Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan

FOREWORD

This General Management Plan (GMP) for Blue Lagoon National Park provides guidelines for the conservation and management of natural resources, tourism development and community participation in natural resource management. It provides a framework for the conservation of both natural and cultural resources inside and outside the National Park. It will be in force for 10 years and is subject to review after every two years.

The GMP was generated through a lengthy participatory and interactive Strategic Planning Process (SPP) involving key stakeholders. It was produced with the collaboration of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) following a Partnership Agreement with the Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) signed in the year 2000. It emphasises the commitment of ZAWA to checking the balance between the preservation and utilization of biodiversity to ensure long-term survival of wildlife resources in a way that benefits both local and regional human populations, as well as international visitors.

My hope and wish is that this GMP will not just be another document destined to lie on dusty shelves. It should be viewed and treated as a useful, practical, handy and dynamic document, which will be updated and continually revised. In other words, it should be the most important document on which all those concerned and responsible for Blue Lagoon National Park should rely upon.

Hapenga M. Kabeta Director General Zambia Wildlife Authority

Zambia Wildlife Authority i Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan

APPROVAL PAGE

Implementation of this General Management Plan for Blue Lagoon National Park has been approved by the Board of Directors of Zambia Wildlife Authority at its 47th meeting held on 31st August, 2004.

Hapenga M. Kabeta Vincent N. Kamuti Director General Board Chairperson Zambia Wildlife Authority Zambia Wildlife Authority 31st August, 2004 31st August, 2004

Zambia Wildlife Authority ii Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWARD ...... i APPROVAL PAGE ...... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS ...... vii DEFINITIONS ...... viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... x

CHAPTER ONE ...... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.2 LOCATION, SIZE AND ACCESSIBILITY ...... 1 1.2.1 Location ...... 1 1.2.2 Size ...... 1 1.2.3 Accessibility ...... 2 1.3 PARK ADMINISTRATION ...... 2 1.4 TOURISM ...... 3 1.5 OTHER LAND USES ...... 4

CHAPTER TWO ...... 5 2.0 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 5 2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 5 2.1.1 Climate ...... 5 2.1.2 Geology and Soils ...... 5 2.1.3 Topography and Hydrology ...... 6 2.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 7 2.2.1 Flora ...... 7 2.2.1.1 Floodplain ...... 7 2.2.1.2 Termitaria ...... 8 2.2.1.3 Woodland ...... 9 2.2.2 Fauna ...... 9 2.2.2.1 Wildlife Resources ...... 9 2.2.2.2 Birds ...... 9 2.2.2.3 Reptiles ...... 10 2.2.2.4 Fish ...... 10 2.2.3 Population Status and Distribution of the Kafue Lechwe ...... 10 2.3 CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 10 2.3.1 Shamikobo Late Stone Age Site ...... 11 2.3.2 Munezya Cave Site ...... 11 2.3.3 Nakenda House ...... 11 2.3.4 Causeway ...... 11 2.3.5 Military Structures ...... 11 2.3.6 Namatombwa Iron Age Site ...... 11 2.3.7 Kumulombwa Nvula Shrine ...... 11 2.3.8 Kabombwe Shrine ...... 12 2.3.9 Shakumbila Shrine ...... 12 2.3.10 Mwambula Shrine ...... 12 2.3.11 Village Shrine ...... 12

CHAPTER THREE ...... 13 3.0 PARK PURPOSE, EXCEPTIONAL RESOURCES AND SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTS ...... 13 3.1 PARK PURPOSE ...... 13 3.2 EXCEPTIONAL RESOURCE VALUES ...... 13 3.2.1 Criteria for Exceptional Resources ...... 13 3.3 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTS ...... 15

Zambia Wildlife Authority iii Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan

CHAPTER FOUR ...... 16 4.0 MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS, CONCERNS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES ...... 16 4.1 OVERVIEW ...... 16 4.2 OVER EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES ...... 16 4.3 INEFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS ...... 16 4.3.1 General Problems, Concerns, Issues and Challenges ...... 16 4.3.2 Insufficient Manpower...... 17 4.4 INADEQUATE VISTOR FACILITIES ...... 17 4.4.1 Poor Tourism Facilities and Infrastructure ...... 17 4.4.2 Littering ...... 17 4.5 UNCONTROLLED MOVEMENT ...... 17

CHAPTER FIVE ...... 18 5.0 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES ...... 18 5.1 OVERVIEW ...... 18 5.2 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ...... 18 5.3 PARK OPERATIONS ...... 18 5.4 TOURISM MANAGEMENT ...... 19 5.5 COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ...... 19 5.6 CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ...... 19

CHAPTER SIX ...... 20 6.0 MANAGEMENT ZONE PLAN ...... 20 6.1 OVERVIEW ...... 20 6.2 RATIONALE FOR ZONING ...... 20 6.3 LIMITS OF ACCEPTABLE USE ...... 20 6.4 MANAGEMENT ZONING SCHEME ...... 21 6.4.1 Zone I – Intensive Use Zone ...... 21 6.4.2 Zone II – Conservation Limited Use Zone ...... 23 6.4.3 Zone III – Special Use Zone ...... 25

CHAPTER SEVEN ...... 28 7.0 MANAGEMENT ACTIONS ...... 28 7.1 OVERVIEW ...... 28 7.2 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ACTIONS...... 28 7.3 PARK OPERATION ACTIONS ...... 29 7.3.1 Transport and Equipment ...... 29 7.3.2 Staff Requirement ...... 31 7.4 TOURISM MANAGEMENT ACTIONS ...... 31 7.5 COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ACTIONS ...... 32 7.6 CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ACTIONS ...... 32 7.7 MANAGEMENT ZONE DEVELOPMENT ACTIONS ...... 32

CHAPTER EIGTH ...... 34 8.0 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ...... 34 8.1 OVERVIEW ...... 34 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 34 8.3 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 34 8.2.1 Mitigation Measures and Recommendation due to Construction of a Safari Lodge ...... 34 8.2.2 Mitigation Measures and Recommendation due to Construction of a Safari Bush Camp ...... 36 8.2.3 Mitigation Measures and Recommendation due to Developing a Picnic Site ...... 37 8.2.4 Mitigation Measures and Recommendation due to Grading of Management Roads ...... 37 8.2.5 Mitigation Measures and Recommendation due to Construction of an Airstrip ...... 38 8.2.6 Mitigation Measures and Recommendation due to Erecting an Electric fence Line within the Park ...... 39

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8.2.7 Mitigation Measures and Recommendation due to Other Park Facilities and Activities ...... 39

CHAPTER NINE ...... 40 9.0 PROJECTION OF PARK REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE ...... 40 9.1 OVERVIEW ...... 40 9.2 EXPECTED PARK REVENUE ...... 41 9.2.1 Types of Tourism Products ...... 42 9.2.2 Overnight Accommodation Facilities ...... 42 9.2.3 Proposed Distribution of Tourism Products ...... 42 9.2.4 Financial Projections from Tourism...... 43 9.3 EXPECTED REVENUE FROM CONSUMPTIVE UTILIZATION ...... 43 9.3.1 Financial Projections from Consumptive Utilization...... 43 9.4 EXPECTED PARK EXPENDITURE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ...... 48 9.4.1 Recurrent Costs...... 48 9.4.2 Capital Costs ...... 50 9.4.3 Analysis of Expected Park Revenue and Expenditure ...... 51

