Water Quality Variations in Temporal and Spatial of Dagu River

2017 International Conference on Energy, Power and Environmental Engineering (ICEPEE 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-456-1

Water Quality Variations in Temporal and Spatial of Dagu River Groundwater Reservoir Jian-guo FENG1, Gui-heng LI1,*, Zong-jun GAO1, Gui-fuCHENG2 and Jun-ling CUI2 1College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology. Qingdao, 266590, China 2Hydrology Bureau of Qingdao City. Qingdao, 266071, China *Corresponding author

Keywords: Dagu River Groundwater Reservoir, Hydrogeological Conditions, Water Quality, Temporal and Spatial Variation.

Abstract. It has important significance for the economic and social development of Qingdao city of Dagu River Groundwater Reservoir. Introduced Dagu River groundwater reservoir area characteristics and hydrogeological conditions, analyzed temporal and spatial variation of groundwater quality in the study area. Result showed that pollution of groundwater in this area is serious and has worse trend, provide the basis for the Dagu River Basin of groundwater quality comprehensive treatment.

Introduction Water is essential to human survival and development. Groundwater is a part of water resources. Groundwater also is an important water source for life, industrial and agricultural production of many countries and regions in the world. Qingdao is one of northern cities of China which serious water shortage, water resources share is 342 m3 per people. Although the water diversion project to make the situation of water shortage eased, but the situation is still not optimistic. Large-scale exploitation groundwater from 1981 in the middle and lower area of Dagu River basin, supply water to the city of Qingdao and Jiaozhou, Jimo, Pingdu, Laixi city. At present, the Dagu river water head site is the biggest and the most stable local sources in Qingdao City, quantity of supply water about 8.0×107 m3 per year, accounting for a total of about 45% of water consumption. The shallow groundwater is still the main drinking water source for the local rural residents, water quality has a direct impact on people's health. With the rapid development of social and economy, the groundwater pollution in some areas of China resulted from human activities is becoming more and more serious, has become the main cause of the shortage of water resources. Therefore, it has great realistic significance to carry out the quality evaluation of groundwater reservoir in Dagu River Basin.

General Situation of Study Area Geographical Position Dagu river basin is located in the northwest of Qingdao city, a total area of 4631.3 km2.In the administrative divisions belong to Laixi, Pingdu, Jimo, Jiaozhou four county-level city under the jurisdiction, elevation of 0-40 m. The Dagu river is the largest river in Qingdao City, originates in the Zhaoyuan Fushan foothills, Yantai City, from north to south flow through Zhaoyuan, Qixia, Laizhou, Laiyang of Yantai city, and Laixi, Pingdu, Jimo, Jiaozhou, Chengyang of Qingdao City, in YingHai town MaTou village of Jiaozhou City into Jiaozhou Gulf, a total length of 179 km[1]. Meteorological Dagu River Basin belongs to the north temperate monsoon climate zone, the air is moist, mild 17 climate, four distinct seasons, with hot and rainy in summer, cold and dry in winter, spring drought, temperature comfortable in autumn. The area has an average temperature of 12.5 degrees, the highest temperature in August (37.4 degrees), minimum temperature in January (-20 degrees). The precipitation distribution of Dagu River Basin is extremely uneven in temporal and spatial. Average precipitation is 625.3 mm/y, the maximum annual precipitation is 953.1 mm (1975), the minimum annual precipitation is only 317.2 of mm (1997).

Figure 1. Precipitation line chart of Dagu River Basin. The average evaporation is 983.86 mm/d, the minimum annual evaporation is 787 mm (1990), the maximum annual evaporation is 1238.7 mm (1978). Evaporation mainly concentrated in April to September, especially June to September have maximum evaporation, make up 48% of the total evaporation. Evaporation is small from November to February of the following year, under 60 mm.

Figure 2. Evaporation line chart of Nancun station. Topography and Landform North of the Dagu River Basin is mountains and shallow mountain area, southern is piedmont plain and the plain depression, North High South low, the terrain slope from the north to the South gradually slow down. Mountain altitude more than 200 to 300 m, much as Sinian metamorphic rock, joint development, surface weathering intensity, poor vegetation cover; hills altitude 50 ~ 200 m, flat on top, cover layer is poor, gully development, base rock weathering violent; plain altitude below 50 m, distributed in the middle and lower of basin, flat, composed of Quaternary strata. Thick soil layer, there are a few erosion platform [2].

