Nuclear Regulatory Commission § 110.23

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Nuclear Regulatory Commission § 110.23 Pt. 110 10 CFR Ch. I (1–1–21 Edition) Subpart C—Licenses 110.19 Types of licenses. 110.20 General license information. 110.21 General license for the export of spe- cial nuclear material. 110.22 General license for the export of source material. 110.23 General license for the export of by- product material. 110.24 General license for the export of deu- terium. 110.25 [Reserved] 110.26 General license for the export of nu- clear reactor components. 110.27 General license for imports. 110.28 Embargoed destinations. 110.29 Restricted destinations. 110.30 Members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group. FIGURE 1—DIAGRAMMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF 110.31 Application for a specific license. DELINEATION OF WIDTH OF ZONE REQUIRING 110.32 Information required in an applica- DETAILED FAULTING INVESTIGATIONS FOR tion for a specific license/NRC Form 7. SPECIFIC NUCLEAR POWER PLANT LOCATION. Subpart D—Review of License Applications (Sec. 201, Pub. L. 93–438, 88 Stat. 1243 (42 110.40 Commission review. U.S.C. 5841)) 110.41 Executive Branch review. [38 FR 31281, Nov. 13, 1973, as amended at 38 110.42 Export licensing criteria. FR 32575, Nov. 27, 1973; 42 FR 2052, Jan. 10, 110.43 Import licensing criteria. 1977; 78 FR 34250, June 7, 2013] 110.44 Physical security standards. 110.45 Issuance or denial of licenses. 110.46 Conduct resulting in termination of PART 110—EXPORT AND IMPORT nuclear exports. OF NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL Subpart E—License Terms and Related Provisions Subpart A—General Provisions 110.50 Terms. 110.51 Amendment and renewal of licenses. Sec. 110.52 Revocation, suspension, and modi- 110.1 Purpose and scope. fication. 110.2 Definitions. 110.53 United States address, records, and 110.3 Interpretations. inspections. 110.4 Communications. 110.54 Reporting requirements. 110.5 Licensing requirements. 110.6 Retransfers. Subpart F—Violations and Enforcement 110.7 Information collection requirements: 110.60 Violations. OMB approval. 110.61 Notice of violation. 110.7a Completeness and accuracy of infor- 110.62 Order to show cause. mation. 110.63 Order for revocation, suspension, or 110.7b Deliberate misconduct. modification. 110.8 List of nuclear facilities and equip- 110.64 Civil penalty. ment under NRC export licensing author- 110.65 Settlement and compromise. ity. 110.66 Enforcement hearing. 110.9 List of Nuclear Material under NRC 110.67 Criminal penalties. export licensing authority. Subpart G—Public Notification and 110.9a List of nuclear equipment and mate- Availability of Documents and Records rial under NRC import licensing author- ity. 110.70 Public notice of receipt of an applica- tion. Subpart B—Exemptions 110.71 Notice of withdrawal of an applica- tion. 110.10 General. 110.72 Public availability of documents. 110.11 Export of IAEA safeguards samples. 110.73 Availability of NRC records. 706 VerDate Sep<11>2014 13:07 Aug 27, 2021 Jkt 253031 PO 00000 Frm 00716 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\253031.XXX 253031 spaschal on DSKJM0X7X2PROD with CFR EC22SE91.002 Nuclear Regulatory Commission Pt. 110 Subpart H—Public Participation Procedures APPENDIX C TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST Concerning License Applications OF GASEOUS DIFFUSION ENRICHMENT PLANT ASSEMBLIES AND COMPONENTS 110.80 Basis for hearings. UNDER NRC EXPORT LICENSING AUTHOR- 110.81 Written comments. ITY 110.82 Hearing request or intervention peti- APPENDIX D TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST tion. OF AERODYNAMIC ENRICHMENT PLANT 110.83 Answers and replies. EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS UNDER NRC 110.84 Commission action on a hearing re- EXPORT LICENSING AUTHORITY quest or intervention petition. APPENDIX E TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST 110.85 Notice of hearing consisting of writ- OF CHEMICAL EXCHANGE OR ION EXCHANGE ten comments. ENRICHMENT PLANT EQUIPMENT AND COM- 110.86 Notice of oral hearing. PONENTS UNDER NRC EXPORT LICENSING 110.87 Conditions in a notice or order. AUTHORITY 110.88 Authority of the Secretary. APPENDIX F TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST 110.89 Filing and service. OF LASER-BASED ENRICHMENT PLANT 110.90 Computation of time. EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS UNDER NRC 110.91 Commission consultations. EXPORT LICENSING AUTHORITY Subpart I—Hearings APPENDIX G TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST