Supplementary Information Comparing the Hierarchy of Keywords in On-Line News Portals

Supplementary Information Comparing the hierarchy of keywords in on-line news portals

Gergely Tib´ely, David Sousa-Rodrigues, P´eterPollner and Gergely Palla

Construction algorithm updates

We updated the DAG construction algorithm of [1] with the following features: • if a candidate parent gets most of its votes only from a small fraction of the descendants, then its score is reduced. However, ”small fraction” is calculated in a weighted manner: a direct child counts with a weight of 1, a grandchild with a weight of e−1, etc. a descendant 10 levels below with e−10 weight. It is also good for preventing a misplaced branch at the bottom of another branch to distort the upper branch’s parent selection process. Note that the votes of the descendants (z-score or other) remain unchanged. • z-score is used only for selecting the statistically significant coappearances. For parent selection we introduced a new score, defined as #common objects − expected value z∗ = (1) ln(#objects of candidate parent + 10) Expected value is the same as for the z-score. Here we replaced the linear normal- ization with logarithmic one in order to prevent very frequent tags to become the immediate parent of almost all tags. More generally, it manifests the principle that the parent should be the most specific tag among the ancestors. The logarithmic scaling replaces the simple linear scaling, which is too strong. The +10 factor is to hold back the very infrequent candidates.

Overview of the DAG construction algorithm

The DAG construction method relies on two assumptions: tags high in the hierarchy are more central in the tag-tag cooccurrence graph, and that tags close to each other in the DAG have significantly high cooccurrences. Thus, the algorithm first calculates tag centralities in the tag-tag cooccurrence graph, then tries to find a parent for each tag among those having a significantly high cooccurrence with the current tag. In detail, 1. Input is read. Among the tag-tag cooccurrence links, those are kept which reach the predefined minimal threshold.

1 2. Z-scores of the links are calculated. The new z∗ score, deﬁned by Supplementary Equation 1, is also calculated. Z-score or z∗ is set to 0, if one of the tags, or the ”candidate parent” tag appears on all objects, respectively.

3. Eigenvector centralities of the tag-tag coappearance graph are calculated:

(a) only links above a preset z-score threshold are taken into account, except when one of the tags appear on at least half of the objects of the other tag. The link weights are taken into account. (b) the eigenvector centralities are calculated by the power iteration method, initialisation is done according to the strengths (sums of link weights) of the tags. (c) normalisation during the iteration is done for each connected component sep- arately. (d) a teleportation factor is applied; default teleportation probability is 0.15, which is a widely used value. We apply link teleportation [2], i.e., target tag probabilities are proportional to the tag strengths. (e) the number of iterations is 100. (f) if the difference between the vectors in the last two iteration steps is not sufficiently small, suggesting that the vector is oscillating, i.e., the graph is near to a bipartite graph, the average of the last two vectors is taken, which solves the problem of oscillation. (g) if the graph for which the centrality calculation was done consisted of more than one connected component, a second eigenvector centrality is also calculated on an extended graph. Extension means including all links between the connected components, regardless of the z-scores. The aim is to have comparable centrality values when considering a parent-child pair which are in different components.

4. DAG construction:

(a) for each tag, a parent tag is looked for. Tags are considered in ascending order of centrality, i.e., the DAG is built bottom-up. If multiple parents are asked for, the ﬁrst step is still to ﬁnd a single one by applying the method below. (b) for each candidate parent, we calculate a score. It consists of the sum of the z∗ values between the candidate and the already found descendants of the current tag, plus the z∗ of the candidate and the current tag itself. The candidate having the highest score is chosen as parent. Conditions: i. the candidate should have a higher centrality value than the current tag. If the current tag belongs to a component smaller than 5 tags, the single component-centrality is used.

2 ii. there should be above z-score threshold links between the candidate and the voting descendants, and as well as the current tag. Exceptions as described earlier are accepted. (c) if we enforce a fully connected DAG, i.e., which consists of one connected component, and there is no valid candidate parent for a tag, then the parent finding procedure is reapplied, without the z-score criterion. Accordingly, the single component centralities are used. Also, in these cases having poor statistical qualities, instead of the z∗ values, the simple cooccurrence numbers are summed in the candidate scores. At least one cooccurrence with the current tag is still required. (d) in order to avoid parents elected by only a small minority of the descendants, the candidate scores are multiplied by a factor depending on the number of descendants contributing to the score of the candidate: i. this reduction is not applied if the candidate was selected in the second, z-score thresholdless run. In that case, any candidate satisfies. ii. the reduction is also avoided if the number of descendants is less than 5. iii. the descendants of the current tag are counted, but descendants being farther from the current tag contribute less to the count than those being closer. Descendants far below the current tag are, on the one hand, not expected to have links to candidate parents, on the other hand, tend to be numerous and therefore distort the statistics. Quantitatively, con- tribution is exp (−(number of levels from the current tag)). The sum is denoted by N. iv. do the same for the descendants contributing to the score of the candidate parent. The sum is denoted by n. v. the candidate score is multiplied by a mirrored Fermi-function, i.e., it is very close to 0 at 0, very close to 1 at 1, and follows a softened step-like curve (Supplementary Fig. S1): 1 r = (2) −50·( n −0.15) 1 + e N The parameter values are based on empirical data. The step from 0 to 1 is at 0.15, 50 sets the softness of the step. Note that the argument of the function, n/N, is always between 0 and 1, independently from the DAG. One might observe that in case of the minimal 5 descendants, 1/5 > 0.15, so calculating the correction looks irrelevant. Note, however, that due to the softness of the step function, the correction factor is still lower than 1 in this case. vi. the z∗ between the candidate parent and the current tag is added to the score only after the reduction by Supplementary Equation 2. (e) if there is a tie in the first place of the candidate score, the candidate having the higher single component centrality (i.e., the more general tag) is chosen. Centralities are real numbers, ties among them are not expected.

