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Erupsi Gunung Lokon Berdasarkan Kegempaan, Deformasi, Dan Geokimia Pada Januari 2013 the Eruption of Mount Lokon Based Seismicit

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Erupsi Gunung Lokon Berdasarkan Kegempaan, Deformasi, Dan Geokimia Pada Januari 2013 the Eruption of Mount Lokon Based Seismicit Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, Vol. 4 No. 3 Desember 2013: 199 - 217 Erupsi Gunung Lokon berdasarkan kegempaan, deformasi, dan geokimia pada Januari 2013 The eruption of Mount Lokon based seismicity, deformation, and geochemistry in January 2013 Yasa Suparman, Ugan B. Saing dan Akhmad Zaennudin Badan Geologi, Jln. Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122 ABSTRAK Periode erupsi Gunung Lokon terjadi sejak tahun 2011 yang diawali oleh letusan freatik pada 22 Februari 2011, kemudian berlanjut dengan letusan yang terjadi pada 26 Juni 2011 dan letusan-letusan lainnya baik letusan freatik, freatomagmatik dan magmatik. Data kegempaan menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kegiatan Gunung Lokon ditandai dengan meningkatnya Gempa Vulkanik (VA dan VB), Tremor dan Gempa Hembusan. Gempa Letusan dengan energi yang besar diawali dengan meningkatnya kejadian Gempa Vulkanik atau terekamnya Gempa Vulkanik dengan energi besar pada sehari atau beberapa jam sebelumnya. Interval waktu yang pendek antara peningkatan Gempa Vulkanik dengan terjadinya letusan menunjukkan bahwa Gunung Lokon masih belum stabil. Data deformasi menunjukkan bahwa terjadi inflasi pada saat sebelum terjadinya letusan. Nilai fluks SO2 serta rasio Cl/SO4 hasil analisis ash leachate pada Januari 2013 masih relatif sama dibandingkan tahun 2011 dan 2012. Kata kunci: Gunung Lokon, letusan Lokon, gempa vulkanik ABSTRACT Lokon eruption period occured since 2011 was started by phreatic eruption on 22nd February 2011, followed by 26th June 2011 eruption and continous with phreatic; phreatomagmatic and magmatic eruptions. Seismic data shows that the increasing of Lokon activity charactarized by increased of Volcanic earthquakes (VA and VB), Tremor and Hembusan earthquakes. Large energy of explosion earthquakes begins with the increasing of volcanic earthquakes or volcanic earthquakes being recoreded with large of energy on a day or few hours before. Short time interval between increasing of volcanic earthquake and the occurrence of eruption showed that Lokon volcano is still not stable yet. Deformation data indicate that inflation occurred before the eruption. Value of SO2 fulks and Cl/SO4 ratio from results of ash leachate analysis in January 2013 remained relatively stable compared to 2011 and 2012. Keywords: Lokon Volcano, Lokon eruption, volcanic earthquakes Naskah diterima 12 September 2013, selesai direvisi 4 November 2013 Korespondensi, email: [email protected] 199 200 Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, Vol. 4 No. 3, Desember 2013: 199 - 217 PENDAHULUAN Letusan Gunung Lokon tahun 2011 terjadi setelah 8 tahun istirahat, dimana letusan terak- Gunung Lokon terletak di Tomohon-Sulawesi hir terjadi pada tahun 2003. Dalam interval Utara merupakan salah satu gunung api yang 8 tahun tersebut, terdapat masa istirahat se- sering meletus. Berdasarkan bentuk morfolo- lama 4 tahun dan masa peningkatan kegiatan ginya, puncak Gunung Lokon berdampingan dimulai