OF PLASMA SEPARATION ENRICHMENT 110.100 Public hearings. PLANT EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS 110.101 Filing and service. UNDER NRC EXPORT LICENSING AUTHOR- 110.102 Hearing docket. ITY 110.103 Acceptance of hearing documents. APPENDIX H TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST 110.104 Presiding officer. OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENRICHMENT PLANT 110.105 Responsibility and power of the pre- EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS UNDER NRC siding officer in an oral hearing. EXPORT LICENSING AUTHORITY 110.106 Participation in a hearing. APPENDIX I TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST 110.107 Presentation of testimony in an oral OF REPROCESSING PLANT COMPONENTS hearing. UNDER NRC EXPORT LICENSING AUTHOR- 110.108 Appearance in an oral hearing. ITY 110.109 Motions and requests. APPENDIX J TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST 110.110 Default. OF URANIUM CONVERSION PLANT EQUIP- 110.111 Waiver of a rule or regulation. MENT AND PLUTONIUM CONVERSION PLANT 110.112 Reporter and transcript for an oral EQUIPMENT UNDER NRC EXPORT LICENS- hearing. ING AUTHORITY 110.113 Commission action. APPENDIX K TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST Subpart J—Special Procedures for OF EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS UNDER NRC EXPORT LICENSING AUTHORITY FOR Classified Information in Hearings USE IN A PLANT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF 110.120 Purpose and scope. HEAVY WATER, DEUTERIUM AND DEUTE- 110.121 Security clearances and access to RIUM COMPOUNDS classified information. APPENDIX L TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST 110.122 Classification assistance. OF BYPRODUCT MATERIALS UNDER NRC 110.123 Notice of intent to introduce classi- EXPORT/IMPORT LICENSING AUTHORITY fied information. APPENDIX M TO PART 110—CATEGORIZATION OF 110.124 Rearrangement or suspension of a NUCLEAR MATERIAL hearing. APPENDIX N TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST 110.125 Unclassified statements required. OF LITHIUM ISOTOPE SEPARATION FACILI- 110.126 Protection of classified information. TIES, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT UNDER NRC’S EXPORT LICENSING AUTHORITY Subpart K—Rulemaking APPENDIX O TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST OF FUEL ELEMENT FABRICATION PLANT 110.130 Initiation of rulemaking. EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS UNDER 110.131 Petition for rulemaking. NRC’S EXPORT LICENSING AUTHORITY 110.132 Commission action on a petition. APPENDIX P TO PART 110—CATEGORY 1 AND 2 110.133 Notice of proposed rulemaking. 110.134 Public participation. RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL 110.135 Notice of rulemaking. AUTHORITY: Atomic Energy Act of 1954, APPENDIX A TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST secs. 11, 51, 53, 54, 57, 62, 63, 64, 65, 81, 82, 103, OF NUCLEAR REACTOR EQUIPMENT UNDER 104, 109, 111, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, NRC EXPORT LICENSING AUTHORITY 133, 134, 161, 170H, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, APPENDIX B TO PART 110—ILLUSTRATIVE LIST 189, 223, 234 (42 U.S.C. 2014, 2071, 2073, 2074, OF GAS CENTRIFUGE ENRICHMENT PLANT 2077, 2092, 2093, 2094, 2095, 2111, 2112, 2133, 2134, COMPONENTS UNDER NRC’S EXPORT LI- 2139, 2141, 2151, 2152, 2153, 2154, 2155, 2156, 2157, CENSING AUTHORITY 2158, 2160c, 2160d, 2201, 2210h, 2231, 2232, 2233, 707 VerDate Sep<11>2014 13:07 Aug 27, 2021 Jkt 253031 PO 00000 Frm 00717 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\253031.XXX 253031 spaschal on DSKJM0X7X2PROD with CFR § 110.1 10 CFR Ch. I (1–1–21 Edition) 2234, 2236, 2237, 2239, 2273, 2282); Energy Reor- as authorized by section 110 of the ganization Act of 1974, sec. 201 (42 U.S.C. International Security and Develop- 5841); Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. ment Cooperation Act of 1980. 