish stood that the open use of military gun once owned by McCurtain, was might be a word to conjure with - a rallying point for the Established in Belfast in 1791 by radical Agreement is an accurate reflection of the vehicles would have been observed by the process destroying important off", Jim replied that they did, pro- the King Street police station entrusted to an engine driver who disaffected, a haven for the oppressed, a point of departure for the Presbyterian merchants, the United For almost 80 years balance of political forces in Ireland today. the (IRA), information that the brothers had ducing a beautiful revolver stolen (nowMcCurtain Street) and ask him transported it north where he handed socialist, enthusiastic in the cause of human freedom. Irishmen sought to overthrow the corrupt It does not represent a victory for either rendering them liable to attack. been collecting. Naturally annoyed from the barracks. McCurtain then for a license to carry the gun. it over to Joe McKelvey - later execut- This linking together of our national aspirations with the hopes we have dealt with the parliament of the established Protestant unionism or nationalism, it does not give However, unaware that the two about the incident, Jim Grey, an produced his own inferior quality gun, Although Swansey is reported to have ed without trial by the Free State of the men and women who have raised the standard of revolt Ascendancy in Dublin. The year 1795 saw final answers or solutions, but it does pro- brothers were members of the republi- ardent socialist and later a member of with its chambers all in 'a wobble'* said that he would have felt happier to authorities after the fall of the Four against that system of capitalism and landlordism, of which the consequences of the formation of the Orange Order and of vide a basis for peace and for further can movement the contract gave them the Cork Socialist Party, went down to and prevailed upon Jim Grey be at the butt end of the gun, he gave Courts. Swansey was shot dead whilst British Empire is the most aggressive type and resolute defender, Maynooth Training College for Catholic progress through opening up the possibili- an ideal opportunity to gather vital the City Hall to complain to the Lord exchange pistols, as the wobble gun Jim Grey a license. Some time later playing golf one Sunday morning. should not, in any sense, import an element of discord into the partition and the priests - both key counter-revolutionary ty for the development of politics of the real information, freely listening in on the Mayor, Thomas McCurtain. He was was in perfect working order. Swansey and a number of other RIC ranks of earnest nationalists, and would serve to place us in touch formations against the growing agitation in unfinished struggle for issues affecting the day to day lives of the conversations of British officers. also the Brigade Officer in Command McCurtain then told Jim Grey to officers were involved in the murder of The Barracks: a history of the with fresh reservoirs of moral and physical strength sufficient to the town and countryside - and the coming people. One night, local youths, who were of the local republican movement go along to Chief Inspector Swansey at McCurtain, shooting him dead one VictonalCoUtns barracks, Cork by Dan lift the cause of Ireland to a more commanding position than it has together of "Catholic, Protestant and national independence also unaware of the brother's political After asking if the brothers pos- night in front of his family at their Harvey & Gerry White is published by occupied since the day of Benburb. Dissenter" in the revolutionary ranks of * Director Gencnl of the Iriih Business and Employers' A'wobUe gun' -» hand gun whose chamber n Confederation. * i \ * t < * * affiliation, broke into the garage, in sessed a gun "to scare any intruders lowc 4oe to fa«avy nc or neglects . I' f; I . t' • Cork home. . . . < * . Merrier, prke£25 .. , . Page 8 Irish Democrat July/August 1998 Book Reviews Irish Democrat July/August 1998 Page 9

To describe the aims of the republi- direct assault on the union. Book Reviews can movement in Ireland as "irreden- James Connolly who was organis- dispassionately described without tist" betrays an ideological fixation REVIEWS IN BRIEF Nationalism and the I A M I S ing in Belfast at the time was called on embellishment by one of the main par- that is next to being screw-ball, and an Serving the imperialism of to help. The hardships of that terrible ticipants leaves a lasting impact upon ignorance ot the Northern Ireland CONNOLLY struggle are the history of Irish trade the reader. need to be wary political problem that can only be unionism. oppressors a new type Frank Henderson was a mass of profound. * Murphy's deviousness knew no contradictions. A devout Catholic, he Gerard Curran reviews Jack Bennett reviews His concept of as bounds and he used his paper to con- Ruairi O Domhnaill refused to join the IRB until 1918, almost exclusively "ethnic-religious" demn the 1916 leaders. Under the despite attempts to persuade him. He Postcobnial Theory: Faces of Nationalism, has more in common with the pur- reviews Alanbrooke by heading 'Criminal Madness', he had came from Protestant planter stock contexts, practices, politics Janus revisited by Tom blind preiudices of the English tabloid the editor of the Irish Independent David Fraser, Harper and some of his ancestors were in the press than with any son of informed declare on the May 10 that the worst of Orange Order. Whilst ii Manchester, by Bart Moore-Gilbert, Nairn, Verso, £12 pbk scholarship the ringleaders should be singled out Collins, £9.99 pbk his parents were influenced by the While an element of Catholic Verso, £14 pbk and dealt with as they deserve. Placed To the English, Brooke, like Fenian movement. Tom Nairn speaks with a beguiling influence was naturally and inevitably near to it was a photograph of James Wellington and a litany of British gen- Brought up in Clontarf, Dublin, This book is about post colonial theo- eloquence that could charm you into injected into Irish nationalism, the Connolly with the caption: 'Still lies erals, was 'Irish', which entitled him to and educated by Christian Brothers, ry and its critics. agreeing with every word he says if main thrust of the movement has in Dublin Castle recovering from his an "Irish temper". His childhood was he joined the Gaelic League, the Post colonial theory has been chal- you didn't keep your wits about you. always been predominantly secular, wounds'. Two days later Connolly was spent in France - absentee landlords Gaelic Athletic Association and the lenged on what is called its 'inter dis- This is a gloriously provocative col- from the time of Wolfe Tone and executed by the British. had to go somewhere 'nice'. Almost Irish Volunteers as a young man and ciplinary competence', and its sole lection of essays on various aspects of through the New Ireland times of Murphy undoubtedly played a part unique among the British officer spoke fluent Irish. At seventeen he lost location inside Universities. The main nationalism that can evoke whoops of John Mitchel and Thomas Davis in making history but make no mis- corps, he did not attend an English his job in a solicitor's office for refus- theorists are Fanon, Said, Spivak and enthusiastic approval in places - and right down to the Fenian period and take about it, his contribution was far public school, but like most officers, ing to observe the visit of King Bhabha. roars of dissent in others. beyond. To serve the from progressive. Connolly, on the needed six months "cramming" to Edward VII to Dublin. He was also