CHAPTER TEN ...... 52 10.0 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ...... 52 10.1 OVERVIEW ...... 52 10.2 IMPLEMENTATION PRIORITY ...... 52 10.2.1 Natural Resources Management Action Priorities ...... 52 10.2.2 Park Operation Action Priorities ...... 53 10.2.3 Tourism Management Action Priorities ...... 53 10.2.4 Cultural Resources Management Action Priorities ...... 53 10.2.5 Community Based Natural Resources Management Action Priorities ...... 54 10.2.6 Management Zone Development Action Priorities ...... 54 10.3 IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN ...... 54 10.4 MONITORING, EVALUTION AND FEEDBACK ...... 55 10.4.1 Monitoring ...... 55 10.4.2 Evaluation ...... 55 10.4.3 Feedback ...... 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 57

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Monthly Rainfall for BLNP Station from 1969 - 1975 ...... 5 Table 2 Transport and Equipment Requirements for BLNP ...... 30 Table 3 Staff Requirements for BLNP Management ...... 31 Table 4 Summary of Proposed Overnight Accommodation Facilities in BLNP ...... 42 Table 5 Existing and Proposed Tourist Accommodation Facilities in BLNP ...... 42 Table 6 Proposed Fee Structure and Projected Income for Tourist Accommodation Facilities and Park Entry in BLNP ...... 44 Table 7 Projected Park Entry Fee income and Vehicle Fee income from daily visitors to BLNP ...... 44 Table 8 Projected Income from Consumptive Utilization of Kafue Flats North Bank GMA ...... 47 Table 9 Summary of Total Projected Annual Income for BLNP ...... 47 Table 10 Projection of Park Revenue & Project Contribution for BLNP in Series of Five Years ...... 48 Table 11 Recurrent Cost on Salaries & Related Costs for Staff Requirements for BLNP Management ...... 46 Table 12 Recurrent Costs for BLNP ...... 49 Table 13 Projection of Recurrent Costs for BLNP in Series of Five Years ...... 50 Table 14 Capital Costs ...... 50 Table 15 Projection of Park Revenue and Recurrent Costs in BLNP in Series of Five Years ...... 51

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Location of Blue Lagoon National Park ...... 2 Figure 2 Access to BLNP ...... 3 Figure 3 Facilities of BLNP ...... 4 Figure 4 Topography and Hydrology of BLNP ...... 7 Figure 5 Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Sites of BLNP ...... 12 Figure 6 BLNP Management Zones ...... 21 Figure 7 BLNP Current Conditions ...... 26 Figure 8 BLNP Future Conditions ...... 27

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix I Species of Large Mammals of the Kafue Flats, Current Status and population Estimates ...... 59 Appendix II Total population Estimates of the Kafue Lechwe on the Kafue flats, 1931 – 98+...... 60 Appendix III Checklist List of Common Birds found on the Kafue Flats System ...... 61 Appendix IV Checklist List of Indigenous Fish Species in the Kafue River ...... 65 Appendix V List of participants on the BLNP Reconnaissance Survey ...... 67 Appendix VI List of participants for the BLNP initial Workshop ...... 68 Appendix VII List of Participants on the Consultative meeting for the BLNP Zone Planning Process ..... 69 Appendix VIII List of Participants to the Final Workshop for the BLNP Zone Planning Process ...... 71 Appendix IX Statutory Instrument for Gazettment of Blue Lagoon National Park ...... 72

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AMU Area Management Unit

AOP Annual Operations Plan

CBNRM Community-Based Natural Resource Management

CRB Community Resource Board

EA Environmental Audit

ECZ Environmental Council of Zambia

EPB Environmental Project Brief

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EPPCA Environmental Protection & Pollution Control Act No. 12 of 1990

GMA Game Management Area

GMP General Management Plan

IUCN World Conservation Union

NPWS National Parks & Wildlife Service

SI Statutory Instrument

TCA Tourism Concession Agreement

WIA Wildlife Impact Assessment

ZAWA Zambia Wildlife Authority

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DEFINITIONS

Area Management Unit (AMU) is an administrative geographically delineated area unit under Zambia Wildlife Authority for wildlife estate in Zambia. An AMU covers one or more National Parks, Game Management Areas and open areas.

Bed-Night Levy is a payment demanded from an operator by Zambia Wildlife Authority for the nights spent by clients calculated on the basis of the number of beds available.

Bush Camp is a small-scale integration of a site, accommodation units, and minimum equipment to service tourists. The accommodation units are semi-permanent structures.

Camp is an integration of a site, accommodation units, offices or equipment for either tourism or park management in and around the park. Although the term is comprehensively used, it mainly means the site of accommodation units for tourist (refer to "Lodge and Camp") unless an additional word such as "wildlife", "gate" or "staff' is accompanied with it.

Camp Site is a site provided to tourists for day use or overnight stays with communal facilities. Night accommodation in tents or caravans is permitted. There are several types depending on users or managers as follows:- Public, Private, Walking Safari and Canoeing Safari Camping sites.

Fly Camp is a site providing accommodation units to tourists for a period not exceeding two nights. The structures are removable tents only, being sometimes based on stamped mud and fenced by grass. Two types are sub-defined. 'Seasonal fly camp' is settled at a place through a season and 'temporary fly camp' is set in a shorter time for walking or canoeing safari.

Headquarter is an administrative centre for the Blue Lagoon National Park, at which there are permanent structures of management facilities and project staff accommodation.

Lodge Lease Fee is a fee paid annually to Zambia Wildlife Authority by operators for leasing a site to operate a lodge in the park.

Mobile Safari is a type of travel for visitors by vehicle being able to be combined with walking safari, which is conducted by operators, and shifting places designated to stay at nights in the park. Operator does not pay for entry fee and camping fee for themselves but for the permeation to conduct it in the park.

Outpost is a camp for wildlife police officers set in the periphery of the park in most cases or in the Game Management Area (GMA) to service the outlying areas. Entrance and exit gate camps are also included.

Permanent Structure is a building structure whose base and walls are made of stone or concrete.

Zambia Wildlife Authority viii Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan

Picnic Site is a site provided to day visitors for temporary rest and has sitting facilities to allow visitors take quick meal or snacks. No cooking facilities are provided.

Region is an administrative spatial area under Zambia Wildlife Authority for wildlife estate in Zambia. A Region covers more than one Area Management Unit.

Safari Lodge and Safari Camp is an integration of a site, accommodation units, offices and equipment to service tourists. The accommodation units are permanent structures. Safari lodge refers to a large-scale tourist unit with full catering services.

Sector is an administrative sub-unit under an Area Management Unit.

Semi-Permanent Structure is a building structure with a base made of permanent material such as stone or concrete and removable upper part of tent, reed grass or wood.

Tourist is a person who enters the park for the purpose of recreation and enjoyment paying appropriate fees.

Visitor is a person who temporarily enters the park legally. This may, for example, be a tourist, government employee on business, a person who passes through the park, etc.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

Blue Lagoon National Park (BLNP) is located on the northern bank of the Kafue River between 27 15’ 00” and 27 30’ 56” East and 15 15’ 83” and 15 30” 82” South. It forms part of the Kafue Flats, which is an extensive floodplain of the Kafue River System. The Park is one of the smallest National Parks in Zambia. It covers an area of about 450 km2 hectares, which represents about 8.7% of the total area (5,175km2) of the Kafue Flats. The park is accessible by both road and air. It is the nearest (about 119 km) National Park to Lusaka the capital city of Zambia.