3 Supplementary Figure S1: The mirrored Fermi-function.

(f) if multiple parents are allowed, all candidates are accepted as parents which have at least as high z∗ with the current tag as the ﬁrst parent. Here, descendants are not taken into account. (g) if a tag was able to get a parent only by omitting the z-score threshold, no multiple parents are looked for.

Phantom nodes

During the pairwise DAG comparisons, in certain situations, tags not appearing in the other datasets are retained. These occure when a noncommon tag have at least two sub- branches containing common tags (see Supplementary Fig. S2). Such tags are omitted in the similarity calculations, but their branches are taken into account.

Pairwise comparisons of the DAGs

On Supplementary Figs. S3-S14, the reduced DAGs with tag names are shown, without singleton components. An interesting observation is that the NYT DAG does not have a World tag. The most comparable tag is United States International Relations. Foreign countries, however, appear altogether in 4 diﬀerent branches, in 3 components: two corresponding to the Middle East (1 for countries of military concern for the US, 1 for the others), one for those primarily having economical signiﬁcance, and one for Europe. The names of the corresponding local roots are European Sovereign Debt Crisis, Economic Conditions and Trends under United States Economy, United States International

4 Supplementary Figure S2: An example where including or removing a tag (”X”, grey) results in diﬀerent branch structures. Branches are highlighted by outlines.

Relations for the military-associated branch, and Middle East and North Africa Unrest. Due to the widespread use of synonyms, only for the Australian dataset, synonyms in the pairwise reduced DAGs were collapsed. 69-225 tags remained after the reduction to the common tag set. The DAGs have several (O(10)) very small components, the largest one containing 15 tags. Note that the corresponding reduced DAGs of Spiegel, Guardian and New York Times retain their original component structure and do not fragment.

5 International

Same-Sex Gender Football Drugs News Zeitgeist Austria Oceans Sweden Science Switzerland Marriage Equality

Women's Eurovision Natural Stem Cell Sports Euro 2012 Mafia Germany WikiLeaks Europe Weather World Business Media Space Internet Architecture Sexuality Sex Animals Twitter Culture Christmas Film Carnival Archaeology Art Medicine Gender Tax Evaders World Cup Song Contest Disasters Research

WikiLeaks Haiti Berlin Integration Catholic German Julian Human Right-Wing European Czech The United United Climate The Arab Banking and Automotive Berlin Tech Wildlife in Olympics Health Energy Education Crime Berlin Racism World War II Diplomatic Azerbaijan Italy France Poland Belarus Serbia Ukraine Iceland Belgium World War I Hungary Euro Crisis Finland Norway Russia Burma Africa Syria Arab Spring World Bank United States Iran Thailand Afghanistan Israel Brazil Kazakhstan Somalia Morocco China Lebanon Iraq Drones India Terrorism North Korea Earthquake Airbus Facebook Google Privacy Cyber Threats Technology Biodiversity Arts International Death Penalty Jordan Museums Debate Church Politics Assange Rights Populism Union Republic Netherlands Kingdom Nations Change Revolution Finance Industry Start-Ups Europe Cables Disaster 2010 Film Festival

European International Economic BP Oil Leak Human Emissions International Middle East Famine on Human Flood WikiLeaks Financial E. Coli Renewable Nuclear Protestant Pope Intellectual The Afghanistan Council of Court of CIA Silvio Francois Nicolas Yulia Herman Van Assisted Rating Angela European Attacks in David Climate School Barack Nuclear Palestinian Deutsche Immigration Burqa Bans Food Genetics Fossil Fuels Natural Gas Canada Transportation Roma Religion Cuba Adolf Hitler History War Crimes Iraq War Logs Geert Wilders Denmark Kosovo Srebrenica Croatia Malta Slovakia Luxembourg Romania Ireland Monetary Cyprus and Financial Greece Spain Debt Crisis Portugal Catastrophe Caucasus Vladimir Putin Rights in South Africa Mali Sudan Turkey Armenia Bahrain Egypt Tunisia Trading Environment NATO Libya Criminal Saudi Arabia Taliban Hamid Karzai Middle East Gaza Strip Peace the Horn of Piracy Algeria Rights in Hezbollah Iraq War Catastrophe Guantanamo Islam Al-Qaida Market EADS GlobalizationElectric Cars Opel E-Books Microsoft Apple Outbreak Energy Power Church Benedict XVI Property Holocaust War Logs Europe Human Renditions Berlusconi Hollande Sarkozy Tymoshenko Rompuy Suicide Agencies Merkel Central Bank Norway Cameron Negotiations Shootings Obama Weapons Territories Bank Fund Crisis 2010 Russia Schemes Court Process Africa China in Pakistan Files Reforms Rights