552, 553); 42 U.S.C. 2139a, 2155a; 44 U.S.C. 3504 note. (2) Persons who export uranium de- Section 110.1(b) also issued under 22 U.S.C. pleted in the isotope-235 and incor- 2403; 22 U.S.C. 2778a; 50 App. U.S.C. 2401 et seq. porated in commodities solely to take Sections 110.1(b)(2) and 110.1(b)(3) also advantage of high density or issued under 22 U.S.C. 2403. pyrophoric characteristics. These per- Section 110.11 also issued under Atomic En- sons are subject to the controls of the ergy Act secs. 54(c), 57(d), 122 (42 U.S.C. 2074, 2152). Department of Commerce under the Section 110.50(b)(3) also issued under Atom- Export Administration Act, as contin- ic Energy Act sec. 123 (42 U.S.C. 2153). ued in force under Executive Order Section 110.51 also issued under Atomic En- 13222 (August 22, 2001), as extended; ergy Act sec. 184 (42 U.S.C. 2234). (3) Persons who export nuclear refer- Section 110.52 also issued under Atomic En- ral list commodities such as bulk zir- ergy Act sec. 186, (42 U.S.C. 2236). conium, rotor and bellows equipment, Sections 110.80–110.113 also issued under 5 U.S.C. 552, 554. maraging steel, nuclear reactor related Sections 110.130–110.135 also issued under 5 equipment, including process control U.S.C. 553. systems and simulators. These persons Sections 110.2 and 110.42(a)(9) also issued are subject to the licensing authority under Intelligence Authorization Act sec. 903 of the Department of Commerce pursu- (42 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.). ant to 15 CFR part 730 et seq.; SOURCE: 43 FR 21641, May 19, 1978, unless (4) Persons who import deuterium, otherwise noted. nuclear grade graphite, or nuclear equipment other than production or Subpart A—General Provisions utilization facilities. A uranium en- richment facility is not a production § 110.1 Purpose and scope. facility for the purposes of import; and (a) The regulations in this part pre- (5) Shipments which are only passing scribe licensing, enforcement, and rule- through the U.S.
Recommended publications
  • Tritium Handling and Safe Storage
    NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE DOE-HDBK-1129-2007 March 2007 ____________________ DOE HANDBOOK TRITIUM HANDLING AND SAFE STORAGE U.S. Department of Energy AREA SAFT Washington, D.C. 20585 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. DOE-HDBK-1129-2007 This page is intentionally blank. ii DOE-HDBK-1129-2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE FOREWORD............................................................................................................................... vii ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................ ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose ...............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Scope ..................................................................................................................................1 1.3 Applicability .........................................................................................................................1 1.4 Referenced Material for Further Information .......................................................................2 2.0 TRITIUM .................................................................................................................................3 2.1 Radioactive Properties ........................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Table 2.Iii.1. Fissionable Isotopes1
    FISSIONABLE ISOTOPES Charles P. Blair Last revised: 2012 “While several isotopes are theoretically fissionable, RANNSAD defines fissionable isotopes as either uranium-233 or 235; plutonium 238, 239, 240, 241, or 242, or Americium-241. See, Ackerman, Asal, Bale, Blair and Rethemeyer, Anatomizing Radiological and Nuclear Non-State Adversaries: Identifying the Adversary, p. 99-101, footnote #10, TABLE 2.III.1. FISSIONABLE ISOTOPES1 Isotope Availability Possible Fission Bare Critical Weapon-types mass2 Uranium-233 MEDIUM: DOE reportedly stores Gun-type or implosion-type 15 kg more than one metric ton of U- 233.3 Uranium-235 HIGH: As of 2007, 1700 metric Gun-type or implosion-type 50 kg tons of HEU existed globally, in both civilian and military stocks.4 Plutonium- HIGH: A separated global stock of Implosion 10 kg 238 plutonium, both civilian and military, of over 500 tons.5 Implosion 10 kg Plutonium- Produced in military and civilian 239 reactor fuels. Typically, reactor Plutonium- grade plutonium (RGP) consists Implosion 40 kg 240 of roughly 60 percent plutonium- Plutonium- 239, 25 percent plutonium-240, Implosion 10-13 kg nine percent plutonium-241, five 241 percent plutonium-242 and one Plutonium- percent plutonium-2386 (these Implosion 89 -100 kg 242 percentages are influenced by how long the fuel is irradiated in the reactor).7 1 This table is drawn, in part, from Charles P. Blair, “Jihadists and Nuclear Weapons,” in Gary A. Ackerman and Jeremy Tamsett, ed., Jihadists and Weapons of Mass Destruction: A Growing Threat (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2009), pp. 196-197. See also, David Albright N 2 “Bare critical mass” refers to the absence of an initiator or a reflector.