Blue Lagoon National Park experiences three main types of seasons namely the wet season, cool dry season, and hot dry season. The wet season is from November to March with an average annual rainfall of between 700 mm and 800 mm. The rainfall trends have been on the decline in the last two decades whilst the temperatures have been increasing. The mean annual temperature is 20.6C and the total evaporation is about 2032 mm per annum.

The planning process for Blue Lagoon National Park was initiated in 2000 when a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for the management of the Kafue Flats was signed between ZAWA and WWF – Partners for Wetlands Project. This MOU is an understanding between ZAWA and WWF-Partners for Wetlands to Manage the Kafue Flats ecosystem. The two parties recognized the fact that the Kafue Flats being a Ramsar site, is of major local, national and international importance and the formulation of this GMP underscores Government commitment towards upholding such status. It also reflects Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) and its partners’ determination to preserve the nation’s biodiversity and natural heritage in protected areas, whilst providing investment opportunities through responsible tourism development.

The development of this General Management Plan (GMP) was achieved through a number of steps which involved among others; preliminary data collection and analysis, baseline resource data collection; development of possible scenarios, presentation of findings through workshops to the stakeholders involved, and finalization of the plan on the basis of the chosen management options. The plan sets forth the basic management and development philosophy of BLNP and provides the strategies for solving problems and achieving identified management objectives over a 10-year period. Two types of strategies are presented in this GMP:- (a) those that are required to properly preserve and manage the park’s resources; and (b) those required to provide appropriate visitor use and interpretation and for shared benefits and local communities.

Based on these strategies, programs, actions and support facilities necessary for efficient park operations, visitor use and human benefit are identified. The plan constitute a unique method of combining the establishment of management objectives, based on the results of research and monitoring, with regulatory measures aiming at achieving these objectives.

Zambia Wildlife Authority x Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan

This GMP has been formulated to address management challenges related to resource protection and conservation of the endemic Kafue lechwe, the diverse bird life, and the wetland eco-system for economic, recreational, educational and scientific purposes, tourist use and development, other park management issues such as natural and cultural resources management and sustainable use of resources that will provide tangible benefits to the park and the surrounding ecosystem.

These actions have been designed in order to secure the protection of natural resources and values in the park and to provide for investment opportunities in eco- tourism. Therefore the actions in the plan are geared towards protecting and preserving the park’s exceptional resources and meet the identified management objectives over a 10-year period.

The management objectives reflect the desired future of the park, which guides all future management of the wildlife estate in the country. Resources that are particularly critical for the maintenance of Blue Lagoon National Park as a protected area include:- Endemic Kafue Lechwe; Migrant Waterfowl; Kafue Flats as a Wetland; Endangered Wattled Crane; Causeway; Historical, Cultural and Scenic Sites and Pythons and Monitor Lizards.

The plan of actions reflects a management-zoning concept that focuses on securing the natural resource base first and providing for appropriate investment opportunities through tourism activities as an essential objective but secondary to that of securing the natural resource base. These investments must be implemented in a manner that would have the least adverse impacts on the environment. This is critical in order to avoid mining of resources for short-term financial gain and depleting the resource base on which eco-tourism industry depend. The management zoning scheme, the actions prescriptions specific for each zone and the limits of use determinations for each zone and for the whole park form the basis for this general management plan.

Park Purpose

The following statement provides the Park purpose for Blue Lagoon National Park:-

The Blue Lagoon National Park is there to provide for the protection and conservation of the endemic Kafue lechwe, the diverse bird life, and the wetland eco-system for economic, recreational, educational and scientific purposes.

Exceptional Resources and Values

The following exceptional resources and values were identified for the National Park:- a) High Densities of the Endemic Kafue Lechwe; b) High Diversities of Resident and Migrant Waterfowl; c) Kafue Flats as a Wetland of International Importance (RAMSAR SITE); d) The Presence of the Endangered Wattled Crane and Zambia’s Endemic Charplin Barbet Birds; e) The Causeway and Viewing Tower; f) The Historical, Cultural and Scenic Sites; g) The Presence of Pythons and Monitor Lizards in Large Numbers on the Causeway; and

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h) Presence of Lagoons as Breeding Sites of Fish.

Park Significance Statements

The following are the statements of Park significance for the National Park:- a) It is the closest National Park to Lusaka and the international airport; b) It serves as an important habitat for Palaearctic migrant birds and the endemic Kafue Lechwe; c) It embodies wetlands of local, national and international importance; d) It has a large population of Kafue Lechwe and water fowl which can be viewed through out the year; e) Its products and resources can easily be accessed by visitors due to its flat landscape during the dry season; f) It has a spectacular view of a lagoon; g) It is a National Park with a high python and monitor lizard concentration in one location that can easily be accessed by visitors; and h) It contains critical habitats that support the endemic Kafue lechwe and endangered wattled crane.

Management Problems, Concerns, Issues and Challenges

The following are among the identified general problems, concerns, issues and challenges related to the management of Blue Lagoon National Park:- a) Over Exploitation of Natural Resources; b) Inefficient Management Operations; c) Inadequate funding; d) Fragmented and uncoordinated legal and policy frameworks; e) Lack of logistics that include transport, equipment and field materials such as two way radios, transport, camping gear, GPS maps, and campus sets; f) Poor housing for staff; g) Low morale among the staff; h) Lack of in-service training especially for junior staff; i) Inadequate social amenities for staff; j) Poor road quality and network; k) Unclear boundary demarcation; l) Inappropriate location of outposts. m) Insufficient Manpower n) Inadequate Visitor Facilities o) Poor Tourism Facilities and Infrastructure p) Littering q) Uncontrolled Movements

Management Objectives

The following management objectives were identified for the National Park.

Natural Resources Management Objectives a) To protect and maintain the indigenous diversity of indigenous species of flora and fauna, including the control of invasive alien species;

Zambia Wildlife Authority xii Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan b) To ensure that the endemic population of Kafue lechwe reaches and is maintained at an ecological carrying capacity; c) To establish sustainable utilisation programmes for the natural resources in the adjacent Game Management Area; d) To protect the threatened population of wattled crane; and e) To ensure that there is good quality water for human and wildlife use;

Park Operations Objectives a) To improve funding levels for the operations of the National Park; b) To attain an adequate number of staff for efficient park operations; c) To develop measures aimed at producing well-motivated staff; and d) To ensure that there is adequate accommodation and equipment.

Tourism Management Objectives a) To develop sustainable tourism to an extent that it significantly contributes to the national and local economies; b) To put in place adequate road infrastructure to facilitate tourism development; c) To facilitate the development of visitor overnight accommodation facilities; d) To develop and maintain a comprehensive interpretation programme; e) To improve the marketing and publicity of the National Park; f) To improve the revenue collection and pricing systems; and g) To ensure the provision of interpretative materials and professional tour guiding services.

Community-Based Natural Resource Management Objectives a) To promote effective partnerships between ZAWA and local communities relating to movements in the National Park, grazing, fishing, settlements (encroachment), fire, deforestation and grass cutting for thatching; b) To provide community-based education and awareness regarding the conservation of natural resources; c) To provide tangible benefits accrued from the sustainable use of natural resources to the local communities; and d) To involve local communities as co-managers for the sustainable use of natural resources.

