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Homeowner Wildfire Mitigation in the Wildland Urban Interface Final Report 2016

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Homeowner Wildfire Mitigation in the Wildland Urban Interface Final Report 2016 Prescott Area Wildland Urban Interface Commission Homeowner Wildfire Mitigation in the Wildland Urban Interface Prescott, Arizona Final Report 2016 Eric Steffey, Ph.D., Project Director Megha Budruk, Ph.D., Co-Project Director Christine Vogt, Ph.D., Co-Project Director Randy Virden, Ph.D., Co-Project Director Kelli Larson, Ph.D., Co-Project Director Virginia Miller, Research Assistant Support from: National Fire Protection Association & United Service Automobile Association Homeowner Wildfire Mitigation in the Wildland Urban Interface Prescott, Arizona Final Report 2016 Prepared for the Prescott Area Wildland Urban Interface Commission as part of an agreement and collaboration with National Fire Protection Association, United Service Automobile Association, and Arizona State University Prepared by: Eric Steffey, Ph.D. Project Director Megha Budruk, Ph.D. Christine Vogt, Ph.D. Randy Virden, Ph.D. Kelli Larson, Ph.D. Co-Project Director Virginia Miller, Research Assistant Support provided by: National Fire Protection Association & United Service Automobile Association School of Community Resources and Development College of Public Programs Arizona State University 411 N. Central Ave., Ste. 550 Phoenix, AZ 85004-0690 (602) 496-0550 [email protected] *Cover photo taken by Eric Steffey Homeowner Wildfire Mitigation Report 2016 Executive Summary This report presents results from data collected on homeowner wildfire mitigation behaviors in the Prescott, Arizona area conducted during late summer and fall of 2016. The research was cooperatively developed and conducted between the Prescott Area Wildland Urban Interface Commission, National Fire Protection Association, United Service Automobile Association, and the School of Community Resources and Development at Arizona State University. The research study empirically tested a theoretical framework based on the theory of planned behavior to explore wildfire mitigation behaviors and examine the role formal homeowner associations (HOA) have on these behaviors. Methods of this study included a questionnaire mailed to homeowners with property located in the wildland-urban interface in one of two cases; 1) property was located in a neighborhood with an HOA or 2) property was located in a neighborhood without a formal homeowner association (non-HOA). In each case the population was randomly sampled to provide an equal number of participants for each group. In addition to the paper questionnaire, respondents were offered an on-line option to provide their response. Questions were developed from previous literature and validated through interviews of local neighborhood leaders and a pilot study. Data were analyzed to provide basic descriptive results. An advanced structural modeling analysis was utilized to assess the theoretical framework exploring behaviors. Results showed homeowners in HOAs as have higher level of wildfire knowledge, perceived wildfire risk, and sense of personal responsibility in protecting one’s self from wildfire’s impacts. Attitudes toward wildfire mitigation behaviors play an important role in predicting intentions to perform these behaviors among HOA residents. Additionally, perceived constraints directly influenced actual mitigation actions. For non-HOA residents, social norms of the neighborhood influenced homeowner’s intentions to mitigate their wildfire risk. The study showed that HOAs play in important role in promoting homeowner wildfire mitigation behaviors when compared to non-HOA residents. Additionally, through the theoretical framework, a set of beliefs were identified which provide areas of focus in promoting wildfire mitigation behaviors among homeowners in each neighborhood situation. For HOAs, belief that wildfire mitigation is beneficial was identified as a focal area leading to a homeowner’s intention to mitigate wildfire risk. While beliefs of control over abilities of performing wildfire mitigation actions offered insight into actual mitigation actions. These include: i HOA behavioral beliefs Implications Sense of security Promote how wildfire mitigation improves each of Safety for family the listed beliefs. Protection of property value Strategies Reducing impacts from wildfire Conduct outreach though: Protecting personal belongings Media sources: print, broadcast social media HOA meetings HOA control beliefs Implications Knowledge of actions to take Remove barriers that directly impact actual wildfire Having the appropriate tools mitigation. Physical fitness Strategies Conduct outreach Promote city services available and how to access them. Provide information of local contractors that provide wildfire mitigation