Fukushima 2012 French Race for the High-Speed Latvia, Dominique Dmitry Osama bin Unemployment Agriculture GM Food Beer Coal Oil Prices Wind Energy Solar Power Nuclear Siemens Travel Presidential Slovenia Estonia Bulgaria G-20 Chechnya Georgia Pussy Riot Yemen G8 Fisheries Rwanda White House Guantanamo Pakistan Rail Lithuania Strauss-Kahn Medvedev Laden Catastrophe Election 2012

Chernobyl Discrimination Biofuels Japan Nuclear Mitt Romney Disaster

Japanese Earthquake Asia and Tsunami Disaster

Supplementary Figure S3: Spiegel, reduced for Guardian. Use Ctrl-F to search for speciﬁc tags.

World news

Natural Middle East Capital United Global disasters and Malta and North Globalisation Race issues Cuba Saudi Arabia News Canada Environment Russia Switzerland Italy Azerbaijan Middle East Tunisia China Poland Iran Belgium Brazil Finland Europe Japan Iraq Mafia India Africa Thailand Burma North Korea Pakistan Belarus Afghanistan United States Religion punishment Nations terrorism extreme Africa weather

Arab and hybrid and Arab and Climate Emissions Dmitry Anna Silvio Freedom of Nuclear European Iraq war Iraq: The war Osama bin US elections Guantánamo Barack Jordan Middle East Egypt The far right Food Farming BP oil spill Wildlife Fishing Biofuels low-emission Energy Oceans Hungary Pussy Riot Georgia Kazakhstan Vladimir Putin Chechnya Carnival Israel Libya Middle East Yemen Estonia Netherlands Spain Latvia France Ireland Luxembourg Bulgaria Germany Portugal Romania Norway Ukraine Japan disaster South Africa Rwanda Sudan Somalia Mali al-Qaida Algeria Haiti Drones Pakistan flood Taliban Nato Hamid Karzai Gun crime Anglicanism Catholicism Islam Sexuality change trading Medvedev Politkovskaya Berlusconi Speech weapons Union inquiry logs Laden 2012 Bay Obama unrest cars protests

French Anders The French burqa Global Renewable Nuclear Palestinian Middle East François Nicolas Dominique Second world Angela Herman Van Yulia Pope Syria Bahrain Morocco Denmark Agriculture GM Animals Biodiversity Fossil fuels Coal Gas Geert Wilders elections Austria E coli Behring Fukushima Famine Piracy at sea Mitt Romney Guantánamo and niqab Gay marriage climate talks energy power territories peace talks Hollande Sarkozy Strauss-Kahn war Merkel Rompuy Tymoshenko Benedict XVI 2012 Breivik files ban

Chernobyl Turkey Lebanon Solar power Wind power nuclear Gaza Holocaust Adolf Hitler disaster

Armenia Hezbollah

UK news Sport Culture

David Immigration First world Olympic Art and Crime Business Transport G20 Media Education Society Weather Law Football Eurovision Museums Arts Film History Cameron and asylum war Games 2012 design

European International International Women's Automotive Rating Deutsche Financial Tax Assisted Council of Court of World Cup Berlin film G8 Monetary Euro World Bank BAE Systems Money Airbus Banking Siemens Air transport Network Rail WikiLeaks Technology Health Unemployment Life and style Drugs Roma Human rights CIA rendition War crimes criminal Euro 2012 World Cup Architecture industry agencies Bank crisis avoidance suicide Europe Human 2010 festival Fund (IMF) court 2011 Rights

The US European Eurozone Czech Discrimination Banking Afghanistan: Julian Privacy and Intellectual Vauxhall Greece EADS Petrol prices Travel Iceland embassy Microsoft Facebook Twitter Google Cybercrime Internet E-readers Apple Medicine Science Beer Sex Christmas Women Serbia Slovenia Slovakia Central Bank crisis Republic at work reform The war logs Assange the net property cables

Internet Srebrenica Debt crisis Cyprus Asia Berlin Sweden Archaeology Space Stem cells Genetics Gender Feminism Kosovo Croatia startups massacre

Supplementary Figure S4: Guardian, reduced for Spiegel. Use Ctrl-F to search for speciﬁc tags.