a Fanon's Wretched of The Earth His language is exuberant, lively, How woeful he is about 'Ulster' can other hand, was convinced that pass the army entrance examinations - Rising memoir socialist at heart and held James became a reference point for the humorous, persuasive; and his com- be gauged by the fact that the only masses progress came through liberation. in 65th place of 72, admittedly for the Eddie Mulligan reviews Connolly in high regard. American civil rights and black Although : Writings from ments are rich in shrewd observation, authors he quotes are C.C. O'Brien Hyland's portrait is good, though he more demanding scientific corps - This remarkable man's account of nationalism movements of the 1960s, Prison, (Mercier Press, £9.99 pbk) con- spiced with his own inspired coinages. and Kevin Boyle and Tom Hadden, does expound his personal theories at or mammon engineers or artillery. The top cadets Frank Henderson's Easter his experiences in the GPO in 1916, which in turn influenced the Irish tains no new material, it usefully ("Fakelore" for the phoney fokelore of understand him, he would say. But two shoddy 'thinkers' who wrote a some length, particularly on went to the former; Brooke didn't. written in his beloved Irish and trans- civil rights movement. brings together all of Sands' powerful much nationalism.) Gellner himself provided plenty of silly book offering shallow conclu- Peter Mulligan reviews Connolly's understanding of the eso- Rising: recollections of a His early career was spent in lated by his son, is simple and straight- The first references to Ireland in prison writings, both poetry and In a critique of 'internationalism' ideological ammunition for the sions based on a sort of newspaper Vox teric aspects of Marx's economic James Connolly Ireland, huntin', shootin' and fishin' - Dublin volunteer, Michael forward and a testimony to all those Moore-Gilbert's book are on page prose, in one volume. Previously pub- he really roasts the dogmatic 'interna- demonisers to use. Nairn's own quotes Pop opinion poll. analysis of capitalism. as British officers did and possibly still unsung heroes of the period. Anyone nine: "In the case of Britain, for lished as Skylark Sing Your Lonely Song tionalism' of the British political left made to illustrate Gellner's brilliant Wherever Nairn has been in by J. L. Hyland and For me this is not the meat, which do. After a sojourn in India he Hopkinson (ed.), Cork reading this work could not fail to be instance, Michael Hechter's, Internal and , it would take which invariably portrayed national- 'intuition', sound more like a variant 'Ulster' he certainly has been nowhere is what Connolly changed - and the returned to serve in the Great War, moved by the quiet dignity of this rev- Colonialism, (1975) inaugurated a new a cold heart indeed not to be moved by ism as 'an enemy of working class of American psycho-babble. William Martin Murphy University Press £8.95 with his nose close to the ground or he mountains he moved - in organising olutionary and I congratulate the edi- phase of analysis which stresses a con- the beauty, honesty and courage dis- unity', and made internationalism an where, like many regular officers, he Nairn, however, has now clearly would not, as he does, treat the loyal- the Irish working class to an apprecia- tor on the production of this tine book. tinuing neo-colonial relationship of played in this remarkable collection. excuse to dodge the reality of national by Thomas Morrissey, landed a cushy staff job. After, with the This excellent book, part of the Cork moved away somewhat from pure ist-Orange phenomenon as a sort of tion of their political and economic subordination of the 'peripheral' In prison, Sands secretly wrote on toi- problems. aid of a crammer, he failed the Staff University Press new Narratives series, Gellnerism - but he still clings to the 'ethnic' manifestation. Historical Association of power. Equally important is his theo- College entrance examination but was deals with the story of Frank Other books available in the nations, of Scotland, Wales and let and cigarette paper with a pen refill Nairn's experience of Scottish and contrived notion that nations were in What we have here is simply a retical analysis of the relationship Ireland, Dundalgan Press, awarded a place. His lack of intellectu- Henderson, who became Comman- Narratives series include: Ireland by the English 'centre'." that he kept hidden inside his body. English left-wing politics may differ effect non-existent until nation states social problem posed by an anti- between socialism and nationalism. al acheivements did not impede his dant of the Second Battalion of Andrew Bryson's Ordeal: an epilogue A footnote recommends six more Although a long way off of being considerably from the Irish experi- were born as a result of capitalist mod- Catholic religious bigotry which £6.00 each, pbk This is fine resume of Connolly's scorn for the abilities his contempo- Dublin's Irish Volunteers. to the 1798 rebellion Michael Davy, ed. titles referring to Irish literature and the best biography of Connolly, Ruth ence, but echoes of that sort of thing ernisation. varies from mere distaste to savage life and work from the early years in raries including Churchill, Gort (both This volume uses the simple narra- and To the Land of the Free from this colonialism and neo-colonialism, pub- Dudley Edwards' James Connolly (Gill were heard among the Marxist left in There is a penetrating and fascinat- hatred - the sole distuingishing What a contrast, William Martin Edinburgh, Ireland and on to America deserved it), MacMillan, Auchinleck, tive of this remarkable man to give a Island of Slaves': Henry Stratford lished in Ireland and Britain. The &Macmillan, £6.99 pbk), is a passable Belfast in the mid-Sixties, when the ing analysis of the Khmer Rouge phe- feature that sets the unionist 'commu- Murphy the scourge of the Dublin where he gained first-hand experience Freyberg Roosevelt, Stillwell, and picture of the impact of the Easter ris- Persse's Letters from Bahray to authors include Kiberd, Cairns, effort and serves as a basic introduc- national problem was deemed 'not to nomenon in Cambodia, but here again nity' apart. working class and James Connolly the of industrial unionism. This is fol- Richards and Lloyd. The work of the tion to the life of the socialist republi- cxisi' and the task of the working class Eisenhower. He thought that other ing in Dublin. The way the story of America, 1821-1832James L. Pethica he appears to take a modicum of truth At the lowest socially deprived socialist and working class leader. lowed by Connolly's return to Ireland "Irish aristocrats" like Alexander, had this important stage in Irish history is and James C. Roy, eds. Field Day group is also included. can labour leader. Originally pub- was to unite workers everywhere 'to and elaborate it into a far-fetched and level, this hatred for those considered Murphy was a fanatical Catholic and the development of the Irish lished in 1981, the book gets another oppose Anglo-American imperialism'. "no brains" and recognized that implausible general ouctrine. even lower down the scale has had a and supported the Irish bishops' cam- Transport and General Workers' Montgomery was "prone to egotism"! extreme hardship and provocation lease of life courtesy of Gill and That was a phrase calculatedly con- He calls it 'the curse of rurality' and social equivalent in the hatred for paign to oust Parnell following the Union. There is also an excellent Brooke was II Corps commander in endured by those living in the area Macmillan's decision to reissue the trived