18 Hydrogeological Conditions Groundwater Types and Water Enrichment Dagu River basin groundwater aquifer is mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Dagu River, from north to south for 51 km, the plane form approximate north-south strip of ribbon, general width in 5-7 km. From the valley to the edges of both sides of aquifer is composed of a single layer of structure evolution to the double-layer structure, groundwater types transit from phreatic water to the micro confined water, water chemistry type is HCO3-Ca·Na type water,

HCO3-Ca·Mg type water and HCO3-Ca type water, TDS is generally 0.5-0.9 g/L[3]. ① Mainly composed by coarse sand, medium coarse sand, less medium sand and sand gravel water-bearing media distribution area mainly along the ancient channel mainstream of Dagu River and Xiaogu river. The character of coarse distribution area is roughly particles, thicker, well recharge condition, permeability and water rich. The permeability coefficient (K) is above 150 m/d, the single well water yield is greater than 20 m3/ (h·m). ② Mainly composed by medium coarse sand, less medium sand, gravel water-bearing media is mainly distributed in the side of above distribution area, a narrow strip, such as Pumu-Yuanjiazhuang, Lenggezhuang, West of Renzhao-Wudaokou-Nanzhuang-Ligezhuang, Gucheng-ShangBo-xujiagou etc. The character of these areas is fine particles, thin thickness, weak permeability and water rich. The permeability coefficient (K) is 100-150 m/d, single well water yield general 10-20 m3/ (h·m). ③ Mainly composed by medium sand, less medium coarse sand and fine sand water-bearing media is distributed in the edge of ancient channel, such as Lidaocun-Lanxi, Guxi-Sunjiahui, Yifeng, Heyingzhuang, Lancun-Weijiatun, zonal and patchy distribution of discontinuity. Sand particles in this area are smaller, thinner thickness, weaker permeability and water rich. The permeability coefficient (K) is 50-100 m/d, single well water yield is generally less than 10 m3/ (h·m), the individual is greater than 10 m3/ (h·m). ④ Fine sand mainly, less medium sand, fine sand water-bearing media is distributed in the valley edge scattered. Depth of sand is generally less than 2 m, fine particles, poor permeability and water rich. The permeability coefficient (K) is less than 50 m/d, the single well water yield is less than 10 m3/ (h·m). Recharge, Runoff and Discharge Dagu River groundwater belongs to shallow phreatic water, no matter bedrock fissure water and Quaternary pore water, atmospheric precipitation is the main recharge source. Because the groundwater aquifer is shallow, generally in the 2-3 m, it is easy to accept precipitation recharge. The precipitation infiltration coefficient is 0.23, which is 23% of annual rainfall can be transformed into groundwater, covers more than 50% of total recharge water. In addition, the region the Dagu River flows from north to south, the close relationship between river and groundwater. The skylight communicates upper sand and lower sand, makes river and groundwater form a unified water[4]. Groundwater flow direction is consistent with the topographic gradient, from the mountainous area to the plain, from the land into the sea. Because suffer the effect of topography, lithology and other factors, groundwater recharge, runoff, discharge condition of different regions and different aquifer has great difference. Under natural condition, morphology and topography surface of groundwater are basically the same, from the north to the south, gently sloping, hydraulic gradient about 1/2000. Because hydraulic gradient is very small, groundwater flow slow, recharge and discharge are very limited. In the hilly area, bedrock fissure water quickly flows to nearby Valley along the structure and weathering fissures. Because the groundwater in the shallow fissure alternate quickly, water quality well, water chemistry type is HCO3-Ca type water, TDS is less than 0.3 g/L. In the plain, groundwater discharge into Jiaozhou Gulf by subsurface flow, evaporation is another discharge type in low-lying areas. In addition, with the increase of exploitation groundwater, groundwater artificial exploitation become mainly discharge pattern in plain area, make evaporation consumption reduction. In low-lying areas near Estuary and sea, due to bad water quality, not exploitation, shallow water level, evaporation consumption is still the dominant. 19 Groundwater Dynamic Groundwater level dropped substantially in spring to early summer because of less precipitation and exploitation for irrigation, drops to the lowest point at the end of June or early July. In summer, groundwater level rapid rebound by precipitation infiltration recharge, August-September reaches the highest point. Groundwater level begin to decline due to precipitation reduced and autumn irrigation. From December to January of the following year, a small amount of rain and snow infiltration recharge and not exploitation, groundwater level is relatively stable. The average variation of groundwater level is 2-3 m within a year. From groundwater level dynamic line chart, water level changes depending on precipitation and artificial exploitation. In high flow years, large amount of precipitation infiltration recharge and less exploitation make groundwater level raise. In dry years, less precipitation and increased evaporation, groundwater level down. Groundwater level average depth is about 2 m in high flow year, downstream area such as Ligezhuang, Lancun will appear waterlogging. Groundwater level average depth is more than 4 m in low flow years.

