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Blackwell Readings in the History of Philosophy

Series Editors: Fritz Allhoff and Anand Jayprakash Vaidya

The volumes in this series provide concise and representative selections of key texts from the history of philosophy. Expertly edited and introduced by established scholars, each volume represents a particular philosophical era, replete with important selections of the most inﬂu- ential work in metaphysics, epistemology, moral and political philosophy, and the philosophy of science and religion.

1. Ancient Philosophy: Essential Readings with Commentary Edited by Nicholas Smith with Fritz Allhoff and Anand Jayprakash Vaidya 2. Medieval Philosophy: Essential Readings with Commentary Edited by Gyula Klima with Fritz Allhoff and Anand Jayprakash Vaidya 3. Early Modern Philosophy: Essential Readings with Commentary Edited by A. P. Martinich with Fritz Allhoff and Anand Jayprakash Vaidya 4. Late Modern Philosophy: Essential Readings with Commentary Edited by Elizabeth S. Radcliffe and Richard McCarty with Fritz Allhoff and Anand Jayprakash Vaidya MP_A01.qxd 11/23/06 2:27 AM Page iii

Medieval Philosophy

Essential Readings with Commentary

Edited by Gyula Klima with Fritz Allhoff and Anand Jayprakash Vaidya MP_A01.qxd 11/23/06 2:27 AM Page iv

BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia

The right of Gyula Klima, Fritz Allhoff, and Anand Jayprakash Vaidya to be identiﬁed as the Authors of the other editorial material has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

1 2007

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Medieval philosophy : essential readings with commentary/edited by Gyula Klima; with Fritz Allhoff and Anand Jayprakash Vaidya. p. cm. — (Blackwell readings in the history of philosophy) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3564-1 (hardback) ISBN-10: 1-4051-3564-6 (hardback) ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3565-8 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 1-4051-3565-4 (pbk.) 1. Philosophy, Medieval. I. Klima, Gyula. II. Allhoff, Fritz. III. Vaidya, Anand.

B721.M458 2007 189—dc22 2006025789

A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.

Set in 10/12.5pt Dante by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in [Country of Printing] by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong

The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards.

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Contents

Note: For full details of original Sources, please refer to the Acknowledgments or each chapter opening page.

Text Sources and Credits viii Acknowledgments xiii

General Introduction 1

PART I LOGIC AND EPISTEMOLOGY 27 Introduction 27 Philosophy, Theology, Logic, and the Sciences 31 1 Augustine on Ancient Philosophy 31 2 Dialectica Monacensis (anonymous, twelfth century) on the Division of Science 43 3 Thomas Aquinas on the Nature and Scope of Sacred Doctrine 45 The Problem of Universals 59 4 Boethius Against Real Universals 59 5 John of Salisbury on the Controversy over Universals 63 6 The Summa Lamberti on the Properties of Terms 66 7 William Ockham on Universals 71 8 John Buridan on the Predicables 79 Illumination vs. Abstraction, and Scientiﬁc Knowledge 83 9 Augustine on Divine Ideas and Illumination 83 10 Thomas Aquinas on Illumination vs. Abstraction 87 11 Thomas Aquinas on our Knowledge of the First Principles of Demonstration 98 12 Henry of Ghent on Divine Illumination 103 13 Duns Scotus on Divine Illumination 110