services. For the non-HOA homeowners, the theoretical model identified descriptive belies as an area of focus in promoting wildfire mitigation intentions. More specifically, the impacts that referent’s actions have on one’s intentions to behave in a certain way. Non-HOA descriptive beliefs Implications Neighbors actions Promote wildfire mitigation as a normative behavior Friends actions shared by all in the community. Family’s actions Strategies Full-time resident actions Municipality should set norms of mitigation on city owned lands. Publicize local mitigation efforts and successes. ii Homeowner Wildfire Mitigation Report 2016 Recommendations Provide a continual message to area residents through many different sources. One-on-one interactions between agency officials (local fire department, state and national forest service, etc.) and residents. Develop a direct connection with community organizations and residents. Create opportunity for continued open dialog about the area’s wildfire risks and suggested mitigation actions. Develop and maintain personal relationships between officials and community residents to build trust and understanding of agency goals. Use the knowledge of local residents when agency interactions are not possible or as a way to continue the message of appropriate wildfire mitigation actions and their benefits. Promote local wildfire risk and mitigation through local media Print local and national success stories of homeowner wildfire mitigation. Have a weekly or monthly wildfire mitigation task that will not only maintain an ongoing message but also provide a suggested task that, if followed, would provide regular maintenance breaking down the potentially overwhelming task of mitigating one’s property in to digestible steps. Air regular ads on the radio and television that remind people of the wildfire risk and importance of mitigating this risk in the context of personal safety and protection of property and community. Set up a regular spot on local radio and television morning shows, either weekly or monthly, that can discuss wildfire, the local risk, mitigation actions, and resources available to residents. Have an annual television program just before wildfire season on local national affiliate stations to provide history, current/forecast risks, information and how-to’s on mitigation, and resources (municipal and contractor) available to aid in mitigation actions. Provide daily or weekly messages through social media on mitigation tips, news of current fires, and success stories related to wildfire mitigation. Create, maintain, and distribute information on municipal services, local contractors, landscape services, etc. focused on wildfire mitigation and resources available. Have a web presence as well as regular mailings. Develop more wildfire mitigation grant or funding opportunities for individual homeowners. Develop a standard that mitigation is the norm in the community. Promote mitigated property and Firewise Communities as an amenity in the housing market. Work toward making mitigation on par to “home renovation” to improve value and equity in the home. Work with realtors to espouse the value and importance of mitigated properties. iii Study Limitations As with any study, the results of this report have limitations that need to be noted. This research studies two independent cases of homeowners with property in an HOA and in non-HOA neighborhoods. These data presents a specific place and time and are not necessarily indicative of other communities. In particular, Prescott presents a unique case with a proactive community in addressing the wildfire risk as represented by the formation of Prescott Area Wildland Urban Interface Commission and having one of the first Firewise Communities. There were also concerns by some who received the questionnaire that the results would set regulation or policy impacting their property rights. In some instances, the research proved to be a rather emotional topic and a few households noted that due to their concerns they would not complete the questionnaire. Therefore, a segment of the population and their views may not be as strongly represented in the final results as with others in the population. Conclusion In conclusion, this study explored the influence HOAs have on wildfire mitigation actions using a theoretical framework called the Theory of Planned Behavior. This framework was shown to be a valid theory to explore homeowner wildfire mitigation behaviors. Intention to mitigate wildfire risk was influenced by homeowner attitudes in HOA neighborhoods and subjective norms in non-HOA neighborhoods. Perceived behavioral control, or the constraints and promoters one perceives in completing mitigation actions, had a direct impact on actual mitigation behaviors in HOA neighborhoods. Through the theoretical framework, areas
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