International

Gender Science Homosexuality Zeitgeist Picture This Oceans News Drugs Tax Evaders Football Sweden Equality

Same-Sex Natural Human Women's Medicine Film Culture Art Archaeology Animals Architecture Zoos Christmas Twitter Sex World Germany Europe Internet Media Space WikiLeaks Weather Business Mafia Euro 2012 Olympics Gender Marriage Disasters Rights World Cup

WikiLeaks Haiti The Arab Climate Integration Catholic German United Yulia The European Berlin Tech Julian Automotive Deutsche Death Penalty Arts Museums Syria Somalia North Korea Iran Lebanon India Drones Africa World Bank Arab Spring United States Brazil Russia Terrorism Afghanistan Burma Morocco Thailand Kazakhstan China Iraq Israel Berlin Energy Crime Racism World War II Education Health Italy Serbia Norway Finland World War I Belarus Hungary Euro Crisis Poland Denmark Iceland France Technology Cyber Threats Google Facebook Privacy Diplomatic Earthquake Labor Market Airbus Volkswagen Revolution Change Debate Church Politics Kingdom Tymoshenko Netherlands Union Start-Ups Assange Industry Bank Cables Disaster 2010

Famine on International Energy and Social BP Oil Leak Economic International Nuclear Iran Barack Afghanistan Chinese Palestinian Israeli Pope Gentrification Nuclear Renewable Intellectual Christian The E. Coli David Silvio Attacks in Wolfgang Rating Angela European José Manuel Nicolas Francois Turkey Piracy the Horn of Hezbollah Chemicals Mali South Africa Sudan Tunisia Bahrain Egypt Caucasus Vladimir Putin Pussy Riot Islam Guantanamo Al-Qaida Hamid Karzai Taliban Algeria Libya Criminal NATO Iraq War Environment Middle East Gaza Strip Anti-Semitism Burqa Bans Immigration Religion Transportation Natural Gas Natural Fossil Fuels Gas Pipelines Canada Democratic Cuba War Crimes Adolf Hitler Food Genetics Catastrophe Srebrenica Portugal Greece and Financial G-20 Ireland Spain Monetary Bulgaria Slovakia Apple Microsoft E-Books Electric Cars EADS Weapons Sanctions Obama War Economy Territories Settlements Benedict XVI in Germany Power Energy Property Social Union Holocaust Outbreak Cameron Berlusconi Norway Schäuble Agencies Merkel Central Bank Barroso Sarkozy Hollande Africa Court Resources Party 2010 Crisis Fund

Race for the Fukushima Dmitry Missile Osama bin Illegal High-Speed The Race for Dominique Herman Van Yemen White House Georgia Pakistan Saudi Arabia Fisheries West Bank Gastarbeiter Unemployment Travel Nuclear Solar Power Wind Energy Coal Agriculture Medvedev Defense Laden Immigration Rail the Arctic Strauss-Kahn Rompuy 2012 Catastrophe

Chernobyl Mitt Romney Discrimination Nuclear Japan Biofuels Disaster

Japanese Earthquake Asia and Tsunami Disaster

Supplementary Figure S5: Spiegel, reduced for New York Times. Use Ctrl-F to search for speciﬁc tags.

Middle East European Presidential and North Sovereign Medicine and Election of Africa Unrest Debt Crisis Health 2012 (2010- ) (2010- ) War Crimes Credit Genocide Defense and Banking and International Obama Politics and Ratings and Group of Merkel Schauble European European Diet and Genetics and Women and Romney Mitt Tunisia Morocco Yemen Saudi Arabia and Crimes Bahrain Military Egypt Libya Syria Germany Italy Greece Portugal Spain Financial Slovakia Monetary Hungary Europe Ireland France Finland Barack Government Credit Rating Twenty Angela Wolfgang Central Bank Union Nutrition