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CONTENTS vi nrdcin303 Introduction PRACTICALPHILOSOPHY PART III 151 Introduction THE SOUL,METAPHYSICS PHILOSOPHYOFNATURE, PART II Freedom oftheWill Goodness andBeing God’s ExistenceandEssence Metaphysics, Existence,andEssence Human NatureandthePhilosophyofSoul Hylomorphism, Causality,NaturalPhilosophy Knowledge andSkepticism 1Asl fCnebr nFe il337 325 349 318 311 331 309 HenryofGhentonthePrimacyWill 322 42 AnselmofCanterburyonFreeWill 41 BoethiusonDivineProvidenceandtheFreedomofWill 255 40 Augustineonthe“DividedWill” 259 39 ThomasAquinasontheConvertibilityofBeingandGoodness 225 266 250 38 BoethiusonBeingandGoodness 37 227 AugustineontheOriginofMoralEvil 36 AugustineonEvilasthePrivationofGoodness 35 195 219 203 ThomasAquinasonGod’s ExistenceandSimplicity 34 AnselmofCanterburyon God’sExistence 33 198 AugustineonDivineImmutability 32 190 JohnBuridanonEssence andExistence 31 180 ThomasAquinasonBeing andEssence 207 30 AvicennaonCommonNature 29 168 171 JohnBuridanontheImmateriality oftheSoul 157 28 ThomasAquinasonthe NatureandPowersoftheHumanSoul 27 SigerofBrabantontheIntellective Soul 26 AverroësontheImmateriality oftheIntellect 25 AugustineontheSoul 143 24 JohnBuridanandtheTheory ofImpetus 23 SelectionsfromtheCondemnationof1277 22 GilesofRomeontheErrorsPhilosophers 21 ThomasAquinasontheMixtureofElements 20 ThomasAquinasonthePrinciplesofNature 117 19 120 134 123 JohnBuridanonScientiﬁcKnowledge 18 NicholasofAutrecourtonSkepticismaboutSubstanceandCausality 17 HenryofGhentonwhetheraHumanBeingCanKnowAnything 16 ThomasAquinasonwhethertheIntellectCanBeFalse 15 AugustineontheCertaintyofSelf-Knowledge 14 325 309 303 255 225 195 157 151 117 MP_A01.qxd 11/23/062:27AMPagevii ugsin o ute edn 382 Index Suggestions forFurtherReading Divine Law,NaturalPositiveLaw Virtues andHappiness 4Toa qia nHpies358 353 375 361 JohnDunsScotusonNaturalLawandDivine 46 ThomasAquinasonNaturalLawandPositive 45 ThomasAquinasonHappiness 44 BoethiusontheSupremeGood 43 388 361 353 vii CONTENTS MP_A01.qxd 11/23/06 2:27 AM Page viii

Text Sources and Credits

The editor and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the copyright material in this book:

Chapter 1: Augustine, bk. 8, chs. 2–12 (pp. 213–224) from St. Augustine’s City of God and Christian Doctrine, ed. P. Schaff, trans. Rev. M. Dods (New York: The Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1896). Chapter 2: Anonymous, “Dialectica Monacensis,” p. 461 from Logica Modernorum, vol. II, part 2, ed. L. M. de Rijk (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1967). Translation © 2007 by G. Klima. Chapter 3: Thomas Aquinas, ST I, q. 1, aa. 1–10 from Summa Theologiae, trans. English Dominican Fathers (London: Burns, Oates, and Washburne, 1912–36; New York: Benziger Bros., 1947–48). Translation revised for this publication by G. Klima with reference to the original Latin text and a new translation by B. Davies. Chapter 4: Boethius, pp. 90–98 from Selections from Medieval Philosophers I: Augustine to Albert the Great, ed. and trans. R. McKeon (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929). Published in Latin as Boethius, In Isagogen Porphyrii Commenta, CSEL, vol. 48, bk. 1, chs. 10–11. Vienna: F. Tempsky, 1906. Chapter 5: Selections from The Metalogicon of John of Salisbury, trans. D. D. McGarry (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1955). Chapter 6: Lambert of Auxerre, pp. 104–110 from The Cambridge Translations of Medieval Philosophical Texts, ed. N. Kretzmann and E. Stump, trans. N. Kretzmann (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). © 1998 by Cambridge University. Reprinted by permission of the editors and Cambridge University Press. Text slightly revised and annotated by G. Klima. Published in Latin as “VIII: De suppositionibus et signiﬁcationibus” in Logica (Summa Lamberti), ed. and trans. F. Alessio. Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1971. Chapter 7, text 1: William of Ockham, d. 2, q. 8 (pp. 271–274) from Ordinatio, ed. G. Gál (New York: St. Bonaventure, 1967). Translation © 2007 by G. Klima; text 2: William of Ockham, bk. 1, proem., para. 6 (pp. 351–352) from Expositio in Librum Peri Hermeneias Aristotelis, ed. MP_A01.qxd 11/23/062:27AMPageix from p.33of Originally publishedinLatinas by CambridgeUniversityPress.Reprintedpermission of thetranslatorandpublisher. Philosophical Texts Chapter 15 Publishing Company,Inc.Allrightsreserved. Company, 1974).©1974byVernonJ.Bourke.Reprinted bypermissionofHackett of 34–35 Augustine, from Reprinted bypermissionofHackettPublishingCompany,Inc.Allrightsreserved; Company, 1974),withrevisionstothetranslationbyV.J.Bourke©1974VernonBourke. Chapter 14,text1 Opus Oxoniense Wolter (NewYork:Nelson,1962).