to fuzz the role of 'Anglo' impe- he extends it to supposed parallels in blacks among the 'poor white trash' of scandal of his divorce. He was what is description of the Dublin lockout and Community in 1940 when the French were aban- during periods of heightened tension Gill's Irish Lives series and is vastly rialism in Ireland and obfuscate the central Europe - and in Ireland! the southern States, who composed called a self-made man, who rose from the founding of the Irish Citizen from the riots of 1886, following preferably to many of her more recent national question - until it blew up in doned and shamelessly slandered for Indeed, a degree of disenchantment every lynch mob. A fig for their humble beginnings to be leader of the Army, following the shooting of Alice the front line utterances on the conflict in Ireland. good measure. (Clive Ponting's The Gladstone's Home Rule Bill, up until their astonished faces in 1969. with this splendid book sets in when 'ethnicity'. Nairn's weakness on rising Dublin Catholic bourgeoisie. Brady by a scab worker. the present time. Other noteworthy volumes reis- In a chapter on 'Demonising Nairn comes to discuss what he likes Ireland could suggest that his wisdom Myth of 1940 gives a more balanced Eddie Mulligan reviews, Owner of the Imperial Hotel in The failure of the British TUC to Interestingly, this small illustrated sued in the Gill's Irish Lives series Nationality' he just as trenchantly to call 'Ulster' - or anywhere he men- is at fault elsewhere, but I do not picture of what happened.) O'Connell Street and the Irish rise to the needs of Irish workers is Lagan Enclave: a history of volume highlights how the British include: Charles Stewart Parnell by exorcises the demonisers. Yet many of tions Ireland. We could possibly have suspect that this is so. Once appointed Chief of the Independent, he used his material and also documented, as is the period repeated the same tactics during each ; Daniel O'Connell by Fergus those who now proclaim nationalism here an extraordinary example of a Imperial General Staff, it becomes dif- the conflict in the Short Strong reservations must be made political clout to hammer the Dublin 1914-16 and what the author calls period of conflict. They even occupied O'Ferrall; Eamon de Valera by T. Ryle to be 'old hat' draw on the theories of scholar constructing an extended the- ficult to tell who Brooke's enemies about some of his general judgements, working class who dared to ask for a 'militant nationalism'. (I bet nobody the same buildings in the area during Dwyer; Se£n CCasey by Hugh Hunt, Ernst Gellner, a follower of whom oretical system and then trying to were - the Axis or the USA. The Strand 1886 -1997, but this is nevertheless a stimulating living wage. ever said that of the Viet Cong.) It is the Seventies as they did during the James Joyce by Peter Costello; and Nairn proclaims himself to be. make all sorts of inapplicable situa- laboured account of the in-fighting is and interning book - to be read only if This all came to a head when the essential that readers understand both Ballmacarrett Research 1920-22 period. It also shows the way Oscar WUde by Richard Pine. tions fit into it. made more tedious by the unwieldy They 'misread' him or fail to you keep your wits about you. Dublin Tramways company dismissed Connolly's perception of the role that use of code names for military opera- Group, £5.99 pbk the attempts of the Catholics and The publication of a revised edi- a hundred trade unionists in August the struggle for Irish home rule would Protestants to live together peacefully tions, plans and even conferences. tion of the Campaign Against Euro 1913. The trade union, led by James play in the development of a wider were frustrated by the sectarian nature There is high drama also. While This interesting little booklet sets out Federalism's excellent pamphlet Larkin, retaliated by calling a strike. social awareness, and the role of social- of the state they lived in, but, it also European Union: National Independence innocent millions were dying horribly, to give a picture of the role of the peo- The trouble with mythology Murphy then issued a pledge which all ism in the struggle for national libera- highlights the social awareness of and Democracy by John Boyd (CAEF our hero, the Chief of the Imperial ple of a small area of Belfast known as workers in Murphy's companies had tion. This book is both a good little many of the people of both religions £1) is extremely timely. This is espe- General Staff had, on one occasion, a the Short Strand. It is part of the Owen Bennett reviews cally inept, and doomed to failure. to sign or face dismissal - a clear and read and an aid to that understanding. who went to fight against the fascists cially so given the Amsterdam Treaty streaming cold! After the war Ballmacarrett district of the city and as the placing of parts of sentences in During the past twenty-five years in the . which marks another step towards the The Trouble with Guns: Alanbrooke settled in Hampshire, has played a pivotal role in the conflict bold type for emphasis, are deliberate republicans were hopelessly unable to total erosion of national democracy rather than Ireland. "The Ireland he in the main city of the six counties and unnecessary. Despite this, the Despite its shortcomings, this is a influence the political atmosphere, and the establishment of a thoroughly Republican strategy and the had known and loved as a young offi- between the dates in the title. booklet gives a good description and useful addition to the growing body of except in a way which isolated them. anti-democratic European superstate. cer, whose stories he told with perfect This is obviously an amateur history of the area and some fascinat- knowledge of Irish history and the Provisional IRA by It is only with the peace process Tenth Desmond Greaves August (European Union, National Indepen- timing and intonation, whose songs he production and has some minor ing insights into the spirit and endless and ongoing conflict over that the present leadership are begin- dence and Democracy is available form Maiachi O'Doherty, Weekend Summer School sang - that Ireland had passed for irritating foibles. Some of these are resilience of the nationalist people. Britain's territorial claim to this part ning to get on top of the maelstrom of of Ireland. the Four Provinces Bookshop or ever". I wish! typographical errors but others, such It includes vivid descriptions of the Blackstaff Press, £11.99 pbk violence which erupted in the early Friday to Sunday, August 28-30 1998, directly from CAEF, 57 Green Lane 70s. In doing so they are taking the Merseyside L45 8JQ). Irish Labour History Society Museum, Dublin this area of politics and is the author of In examining the origins of the mod- movement away from conspiracy poli- the biased history, Fine Gael 1923- Another excellent pamphlet pub- ern IRA, Maiachi O'Doherty grandly tics and onto an open political path. Speakers Free state icon 1798 Rebellion sites guide 1987. I don't mind people who are lished recently is The Sans Culottes of declares "We are myth makers." But it His entire attitude to republican- Peter Berresford Ellis on Peter Berresford Ellis biased, just so long as they tell you Gerard Curran reviews The Sites of the 1798 Rising in Belfast by John Gray (Belfast Trades becomes clear that O'Doherty exempts ism seems to be shaped by personal The untitled fields of Irish history -, what their bias is. In the current vol- Union Council, £2.50). Based on a lec- himself from this particular human bitterness. And despite his professed Dr Brendan Bradshaw, Antrim and