    [Show full text]
  • Tritium and Enriched Uranium Management Plan Through 2060
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Tritium And Enriched Uranium Management Plan Through 2060 Report to Congress October 2015 United States Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 Message from the Secretary Please find the Department of Energy's plan for management oftritium and enriched uranium 1 inventories through 2060. This report is being provided to the following Members of Congress: • The Honorable Thad Cochran Chairman, Senate Committee on Appropriations • The Honorable Barbara Mikulski Ranking Member, Senate Committee on Appropriations • The Honorable Harold Rogers Chairman, House Committee on Appropriations • The Honorable Nita M. Lowey Ranking Member, House Committee on Appropriations • The Honorable Lamar Alexander Chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Senate Committee on Appropriations • The Honorable Dianne Feinstein Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Senate Committee on Appropriations • The Honorable Mike Simpson Chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development House Committee on Appropriations • The Honorable Marcy Kaptur Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development House Committee on Appropriations If you have any questions or need additional information, please contact me or Mr. Brad Crowell, Assistant Secretary for Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs, at (202) 586-5450. Sincerely, 1 In response to Title Ill, Division D, Section 311 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (Pub. l. 113-76), and other Congressionalanguage l listed In Appendix B Department of Energy I October 2015 Executive Summary The Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) is responsible for a number of national missions that require a reliable supply of Enriched Uranium (EU) to meet our defense and non-defense related missions.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution Coefficients of Polonium Between 0.75 M HDEHP in Cyclo- Hexane and Aqueous Hydrochloric and Nitric Acids Guogang Jia* and Giancarlo Torri
    18 The Open Inorganic Chemistry Journal, 2008, 2, 18-21 Distribution Coefficients of Polonium Between 0.75 M HDEHP in Cyclo- hexane and Aqueous Hydrochloric and Nitric Acids Guogang Jia* and Giancarlo Torri Agency for Environmental Protection and for Technical Services, Via V. Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy Abstract: The distribution coefficients (D) of polonium between 0.75 M di(2-ethyhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) in cy- clohexane and aqueous hydrochloric and nitric acids have been studied. Results indicate that: (1) D values are ranged from 32.7 to 0.00048 when the HCl acidities vary from 0.10 to 10.0 M, showing that polonium can well be extracted by 0.75 M HDEHP in cyclohexane if the aqueous HCl acidities are 0.050 M and it will not be extracted if 0.10 M HCl; (2) D values are ranged from 47.1 to 0.0117 when the HNO3 acidities vary from 0.10 to 10.0 M, showing that polonium can be extractable by 0.75 M HDEHP in cyclohexane and in a wide range acidity of 4 M HNO3. The different extraction behaviours of polonium in 0.75 M HDEHP in cyclohexane and different acidities of HCl and HNO3 were found. The find- ings will be very helpful to improve the methods involving polonium decontamination for determination and separation of americium, curium as well as other radioelements in environmental soil, water and biological samples. Keywords: Polonium, HDEHP, distribution coefficients. 1. INTRODUCTION on its oxidation state. Therefore, question is raised: which oxidation state is responsible for major polonium volatility, The element polonium (210Po) was discovered by Marie valences of +2, +4, and probably +6? Curie as the first element separated from pitchblende, and named after her home country, Poland [1, 2].
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
    Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1.