©1962byAllanWolter.OriginallypublishedinLatinas Chapter 13 Originally publishedinLatinas by CambridgeUniversityPress.Reprintedpermissionofthetranslatorandpublisher. Philosophical Texts Chapter 11 Hill, 1968). from q. 86.a.1(pp.91–93) Chapter 10 mission ofPearsonEducation,Inc.,UpperSaddleRiver,NJ. L. H.Hackstaff(NewYork:MacMillan/LiberalArtsPress,1964.©Reprintedbyper- bk. 2,ch.8from Chapter 16 Translationslightlyrevisedforthis publicationbyG.Klima. Benziger Bros.,1947–48). NewYork: English DominicanFathers(London:Burns,Oates,andWashburne, 1912–36; Chapter 12 F. R.Larcher. Posterior AnalyticsofAristotle in Latinas by permissionofHackettPublishingCompany,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Originallypublished (Indianapolis: HackettPublishingCompany,1974).©1974byVernonJ.Bourke.Reprinted Chapter 9,text1 sion ofthepublisher. Haven: YaleUniversityPress,2001).©2001byPress.Reprintedpermis- Chapter 8 © 1974byUniversityofNotreDamePress.Reprintedpermissionthepublisher. I oftheSummaLogicae G. Klima; A. GambateseandS.Brown(NewYork:St.Bonaventure,1978).Translation©2007by The EssentialAugustine text 3 : JohnBuridan,pp.103–107from : John Duns Scotus, pp. 120–130 from : JohnDunsScotus,pp.120–130 : ThomasAquinas,STI,q.17,a.3and85,6from : Thomas Aquinas, ST 1, q. 84, a. 5 (pp. 29–33), q. 85, aa. 1–2 (pp. 49–63) and q.85,aa.1–2(pp.49–63) : ThomasAquinas,ST1,q.84,a.5(pp.29–33), De diversisQuaestionibusoctogintatribusliberunus : Henry of Ghent, pp. 112–121 from : HenryofGhent,pp.112–121 : HenryofGhent,pp.94–108from : ThomasAquinas,bk.2,lc.20(pp.235–240)from The EssentialAugustine , bk.1,d.3,q.4,aa.4–5. : WilliamofOckham,bk.1,chs.14–16from , trans.RobertPasnau(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress, 2002).©2002 On theTrinity On theFreeChoiceofWill , trans.R.Pasnau(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2002).©2002 : Augustine, pp. 62–63 from : Augustine,pp.62–63 : Augustine,from , trans.M.J.Loux(NotreDame,IN:UniversityofNotre1974). , trans.F.R.Larcher(Albany:MagiBooks,1970).©1970by , XV,12.21–22,trans.Rev.M.Dods,andreproducedfrompp. Summa Theologiae , ed.andtrans.V.J.Bourke(Indianapolis:HackettPublishing Summa QuaestionumOrdinariarum Summa QuaestionumOrdinariarum , ed.andtrans.V.J.Bourke(Indianapolis:HackettPublishing City ofGod Summulae deDialectica ( , XI,26,trans.Rev.M.Dods,andreproduced De LiberoArbitrio The EssentialAugustine , vol.12(NewYork:Blackfriars-McGraw Philosophical Writings The CambridgeTranslationsofMedieval The CambridgeTranslationsofMedieval , q.46,1–2; Ockham’s TheoryofTerms:Part ), trans.A.S.Benjaminand , a.1,q.1. , a.1,q.2. Summa Theologiae , trans.G.Klima(New , trans.V.J.Bourke , ed.andtrans.A.B. Commentary onthe text 2 : Augustine, , trans. text 2 : ix TEXT SOURCES AND CREDITS MP_A01.qxd 11/23/062:27AMPagex