Heredity Girls Against Forces Institutions Fund Agencies Same-Sex Humanity Marriage Christian Food Social United States International Arab World Holocaust Subprime United States Tymoshenko Civil Unions Democratic Berlin Contamination Berlusconi Deutsche Democratic Sarkozy Hollande Van Rompuy Agriculture Women's Muslim International Tax Evasion Belarus Russia Kazakhstan Mladic Ratko Criminal Somalia Sudan Mali Unrest (2010- Lebanon Turkey and the Nazi Poland Netherlands Mortgage Iceland World Bank Gender Economy Yulia V and Union (Germany) and Silvio Bank AG Party Nicolas Francois Herman and Farming Rights Veiling Relations Court ) Era Crisis Domestic (Germany) Poisoning (Germany) International United States Partnerships Economic Georgia Criminal Barroso Jose Defense and State International Labor and Medvedev Putin Caucasus World War II United States Middle East Iran Myanmar Conditions Pussy Riot (Georgian Sex Homosexuality Serbia Tribunal for Piracy at Sea Famine Africa Algeria Hezbollah Hitler Adolf Manuel Ethanol Military Department Relations Jobs Dmitri A Vladimir V (Russia) (1939-45) and Trends Republic) the former Durao Forces Yugoslavia Classified Embargoes Olympic Drones Oil Afghanistan Assange Information Nuclear and Canada Games Iraq (Pilotless Wikileaks Sweden Israel North Korea (Petroleum) Thailand Unemployment Cuba China Discrimination War (2001- ) Julian P and State Weapons Economic (2012) Planes) and Gasoline Secrets Sanctions Human North Missiles and Gulf of Rights and Olympic Iraq War Atlantic Missile Renminbi Soccer Afghanistan Taliban Palestinians Anti-Semitism Bulgaria Gaza Strip Pipelines Arctic Ocean Environment Mexico Oil Japan Human Games (2003- ) Treaty Defense (Currency) Spill (2010) Rights Organization Systems Violations UEFA Japan Women's Endangered Greenhouse Computers Murders and Immigration European Israeli Earthquake Nuclear College News and Science and Climate Brazil World Cup Terrorism Karzai Hamid West Bank Natural Gas and Extinct Chemicals Gas Haiti and the New York City Movies Attempted and Automobiles Football Settlements and Tsunami Energy Athletics News Media Technology Change (Soccer) Species Emissions Internet Murders Emigration Championship (2011) Fukushima Copyrights Social Real Estate Migrant and Breivik Guantanamo Daiichi Shopping Cyberattacks Microsoft Apple and Hurricane Transit New York Cameron Capital Crime and Drug Abuse Illegal Volkswagen Electric Fishing Oceans and Accidents Chernobyl Education Sex Crimes Technology Privacy Start-ups Google Inc Networking and Housing Music Art Foreign Archaeology Space Energy Islam Anders Denmark Pakistan Al Qaeda Bay Naval Solar Energy Animals Coal Nuclear and Retail and Hackers Corporation Incorporated Copyright Sandy (2012) Systems Times David Punishment Criminals and Traffic Immigrants AG Vehicles Commercial Seas and Safety (Ukraine) (Internet) (Residential) Workers Behring Base (Cuba) Power Plant Violations (Japan) Alternative Roman New York Strauss-Kahn E-Books and Disasters and High-Speed World War I Organized bin Laden and Energy and Airlines and Catholic Christmas Twitter Facebook Inc Weather Architecture Gentrification Dance Museums Culture (Arts) Asia Times Photo England Norway India Zoos South Africa Dominique Readers Emergencies Rail Projects (1914-18) Crime Osama Renewable Power Airplanes Church Archive Energy