Cultural Resource Management Objectives a) To protect all significant cultural resources to contribute to tourism development; b) To protect and maintain cultural and historical sites, with close involvement of the local communities; and c) To establish an interpretation programme for cultural and archaeological resources.

Management Zones

a) Zone 1 - Intensive Use Zone

1. Purpose:- The main purpose of the Intensive Use Zone is to provide for Park administration, and tourist overnight accommodation, infrastructure and support services. The zone will also have a higher visitor use than the other two zones.

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2. Access:- Access will be allowed by way of road and air.

3. Visitor Use and Experience a) Accommodation facilities (F) b) Up grading of the Air strip (F) c) Bird watching can be done any where bird are found but restricted along designated routes of game viewing roads, loops and during walking (A) d) Walking safaris (A) e) Game drives (A) f) Photographic safari (A) g) Picnic site (F) h) Picnicking (A) i) Camp site (F) j) Camping (A) k) Cultural centre out side the park (F)

4. Limits of Acceptable Use a) Entry to be allowed by permits only; b) NO fishing in the park; c) NO off-road driving; d) Day game viewing to be allowed from 06:00 to 18:00 hours; e) Night game viewing to be allowed from 18:00 to not later than 22:00 hours; f) Driving speed not to exceed 40 km/hour; g) NO littering will be tolerated, the principal of trash in trash out shall apply; h) Non-degradable garbage to be taken out of the Park and damped at designated sites; i) NO collection of firewood shall be allowed within the park; j) 11 boreholes to be drilled as 1 at public camp site, 1 at picnic site, 1 at park headquarters, 1 each at the 2 entry gates and 6 at the 6 wildlife camps; k) Electricity to be provide at park headquarters, entrance gates and wildlife camps; l) Only 9 vehicles of tonnage between 1-5 tones shall be allowed within this zone on average per day at an estimated distance of 2 km radius while bigger tonnage vehicles shall only be allowed up to the public camp site and the entry gates; m) Only 6 outside day drives shall be allowed to drive within the park; n) Only 3 hours day drives averaging 40 km maximum shall be allowed within the park; o) 3 groups of walking safaris with a maximum of 6 clients, 1 escort and 1 tour guide per group per day; p) 1 picnic site with capacity for 12 people at a time; q) 1 public camp site above Naleza with 16 bed capacity; r) Upgrading Shamikobo bed capacity from 8 to 16 beds; and s) Upgrading Nakeenda Lodge bed capacity from 16 to 24 beds.

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5. Future Developments a) Management / tourist and loop roads to reach key attraction areas; b) Safari lodges/camps; c) Bush Camps; d) Sign posts / boards with names and labels put at junctions of roads, key resource areas, loop roads sensitive plants, etc. e) Visitor / information centres f) Guest house to be at Park Headquarters; g) Main entry / exit gate to be at Namungoma and the next get to be at Nakeenda; h) Boreholes/wells i) Electricity supply system j) Water reticulation system b) Zone 2 - Conservation Limited Use Zone

1. Purpose:- The main purpose of the Conservation Limited Use Zone is to provide limited visit use and enjoyment in ways that do not adversely affect the natural environment.

2. Access:- Access will be allowed by way of road and water.

3. Visit Use and Experience a) Archaeological/historical site visitations at the Munezha stone age site (A) b) Walking safaris in the wooded area and plain areas (A) c) Game drives in the wooded area and plain areas (A) d) Bird watching in the causeway, Munezha area and around and within Luwato lagoon areas (A) e) Controlled fishing (A)

4. Limits of Acceptable Use a) Entry to be allowed by permits only b) The size of marine engine for boats should not exceed 40 HP; c) No off-road driving; d) Day game viewing to be allowed from 06:00 to 18:00 hours; e) NO night game drives; f) Driving speed not to exceed 40 km/hour; g) No littering will be permitted; h) Non-degradable garbage to be taken out of the Park; i) No collection of firewood except for wildlife officers; j) Weight of trucks and vehicles for game drives not to exceed 5 tons; k) 3 groups of walking safaris with a maximum of 6 clients, 1 escort and 1 tour guide per group per day; l) 1 tented camp at Munezha Hill with 8 bed capacity; and m) No fishing in the park.

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5. Future Developments a) Upgrading and maintenance of seasonal management roads along the causeway, Choma via Namatombwa road, Namucheche road and Katambo road; b) Seasonal tourist roads to be routed in the plains; and c) Seasonal fly camps for management operations to be sited in the causeway area, Shamikobo area and Namucheche area. c) Zone 3 - Special Protection Use Zone

1. Purpose:- The main purpose of the Special Protection Zone is to retain the pristine and undisturbed character of nature so as to provide a bank of resources for the future

2. Access:- There shall be very limited access to this zone that will be restricted to road and water.

3. Visitor Use and Experience a) Research and Management operations b) Bird watching c) Strictly walking safaris

4. Limits of Acceptable Use a) Entry to be allowed by permits only; b) Unless otherwise stated, all activities shall be strictly of research and management purposes for habitat monitoring, animal counts and research and management operations; c) No fishing will be allowed; d) No removal of biotic and abiotic objects.

5. Future Development No future development shall be permitted under the current conditions and circumstances in this zone.

Management Actions

Natural Resource Management Actions a) Gather up-to-date baseline information on the Park’s natural resources; b) Update the inventory on fauna and flora; c) Identify and prioritise the research requirements of the Park; d) Restock and re-introduce the species that have disappeared; e) Conduct effective law enforcement activities to reduce poaching and illegal fishing to insignificant levels; f) Develop and implement policies for the Kafue Lechwe and wattled crane; g) Conduct regular counts to establish trends in animal and population numbers and distribution; h) Develop and implement an effective fire management policy; i) Establish an effective disease monitoring system; j) Remove and monitor alien plant species from the Park; k) Establish and maintain communication with ZESCO regarding the water flow;

Zambia Wildlife Authority xvi Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan l) Liase on a continuous basis with ZESCO on the management of the water flow regimes on the Kafue Flats; m) Realign the road on the western part of the park: and n) Control problem animals that endanger human life and destroy crops in the GMA;

Park Operation Actions a) Secure sufficient transport and necessary equipment for efficient park operations; b) Redesign management infrastructure to ensure a balance between conservation and staff well being; c) Develop training programmes for staff; d) Provide social amenities to staff; e) Develop measures aimed at optimising revenue generation for the Park; f) Mark and clear the existing park boundary; g) Develop a waste management programme; and h) Promote effective cooperation between ZAWA, private investors, non- governmental organisations, and other stakeholders.

Tourism Management Actions a) Develop minimum standards for visitor facilities and services; b) Instil measures to minimise the negative impacts of tourism on Park resources; c) Maintain the road network and quality in the Park to acceptable standards; d) Manage effectively tourism concession agreements; e) Encourage the engagement and training of professional tour guides; f) Coordinate and regulate the development of tourism facilities; g) Provide guides for non-consumptive tourism activities; h) Collect and record all information pertaining to visitations to the Park; i) Develop and maintain viewing roads and loops for tourists; j) Conduct environment impact assessments for all new developments k) Prepare and enforce rules and regulations for visitors; and l) Relocate and improve the design of the entrance gates to the National Park.

Community-Based Natural Resource Management Actions a) Encouraging employment of local people in wildlife and tourism based activities; b) Encourage local community involvement in the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs); and c) Making information accessible to local communities for them to make informed decisions on matters related to the management and utilisation of the Park.