TEXT SOURCES AND CREDITS x 2 vols. et l’averroïsmelatinauXIIIesiècle Latin as A DivisionofSimon&SchusterAdultPublishingGroup. All rightsreserved.Publishedin The FreePress,1969).©1969byPress.Reprinted by permissionofTheFreePress, of Cusa Chapter 25 ous works;thesourcesforwhichareindicatedintext. permission ofPaulVincentSpade.Thischaptercomprisesseveralshortselectionsfromvari- Philosophy Chapter 26 A. L.Ivry.ReprintedbypermissionofIvryandBrigham YoungUniversity. from theArabictext(Provo,Utah:BrighamYoungUniversity Press,2002).©2002by pp. 108–117from Used bypermissionofRandomHouse,Inc.PublishedinLatin to Buridan Chapter 17 Chapter 24 lished inLatinas © 1959andreprintedbypermissionofTheUniversityWisconsinPress.Originallypub- of MechanicsinTheMiddleAges Chapter 23 inédites the secondeditionof The MacmillanCompany.ReprintedbypermissionofRalphLerner.PublishedinLatin O’Neill (NewYork:FreePress,1963).©1963byThePressofGlencoe,ADivision Philosophy: ASourcebook Chapter 21 Paul VincentSpade.Reprintedbypermissionof vol. 43,ed.RobertoBusa(Rome:EditoridiSanTommaso,1976).Translation©1997by Caeli,” pp.155–157from Chapter 20 1976). Translation©2007byG.Klima. omnia Chapter 19 by YaleUniversityPress.Reprintedpermissionofthepublisher. Summulae deDialectica Translation ©2007byG.Klima; Kommentar zurAristotelischenMetaphysik Chapter 18,text1 Brill, 1994).©1994.ReprintedbypermissionofBrillAcademicPublishers. with MasterGilesandBernardofArezzo Chapter 22 J. Koch.Milwaukee:MarquetteUniversityPress,1944. (the “Leonine”edition),vol.43,ed.RobertoBusa(Rome:EditoridiSanTommaso, , ed.J.F.WippelandA.B.Wolter,trans.E.L.Fortin P. D.O’Neill(NewYork: , ed. P. Mandonnet, pp. 175–191. Louvain, 1908–1911 (2vols.). Louvain,1908–1911 , ed.P.Mandonnet,pp.175–191. Tractatus deanimaintellectiva , ed.H.Shapiro(Toronto:RandomHouse,1964).©1964byInc. , ed.andtrans.PaulVincentSpade.©1985byReprinted : Averroës,“TheChapterontheRationalFaculty[Commentary on : Giles of Rome, pp. 386–400 from : GilesofRome,pp.386–400 : Siger of Brabant, pp. 360–365 from : SigerofBrabant,pp.360–365 : ThomasAquinas,“DemixtioneelementorumadmagistrumPhilippumdeCastro : NicholasofAutrecourt,pp.47–75from : JohnBuridan,section8.2(pp.532–538)fromMarshallClagett(ed.), : ThomasAquinas,“DePrincipiisNaturae,”from : From “Condemnation of 219 Propositions,” pp. 335–54 from : From“Condemnationof219Propositions,”pp.335–54 : Augustine, passages 4, 6, 8–10 (pp. 383–385) from (pp.383–385) : Augustine,passages4,6,8–10 Averroës: MiddleCommentaryonAristotle’sDeAnima Questiones superoctophysicorumlibrosAristotelis : JohnBuridan,bk.2,q.1from , trans.G.Klima(NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress,2001).©2001 Siger deBrabantetl’averroïsmelatinauXIIImesiècle,2mepartie,Textes , ed.RalphLernerandMuhsinMahdi,transE.L.FortinP.D. Sancti ThomaedeAquinooperaomnia , 2me partie,Textesinédites (Madison: WI:TheUniversityofWisconsinPress,1959). text 2 , pp. 145–71 fromthesecondeditionof , pp.145–71 , ed.andtrans.L.M.DeRijk(Leiden–NewYork–Köln: (Paris: 1518;FrankfurtamMain:Minerva,1964reprint). : John Buridan, bk 8, ch. 4, sect. 4 (pp. 706–711) from : JohnBuridan,bk8,ch.4,sect.4(pp.706–711) Medieval Philosophy:SelectedReadingsfromAugustine Medieval Philosophy:FromSt.AugustinetoNicholas Nicholas ofAutrecourt:HisCorrespondence , ed.P.Mandonnet.Louvain,1908–1911, Quaestiones inAristotelisMetaphysicam: Sancti ThomaedeAquinoopera , bk.8,q.12. Errores Philosophorum , ed.andtrans.A.L.Ivry, (the “Leonine”edition), A SurveyofMediaeval De anima Medieval Political Siger deBrabant The Science 3.4–8],” , ed. MP_A01.qxd 11/23/062:27AMPagexi from Chapter 27 Chapter 30 which areindicatedinthetext. Spade. Thischaptercomprisesseveralshortselectionsfromvariousworks,thesourcesfor and trans.P.V.Spade.