pada Desember 2007 atau 4 tahun dengan puncak Gunung Empung dengan jarak sebelum terjadi letusan 2011 (Kristianto et al., antara keduanya 2,3 km sehingga merupakan 2012). Data kegempaan menunjukkan bahwa gunung api kembar, oleh karena itu sering dise- peningkatan kegiatan Gunung Lokon ditan- but Kompleks Gunung Api Lokon-Empung dai dengan meningkatnya Gempa Vulkanik (Kusumadinata, 1979; Mulyadi et al., 1990). (VA dan VB), Tremor dan Gempa Hembusan. Secara geografis Puncak Gunung Lokon terle- Data kegempaan Gunung Lokon pada Januari tak pada 1o21,5’ LU dan 124o47’ BT dengan 2011 – Desember 2012 menunjukkan bahwa ketinggian 1579,5 m dpl., sedangkan puncak Gempa Letusan masih sering terekam dan ak- Gunung Empung pada 1o22’ LU dan 124o47’ tivitas ke gempaan masih sangat tinggi (Gam- BT mencapai ketinggian 1340 m dpl. Pada bar 1). Pada tulisan ini akan dibahas aktivitas punggungan (sadel) antara Gunung Lokon dan Gunung Lokon berdasarkan data kegempaan, Empung terdapat Kawah Tompaluan (1210 m deformasi dan geokimia pada Januari 2013. dpl.) yang merupakan kawah aktif dan pusat Dari data tersebut diharapkan dapat diketahui aktivitas vulkanik saat ini. karak teristik data kegempaan, deformasi, dan Periode letusan yang terjadi sejak tahun 2011 geokimia pada letusan Gunung Lokon serta diawali oleh letusan freatik pada 22 Februari tingkat aktivitas Gunung Lokon. 2011 yang menghembuskan material halus ke udara dan melemparkan bongkah batuan ke METODA PENELITIAN sekitar Kawah Tompaluan. Letusan ini kemu- dian berlanjut dengan letusan yang terjadi pada Metoda yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini 26 Juni 2011 dan letusan-letusan lainnya, baik adalah metoda seismik, deformasi menggu- letusan freatik, freatomagmatik, dan magmatik nakan EDM (Electrooptical Distance Measure­ (Zaennudin, 2012). Dengan semakin mening- ment) dan tiltmeter, serta geokimia. Peman- katnya aktivitas letusan Gunung Lokon dan tauan kegempaan Gunung lokon menggunakan adanya ancaman terjadinya letusan magma- 5 stasiun seismik yang terdiri dari stasiun Em- tik yang disertai lontaran material pijar, pasir, pung (EMP), Sea (SEA), Kinilow (KIN), Ta- dan hujan abu tebal maka tanggal 10 Juli 2011 tawiran (TTW) dan Wailan (WLN). Namun pukul 22.00 WITA, status kegiatan Gunung pada periode Januari - Februari 2013, peman- Lokon ditingkatkan dari Siaga (Level III) men- taun kegempaan hanya menggunakan stasiun jadi Awas (Level IV). Pada 24 Juli 2011, pukul seismik KIN dan WLN, karena stasiun seismik 22.00 WITA, status kegiatan Gunung Lokon lainya tidak beroperasi dengan baik akibat ter- diturunkan dari Awas (Level IV) menjadi Siaga kena letusan. Pada metoda seismik dilakukan (Level III). perhitungan energi gempa vulkanik dan Le- Letusan Gunung Lokon berdasarkan kegempaan, deformasi, dan geokimia pada Januari 201 2011 - Yasa Suparman et al. Gambar 1. Data Kegempaan Gunung Lokon, 1 Januari 2011 – 31 Desember 2012. tusan sejak Januari – 2 Februari 2013, analisis inflasi maka terjadi pemendekan jarak miring tremor dilakukan dari St. Wailan dengan meng- antara dua titik benchmark yang diukur dan se- hitung azimuth dan incident angle. baliknya bila terjadi pemanjangan jarak artinya mengalami deflasi. Pengukuran deformasi yang Metoda deformasi merupakan metoda pe- digunakan yaitu Tilting dan EDM. mantauan aktivitas vulkanik berdasarkan pada perubahan deformasi dari tubuh