Cultural Resources Management Actions a) Develop a local cultural centre; b) Explore, mark and establish new cultural, archaeological and historical sites; c) Ensure the Twa/local traditional ceremonies and local craft enterprises to contribute to tourism development; and d) Provide an interpretative programme for cultural resources.

Management Zone Development Actions a) Maintain and encourage tour operators to preserve the endemic Kafue Lechwe and diverse bird life in the respective zones; b) Ensure maintenance of the wetland eco-system; c) Implement Park regulations;

Zambia Wildlife Authority xvii Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan d) Advertise proposed tourism development vacant sites; e) Develop Game viewing loops; f) Develop camping and picnic sites; g) Upgrade and maintain Management Roads and Airstrip; h) Maintain park boundary and fire breaks; i) Develop and maintain interpretative signs and labels; and j) Train staff in sustainable tourism development.

Strategic Environmental Mitigation Measures

Based on the broad assessment of environmental aspects and project activities that are likely to be affected by tourism development and park management during site preparation, construction and operational phases of the envisaged developmental projects of the park, Mitigation Measures and Recommendations have been formulated based on both negative and positive effects due to the following developments:- a) Developing Safari Lodge; b) Developing Safari Bush Camp; c) Developing a Picnic Site; d) Grading Management Roads of the Park; e) Constructing an Airstrips; f) Electric Fence; and g) Other Park facilities and Activities.

Projection of Park Revenue and Expenditure

The projection of park revenue and expenditure for Blue Lagoon National Park for the next five years has been based on the following assumptions:- a) Efficient ZAWA management and administration in place; b) Implementation of effective revenue collection, pricing and financing system; c) High investor interests, high tourism sector growth and stable national economy; d) Moderate levels of occupancy rates as anticipated; and e) Well-conserved and managed park resources, particularly the endemic Kafue Lechwe, the diverse bird life, and the wetland eco-system.

The projection of park income is based on the following revenues and contributions:- a) Annual fixed fees from tourist facilities; b) Bed levies from tourist facilities; c) Park entry fees to the park; d) GMA Resident Hunting; and e) Kafue Flats North Bank Safari Hunting.

The projection of both park recurrent and capital expenditure are based on the following costs:- a) Salaries and related costs; b) Law enforcement support and related costs; c) Infrastructure development and related costs; d) Vehicle Maintenance and related costs; e) Operations and related cost; f) Administration and related costs;

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g) Monitoring and research related costs; and h) Capital costs on the purchase of law enforcement motor vehicles and other requirements for effective park management, opening up of new seasonal and all weather roads and upgrading of existing roads to all weather roads and preparation and development of the land use plan for the Kafue Flats GMA.

Table 10 provides the estimated projection of the total income for BLNP for the next five years. It is assumed that the occupancy rate / flow of tourist rate in the first year is estimated at 25%, 27.5% in the second year, 30% in the third, 32.5% in the fourth year and 35% in the fifth year. The basic annual revenue in the first year shall be $103,670-00. The projection indicates an increase of 2.5% from the previous year to the subsequent one and gradually increases in the subsequent years until it reaches 35% in the fifth year. For the fifth year, the estimated total projection is estimated at US $145,138-00. This projection could be possible to achieve because it is expected that a good number of visitors would come to the park due to its proximity to the capital city Lusaka once the road network is improved and through circuit connection from Lower Zambezi, South Luangwa, Mosi-O-Tunya and Kafue National Parks.

Table 10. Projection of Park Revenue for BLNP in Series of Five Years

Year 1 2 3 4 5

Projected Park Income in US $ 103,670 114,037 124,404 134,771 145,138

% Annual Increase of Projected 25% 27.5 % 30 % 32.5 % 35% Park Income with respect to the First Year Income

For the first year, the basic recurrent cost of US $147,884-00 is based on the recurrent costs reflecting the current available resources and financial situations. For the fifth year, estimates of the recurrent costs have been worked out to be US $73,942-00 as reflected in Table 13 below. The initial first year cost of $73,942-00 represents 100%, the costs incurred in the second year is estimated at 80%, third year costs at 65%, fourth year costs at 55% and fifth year costs at 50%. The costs incurred gradually decreases in the subsequent years as the recurrent cost stabilizes. This is so because the park shall still require meeting the wage bill cost of $67,884-00, which is a huge, cost together with other operational costs which are inevitable for park management. The cost shall be reduced from $147,884-00 in the first year to $73,942-00 in the fifth year.

Table 13. Projection of Recurrent Costs for BLNP in Series of Five Years

Year 1 2 3 4 5 Projected Costs in 147,884 118,307-20 96,124-60 81,336-20 73,942-00 US $ Annual Increase 100 80 % 65 % 55 % 50 % (%)

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The projected park revenue and expenditure and the net park revenue are calculated as reflected in Table 15 below. The projection indicates that, once everything is as planed and assuming that all the assumptions made hold, there will be adequate revenue generated for the park to finance its management and development. This projection means that BLNP will have adequate financial resources to sustain its operations over a period of five years.

Table 15. Projection of Park Revenue and Recurrent Costs for BLNP in Series of Five Years

Year 1 2 3 4 5 Park Income + 103,670-00 114,037-00 124,404-00 134,771-00 145,138-00 Hunting License Recurrent Park 147,884-00 118,307-20 96,124-60 81,336-20 73,942-00 Expenditure Net Park Revenue -44,214-00 -4,270-20 28,279-40 53,434-80 71,196-00

However, the above projection does not hold when we consider the capital costs required to be injected in order to sustain management and development of the park. The management and development of the park cannot be sustained without the capital cost resources. The park requires a total amount of US $744,700-00 as initial capital investment.

The above analysis clearly shows that the park cannot attain a self-financing system taking into account the huge initial capital investment that is required for sustainable development and management of the park. Therefore, it is recommended that financial support from the government, International organizations, NGOs and the collaborating partners, particularly in the first year be mobilized, until the park attains a self-financing system.

Implementation Plan

Natural Resources Management Priority Actions a) Conduct effective law enforcement activities to reduce poaching and illegal fishing to insignificant levels b) Identify and prioritise the research requirements of the Park c) Liase on a continuous basis with ZESCO on the management of the water flow regimes on the Kafue Flats d) Develop and implement policies for the Kafue Lechwe and wattled crane e) Establish an effective disease monitoring system f) Remove alien plant species from the Park g) Restock and re-introduce the species that have disappeared.

Park Operations Priority Actions a) Secure sufficient transport and necessary equipment for efficient park operations b) Redesign management infrastructure to ensure a balance between conservation and staff well being c) Develop training programmes for staff d) Provide social amenities to staff e) Develop measures aimed at optimising revenue generation for the Park f) Mark and clear the existing park boundary

Zambia Wildlife Authority xx Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan g) Promote effective cooperation with private investors, non-governmental organisations, and other stakeholders.

Tourism Management Priority Actions a) Maintain the road network and viewing loops in the Park to acceptable standards b) Develop minimum standards for visitor facilities and services c) Conduct environment impact assessments for all new developments d) Collect and record all information pertaining to visitations to the Park e) Provide guides for non-consumptive tourism activities f) Encourage the engagement and training of professional tour guides g) Prepare and enforce rules and regulations for visitors h) Relocate and improve the design of the entrance gates to the National Park.