©1985byPaulVincentReprintedpermissionof Chapter 32 Translation ©2007byG.Klima. zur AristotelischenMetaphysik Chapter 31 © 2007byG.Klima. ed. C.Boyer(Rome:PontiﬁcalGregorianUniversity,1950).Translationandannotation Chapter 29 lication byG.Klima. Zupko. ReprintedbypermissionofJackTranslationslightlyrevisedforthispub- trans. J.A.Zupko(AnnArbor:UniversityMicroﬁlmsInternational,1989).©1989byJack An EditionandTranslationofBookIIIhisQuestionsonAristotle’sDeAnima Chapter 28 Chapter 33,text1 Publishing Co.,1890). the Trinity]ed.P.Schaff,trans.A.W.Haddan(NewYork:TheChristianLiterature © 1998bySimonHarrison; Works Chapter 37 P. Schaff,trans.Rev.M.Dods(NewYork:TheChristianLiterature PublishingCo.,1896). Chapter 36 The ChristianLiteraturePublishingCo.,1896). Chapter 35 the editorsandpublisher. University Press,2006).©2006byCambridgePress. Reprintedbypermissionof Summa Theologiae Chapter 34 Oxford UniversityPress. University Press,1998).Translation©1965byOUP;alltextsreprintedpermissionof from and 5(pp.116–118) from 89), 15(p.96)and22(pp.99–100) mission ofCornellUniversity Press. (Cornell: CornellUniversityPress,1991).©1991by University.Reprintedbyper- Concept oftheGoodinMetaphysicsandPhilosophicalTheology Translation ©1965byOUP; Major Works of Canterbury,“GauniloproInsipiente”[OnBehalftheFool],ch6(p.109)from (Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress,1998).Translation©1965byOUP; Summa Theologiae , ed.B.DaviesandG.R.Evans(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1998).Translation : selectionsfromThomasAquinas, : Thomas Aquinas, ST 1, qq. 2–3 (pp. 3–43) and q. 13, aa. 1–6 (pp. 138–152) from (pp.138–152) andq.13,aa.1–6 : ThomasAquinas,ST1,qq.2–3(pp.3–43) : JohnBuridan,bk.8,q.4from : Augustine, chs. 10–13 (pp. 319–320) from (pp.319–320) : Augustine,chs.10–13 : Avicenna, passages 1–5 (pp. 461–462) from : Avicenna,passages1–5(pp.461–462) : Thomas Aquinas, ST 1, q. 75, aa, 1–2 (pp. 4–13) andq.76,aa.1–2(pp.38–59) : ThomasAquinas,ST1,q.75,aa,1–2(pp.4–13) : Augustine, bk. 5, chs. 2, 4–5, 16 (pp. 119–121, 130–132) from 130–132) 16(pp.119–121, : Augustine,bk.5,chs.2,4–5, : John Buridan, bk. 3, q. 4 (pp. 252–260) from : JohnBuridan,bk.3,q.4(pp.252–260) : Augustine, bk. 8, chs. 2–12 (pp. 326–333) from (pp.326–333) : Augustine,bk.8,chs.2–12 : Boethius,“DeHebdomadibus,”pp.299–304from , ed.B.DaviesandG.R.Evans(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1998). , ed.B.DaviesandLeftow,trans.(Cambridge:Cambridge : AnselmofCanterbury,“Monologion,”ch.1(pp.11–12)from , vol.11(NewYork:Blackfriars-McGrawHill,1968). The MajorWorks text 2 text 4 (Paris: 1518;FrankfurtamMain:Minerva,1964reprint). : AnselmofCanterbury,“Proslogion,”chs.2–5(pp.87– : Anselmi responsio The MajorWorks , ed.B.DaviesandG.R.Evans(Oxford:Oxford Quaestiones inAristotelisMetaphysicam:Kommentar S. ThomaeAquinatisDeEnteetEssentia [Anselm’s Reply],chs.3(pp.114–115) Enchiridion A SurveyofMediaevalPhilosophy , ed.andtrans.ScottMacDonald John Buridan’sPhilosophyofMind: , ed.B.DaviesandG.R.Evans St. Augustine’sCityofGod , ed.P.Schaff(NewYork: Being andGoodness:The , vol.II,ed.and De Trinitate text 3 The Major : Anselm , 3rded., , ed. , ed. [On The xi TEXT SOURCES AND CREDITS MP_A01.qxd 11/23/062:27AMPagexii