Down by Bill Wilsdon, Blackstaff, £7.99 pbk reviews Arthur Griffith ume, Brian Maye certainly does not ture given by the author on May Day, foible. His role, it appears, is to 'leftism', there is more than a trace of University of Cambridge, on of the Irish Volunteers, an organisa- 1998, it focuses on Belfast working "expose the mythology of republican- by Brian Maye, Griffith disguise it. This book, the latest addition to the the old middle-class nationalist out- Irish history-writing after class involvement in industrial mili- The book is generally a bit of a dis- Blackstaff Guide series, is primarily tion established to defend the country ism" for the benefit of the rest of us look towards republicans - indigna- revisionism-, aimed at visitors, tourists or even against invasion, at the time of the tancy and their relationship to the poor benighted souls. College Publications, appointment not really being the fresh away the peace process as part of a tion at the working class 'getting above Anthony Coughlan on endeavours of the United Irishmen. assessment promised in the introduc- locals who want more information American War of Independence. But his "analysis" of republicanism masterful "cunning plan", cynically themselves' and taking up leadership. Ireland and the EU in the coming Dublin Ir£ 15.00, pbk (Available from BTUC, 45-47 tion. It is merely a regurgitation of old about their own history The introduction contains an depends on a little myth making of his and cleverly manipulating political Even his attitude to Irish history is decade; Donegall Street, Belfast BT1) Brian Maye was told by his future material with an attempt to paint There is an abundance of detail excellent synopsis of events from the own. The typical republican emerges forces towards a diabolical end-game. coloured by small-mindedness. Of the Round-table on the new politics Griffith as a greater Free State icon about the leading figures in the United Treaty of in 1691 until the Irish Rebellions, 1798-1916: An from the pages of his book as a sly, of the Six Counties. father-in-law in 1980 that Griffith was His inclination towards conspiracy Irish revolution of 1916-22 he says Illustrated History by Helen Litton the architect of modern Ireland and than Collins. There is bemoaning of Irishmen, an organisation which defeat of the 1798 Rebellion and the deceitful, sinister individual, utterly theories is because he cannot explain that "status envy was the motive the attention given to Collins rather boasted 100,000 members in Ulster imposition of the Act of Union. The (Wolfhound Press, £6.99 pbk) is "a inflexible to reason, and, needless to the only person to give the people 'a republicanism in political terms. He force." It's as if he feels the need to Fee for full summer school £10, brisk survey of the most well-known coherent and rational philosopy'. than Griffith. Perhaps this is right in alone. This includes information location of the graves of the leading say, wedded to notions of Catholic even repudiates the notion that the six project his own lack of idealism onto separate sessions £3 each; Free State terms - Collins merely about their place in the business com- United Irishmen of Belfast and the rebellions of Irish history from the martyrdom. Being an obliging fellow he has now counties was fundamentally flawed in those who have it in abundance. Bookings to United Irishmen to the Irish produced a paen of praise for the right- being a political blunderer compared munity, whether they were urban or rural areas of Antrim and Down are This is the sort of stereotype - any way. Indeed the whole history of violent Summer School director, Volunteers of 1916". This short book wing dual (British) monarchist who with the calculating Griffith. rural, their political opinions, whether given with detailed maps. indeed the sort of myth - beloved of There is no doubt that there has national oppression is air-brushed out Micheal S O Loingsigh, provides a clear, informative and well led Ireland into a disastrous civil war As befits the political attitudes of they were in favour of equal rights for The guide includes seven clearly the political establishment. And also been a conspiratorial tradition within of his analysis. The 'trouble with guns' 82 Barton Road East, Dublin 14 illustrated insight into the efforts of by being the first to sign the notorious the author, he spends a large section of Catholics, and whether they were described tours of the battlegrounds, like the right wing in Ireland and republicanism. But the conspiracies in Irish politics is that the IRA were Tel.Dublin 298 5315 the Irish people to cast off the yoke of 'Treaty' and thus persuading the Irish opposed to the big landlords or just in graveyards, building and significant Britain, O'Doherty tries to explain the book bemoaning and criticising which emerged in the past were tragi- not the first to.use them. favour of parliamentary reform- sites. Indispensable lo, visitors, to English oppression .throughout this i i > . - delegation to cave-in and follow him. left-wing historians and their attitude Many of them had been members Belfast and its hinterland. important historical period. Brian Maye, of course, is not new to to Griffith. Page 10 Iruh Democrat July/August 1998 Irish Democrat July/August 1998 Page 11 Irish songs Peter Mulligan's Peepshow

from the importance of the Defender movement (Deidre Lindsay), through tWM-OlH Redmond O'Hanlon Arthur McBride Reaction & reform to the origins of the Orange order (Jim Seamus O Cionnfhaolaidh Redmond O'Hanlon served in the French Army before he Arthur McBride is an anti-recruiting song from Donegal. Sunningdale II - "The Democratic Smyth), the limits of independence became a sort of Robin Hood highwayman in County This version was collected by P. It". Joyce in his native Unionist Party says it has legal advice Games Kelly), unionism and the ideas An Mac Tfre agus an Aoire Tyrone. The French gave him the title Count for his Limerick, in the early 19th centun' and printed by him in that permits wrecking measures to col- of 1798 (Norman Porter) and Ireland his collection. The Wolf and the Shepherd services. After his exploits back in Ireland, related in the lapse the Assembly. Hven the Official and Marxism (Harry Vince). ballad, he was assassinated in his sleep in 1681, no doubt Unionists talk of bringing it down if it Peter Berresford Ellis's essay on the Bhi an t-Aoire ag tabhairt aire da the work of the English secret service of those days. I had a first cousin called Arthur McBride, is not to their liking. The shooting United Scotsmen, which was first pub- thread caoire la, agus thainig Mac Tire He and I took a stroll down the seaside. may be over, but the war has not lished in the Irish Democrat, is also anuas on sliabh agus d'fan se in-shui A Shepherd that lives on Slieve Gullion A seeking good fortune and what might betide, ended." (Paul Routledge, Independent included in this excellent book. ar chlaoi in aice leis na Caoire. Nior Came down to the county Tyrone, Twas just as the day was a dawning. on Sunday) thug an t-Aoire aon aird air, mar is And told us how Redmond O'Hanlon Then after resting we both took a tramp Enda Fmlay reviews minic a thagadh se chun feachaint ar Emmet We met seargant Harper and corporal Cramp l-'our Courts Press, £9.95 pbk Won't let the rich Saxon alone! An appeal to reaction - It [the an tread. Fr. John Murphy of Boolavogue 1753-98 He rides over moorland and mountain, Besides the wee drumer who beat up for camp, Conservative Party] must look very We know the names of some of them, "Well, arsa an t-Aoire, bhfeidir By night, till a stranger is found, With