    [Show full text]
  • OMB Control No.: 3150-0011 UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY
    OMB Control No.: 3150-0011 UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION OFFICE OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL SAFETY AND SAFEGUARDS OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REACTOR REGULATION Washington, D.C. 20555-0001 October 8, 2003 NRC BULLETIN 2003-04: REBASELINING OF DATA IN THE NUCLEAR MATERIALS MANAGEMENT AND SAFEGUARDS SYSTEM Addressees All U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licensees, Agreement State licensees, and Certificate Holders (hereafter referred to as licensees) who: (1) Have in their possession, or are licensed to possess, one or more of the following: foreign obligated natural uranium, depleted uranium, or thorium; uranium enriched in the isotope U-235, U-233, plutonium, plutonium-238, or who currently have unreconciled nuclear material balances with the Nuclear Materials Management and Safeguards System (NMMSS). Purpose NRC is issuing this bulletin to: (i) Notify licensees about performance concerns associated with their reporting data to, and the resulting material balances contained in, the NMMSS database; (ii) Request affected licensees to perform a one-time reporting of the quantities of special nuclear material (SNM) and/or foreign obligated source material in their possession, specified as: (a) A quantity of SNM defined by 10 CFR 72.76, 72.78, 74.15, and 150.16, as 1 gram or more of contained uranium-235, uranium-233, plutonium, or 0.1 gram or more plutonium-238 that is greater than 10 percent of the total plutonium by weight; or (b) A quantity of foreign obligated source material (i.e., natural uranium, depleted uranium, or thorium) defined
    [Show full text]
  • EPA Facts About Tritium
    . p;RU:,,EPA Facts About V Tritium "~'I4C AD31 /'July 2002 What is Tritium? to the early 1960s. The inventory of tritium in the atmosphere peaked in 1963 and has been decreasing Tritium is a form of hydrogcn that is radioactive. and rapidly since then. Levels of naturally occurring tritium in like hydrogen it reacts with oxygen to form water. the atmosphere produced by cosmic rays arc constant, Tritium is produced naturally in the upper atmosphere and it is projected that levels or manmade tritium will be when cosmic rays strike atmospheric gases. Tritium comparable to natural tritium by 2030. can also be produced by man during nuclear weapon explosions, in reactors intended to produce tritium for Tritium is currently produced by reactors producing nuclear weapons. and by reactors producing electricity. However, releases of tritium from these electricity. facilities are at fractions of the natural background production rates. Other sources of tritium include government plants which have reprocessed reactor fuels. Individuals can also be exposed to tritium broken exit What arc the uses of tritium? signs and luminous dial items that contain tritium. Since tritium reacts similarly to ordinary hydrogen it is Tritium has been produced in large quantities by the incorporated into the body easily in the form of water. nuclear military program. It is also used to make luminous dials and as a source of light for sarety signs. Tritium is Overall, since current world wide levels of tritium in the used as a tracer for biochemical research, animal environment from man-made and natural sources are low, metabolism studies and ground water transport the risk to the average person from tritium is typically not measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • NNSA Should Clarify Long-Term Uranium Enrichment Mission Needs and Improve Technology Cost Estimates
    United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Committees February 2018 NUCLEAR WEAPONS NNSA Should Clarify Long-Term Uranium Enrichment Mission Needs and Improve Technology Cost Estimates GAO-18-126 February 2018 NUCLEAR WEAPONS NNSA Should Clarify Long-Term Uranium Enrichment Mission Needs and Improve Technology Cost Highlights of GAO-18-126, a report to Estimates congressional committees Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found NNSA has several mission needs for The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a separately organized enriched uranium, including providing agency within the Department of Energy (DOE), is taking or plans to take four LEU to fuel a nuclear reactor that actions to extend inventories of low-enriched uranium (LEU) that is unobligated, produces tritium—a key isotope used or carries no promises or peaceful use to foreign trade partners until about 2038 in nuclear weapons. NNSA has a to 2041. Two of the actions involve preserving supplies of LEU, and the other pressing defense need for unobligated two involve diluting highly enriched uranium (HEU) with lower enriched forms of LEU to fuel this reactor, meaning the uranium to produce LEU. GAO reviewed these actions and found the actual uranium, technology and equipment costs and schedules for those taken to date generally align with estimates. used to produce the LEU, must be U.S. NNSA and GAO have identified risks associated with two of these actions. One in origin. Because the United States of these risks has been resolved; NNSA is taking steps to mitigate another, while lost its only source of unobligated LEU production in 2013, the supply is finite.