Figure 3. Groundwater level dynamic line chart. In general, groundwater of Dagu River basin easy to pollution by hydrogeology. Dagu River[5], local sections have been polluted, may aggravate the extent of contamination [6].

Groundwater Quality Groundwater abundant area (Dagu River groundwater reservoir) as the key research area, analysis quality variation in temporal and spatial. Variation in Temporal 2000-2007, groundwater monitoring points (Guocheng, Jimo Shangyuan, Chahe, Hanjiahui, Houshawanzhuang, Gejiatuan, Lenggezhuang, Lijiatun, Nancun, Dadian, Dwangtuan, Xiaogao, Xiaoyao) monitoring results show, volatile phenol, cyanide and heavy metals are not detected, average and exceed the standard rate of other monitoring index statistics in Table 1[7].

20 Table 1. Monitoring index mean value and exceed the standard rate statistics.

Monitoring index Statistical items 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

average value 125.2 107.2 108.5 124.6 116.7 126.3 136.8 150.7 Cl- Exceed the 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 standard rate average value 116.6 139.5 132.4 149.9 106.8 105.3 184.3 177.1 SO 2- 4 Exceed the 0.0 0.0 7.7 7.7 0.0 0.0 23.1 15.4 standard rate average value 381 372 415 444 418 460 454 506 Total hardness Exceed the 15.4 15.4 30.8 38.5 46.2 46.2 46.2 69.2 standard rate average value 775 728 722 865 848 870 898 1067 TDS Exceed the 15.4 15.4 15.4 23.1 15.4 23.1 15.4 61.5 standard rate average value 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 F- Exceed the 7.7 38.5 30.8 15.4 15.4 23.1 15.4 7.7 standard rate average value 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 Permanganate index Exceed the 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 standard rate average value 0.057 0.066 0.158 0.344 0.285 0.025 0.079 0.369 NH -N 4 Exceed the 0.0 15.4 7.7 7.7 7.7 0.0 7.7 7.7 standard rate average value 19.11 21.75 33.29 31.30 29.74 37.31 41.92 40.42 NO -N 3 Exceed the 38.5 46.2 53.8 69.2 69.2 76.9 76.9 61.5 standard rate average value 0.016 0.020 0.067 1.189 0.026 0.005 0.050 0.025 Mn Exceed the 0.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 0.0 7.7 7.7 standard rate According to the statistical, the main monitoring index causing the groundwater pollution - 2- increased areNO3-N, total hardness, TDS and F , SO4 and Mn exceeded standard on monitoring - - 2- points, permanganate index and Cl are not excessive. But Cl and SO4 is increasing year by year, annual average growth rate were 3.6 mg/L and 8.6 mg/L. Plotted figure 4 by data in Table 1 (calculate arithmetic mean of monitoring index exceeding standard rate). The chart shows that average exceed standard rate is in a rising trend year by year.

Figure 4. Average exceed standard rate line chart.

21 Variation in Spatial In order to clear water quality distribution of Dagu river groundwater reservoir, basis water quality testing data of 33 groundwater monitoring points, using the Nemero index evaluation method recommended by GB/T14848-93 to evaluate the quality of groundwater [8].

Figure 5. Evaluation contour map (April). Figure 6. Evaluation contour map (September). According to the evaluation results, we draw contour maps (Figure 5 and Figure 6). Taken as a whole, water quality situation is worrying, most of water quality monitoring points belonging to the "bad" and "very bad" level, water pollution of Dagu River groundwater reservoir has been more common. Evaluation results show that water quality of September is better than April, situation of Guxian, Dadian, Dawangtuan change better, dilution caused by increasing groundwater recharge.

Conclusion Groundwater in Dagu River Basin mainly accepts the precipitation infiltration recharge and Dagu river water infiltration recharge, easily affected by human activities and pollution. Monitoring result shows that pollution situation of Dagu River groundwater reservoir is increasing year by year. Comprehensive index evaluation results show that the overall poor condition of water quality of majority area is "bad" and "very bad" level in Dagu River groundwater reservoir, comprehensive treatment is imminent.

Acknowledgement: Supported by Research on water resources security technology of Dagu river basin under changing environment (201301089) and science and technology plan projects of colleges and universities in Shandong province (J13LH05).

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