the rowdy dow dow in the morning. carefully at the agreement's 'equality these women of 1798: Betsy Gray, by Nicholas Furlong The Three Flowers. nach bhfuil son diomhail ann dar- Saying, 'Take your own choice to be lodging agenda', with its highly intrusive 'fair Anne Devlin, Matilda Tone, Mary Geography Publications, £10 pbk memory. An essay by John Gray re- noigh, nil se ag deanamh aon rud as an Right over or under the ground!' A Song from modern times about three of the Irish Heroes He says, 'My young fellows, if you enlist employment' legislation. Will Ann McCracken. Yet they have hither- examines Mary Ann McCracken's life. Nicholas Furlong's book is the only tsli." of the "9S period: Dwyer, who held out in the Wicklaw A guinea you quickly shall have in your fist Northern Ireland's politically correct to been confined mainly to the foot- There is, he says, "convincing evi- full biography of John Murphy, and Bhi san go maith, agus ni raibh go If you whistle 'Whoo!' like a native Hills after all hope had gone; Tone, who had been inspired Besides a Crown for to pick up the dust regulatory system become the model notes of the history books. This pio- dence that Belfast were taking were clearly participating in the fight gives us a fascinating account of how hole, ach an la seo bhuail tart an t- He leaves you the way to go clear; by the success of the of the Revolution in France to the And drink the King's health in the morning for the kind of controls that the neering volume acknowledges their women's rights seriously' and high- for liberty and equality. an ordinary rural priest became one of Aoire agus dubhairt se leis fein go If you squeal out a 'Hew!' like a Scotchman, vision of uniting Irishmen of all creeds; and lastly Emmet, Had we been such fools as to take the advance Government would impose in activities and examines the context in lights Mary Ann's "full commitment This interesting book shows the the leaders of the rising in Wexford. raghadh se ag iarra buideal leanna You will pay him a guinea a year, who had, in leading the abortive rising of1803 revolution, The wee bitter morning we had run to chance Britain?" (Daily Telegraph editorial) which they acted. to the revolutionary cause". way ahead for further research, and He is is not a stereotypical rebel chun a thart a mhuchadh. But if you cry 'Haw!' like a Saxon, also found his niche in history. For you'd think it no scruple to send us to France It appears that republican women The masculine bias of many demonstrates how much more can be priest - far from it. Right up until the "D'imigh se leis", agus nior bhac se Och, then, 'tis your life or your gold! Where we would be killed in the morning Reaction yet again - "To many performed duties similar to those car- sources can be a problem. However, learned about the past when the eve of the rebellion, Murphy pleaded leis Mac Tfre, mar cheap se go mbeadh By stages Count Redmond O'Hanlon One time when walking down a lane, observers, Mr. Paisley's talk of break- ried out by Cumann na mBan more Thomas Bartlett gets much mileage female half of the population is not with his parishioners to hand over na caoire ceart go leor go dtiocfadh se Gets back what they plundered of old! When night was drawing nigh, He says 'My young fellows, if I hear but one word ing the agreement smacks of 1974, than a hundred years later: they car- out of women's evidence in courts- neglected by historians. their arms to gain protection from the arais. I met a cailin with three flowers I instantly out with my sword when his Democratic Unionists co- ried despatches and communications, martial, and Biddy Dolan's part as an local magistrates. It was according to Ach nuair a fuair an Mac Tire Old Coote of Cootehill is heart broken; And she more young than I. And into your bodies as strength will afford operated with other Unionists and transported weapons and ammuni- David Granville reviews informer (her evidence helped to hang Furlong "the vacuum created by the imighe e, do ionnsaigh se na caoire And Johnston beyond in the Fews 'St Patrick bless you, dear,' said I, So now, my gay devils take warning. Loyalists paramilitaries in a strike tion, collected intelligence and, in a Billy Byrne) is explored in a chapter 1798:200 Years of Resonance unexpected arrests of the top United agus dhein se slad diobh go leir. Has wasted eight barrels of powder 'If you be quick and tell But Arthur and I, we took in the odds which brought down the power shar- number of cases, fought alongside the by Ruan O'Donnell. First-hand Irish commanders and administrators Niorbh fhada gur thainig an t- Mary Cullen (ed.) Upon him, but all to no use! The place where you did find these flowers, We gave them no chance to lunge out their swords ing executive and destroyed the men. It appears that whether or not accounts of the rebellion left by mid- in Wexford", which led to "a previous- Aoire thar ais agus go bhfeaca se nach Although there's four hundred pounds sterling I seem to know so well.' Our whacking shillelaghs came over their heads Sunningdale Agreement." (Independent they belonged to the United Irish- Irish Reporter Publications, £7.95 pbk dle class (mainly loyalist) women are ly obscure, unexpected but successful raibh caora amhain beo aige, do bheic If Redmond you'd put out of sight; And paid them right smart in the morning. on Sunday) women many women were actually discussed by John D. Beatty. It's some two years since the Irish candidate, Fr. John Murphy" filling se agus do ghol se da ra. "A nach m6r Mind if the heart's dark in your body, She took and kissed the first flower once, sworn into the United Irish societies. the role. an t-amadan me, ta gach nidh a tharla Nancy J. Curtin, in her work on Reporter magazine transformed itself 'Tis Redmond will let in the light. And sweetly said to me: As for the wee drummer, we rifled his pouch Reform - A recent Northern Ireland Anna Kinsella's essay explores not anso inniu tuillte agam, agus curam Matilda Tone, writes about the role of into it's current annual 'book' format. Furlong's book is a good read, 'This flower comes from the Wicklow hills, And we made a footballl of his rowdy dow dow Police Authority report calls for a only what these women did but also mo chuid Caoire a thabhairt do 'heroic subordination' that republican Unsurprisingly, the latest edition detailing the campaign in Wexford The great Duke of Ormond is frantic, Dew wet and pure,' said she, And into the ocean to rock and to row compulsory register of interests how subsequent generations' narrow bhithiunach." women were expected to play. I am not focuses on the events of 1798 and espe- from hopeful beginning's to the even- His soldiers got up with the lark 'It's name is Michael Dwyer - And bade him a tedious returning. including membership of the Orange- attitudes to women distorted their entirely convinced. Women in 1798 cially on their relevance for us today. tual defeat and increases our under- Sean fhocal (1): Is measa cara feall- To catch the bold Redmond by daylight; The strongest flower of all; As for the old rapier that hung by his side Order, the Freemasons, the The tone is set by Mary Cullen in standing of one of most celebrated tach na namhad follasach (2). But Redmond caught them in the dark. But I'll keep it fresh beside my breast We flung it as far as we could in the tide Apprentice Boys and the Ancient her opening essay 'Who Fears to rebels of 1798. Notes: (1) an old proverb (2) a traitor as a friend Says he when he stripped them and bound them: Though all the world should fall.' 'To the devil I bid you' says Arthur McBride Order of Hibernians. The report also Speak of Republicanism?': "The rele- is worse than an old enemy. 