Gunung Lo- Pada metoda geokimia dilakukan penguku- kon. Peningkatan kegiatan suatu gunung api ran fluks SO2 asap gunung api dengan metoda pada umumnya ditandai oleh terjadinya peng- Gas Remote Sensing menggunakan alat DOAS gelembungan (inflasi) permukaan tanah akibat (Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer) adanya tekanan dari dalam tubuh gunung api dan analisis abu letusan Gunung Lokon. Fluks tersebut, dan sebaliknya bila aktivitas men- SO2 merupakan besarnya sinar ultraviolet yang galami penurunan maka akan ditandai dengan diserap oleh sebanyak konsentrasi gas SO2 terjadinya pengempisan (deflasi) dari tubuhnya. dalam asap gunung api di sepanjang jalur optik Pengukuran deformasi yang digunakan yaitu (optical path) dalam interval lebar asap (plume) Tiltmeter dan EDM. Tiltmeter menggunakan dikalikan dengan kecepatan dari asap tersebut prinsip ungkitan, merupakan alat untuk men- yang berlangsung pada panjang gelombang 304 gukur kemiringan tubuh gunung pada sumbu – 320 nm. Abu letusan gunung api mempunyai X dan Y. Pada pengukuran EDM, bila terjadi kandungan volatile/gas (terutama gas HF, HCl, 202 Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, Vol. 4 No. 3, Desember 2013: 199 - 217 dan SO2) yang terikat (teradsorpsi) di bagian kasen, Tomohon. Pemantauan kegempaan Gu- permukaan abu. Ikatan adsorpsi gas-abu dapat nung Lokon menggunakan 5 stasiun seismik lepas dengan cara melarutkan abu dalam air dan yang terdiri dari stasiun Empung (EMP), Sea memanaskannya pada temperatur di bawah ti- (SEA), Kinilow (KIN), Tatawiran (TTW) dan tik didih air. Gas HF, HCl, dan SO2 yang lepas Wailan (WLN). Namun pada periode Januari kemudian larut dalam air membentuk ion F, 2013, pemantaun kegempaan hanya menggu- Cl, dan SO4 dalam larutan. Larutan ini disebut nakan stasiun seismik KIN dan WLN, karena sebagai ash leachate, dan konsentrasinya dapat stasiun seismik lainya tidak beroperasi dengan diukur dengan menggunakan alat Ion Chroma­ baik akibat terlanda material letusan. Data tography (IC). Melalui perhitungan selanjutnya gempa analog ditransmisikan dengan gelom- rasio anion (F/Cl dan Cl/SO4) dapat diperoleh. bang radio dari stasiun WLN menuju Pos PGA Gunung Lokon. HASIL PENGAMATAN DAN ANALISIS Aktivitas kegempaan didominasi oleh Gempa Kegempaan Hembusan dan Tremor Vulkanik (Gambar 2). Selama 1 Januari – 2 Februari 2013 terekam Kegempaan Gunung Lokon dipantau secara Gempa Letusan sebanyak 28 kejadian yang menerus dengan peralatan analog maupun diawali dengan peningkatan Gempa Vulkanik digital di Pos Pengamatan Gunun gapi (PGA) Dalam (VA) dan Gempa Vulkanik Dangkal Gunung Lokon – Gunung Mahawu di Kakas- Gambar 2. Data Harian Kegempaan Gunung Lokon, 1 Januari – 2 Februari 2013. Amplituda tremor merupakan amplituda maksimum. Letusan Gunung Lokon berdasarkan kegempaan, deformasi, dan geokimia pada Januari 203 2011 - Yasa Suparman et al. (VB). Peningkatan jumlah Gempa Vulkanik dikumulatifkan untuk dapat mengetahui kore- Dalam (VA) selalu diikuti oleh peningkatan lasinya dengan energi Gempa Letusan (Gambar Gempa Vulkanik Dangkal (VB). RSAM per 4). Energi Gempa Letusan pada 3 Januari – 2 10 menit kegempaan Gunung Lokon pada Februari 2013 masih relatif stabil dan berkore- 1 Januari – 2 Februari 2013 menunjukkan lasi dengan besarnya akumulasi energi Gempa trend yang berfluktuatif,
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