TEXT SOURCES AND CREDITS xii Revision ofLaws”from Chapter 45 TranslationslightlyrevisedforthispublicationbyG.Klima. Benziger Bros.,1947–48). NewYork: English DominicanFathers,(London:Burns,Oates,andWashburne,1912–36; in Latinas by permissionofHackettPublishingCompany,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Originallypublished Publishing Company,Inc.,2000).©2000byHackettInc.Reprinted some additionstotheintroduction,in pp. 287–317from Opuscula Adult PublishingGroup.Allrightsreserved.LatinversionpublishedinM.Grabmann,“Die The FreePress.ReprintedbypermissionofPress,ADivisionSimon&Schuster A. B.Wolter,trans.J.F.Wippel(NewYorkandLondon:TheFreePress,1969).©1969by 375 from Chapter 43 www.marquette.edu/mupress/. Marquette UniversityPress.Usedbypermissionofthepublisher.Allrightsreserved, Free Will Chapter 42 Ralph McInerny.ReprintedbypermissionofOxfordUniversityPress. B. DaviesandG.R.Evans(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1998).Translation©1998by Chapter 41 and reprintedbypermissionofPearsonEducation,Inc.,UpperSaddleRiver,NJ. 1st ed.,trans.R.H.Green(NewYork:Macmillan/LibraryoftheLiberalArts,1962).©1962 Chapter 40 Reprinted bypermissionoftheAugustinianHeritageInstitute,Inc. Boulding (NewYork:NewCityPress,1997).©1997bytheAugustinianHeritageInsitute. Chapter 39 TranslationslightlyrevisedforthispublicationbyG.Klima. Bros., 1947–48). NewYork:Benziger Dominican Fathers(London:Burns,Oates,andWashburne,1912–36; Chapter 44 Chapter 38 Oxoniense University ofAmericaPress,Washington,DC.Originally publishedinLatinas University ofAmericaPress,1997).©1997andreprinted bypermissionofTheCatholic Duns ScotusontheWillandMorality Chapter 46 reprints oreditionsofthisbook. list andwouldbegratefulifnotiﬁedofanycorrectionsthat should beincorporatedinfuture use ofcopyrightmaterial.Thepublisherapologizesforany errors oromissionsintheabove Every efforthasbeenmadetotracecopyrightholdersand obtaintheirpermissionforthe , trans.R.J.Teske(Milwaukee,WI:MarquetteUniversityPress,1993).©1993by , bk.3,d.37, De SummoBonosiveVitaPhilosophi Medieval Philosophy:FromSt.AugustinetoNicholasofCusa Summa Theologica : ThomasAquinas,STI–II,q.2,aa.7–8and3,8from : Anselm of Canterbury, “On Free Will,” pp. 175–192 from : AnselmofCanterbury,“OnFreeWill,”pp.175–192 : John Duns Scotus, “The Decalogue and the Law of Nature,” pp. 198–207 from : JohnDunsScotus,“TheDecalogueandtheLawofNature,” pp.198–207 : Boethius,“OntheSupremeGood,oronLifeofPhilosopher,”pp.369– : Henry of Ghent, Quodlibet 1, q. 14 (pp. 25–29) from : HenryofGhent,Quodlibet1,q.14(pp.25–29) : ThomasAquinas,“Question94:OntheNaturalLaw”and97: : Boethius,bk.V,chs.2,3,6(pp.151–156)from : Augustine, bk. VIII, chs. 5, 8–12 (pp. 99–103) from (pp.99–103) : Augustine,bk.VIII,chs.5,8–12 : ThomasAquinas,ST1,q.5,a.1from Archives d’histoiredoctrinaleetduMoyenAge quaestio unica. Treatise onLaw , ST I–II, q. 94, aa. 1–6 andSTI–II,q.97,aa.1–4. , STI–II,q.94,aa.1–6 , trans.A.B.Wolter(Washington,DC:TheCatholic Mittelalterliches Geistesleben , ed.andtrans.R.J.Regan(Indianapolis:Hackett und De Sompniis Summa Theologiae 6 (1931)andreprinted,with The ConsolationofPhilosophy , 2(1936),200–24. des BoetiusvonDacien,” Summa Theologiae Quodlibetal Questionson , ed.J.F.Wippeland Confessions The MajorWorks , trans.English , trans.M. , trans. Opus , ed. MP_A01.qxd 11/23/06 2:27 AM Page xiii

Acknowledgments

I owe thanks first of all to my first reader, my son, Greg. Being a student at Fordham University at the time when I compiled the selections, revised the translations, added the footnotes and wrote the introductory essays, he was part of my target audience, so his comments on the content and clarity of presentation, as well as his careful reading of the entire text (catching numerous typos and other infelicities in the process) have been invaluable. I also owe thanks for the same reason to many of my students, who read and gave me feedback on the essays and my translation of Aquinas’s On Being and Essence in the spring semester of 2006. Apart from the preliminary feedback I have received from my intended audience, this volume has greatly benefited from the professional advice of the series editors, from the reports of the readers invited by the publisher, and from the comments of my friend and colleague at Fordham, Giorgio Pini. The timely completion of this project was made possible by a generous grant from the Earhart Foundation and two course reductions granted by Fordham University. But none of the above would have been enough without the loving assistance of my wife, Judit.

G. K. New York March 31, 2006 MP_A01.qxd 11/23/06 2:27 AM Page xiv