Airbus Travel and Religion and Wind Power Benedict XVI Industrie Vacations Belief

European Aeronautic Defense and Space Co

Supplementary Figure S6: New York Times, reduced for Spiegel. Use Ctrl-F to search for speciﬁc tags. World news

Natural Middle East Organised United Arab United disasters and Global Capital North Korea Belarus Iran India Pakistan Boston Race issues Americas Poland Thailand Jesse Jackson Iraq Saudi Arabia Religion Burma United States Guatemala Canada Kyrgyzstan China Tunisia Middle East Brazil and North Environment Arms trade Afghanistan Ivory Coast Cuba Italy Peru Cambodia Drugs trade Finland Australia Bangladesh Europe World records Japan Russia Asia Pacific Protest Africa Uganda crime Emirates Nations extreme terrorism punishment Africa weather US US Jaycee Lee Zine Arab and Arab and Japan Democratic Alexander Mahmoud Nuclear Osama bin Unmanned Malala Asif Ali Thaksin Iraq war Nouri Saddam Aung San US Washington Harvard US supreme Washington Timothy North Guantánamo constitution US national Hurricane Obama John F Barack Michelle September Martin State of Freedom of Chen Luiz Inácio World Cup Dilma Amazon Trees and Carbon Environmental Ethical and Climate Laurent Francesco Silvio Meredith Hurricane European Yoshihiko Senkaku Mikhail Dmitry Occupy Wall Kim Jong-il Jimmy Carter South Korea Kim Jong-un Kashmir Anna Hazare Argentina Venezuela Honduras Colombia George Bush Catholicism Anglicanism Gay marriage Islam Judaism Christianity Colorado US military Maryland Hillary Clinton US politics Indiana Bill Clinton Leon Panetta Oklahoma Maine FBI CNN CIA Missouri Florida Virginia Mississippi Pennsylvania Richard Nixon Alaska California Wisconsin US economy Gun crime Allen Stanford Texas Arizona Minnesota Utah Michigan Illinois Dugard Los Angeles New York Nevada Tibet Xi Jinping Liu Xiaobo Hu Jintao Bo Xilai Beijing Taiwan Wen Jiabao al-Abidine Libya Yemen Israel Middle East Rio de Janeiro Middle East Qatar Jordan Egypt Kofi Annan Ban Ki-moon Water Oceans Energy Hungary Fish Waste Rivers Oil Flooding Coastlines Wildlife Farming Arctic Nato Hamid Karzai Taliban Fidel Castro Mario Monti Khmer Rouge Jamaica Mexico Tsunamis Wildfires Hurricanes Earthquakes Tornadoes Haiti Algeria al-Qaida Julia Gillard Spain Norway Bulgaria France Portugal Germany Netherlands Ukraine Ireland earthquake Fukushima Espionage Vladimir Putin Pussy Riot Georgia Moscow Kazakhstan Hong Kong Philippines Kenya Sudan Senegal Zimbabwe Joseph Kony Mali South Africa Madagascar Nigeria Republic of Somalia News Lukashenko Ahmadinejad weapons Laden drones Yousafzai Zardari Shinawatra inquiry al-Maliki Hussein Suu Kyi immigration state University court DC Geithner Carolina Bay and civil security Katrina administration Kennedy Obama Obama 11 2001 Luther King Georgia Speech Guangcheng Lula da Silva 2014 Rousseff rainforest forests emissions Protection green living change Gbagbo Schettino Berlusconi Kercher Irene Union Noda Islands Khodorkovsky Medvedev Street kidnap Ben Ali protests unrest and tsunami the Congo liberties Agency (EPA) International Atomic US midterm State of the Jean-Claude Anders ANC (African Cristina Pope Rowan Aurora Stanley Fort Hood Tea Party Donald Rahm US elections David Khalid Sheikh George Trayvon Toulouse US gun Richard Gabrielle Arizona Jared Lee Anthony Hurricane Michael Muammar Mahmoud Saif al-Islam Moussa Binyamin Palestinian Muslim Mohamed Mohamed Hosni Renewable Energy Nuclear Shale gas Royal Dutch Endangered Environmental Alassane Raffaele Hurricane Jean-Bertrand Ayman Anwar Mariano Dominique Marine Le François Nicolas European Herman VanSecond world Angela Viktor Yulia Omar Morgan Robert Nelson Energy Secret service Vatican Sharia law Dream Act Sarah Palin US Congress elections John Edwards John McCain Republicans union Todd Akin Alabama NCAA Massachusetts Scott Walker Ben Bernanke US taxation Susan Rice Chuck Hagel Joe Biden Chicago Ground Zero Tony Kushner Troy Davis Dalai Lama Buddhism Gu Kailai Neil Heywood Gilad Shalit Ehud Olmert Bahrain Syria Morocco Drought Gas Coal Seafood Recycling Exxon Mobil Oil sands Oil spills BP Chevron Animals Birds Agriculture Food safety Antarctica Greenland Glaciers Denmark Raúl Castro Amanda Knox Hawaii New Mexico New Orleans Cholera Wyclef Jean 'Baby Doc' Behring E coli Brian Cowen South Sudan National Jacob Zuma Boko Haram Famine African Union Kirchner Benedict XVI Williams shooting McChrystal shootings movement Trump Emanuel 2012 Petraeus Mohammed Zimmerman Martin shootings control Holbrooke Giffords shooting Loughner Weiner Sandy Bloomberg Gaddafi Jibril Gaddafi Koussa Netanyahu territories Brotherhood ElBaradei Morsi Mubarak energy efficiency power and fracking Shell species sustainability Ouattara Sollecito Isaac Aristide al-Zawahiri al-Awlaki Rajoy Strauss-Kahn Pen Hollande Sarkozy commission Rompuy war Merkel Yanukovych Tymoshenko al-Bashir Tsvangirai Mugabe Mandela Agency 2010 address Duvalier Breivik Congress) (IAEA) Democratic US Chernobyl Mike US elections US political New national Evangelical US Interest Federal Newtown Andrew Mahmoud Bashar Eric Holder US Senate Nancy Pelosi John Boehner Karl Rove Tim Pawlenty Democrats Mitt Romney presidential Paul Ryan Ohio North Dakota Vermont John Kerry New Jersey Chris Christie Hamas Gaza Turkey Lebanon Refugees Marie Colvin Shale gas Wind power Solar power nuclear Nuclear waste Louisiana BP oil spill Meat Adolf Hitler Holocaust Julius Malema Huckabee 2008 financing Hampshire convention Christianity rates Reserve shooting Cuomo Abbas al-Assad debates 2012 disaster 2012 Republican Republican US federal US House of Edward national presidential Recep Tayyip General government Iowa Jeb Bush Marco Rubio Mormonism Connecticut West Virginia Fatah Kurds Hezbollah Representatives Kennedy convention nomination Erdogan Electric shutdown 2012 2012

Rick Jon Newt South Tampa Rick Perry Herman Cain Santorum Huntsman Gingrich Carolina

Freddie Mac Michele Ron Paul and Fannie Bachmann Mae

UK news

Office for Northern Immigration Weather Firefighters Society Military National Crime Politics London Education Police Law Gambling Monarchy Media Business Transport The Titanic Ireland and asylum Statistics