Community-Based Natural Resource Management Priority Actions a) Broaden local community participation in planning and management processes b) Encourage employment of local people in wildlife and tourism based activities c) Facilitate the active participation of local people in the distribution of the benefits from Park resources d) Encourage local community involvement in the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) e) Make accessible information to local communities for them to make informed decisions on matters related to the management and utilisation of the Park.

Cultural Resources Management Priority Actions a) Develop a local cultural centre; and b) Explore, mark and establish new cultural, archaeological and historical sites. a) Revamp the Two / local traditional ceremonies and local craft enterprises to contribute to tourism development; and b) Provide interpretative materials such as sign posts and brochures at cultural, archaeological and historical sites.

Management Zone Development Priority Actions a) Maintain and encourage tour operators to preserve the endemic Kafue Lechwe and diverse bird life in the respective zones b) Maintain the wetland eco-system c) Implement Park regulations d) Train staff in sustainable tourism development e) Develop camping and picnic sites f) Mount Sign Posts in the respective Zones g) Advertise proposed tourism development vacant sites.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The Blue Lagoon National Park is part of a riverine wetland system known as the Kafue Flats. Although comparatively small, it is diversely endowed with abundant wildlife, particularly bird-life. The wetland system is of major local, national and international importance. For many years, the area was managed as a cattle ranch run by Colonel Ronnie Critchley and his wife Erica. In the early 1970s, the ranch was handed over to the Government of Zambia and declared a National Park in an effort to preserve its abundant wildlife for future generations. The National Park was gazetted on 16th February 1973 under Statutory Instrument No. 38 with the principle aim of protecting the natural resources of the area.

This General Management Plan (GMP) represents a plan of action for the management, use and development of Blue Lagoon National Park. It reflects the Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) and its partners’ determination to preserve the nation’s biodiversity and natural heritage, whilst providing investment opportunities through responsible tourism development. It has been developed to provide the management and development philosophy of the National Park. The plan offers an important framework for addressing management problems related to resource protection and management, tourism development, cultural resources management, and sustainable use of wildlife resources.

1.2 LOCATION, SIZE AND ACCESSIBILITY

1.2.1 Location

The Blue Lagoon National Park is located on the northern bank of the Kafue River between 27 15’ 00” and 27 30’ 56” East and 15 15’ 83” and 15 30” 82” South (Figure 1). It forms part of the Kafue Flats, which is an extensive floodplain of the Kafue River System. The floodplain is situated between the Itezhi-tezhi and Kafue Gorges. The area has two National Parks (Blue Lagoon and Lochinvar) and a Game Management Area (Kafue Flats, which is divided into the North and South Banks). The central part of the Kafue Flats is a down-faulted trough forming part of the East Africa Rift system.

1.2.2 Size

The Blue Lagoon National Park is one of the smallest National Parks in Zambia. It covers an area of about 450 km2 hectares, which represents about 8.7% of the total area (5,175km2) of the Kafue Flats.

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Figure 1. Location of Blue Lagoon National Park

1.2.3 Accessibility

The Blue Lagoon National Park is accessible by both road and air. It is the nearest (about 119 km) National Park to Lusaka the capital city of Zambia (figure 2). Accessibility by road is by one main district road (RD 183) that crosses the northern tip of the National Park. This road leads to Mumbwa in the Western direction and to Lusaka in the Eastern direction.

1.3 PARK ADMINISTRATION

The Blue Lagoon National Park is managed through the Kafue Flats Area Management Unit in line with the ZAWA Administrative Structure. An Area Warden stationed at the Area Management Unit Headquarters in Monze District of the Southern Province of

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Zambia administers the Kafue Flats Unit. A Park Ranger stationed at the Park Headquarters oversees the day-to-day operations and management of the National Park. The National Park has nine outposts, out of which four are currently closed. The Park Headquarters having the highest number (21) on comparison amongst the outposts.

Figure 2. Access to Blue Lagoon National Park

1.4 TOURISM

The Blue Lagoon National Park, because of its strategic location from Lusaka, has potential to generate a high tourism turnover, especially for day visitors. However, due to inadequate and poor state of the access roads to the Park; inadequate visitor overnight accommodation facilities, lack of an interpretative programme, this potential has not been realised (figure 3). Most of tourist activities are currently concentrated around Nakenda House and the causeway. A number of land and water based recreational activities such as bird watching and canoeing have not been developed.

In attempt to develop visitor overnight accommodation facilities two Tourism Concession Agreements have been issued for Nakenda House and Shamikobo. The Nakenda main house will be renovated and additional chalets built to increase the bed capacity while a 12- bed camp will be constructed at Shamikobo. The airstrip, causeway and existing loop roads will be rehabilitated to improve air access to the park and extend the tourism season.

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Figure 3. Facilities of Blue Lagoon National Park

1.5 OTHER LAND USES

Agriculture is the main economic activity for the people living in the surrounding areas of Blue Lagoon National Park. Most agricultural activities are pursued on a small to medium scale, with maize, sunflower, cotton being the most commonly grown crops. Agricultural mechanisation is relatively low, with most farmers using hand-tools and oxen for ploughing. Those who do not own oxen either borrow for free or hire at a fee from their neighbours. Fertiliser application and use of modern seeds (hybrid) is also common among farmers. Maize is grown both as a subsistence and cash crop. It is usually the surplus output that is sold for cash to maize merchants and indeed to local villagers. Cotton, which is also a cash crop, is often grown side-by side with maize. Pastoralism and fishing are also key economic activities.

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CHAPTER TWO

BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL RESOURCES

2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.1.1 Climate

The Kafue Flats experiences three main types of seasons: wet season, cool dry season, and hot dry season. The wet season is from November to March with an average annual rainfall of between 700 mm and 800 mm (table 1). The rainfall trends have been on the decline in the last two decades whilst the temperatures have been increasing. The mean annual temperature is 20.6C. The total evaporation is about 2032 mm per annum.

Table 1. Monthly Rainfall (mm) for Blue Lagoon Station from 1969 – 1975 (Handlos, 1982)

Season Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Total 69-70 --- 33.5 41.1 414.5 93.7 54.4 20.3 8.9 --- 666.5 70-71 1.3 4.3 157.2 171.2 182.1 106.1 52.1 55.6 --- 730.8 71-72 0.5 2.5 140.0 172.0 358.7 116.6 168.1 26.9 --- 985.3 72-73 14.2 24.6 17.3 68.6 162.8 221.0 12.9 1.8 --- 532.2 73-74 7.6 21.3 74.2 279.9 199.1 554.1 34.8 6.1 44.7 1211.8 74-75 --- 1 155.2 531.4 245.1 218.9 49.5 11.9 --- 1212.0 Mean 5.9 13.2 96.2 210.7 206.4 216.7 62.0 20.4 44.7 889.0

2.1.2 Geology and Soils

The geology of the Kafue Flats represents one of the ancient landmasses of the African continent. It was formed over time through gentle tectonic forces, which led to a gradual uplift and subsidence, giving way to a gentle undulating landscape of “swells and depressions”. The underlying rock materials over much of the area are the complex Katanga sediments of the Upper Pre-Cambrian age (700 million years ago). Most of the Kafue Flats is carpeted by a layer of recent alluvium dating back to the Tertiary, and underlined with grits, shales and sandstones of the Karoo formation. The swelling and contraction of vertisols with montmorillonitic particles give rise to gilgais, small-scale ridges.