'Take back my best thanks to his Grace 'To temper your steel in the morning.' challenged established conventions vance of 1798 for today must surely lie Declan O'Brien reviews For all the fine pistols and powder She took and kissed the next flower twice, such as the display of the Union Jack in how our perception of what hap- The '98 Reader: an anthology Ceacht Gaelige He sent to this desolate place!' And sweetly said to me: at RUC stations. However, plastic bul- pened then influences our under- lets are to be retained 'with reluc- Padraic O'Farrell (ed.) Lesson This flower, I culled in Antrim fields, standing of how we have come to be Then here's to you Redmond O'Hanlon! Outside Belfast,' said she. Pour provinces tance'. (NIPA report) Lilliput Press, £5.99 pbk Na Dobhriathaire (adverbs) where we are today and influences our Long may your excellency reign, 'The name I call it is Wolfe Tone, - perceptions of who we are." This anthology of song, prose and 1. A bhfhad as seo (far from here; far High-ranger of woods and rivers! The bravest flower of all; Bookshop The killers and the killed - "Four sol The list of contributors and range poetry, from Lilliput provides a valu- hence-in relation to time and place) Surveyor of mountains and plain! But I'll keep it fresh beside my breast diers have been convicted of murder For books, music tapes and CDs, Irish language of subjects is impressive and will able insight into the events leading up 2. A bhfhad roime sin (long before Examiner-in-chief of all traitors! Though all the world should fall.' while on duty in Northern Ireland. materials, Celtic art cards and much more appeal to a wide readership. A selec- to the rebellion as seen by participants, that - in time or place) Protector of all that true, Nineteen have been charged. Security tion of Ireland's new generation of commentators and observers. At £5.99 3.1 gcein (remote; distant) Henceforward, King Charley of England She took and kissed the next flower thrice, forces have killed 400 people during progressive historians such as Tommy it also offers excellent value. 4. Ni fheaca me thu leis na cianta. May take what he gets, after you. and softly said to me: Including the new Connolly 30 years of ." (The Graham, Daire Keogh, Thomas Reflecting both sides of the con- (I haven't seen you for ages.) 'This flower I found in Thomas Street, Association pamphlet: Guardian) Bartlett and Kevin Whelan are repre- flict, it includes a large number of 5.1 gcomhnal (always; continuously) In Dublin fair,' said she. sented in this collection. Graham pro- poems and songs, in addition to prose 6. Amuigh (outside): Ta Sean Its name is Robert Emmet, Patriotism! - "Mr. Blair should start vides a general overview of the rebel- The Orange maid of Sligo accounts from the pen of Wolfe Tone, amuigh. (Sean is outside.) The youngest flower of all; using the muscle of the British state to lion, while Whelan analyses the rising Charles Teeling, Robert Emmett, 1. Amarach (tomorrow)-. Tiocfaidh me This song of the Orange tradition appears in Bill Meek's But I'll keep it fresh beside my breast secure a decent deal for the pro-Union in Wexford and Bartlett looks at Tone Jonah Barrington and Maria amarach. (I shall come tomorrow.) excellent collection. As he comments "It has more to do Though all the world should fall.' majority in their own country."(/)«;/>' Static: Life on the Site (Yorkshire Arts Circus, £7.95 pbk) records the everyday and the development of Irish republi- Edgeworth among others. The anthol- 8. Air tis (back): Ta me ar ais. (I am with romance than affairs of state". It is interesting Telegraph editorial) experiences and adaptability of Traveller families in Wakefield, West Yorkshire. canism and separatism. ogy also benefits from the inclusion of back) example of where an Orange song writer did not regard The book is illustrated throughout with Nick Meek's exceptional photographic The role of women in the rebellion narratives held in the archive of the 9. Air an abhar sin. (therefore) Sligo as part of a foreign country. Orangeman - "Member of a society portraits which signal both the humanity and the hardships of this Traveller is dealt with by Daire Keogh. Other Irish Folklore Department at 10. Air ball (soon; very soon) By the Short Cut to the founded as a secret order in Ireland to community without falling into the trap of over-sentimentality. contributors explore subjects ranging University College Dublin. 11. Ar bith (at all): NI raibh rud ar In Benbulben's high and loftyheights, Rosses uphold the Protestant religion, the bith uaim. (I didn't want anything.) The sun was setting bright, Protestant dynasty, and Protestant whistle); Donna Long (piano, synthe- also included on Song's of Ireland's 12. Air eigin: Ta me beo ar eigin It cast a ray of golden light, In many senses this song is associated with women. The supremacy against Irish nationalists An invitation sizers, fiddle, harmony vocals); Songs of 1798 1798 Rising. Although a majority of (with difficulty) Around the bay of Sligo. words were uvitten by Nora Hopper. It was set to an old and Roman Catholics. Orange Lodges Siobhan Egan (lead fiddle, harmony these are performed by different artists 13. Air dtuis (at first): Ta mise air Donegal air by Charlotte Milligan Fox and made famous have since spread to many part of the to cherish whistle, bodhran). Eddie Mulligan reviews four songs are performed by the same dtuis. (I am first.) A tiny craft with glancing oars, by the singing of Kathleen Ferrier, whose repertoire former British Empire." (Collins Cherish the Ladies arrange their Aand flowing wind before, included many famous Irish songs. Songs of Ireland's 1798 singer on both CDs! While reluctant 14. Air deire (at the end): Bfonn se ar English Dictionary) Derek Humphries own sets/compositions and have to be over critical about this initiative deire de ghnath(//e is always last) It drove the tiny craft ashore, achieved a well-crafted album of pleas- By the short cut to the Rosses, reviews Threads of Time, Rising, (2 CDs) & Wolfe it is hard to suppress the feeling that it 15. De bhrigh (because): De bhrigh Right on the bay of Sligo. Orange Order - "The leaders of the ing traditional flavour. Having had the represents something of an attempt to go bhfuil tu anseo. (Because you A fairy girl I met, Protestant Orange Order yesterday Cherish the Ladies, good fortune to see their live act for Tone, Rebel Songs of 1798, cash in on the bicentenary. are here.) And looking o'er the vessel's side, I was taken by her beauty, told their 30,000 members to reject the myself, this album is a pretty faithful As a fish is in a net. Derry Records, CDIRL She saw upon the waters glide, Good Friday agreement. This comes RCA Victor 09026 631312, representation of the best show I have An orange lily's golden pride, The fern uncurled to look at her hard on the heels of the rebellion by So very fair was she, CD and cassette formats enjoyed for a long time. 1798 & CDUI 1798 All on the bay of Sligo. five Ulster Unionist MPs, who predict These Ladies demonstrate versatile Join the With her hair as bright as seaweed, that the proposed Assembly can be This all-female, first generation Irish- musicianship, blending familiar With 30 tracks, Songs of Ireland's 1798 Make haste, make haste and save the flower, That floats in from the sea. 