Financial Sex Paying for Contraception Universal Civil liberties International Voluntary Child Domestic Prisons and Local Organ Minimum First world James Bulger William David Student Further Private Metropolitan Human Prince Rupert Huffington Press Newspapers New York US television Privacy & the News Television James Bernard Executive pay Services Manufacturing Automotive Bank of Lehman Goldman Retail Mergers and Warren Airline Tax Construction Ratings Bank of Small Road Snow Disability Smoking Sexual health offenders' Prostitution Life and style long-term Autism Poverty Drugs Mental health Alcohol HomelessnessDementia Housing Gangs Children Unemployment Aids and HIV and family Health Census Population Birmingham Budget Conservatives Lobbying Labour Careers Research primary John Yates G20 - Human rights Divorce Torture Sentencing Bribery Act Trial by jury criminal Extradition War crimes Poker The Queen Prince William Weddings WikiLeaks BBC MSNBC Advertising CBS Technology Wal-Mart Commodities Burberry Private equity Money EADS Bankia Mining Pfizer IMF Economics Recession Davos Euro Post Office Hedge funds Banking Stock markets JP Morgan Air transport IRA sector protection violence probation government donation wage war murder Hague Cameron finance education schools police trafficking Charles Murdoch Post freedom & magazines Times industry media Corporation industry Murdoch Madoff and bonuses Authority sector industry England Brothers Sachs industry acquisitions Buffett industry avoidance industry agencies America business transport register care planning education international court (FSA) Securities Post-traumatic Data and Artificial European Health & Death and Housing Social Vaccines and Stroke Health Vocational Amnesty Kate Wall Street Julian Bradley Arianna George Mark Digital music Social Telecommunications Mobile Technology Cloud Inheritance Capital gains Bankruptcy Discrimination General Christine Economic Global Quantitative Morgan Lloyd and European Eurozone Standard PhilanthropyVolunteering Family Relationships Marriage Women Childbirth Sex Pregnancy Christmas Food & drink Wine Pets Fitness Toys Beauty Gardens Celebrity Transgender Fashion stress Schizophrenia Depression Alzheimer's Adoption Fostering NHS Antibiotics Cancer Obesity Diabetes Science Opinion polls Colleges Serbia Liberia AOL Newspapers Jimmy Savile Fox News NBC Games Gadgets Wikileaks Engineering Robots Email YouTube Apple Wikipedia Skype Groupon Android Yahoo Nokia Crowdsourcing Hacking Dell Net neutrality Twitter IBM Amazon.com computer intelligence Internet Piracy Software Google Hewlett-Packard Apps Cybercrime Microsoft BSkyB Al-Jazeera Colin Myler Insurance Savings Living wage Identity fraud Credit cards Pensions Property Tax credits Tax Gold Nissan Toyota Honda Ford Chrysler Inflation Supermarkets Greece Currencies monetary Airbus Boeing Libor HSBC UBS Barclays Dow Jones Nikkei Jamie Dimon Merrill Lynch Entrepreneurs Namibia Travel Iceland Road safety Halloween Vegetarianism wellbeing dying benefit housing immunisation prevention insurance education International Middleton Journal Assange Manning Huffington Entwistle Thompson and audio networking industry phones startups computing tax tax and IVAs at work Motors Lagarde growth (GDP) economy easing Stanley Blankfein Exchange Central Bank crisis Chartered disorder security (AI) union Commission International MIT - criminal Parents and Cocktail Chicken Herb and Plastic Women's Stella Paris fashion Milan fashion Alexander Prostate Forensic Bosnia and Charles Rebekah News News of the Tablet Massachusetts Search International Deutsche George Lucas Golden Dawn Bars and South Dating Online dating Gender Abortion Chefs Fast food Restaurants Fruit Dogs Running Sleep Nutrition John Galliano Models Dresses Marc Jacobs Men's fashion Polio Doctors Nursing Breast cancer Genetics Nobel prizes Language Chemistry Psychology Space Ethics Archaeology Mathematics Evolution Anthropology Microbiology Geology Physics tribunal for Sierra Leone Ecuador Sweden Milly Dowler Sunday Times The Sun Glenn Beck Sony Wii Nintendo Facebook LinkedIn iPad Foxconn iPod iTunes Steve Jobs Samsung iPhone Smartphones BlackBerry T-Mobile HTC LulzSec Anonymous Blogging Kindle E-commerce Malware Viruses Censorship Larry Page Eric Schmidt Windows Debit cards Real estate Mortgages Income tax World Bank Credit Suisse Yen Dollar Mario Draghi Tuscany Tokyo Dublin Paris Hotels Asia Sydney Athens Cruises Berlin Las Vegas parenting recipes recipes spice recipes surgery jewellery McCartney week week McQueen cancer science Herzegovina Taylor Brooks International World computers Institute of engines trade Bank Papandreou Papademos party clubs America the former Technology Yugoslavia RIM Vegetable International Glenn Clive Mark Pasta recipes Snack recipesSalad recipes Men's coats Men's shoes Medicine Nasa Astronomy The moon Satellites Mars Dinosaurs Fossils Cern Ratko Mladic Andy Coulson Zynga Instagram IPOs (Research in recipes Space Station Mulcaire Goodman Zuckerberg Motion)

The space Curiosity Nasdaq shuttle rover

Culture Sport

International Awards and Art and Olympic Oscar Olympic Music Television Film Books Comedy Pornography Museums Stage Horse racing Usain Bolt Tennis Formula One Boxing Olympic NFL Football Cycling Golf prizes design Games 2012 Pistorius games 2012 Committee

The Rolling Bruce Whitney Michael Classical Television & Cannes film Michael Martin Arnold Golden Sundance Steven Harvey Natalie David Foster Children and Leonardo da Venice Edvard Roger Novak Serena Australian US Open Manny Premier Boston Red World Cup Manchester Uefa Europa Drugs in Tour de Lady Gaga Bono Jazz Citigroup Pop and rock Folk music Jay-Z Plan B Rap Grammys Bob Dylan Reality TV Oscars Documentary Woody Allen Matt Damon Brad Pitt Peter Jackson JK Rowling Comics Animation Libraries Poetry Publishing Design Sculpture Photography Andy Warhol Architecture Pablo Picasso Ai Weiwei Dance Theatre Yohan Blake Gymnastics Swimming Triathlon Andy Murray Rafael Nadal French Open Wimbledon Super Bowl Kansas Uefa Fifa Milan England Rory McIlroy Tiger Woods Ryder Cup Stones Springsteen Houston Jackson music radio festival Haneke Scorsese Schwarzenegger Globes film festival Spielberg Weinstein Portman Wallace teenagers Vinci Biennale Munch Federer Djokovic Williams Open tennis Pacquiao League Sox 2010 United League sport France

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Jon Stewart American Idol Ryan Lochte

Supplementary Figure S7: Guardian, reduced for New York Times. Use Ctrl-F to search for speciﬁc tags.