Rainfall has a profound effect on the soils of the Kafue Flats. There tends to be a transition between the soil structures depending on the local relief and the substrate or parent material. The peripheral soils are largely clays and loams. The central part of the Kafue Flats consists of clay soils of a dark black colour. Since the Kafue Flats are often flooded, these clay soils are rich in carbon and capable of holding large quantities of water, as they are impervious and poorly drained. Upon drying, they are subject to shrinking and cracking, giving a reticulate pattern to the soil surface. The cracks vary in width and depth but may be several centimetres in width and metres or more deep. The black cotton soil may also give rise to the creation of micro-relief called “gilgais”. This is attributed to the

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uneven expansion pressures built up in this particular type of soil. The relief varies from ten to sixty centimetres or more.

As the relief develops due to the meandering of the main river channel, drainage lines associated with a high activity of termites are created across the flood plain. The termitaria zone is above the level of prolonged flooding where tree growth is restricted. Large termitaria develop due to the activity of Odontotermes sp. and reach a height of well over two metres. Generally, the heavy black cotton soil characterises the physical and chemical composition of the montmorillonitic clays. Apart from being soil swelling and cracking, these clay soils are acidic and rich in organic matter. Seasonal flooding and drying also exposes the solid surface to ferolysis.

2.1.3 Topography and Hydrology

The relief is generally flat ranging from 950 m to 1000 m above sea level. The floodplain is situated from 975m to 981m above sea level, whilst the swampy areas are located from 950m to 975m above sea level (figure 2.1). The water from the runoff and the Kafue River channels inundate the floodplain and swampy areas each year. The water table remains high during the dry season.

There is a tendency for the water on the Kafue Flats to backup, thereby causing flooding. This has been largely attributed to the water from the direct rainfall onto the Kafue Flats, inflow from tributary streams, and the overflow of the Kafue River due to the constriction of the Kafue gorge. Floods normally begin to rise with the onset of the rains in mid November.

The Kafue Flats is an anatomised fluvial system formed largely by downstream control and the existence of stable channels governed by sedimentation activities under excessive upstream supply of coarse bed-load. It was formed as a consequence of tectonic movements along the Mwembeshi dislocation zone. Discharge measurements on the Kafue Flats between the upstream (Hook Bridge) and downstream (Kasaka) impoundments vary by about three times, with the upstream being smaller on account of its catchment size.

The two hydroelectric dams that were constructed upstream and down stream of the Kafue Flats are fed by three sources of water: direct rainfall, flows from tributaries, and overspill from the Kafue River. Starting in December, local and tributary flows cause extensive flooding. Later floodwaters from the catchment above the Flats arrive at Itezhi-tezhi with an increasing volume of suspended sediment ranging between 49.6 and 1,303.9 tones per month. This results in the Kafue River overflowing its banks thereby causing additional flooding. Maximum flooding on the western end of the floodplain is attained in February or March and as late as April or May. The timing and duration of the flooding varies from year-to-year.

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2.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.2.1 Flora

There have been attempts to describe the vegetation of the Kafue Flats. However, there hasn’t been a detailed vegetation study for the area. Broadly, the vegetation of the Kafue Flats is designated into three main vegetation communities: floodplain, termitaria and woodland. These types occur in parallel bands as influenced by the altitude above the flood level.

Figure 4. Floristic map of Blue Lagoon National Park

2.2.1.1 Floodplain

The floodplain occurs in areas of low elevation of between 975 m and 981m above sea level. It is normally flooded each year and its water table remains high during the dry season. It is subjected to prolonged flooding by the water from the Kafue River. The depth

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of the water can reach a maximum of 5 meters. Most of the herbs and grasses are aquatic and semi-aquatic plants rooted in submerged soils. However, they can grow tall enough to keep pace with the rising floodwater.

In the deep waters the dominant plant species include Nympaea spp., Vossia cuspidate, Ecchnochloa pyramidalis, Echinocloa stinina, Oryza longistaminata, Phragmites mauritianus and Aeschynomene fluitans. In the shallow waters the dominant plant species include Sorghum verticiliflorum, Acroceras macrum, Leersia denutata, Sacciolepsis african, Paspolidium platyrrhachus and Vetiveria nigritana. In other areas, the dominant plant species include Polygonum senaglensis, Typha domingensis and Nymphiodes spp. By the time the water begins to recede, the plants start to flower, the fruits begin to mature and the spent vegetation commence to collapse, the floodplain will also have begun to dry thereby forming an extensive mat on the ground. The drying areas largely consist of herbs, which include Ambrosta maritina, Hibiscus triomum, Heliotropium baclei and Nidorella auricalata.

The areas of the floodplain lying at the lowest elevations are subject to seasonal inundation. In some areas, this can go on for several months in a year. Because of the low gradients and the generally impervious nature of the soil, the local rainfall – if heavy – will cause the flooding to begin in November or December. The run-off water from the local rainfall raise the water level, and in some cases this may lead to the flooding of an ever-greater area from January up to March. With normal rainy conditions, the waters will slowly cover the Flats and by the end of the rainy season – somewhere around March or April – much of the area maybe submerged. Most of the aquatic and semi-aquatic plants grow well under such conditions. Aquatic grasses and sedges are common along the flood plain. On the high flood level, the characteristic species are Vetiveria nigritana, Setaria sphacelata, and S. avettae. Rice grass (Oryza berthii) is common in the deeper waters.

The levees and lagoons occur along existing and abandoned river channels. They are dominated by grass species such as Echinocloa spp., Vossia cuspidate, Sorghum verticilliforu and Phragmites mauritianus. Some tree species found on the levees include Fardherbia albida and Borassus aethiopum. In the Lagoons the dominant plant species include Nymphaea lotus, Nymphaea caerulea,Oryza spp and Aeschnomene fluitans.

2.2.1.2 Termitaria

The termitaria band occurs at elevations of between 981m and 991m above sea level. They are frequently flooded due to local rains, water from upstream and run-off water. In poor drained soils along the edge of the floodplain, the Cubiterme spp are active and form small grey mounds, which are devoid of vegetation. On high flood line of the floodplain, the Odontotermes spp become active as the only major builders and build large mounds from subsoil. Tree and shrubs grow on large termite mounds giving rise to the name “bush-group grassland as another name for termitaria zone.

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Dominant tree species include Euphorbia ingens, Azanza garckeana, Diospyros mespiliformis, Albizia harveyi, Albizia tanganyicensis, Lonchocarpus capassa, Commiphora edulis and Capparis tomentosa. Dominant grass species include Sporobolus ioclados, Brachiaria zanthleuca and Setaria spp. Herbs are also found interspersed in some areas where some of the aquatic plants of the floodplains are found.

2.2.1.3 Woodland

A variety of woodland types occur mostly over 1000 meters above sea level. These include the Munga and Mopane woodlands. The Munga woodland is dominated by Acacia polyacantha, Acacia gerradii, Acacia seyal, Acacia sieberana, and Acacia nilotica, interspersed with commiphorra spp, combretum spp. and Albizia spp. The dominant tree species in Mopane woodland are Colophospermum mopane interspersed with Adansonia digitata, Eurthobia ingens and Balanites aegyptiaca. Delbergia melanoxylan is dominant in hardpan clays. In the woodlands the dominant grass species include Hyparrhenia spp., Andropogon spp., Eragrostis spp, Setaria spp. and panicum spp., with Echinochloa spp occurring in impervious solid soils having poor drainage.

