Genetic Diversity of Mammals in Europe and Conservation
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European Platform on Biodiversity Research Strategy Meeting "World Biodiversity and European Taxonomy. Strategies in Taxonomy: Research in a Changing World" Pr ůhonice, Czech Republic, May 2009 Genetic diversity of mammals in Europe and conservation Jan Zima Institute of Vertebrate Biology , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Kvetna 8, CZ-60365 Brno, Czech Republic [email protected] Talk Outline Fauna of European mammals Diversity and taxonomy of the European mammalian biota Sources and origins of the diversity Phylogeographic studies Northern and cryptic refugia Revealing traces of introduction attempts Hybridization and hybrid zones Conservation implications Mammalian species richness in Europe (native species only) taxon number of species Rodentia 91 Lagomorpha 8 Eulipotyphla 36 Chiroptera 42 Artiodactyla 16 Cetacea 33 Carnivora 26 (Fissipedia) European Mammal Assessment Carnivora 8 2007 (Pinnipedia) TOTAL 260 Mammalian species richness in Europe (introduced species included, cetaceans excluded) taxon number of species Diprotodontia 1 Lagomorpha 10 Rodentia 106 Primates 1 Eulipotyphla 39 Chiroptera 42 Artiodactyla 26 Carnivora 25 TOTAL 250 Aulagnier et al.: Guide des mammifères d’Europe, 2008 Mammalian distribution mapping in Europe Species diversity of European mammals Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999, European Mammal Assessment Academic Press 2007 Mammals Species richness of the mammals and vertebrates in the Czech Republic (no. of species) All vertebrates ► Krojerová-Prokešová et al. 2008: Folia Zool. Biodiversity hotspots and endemism in Europe Williams 1999 European Mammal Assessment 2007 Mammalian species richness in Europe • 219 autochthonous species • 31 introduced species • 33 strictly marine species (cetaceans) • 45 species differentiated recently Karyotypic races in the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros ) 54 Zima et al. 1992; Puerma et al. 2008, Genetica Karyotypic races in the European pine vole, Microtus subterraneus ● 52-chromosome race X Y ○ 54-chromosome race X Y Macholán et al. 2001: J. Zool. Karyotypic races in the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus ) 50- chromosome race from central Europe Zima et al. 1997, Folia Zool. Type localities of the karyotypic races of the common shrew (Sorex araneus ) The karyotype of the Drnholec race Zima et al. 1996, Hereditas; Wójcik et al. 2003, Mammalia Distribution of cryptic species from the common vole group Microtus arvalis M. levis M. arvalis M. obscurus Traditional view of glacial refugia situated in the Mediterranean area Bilton et al. 1998: Proc. R. Soc B Alternative views of glacial refugia and postglacial colonization Mediterranean Europe as an area of endemism for small mammals rather than source for nortwards postglacial colonization Bilton et al. 1998: Proc. R. Soc B Originally identified phylogeographic clades in bank voles Bilton et al . 1998, Proc . R. Soc. B; Deffontaine et al. 2005 , Mol. Ecol . les CCaarrpapatthihiaann ss New data: Maximum likelihood tree of Central and South-eastern European populations of bank vo W Balkan / Central European B alkans s s llpp AA Kotlík et al. 2006, PNAS Carpathian Eastern Balkan E Estimates of the divergence time Isolation with migration model, Bayesian coalescent method (MCMC) 0,015 2.1 (1.5 -2.9) ky 0,010 Probability Probability 0,005 Marginal Posterior Marginal Posterior 0,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t = t * u Kotlík et al. 2006, PNAS Estimates of the divergence time Range of rodent molecular clocks: 3.6% to 13% sequence divergence / MY 90% HPD ML estimate Riss glacial Würm glacial LGM LGM Riss / W ürm Holocene interglacial The height of the last glaciation in Europe Kotlík et al. 2006, PNAS Tatra pine vole, Microtus tatricus: the only mammal endemic to the Carpathian Mountains Martínková et al. 2003, 2004, Folia Zool. Distribution of chromosome diploid number among European pine voles (subgen.Terricola ) Phylogenetic relationships among voles of the genus Microtus, the position of the Terricola clade, and phylogenetic relationships of M. tatricus and M. bavaricus Jaarola et al. 2004, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., Martínková et al. 2007, Folia Zool. Distribution of the pine vole species endemic to the Alps M. bavaricus ↓ ↓ M. multiplex -liechtensteini M. liechtensteini ↑ ↑↑↑ ↑↑ Spitzenberger 2001 Phylogenetic position of the Bavarian pine vole and its karyotype (2n=46) Martínková et al. 2007 Folia Zool. Genetic structure and evidence for recent population decline in Eurasian otter Hájková et al. 2006, J. Zool. The hybrid zone between Mus musculus and M. domesticus in Europe -musculus Macholán et al. 2007 Evolution Clines in the hybrid zone and frequency discontinuities for various genetic markers Phylogeographic studies of mammals in tropical regions Phylogenetic relationships within populations of a rodent genus Praomys in western Africa D C2 C1 B A Nicolas et al. 2008, Mol. Ecol. Geographic distribution of the clades Clade D Clade A Clade B Clade C1 Clade C2 Nicolas et al. 2008, Mol. Ecol. Outgroup Possible phylogeographic scenario BeninClade A C319 Clade B východníClade klád C1/C2 západní klád B Clade D (separated to two not supported západnísubclades klád by A Senegal river) Nicolas et al. 2008, Mol. Ecol. Median Joining Network of haplotypes found in Praomys rostratus in western Africa h1 à h25 h26 13 h27 à h44 4 7 H59 à h172 h45 10 h46 4 h47 5 4 h48 à h58 h59 à h80 The lenght of branches is proportional to the number of mutations The size of circeles is proportional to the number of individuals with respective haplotype Nicolas et al. 2008, Mol. Ecol. yérendé Khoneya Distribution of haplotype lineages of Preaomys rostratus in western Africa Nicolas et al. 2008, Mol. Ecol. Possible taxonomic changes resulting from combined molecular analyses of mtDNA and microsatellites: possible discovery of a new species and invalidation of P. derooi weak congruence between both the sets of data 3 „P. sp.n.“ mtDNA P. derooi 2 1 mtDNA P. sp. n. 0 -1 Factorial Factorial axis 2 -2 „P. derooi “ -3 -4 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Factorial axis 1 mtDNA = P. sp. n., microsatellites (+ phenotype, habitat etc.) = P. derooi Nicolas et al. 2008, Mol. Ecol. Conclusions and Recommendations • Even in the well-studied groups as mammals, the taxonomy is still in progress and many changes are steadily introduced. • The current concepts of the species are not always sufficient to recognize reliably the species status. Well-supported phylogenetic lineages should be handled as valid species. Forget the subspecies? • Support should be given to conservation genetic research. • Conservation of sites of high scientific interest such as cryptic refugia or hybrid zones should be considered seriously. • Experience gained in European research should be applied in other regions and training capacities should be provided to local students. • Conservation legislation should not generate administrative obstacles preventing to perform the research work effectively. Acknowledgements Josef Bryja Jeremy B. Searle Petra Hájková Natalia Martínková Petr Kotlík Maarit Jaarola Jaroslav Piálek Friederike Spitzenberger Miloš Macholán Adam Kone čný David Bilton Boris Kryštufek Anthony Mitchell-Jones … and many others.