'killed off' as the Sunningdale power American, band has gained wide- dance-sets with soulful songs of hard Rising features nearly all the songs That I prize more than any other, The Road to national sharing administration." (Independent spread popularity in the States and times. This album is sure to satisfy the ever written about the rebellion. Yet, Connolly Association No traitor must have it in his power, By the short cut the Rosses, on Sunday) Europe over the last 10 years. Their 'Twas on the first of May, democracy: the story of the appetite of any listener seeking good while some of them are fine in their The Connolly Association is the oldest Irish campaigning organi- Around the bay of Sligo. fifth album, Threads of Time, follows in traditional Irish music with contem- I heard the fairies piping, own right, too many are over senti- sation in Britain. Membership costs £10 per year - or £12 for a Irish peace process T3FBH7 the wake of their recent and successful porary overtones. mental or poorly produced. An Orange youth then from the bow did reach, And they piped my heart away; joint membership, (£6 joint unwaged) and £5 for individual by Owen Bennett tt The middle and upper classes debut tour of Britain. The groups and individual musi- The flower and with a vow, They piped till I was mad with joy. students, unemployed and pensioners. Membership includes a use a show called the Orange Order for The line-up is led by one of cians featured include Prionsias Bestowed it on the lovely brow, But when I was alone, I found my free subscription to the Irish Democrat. "A valuable contribution to the keeping the working classes in line. America's leading traditional players, Macairt, Declan Hunt, the Irish Of the Orange maid of Sligo. heart was piped away - Any time they show signs of getting Joannie Madden (daughter of accor- Volunteers, Wolfhound and Brigid And in my breast, a stone. debate about the peace process." out of hand and looking for a bigger dian player, Joe) and lead vocalist Corey. Declan Hunt also features Name.... She soon became his lovely bride, Price £2.00 (£2.50 inc. p&p.) cut of the joint, some religious issue is Aoife Clancy (daughter and neice of prominently on the second Derry And oft he thinks at eventide, By the short cut to the Rosses Address. raised and the Orange Order calls the Clancy Brothers). Records offering along with the About the lily's golden pride, 'Tis I'll go never more, Available from everyone out for the defence of their The full ensemble comprises All on the bay of Sligo. Lest she should also steal my soul, Dubliners, Irish Ramblers and Brian Postcode ancient freedoms against the imagi- Joanie Madden (flute, low/high whis- Who stole my heart before Four Provinces Bookshop, Moore. Overall, this single CD, Wolfe nary onslaughts of the Papists. J J tles, harmony vocals); Aoife Clancy Tone, Rebel Songs of 1798, represents 1/We enclose the membership subscription of £ So come all true blues and fill your glass, Lest she take my soul and crush it, 244 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X - , (Lead vocal, bodhran, guitar); Mary the better deal in terms of quality. and a donation of £ towards the CA's campaigning A better toast will never pass, Like a dead leaf in her hand, 8JR. Telephone 0171 833 3022 For the short cut to the Rosses from Hold Your Hour and Coogan (guitar, banjo, mandolin); However, it is a little disconcerting Return to: CA, 244 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8JR We'll drink unto that lovely lass, Is the way to fairyland. Have Another, 1963 Mary RafTerty (accordion, harmony that 11 of the 17 songs featured are The Orange maid of Sligo. : J", * • t t 4 Iwsh Oemociuc inonn Is

The Engttsh Pope Adrian IV (below) as "Our most dear son in Christ, Conn O'Neale the gave normisskMi to Hmifv H of Great, Our Noble King of Our Realm of Ireland'. In umMmni tw ••won j •• wi other words, the Pope was now recognising Conn England (left) to sutyugate Ireland Bacach as King of Ireland in place of Henry VIII. Conquered for In return for an annual tribute Pope Paul revoked Adrian IV's Bull subsequent confirmations of the conquest under papal authority. Without even apologis- ing to the Irish kings and princes for past actions, Pope Paul released them from the papal profit duty of feudal obedience to the English Kings who, he said, were no longer enti- Friend or foe? Regular Irish Democrat columnist Peter tled to the style 'Lord of Ireland'. If England would not pay the feudal Berresford Ellis explores the despicable and mercenary dues on Ireland, Pope Paul III was per- role played by the Roman throughout suaded that an independent Irish monar- chy would provide him with the money. history in the conquest and exploitation of the Irish nation In a letter on April 17,1539, written by the O'Conor King of Connacht, intercepted by ike James Connolly, I am always careful to Henry's agents, it is revealed that King Conn differentiate between the Catholic Church Bacach O'Neill had plans to march an army to as a spiritual authority and the Catholic Tara and be proclaimed High King of Ireland with Church as a temporal and political power. the help of the Anglo-Norman Fitzgeralds, Earls of In its latter role, the Catholic Church has Desmond, and members of the Geraldine League, as never been a friend to Ireland. well as native kings and prince. LIt is one of those great debating points of history On April 24, 1541, Pope Paul III, wrote an that Pope Adrian IV (1154-59) granted a Bull, encouraging letter to O'Neill and 'exhorts the whole Laudiibiliter, which gave Henry II, of the Angevin Irish people to persevere in the Faith they received Empire, full permission and support to 'enter the from their fathers'. The Pope weht on to say that he island of Ireland in order to subject its people 'holds that Island especially dear'. Papal Nuncios law and to root out from them the weeds of vice'. were sent to O'Neill to advise him on reasserting In return for this papal approval, Henry II independence. Before any such declaration could be agreed to pay an annual tribute to Rome of one made, the Irish army was defeated and Conn Bacach penny for every house in Ireland. Henry II invad- decided to enter into negotiations with Henry. He ed and forced the High King, Ruaidri Ua surrendered and accepted the tide 'Earl of Tyrone' Conchobhair, to sign The and was promptly chased out of his former king- on October 6, 1175. dom by his enraged people who placed his younger It has been almost a rallying cry of some son Sean an Diomais (Shane the Proud) on the 19th Century Irish Catholic nationalists to throne of Ulster. Yet, one by one, the Irish kings, claim that the Bull Laudabiliter was forged. princes and chieftains were forced to'surrender Failing to prove that tendentious asser- their titles. Because, under Law, they tion, others were swift to point out that could not legally surrender their titles on behalf of Pope Adrian IV was one Nicholas their heirs and successors, internal dynastic strug- Breakspear, an 'Englishman' and the gles weakened the Irish further. Then came the only Englishman who ever became Elizabethan wars of conquest followed by the Bishop of Rome. 17th Century devastations. Now why should Adrian being Anglo-Saxon The Bishops of Rome gave their support to (the English had really yet to emerge) make any the Irish in their struggle for independence. difference to the Angevin emperor being granted That support was not motivated by morality but feudal rights in Ireland? After all, Henry II was a merely by a desire to win back the papal fiefdom. French-speaking ruler of a mainly French-speak- Pope Clement VIII (Ippolito Aldrobrandini of ing empire and England, for all the rewriting of Fano) 1692-1605 issued another Bull on April 18, English history, was still only a newly conquered 1600. He declared a Bull of Indulgence to 'archbish- province in which Henry did not like to spend