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Corporation Corporation Judaism Benjamin Shinawatra (England) Sports Oscar Intelligence David H (2003- ) Kamal al- Saddam Treaty Shooting Court and World (China) Guangcheng Technology Wage Employees Exploration Committee Insurance Taxes Rights China Agency Services Organization (2012) Exemptions Market International Violations Far East UEFA UEFA Japan Gulf of Endangered Environmental Fish and Waste Greenhouse Federation of English South and Pensions and Royal Dutch Abbas Human Jamaica Birmingham Phelps Pacquiao European World Cup World Cup Manchester Champions Yousafzai Newtown Constitution Decisions Capital Gains Amnesty Johnson Nuclear Yen Senkaku Noda Earthquake Walker Scott Alaska Oil Spills Mexico Oil and Extinct Protection Natural Gas Other Marine Materials Gas Hamas Secret Service Blake Yohan Lochte Ryan Association Premier Brazil Karzai Hamid Terrorism Torture Currency Liu Xiaobo Xi Jinping Bo Xilai Buddhism Dalai Lama Southeast Earthquakes Bankruptcies Retirement Shell Plc 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Supplementary Figure S8: New York Times, reduced for Guardian. Use Ctrl-F to search for speciﬁc tags. International

Zeitgeist Olympics News Drugs Sweden Homosexuality

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Fukushima Osama bin Dominique Mitt Romney Saudi Arabia Islam Pakistan Discrimination Nuclear Laden Strauss-Kahn Catastrophe

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Japanese Earthquake Asia and Tsunami Disaster

Supplementary Figure S9: Spiegel, reduced for Australian. Use Ctrl-F to search for speciﬁc tags.

Anders Julian Bashar Muammar Osama bin Barack Silvio Francois Greec flood earthquake Julia Gillard Egypt China cent asylumseek Facebook Afghanistan Gaza Strip Ricky Ponting Behring Apple Vladimir Putin Assange al-Assad Gaddafi Laden Obama Berlusconi Hollande Breivik

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8 Supplementary Figure S10: Australian, reduced for Spiegel. Use Ctrl-F to search for speciﬁc tags.

World news

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Federal New Hamas Gaza Democrats Mitt Romney Ohio Reserve Hampshire

Republican presidential Iowa nomination 2012

Newt Rick Herman Cain Gingrich Santorum

UK news

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Supplementary Figure S11: Guardian, reduced for Australian. Use Ctrl-F to search for speciﬁc tags. Rupert Barack Hosni Julian Novak cent flood Ricky Ponting Greec asylumseek Julia Gillard earthquake arrest Swan Gaza Strip North Korea Murdoch Obama Mubarak Assange Djokovic

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US dollar yen currency

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Supplementary Figure S12: Australian, reduced for Guardian. Use Ctrl-F to search for speciﬁc tags.

Middle East Presidential News and and North Election of News Media Africa Unrest 2012 (2010- )

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Supplementary Figure S13: New York Times, reduced for Australian. Use Ctrl-F to search for speciﬁc tags.

Rupert Bashar Hosni Barack Julian Novak cent flood asylumseek Afghanistan Julia Gillard Greec arrest North Korea earthquake Gaza Strip Murdoch al-Assad Mubarak Obama Assange Djokovic

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yen currency

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forecast Budget

Supplementary Figure S14: Australian, reduced for New York Times. Use Ctrl-F to search for speciﬁc tags. Frequency correlations with parent coappearances

A further property of the datasets is the sensitivity of the strength of the DAGs’ parent- child relationships to the frequency of the involved tags. It is quite easy to build a tagged dataset in which infrequent tags appear almost always with their parents, and frequent tags do that on a much smaller ratio of their appearances. As a test, we measure the correlation between the frequency of the children tags and their ratio of coappearances with their parents compared to all of their appearances. Supplementary Table S1 shows while the sign of the correlation is always negative, corresponding to proportionally less coappearances for more frequent tags, the Spiegel and the Guardian have much weaker such correlations that the New York Times and the Australian, suggesting it is easier to ﬁnd parent-child relationships of the frequent tags for the former two datasets.

Supplementary Table S1: Correlation strength between tag frequency and coappearances with parent over all appearances. The second column corresponds to Spearman’s rank correlation, while the third to the usual linear Pearson correlation.

dataset CS CP Spiegel −0.33 −0.07 Guardian −0.37 −0.06 New York Times −0.66 −0.36 Australian −0.68 −0.38

References

[1] Tib´ely, G., Pollner, P., Vicsek T. & Palla, G. Extracting tag hierarchies. PLoS ONE 8, e84133 (2013).

[2] Lambiotte, R. & Rosvall, M. Ranking and clustering of nodes in networks with smart teleportation. Phys. Rev. E 85, 056107 (2012).