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    ftoc.qrk 5/24/04 1:46 PM Page iii Contents Timeline v de Sitter,Willem 72 Dukas, Helen 74 Introduction 1 E = mc2 76 Eddington, Sir Arthur 79 Absentmindedness 3 Education 82 Anti-Semitism 4 Ehrenfest, Paul 85 Arms Race 8 Einstein, Elsa Löwenthal 88 Atomic Bomb 9 Einstein, Mileva Maric 93 Awards 16 Einstein Field Equations 100 Beauty and Equations 17 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Besso, Michele 18 Argument 101 Black Holes 21 Einstein Ring 106 Bohr, Niels Henrik David 25 Einstein Tower 107 Books about Einstein 30 Einsteinium 108 Born, Max 33 Electrodynamics 108 Bose-Einstein Condensate 34 Ether 110 Brain 36 FBI 113 Brownian Motion 39 Freud, Sigmund 116 Career 41 Friedmann, Alexander 117 Causality 44 Germany 119 Childhood 46 God 124 Children 49 Gravitation 126 Clothes 58 Gravitational Waves 128 CommunismCOPYRIGHTED 59 Grossmann, MATERIAL Marcel 129 Correspondence 62 Hair 131 Cosmological Constant 63 Heisenberg, Werner Karl 132 Cosmology 65 Hidden Variables 137 Curie, Marie 68 Hilbert, David 138 Death 70 Hitler, Adolf 141 iii ftoc.qrk 5/24/04 1:46 PM Page iv iv Contents Inventions 142 Poincaré, Henri 220 Israel 144 Popular Works 222 Japan 146 Positivism 223 Jokes about Einstein 148 Princeton 226 Judaism 149 Quantum Mechanics 230 Kaluza-Klein Theory 151 Reference Frames 237 League of Nations 153 Relativity, General Lemaître, Georges 154 Theory of 239 Lenard, Philipp 156 Relativity, Special Lorentz, Hendrik 158 Theory of 247 Mach, Ernst 161 Religion 255 Mathematics 164 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 258 McCarthyism 166 Russell-Einstein Manifesto 260 Michelson-Morley Experiment 167 Schroedinger, Erwin 261 Millikan, Robert 171 Solvay Conferences 265 Miracle Year 174 Space-Time 267 Monroe, Marilyn 179 Spinoza, Baruch (Benedictus) 268 Mysticism 179 Stark, Johannes 270 Myths and Switzerland 272 Misconceptions 181 Thought Experiments 274 Nazism 184 Time Travel 276 Newton, Isaac 188 Twin Paradox 279 Nobel Prize in Physics 190 Uncertainty Principle 280 Olympia Academy 195 Unified Theory 282 Oppenheimer, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Factsheets & Faqs Polonium-210
    Factsheets & FAQs Polonium-210 Basic Facts Polonium-210 (Po-210) is a radioactive element that occurs naturally and is present in the environment at extremely low concentrations. Polonium was discovered by Marie Sklodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and was named after Marie's native land of Poland (Latin: Polonia). This element was the first one discovered by them while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. It is a fairly volatile (50% is vaporized in air in 45 hours at 55°C) silvery-grey soft metal. Po-210 has a half-life of 138 days. This is the time it takes for the activity to decrease by half due to a process of radioactive decay. Po-210 decays to stable lead-206 by emitting alpha particles, accompanied by very low intensity gamma rays. The majority of the time Po-210 decays by emission of alpha particles only, not by emission of an alpha particle and a gamma ray. Only about one in a 100,000 decays results in the emission of a gamma ray. Alpha spectroscopy is the best method of measuring this isotope. Origin Being produced during the decay of naturally occurring uranium-238, polonium-210 is widely distributed in small amounts in the earth's crust. Although it can be produced by the chemical processing of uranium ores or minerals, uranium ores contain less than 0.1 mg Po-210 per ton. Because Po-210 is produced from the decay of radon-222 gas, it can be found in the atmosphere from which it is deposited on the earth's surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Table of the Elements Notes
    Periodic Table of the Elements Notes Arrangement of the known elements based on atomic number and chemical and physical properties. Divided into three basic categories: Metals (left side of the table) Nonmetals (right side of the table) Metalloids (touching the zig zag line) Basic Organization by: Atomic structure Atomic number Chemical and Physical Properties Uses of the Periodic Table Useful in predicting: chemical behavior of the elements trends properties of the elements Atomic Structure Review: Atoms are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Elements are atoms of only one type. Elements are identified by the atomic number (# of protons in nucleus). Energy Levels Review: Electrons are arranged in a region around the nucleus called an electron cloud. Energy levels are located within the cloud. At least 1 energy level and as many as 7 energy levels exist in atoms Energy Levels & Valence Electrons Energy levels hold a specific amount of electrons: 1st level = up to 2 2nd level = up to 8 3rd level = up to 8 (first 18 elements only) The electrons in the outermost level are called valence electrons. Determine reactivity - how elements will react with others to form compounds Outermost level does not usually fill completely with electrons Using the Table to Identify Valence Electrons Elements are grouped into vertical columns because they have similar properties. These are called groups or families. Groups are numbered 1-18. Group numbers can help you determine the number of valence electrons: Group 1 has 1 valence electron. Group 2 has 2 valence electrons. Groups 3–12 are transition metals and have 1 or 2 valence electrons.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
    Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.
    [Show full text]