ops, bishops, , chiefs, earls, barons and peo- much time. There was continuing con- ple of Ireland' acknowledging, for the first time, that flict between the Anglo-Saxons and the Irish 'have long struggled to recover and pre- their Norman overlords. serve your liberty... to throw off the yoke of slavery The fact is that many Irish Catholics imposed on you by the English...' (without saying find it hard to accept that the Church of that the yoke had been imposed with the full sup- Rome, as a temporal and feudal institution, was port and connivance of the Church of Rome in not a friend to the Irish nation. It is hard to accept return for financial gain) '...we grant to all of you... that there was something other to the Church of ceremony. Two papal legates brought the crown to sals of the Bishop of Rome as a feudal prince. The plenary pardon and remission of all sins, as usually Rome than its professed 'spirituality'. The Dover in 1186. Henry changed his mind, deciding Kings of England, for the Angevin Empire was now granted to those setting out to the war against the regarded themselves as temporal princes, with more that John might become too big for his boots! Three diminishing, would pay the Bishop of Rome, an Turks for recovering of the Holy Land'. But the feudal power than most emperors, and they often years later Henry II died. annual tribute. Some 700 marks would be paid for papal fiefdom, and its revenues, was lost to Rome. led their own armies into battle to assert that power Henry II's son Richard I spent even less time in England and 300 marks for Ireland. Ireland was ruled as a separate realm under and reap tribute from those they subjected. England than his father. Few of his subjects there This act was solemnly ratified in St Paul's English Kings and Queens until 1801 when it was When Henry II finally took his armies to Ireland even noticed when Richard I died. So Henry II's Cathedral, London, on October 3,1213, in the pres- united with the United Kingdom of to and forced the High King to submit to him, next son John became the new Angevin emperor on ence of Nicholas, Cardinal-Bishop of Tusculum, and become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Adrian's successor Alexander III wrote to hint, and June 2, 1199. John, of course, lost most of the sealed with a golden Bull on behalf of Innocent. The Ireland. By 1829 the constraints put on Catholics we have three of his extant letters, confirming Angevin Empire in what is now France. In fact, in confirmation of this act is recorded in the Charter and the Catholic religion in Ireland were lifted and Henry II as 'Lord of Ireland'. Just for the record, 1204, the heartland of Normandy was captured by Roll and in Thomas Rhymer's Foedera. Ireland con- so, once again, as before Henry VIIFs break with Alexander was not an Anglo-Saxon nor a Norman. the Franks. John therefore turned his attention to tinued to be a papal fiefdom, at the whim and gift of Rome, the hierarchy of the Church had no quarrel I le was Rolando Bandinelli from Siena, and his con- securing his power as king by murdering Arthur, his the Bishops of Rome, but with the English kings as with English political domination. Rome gave cern was to exercise his feudal rights and claim the middlemen. The Irish kings and princes were financial tribute from Henry II. instructed, on pain of excommunication, to obey the Henry II wrote acknowledging the Pope's feudal Many Irish Catholics find authority of the English kings. The Irish kings and princes superiority in a letter of Alexander III in 1173 which It was in 1534 that Henry VIII broke with Rome. is found recorded in Thomas Rhymer's Foedera. it hard to accept that Yet the important year for Ireland was 1541 when were instructed, on pain The annual payment for Ireland was duly made. Henry VIII, rejecting the title of 'Lord of Ireland', , in his Melalogicus, recorded the Church of Rome, styled himself King of Ireland (Rex Hiberniae) of excommunication, that the Pope, in return, sent Henry a golden ring becoming the first English King to do so and mak- adorned with an emerald to be worn to symbolise as a temporal and feudal ing Ireland a separate realm from his kingdom of to obey the authority of his authority, on Rome's behalf, over Ireland. So it is England. To achieve this, Henry VIII determined to quite clear that when Ireland became just another institution, was not a pursue a policy which abolished all the Irish titles the English kings province of the Angevin Empire, with its High and styles of the kings, princes and nobility. The King having accepted Henry II as his feudal lord - friend to the Irish nation Irish aristocracy were forced to surrender their titles England its full support for rule in Ireland. As the Dominus Hiberniae (Lord of Ireland) - Ireland had, and, in turn, accept English titles, methods of land Irish Catholic orator and Member of the London in fact, constitutionally become a papal fiefdom. own nephew, but as son of his older brother, holding, English law, the English language and, of Parliament, Richard Lalor Shiel, said in the House The Bishops of Rome, as temporal feudal princes, Geoffrey, one who had a superior claim for the course, the Reformed Faith with Henry VIII as head of Commons in 1845, on the occasion of obtaining had conspired in the conquest of Ireland, asserting throne under primogeniture. of the new church. If they did not do so, they were the renewal of annual grant to the Maynooth semi- themselves as feudal lords of all the lands of Europe. John was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III be eliminated or forced to flee into exile. nary: 'Is not a large standing army and a great con- In this position, they were able to give Ireland into (Lotario dei Conti di Segni). But then, as now, The Bishop of Rome, as feudal prince, appeared stabulary force more expensive than the moral the charge of Henry II in return for payment. money talked. John formerly submitted himself to more concerned in Henry's refusal to recognise police with which, by the priesthood of Ireland, you Henry II, in a passing fit of generosity, thought Innocent III. On May 15, 1213, at the House of the Rome as a temporal power than accept its spiritual can be thirstily and efficaciously supplied?' to bestow the 'Kingship of Ireland' on his son John Templars at Ewell, near Dover, John gave the king- authority. The loss of Ireland alone meant a loss to The current Pope has taken to making apologies in 1186 to rule within his Angevin Empire. He even dom of England and lordship of Ireland to Innocent papal revenue of 150 pounds weight in gold every to various peoples in whose persecution and oppres- obtained the papal sanction of Urban III (Uberto III. Innocent then regranted the kingship of year. I think most Irish Catholics would be shocked sion his predecessors had taken an active or passive Crivelli of Milan) to use this title of'King' instead England and the lordship of Ireland to John on con- if they worked out the modern financial equivalent role. Perhaps the day may come when the Bishop of of 'Lord'. Urban demanded more money for the dition that John officially acknowledge, for himself, of that sum. Pope Paul III (Alessandro Farnese of Rome will make a full and proper apology to the proposed change of title and sent Henry II a crown his heirs and successors, Rome's temporal feudal Camino) - 1534-1550 wrote to Conn Bacach Irish nation for the shameful role of Rome in the of peacocks' feathers set in gold for the inauguration authority under bonds of fealty and homage as vas- O'Neill, the King of Ulster, in 1538, addressing him conquest and exploitation of that country?