2.2.2 Fauna

2.2.2.1 Mammals

Generally the wetland habitat of Blue Lagoon National Park has a carrying capacity of animals much higher than the current population levels, despite some hydrological alterations. The animal populations are subjected to a lot of human induced factors especially illegal hunting.

Several species of mammals (see Appendix 1) are known to occur in the National Park. Historically about 20 species of large mammals existed on the Kafue Flats. Over 40% of these species are now extinct. The Kafue lechwe is the most dominant and important species in terms of numbers. Predators such as lion, leopard and wild dog were hunted out in the 1950s and 60s because they threatened the existence of livestock populations in the area.

The area still has a good number of herds of zebra and buffalo, whilst hippo can be found around the Luwato Lagoon. Oribi, bush pig, bushbuck reedbuck may still occur in the termitaria and woodland zones.

2.2.2.2 Birds

Many water birds seen in Lochinvar National Park may also be found in Blue Lagoon National Park. These include the crowned and wattled crane (because of its conservation status, the crane played a pivotal role in declaring the Kafue Flats a RAMSAR Site), saddle billed stock, African jacana, glossy ibis, spur winged goose and Egyptian goose. The Chaplin’s barbet, an endemic species, can easily be seen on fig trees. See Appendix 3 for a checklist of the common birds found on the Kafue Flats.

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2.2.2.3 Reptiles

More than 50 species of reptiles are known or probably known to occur but of special interest to the area – and may be for tourism purposes – are regular sights of water monitor and pythons. Unless otherwise, you cannot drive on the cause way without seeing a python and a lot of water monitors.

2.2.2.4 Fish

The Kafue Flats are one of the most important and productive fisheries in Zambia. Particularly, it is a vital source of fish supply for Lusaka. In the 1990s, the average annual yield from this fishery was about 7,000 metric tones. The checklist of indigenous fish species in the Kafue river system is in Appendix 4.

2.2.3 Population Status and Distribution of the Kafue Lechwe

The Kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis) is endemic to the Kafue Flats. Its population has been dynamically reducing over the past 70 years (Appendix 2). Before the 1980s, it was estimated to be in the order of 100,000, subdivided into three major subpopulations; the first centred around Blue lagoon National Park, the second around Lochinvar National Park, and the third around Muwezwa area west of Blue Lagoon. Early studies indicate that the animals were numerous and widely distributed over the Kafue Flats. More recent census records suggest a large population decline since the early 1980s, followed by minor recovery periods. Fluctuations have been attributed to alterations in the flood regime (31% of the lechwe habitat has been lost as a result of this), nutritional stress, and reproductive failure due to disturbance of leks, tuberculosis and illegal hunting. The present size of the Kafue lechwe is estimated to be around 40,000. About half of this is on the north bank and uses Blue Lagoon National Park for its range requirements during some portion of the year. It seems that the population has remained at this low level since 1982 and fluctuates around this figure.

The present carrying capacity of about 100,000 lechwe can give a maximum sustained yield of 7,000 lechwe per annum. From the current population of 40,000 lechwe, 2% or less is lost through a combination of license hunting and culling per year, and 8% is lost through poaching. It is therefore possible for the lechwe population to grow by an equivalent of at least 8% per annum if poaching were to be controlled on the Kafue Flats.

2.3 CULTURAL RESOURCES

The surrounding GMA, contiguous to the Blue Lagoon National Park is located in the Muwezwa and Shakumbila Chiefdoms. Within these chiefdoms, there are small villages that are lead by headmen. The local communities are ethnically diverse and predominantly an agricultural and pastoral society. Agriculture is on both commercial and subsistence basis. A study conducted prior to the development of this management plan revealed a number of important archaeological, historical and cultural sites (figure 2.2).

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2.3.1 Shamikobo Late Stone Age Site

The hunter-gatherers of the Late Stone Age used this site. Evident on the site are some old engraved holes on a rock. These holes are reminiscent to a contemporary game locally known as Nsolo.

2.3.2 Munezya Cave Site

The Late Stone Age hunters once occupied this cave. In front of the cave is a shape of a bowl engraved on a rock, possibly used as a container for water. This is probably the second cave to be registered in the area with a potential of being a National Monument. This cave may lead to an understanding of the nature of the resource utilization practiced by the Late Stone Age inhabitants of the National Park.

2.3.3 Nakenda House

This was a homestead for Ronnie and Erica Critchley, who were once the President and Secretary of the Wildlife Conservation Society respectively. The house was built in 1915 and its architecture is protected under National Heritage Act.

2.3.4 Causeway

Erica and Ronnie built the causeway to provide for good game viewing during floods. It gives access onto the floodplains during floods when it is not possible to use motor vehicles. When Erica died in 1976 the President of Zambia Dr. Kenneth Kaunda had inscriptions done on the causeway in recognition for her work in Zambia.

2.3.5 Military Structures

The military structures are found just at the beginning of the causeway. The Zambia Army used them during their training sessions. This goes to show the type of non-conservation activities the National Park has been subjected to since its inception.

2.3.6 Namatombwa Iron Age Site

This is also a Late Stone Age settlement located about 5 meters from the quarry site at the former Namatombwa School.

2.3.7 Kumulombwa Nvula Shrine

This shrine is locally referred to a malende. It is here where the annual Ila ceremony known as Ikubi lya longo ends. It is believed that a girl disappeared here when she and others were playing a game called Matoombwa.

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2.3.8 Kabombwe Shrine

Kabombwe Shrine is a burial site where Chief Shakumbila Kabombwe was buried in 1930. It is littered with burial artefact such as clay pots, hoes, plough handles, dishes, plough wheel, toolbox, Mphande shells, cup, cow bells, bangles, elephant tusk and basins. A gun belonging to the late Chief was also among these artefacts but was stolen.

2.3.9 Shakumbila Shrine

This is a site where the house for the former Chief Shakumbila was located. Next to it is a burial site for Shachilondwe, who was a son of the former Chief Shakubila.

2.3.10 Mwambula Shrine

This is a burial site for Chief Shakumbila Enock Mwambula.

2.3.11 Village Shrine

This is a site where the Ila ceremony starts. It is located within Senior Headman Shakumbila’s village.

Figure 5. Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Sites of Blue Lagoon National Park and surrounding areas

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CHAPTER THREE

PARK PURPOSE, EXCEPTIONAL RESOURCE VALUES AND SIGNIFICANCE

3.1 PARK PURPOSE

A park purpose generally defines the role of a National Park in the broader regional/ecosystem context. Ideally, it evolves over time as the conditions and values change and/or new information becomes available. It describes the reasons an area of land was set aside and established as a National Park. As such, a park purpose is important in providing a framework within which all decisions and actions related to a particular National Park are to be made and taken. Importantly, it sets the parameters in which an area should be managed and used, and provides the standards and rationale against which best practices can be tested.

It is against this understanding that the park purpose for Blue Lagoon National Park was developed as follows:-

The Blue Lagoon National Park is there to provide for the protection and conservation of the endemic Kafue lechwe, the diverse bird life, and the wetland eco-system for economic, recreational, educational and scientific purposes.

3.2 EXCEPTIONAL RESOURCES AND VALUES

Exceptional resources and values are those attributes that are part of the special character of a National Park and its surrounding areas. They are normally outstanding examples of resources and values for which an area was declared as a National Park. Hence, such resources and values are to be protected and preserved in order to accomplish the park purpose and significance.

3.2.1 Criteria for Selecting Exceptional Resources and Values

Since exceptional resources and values are components of a particular landscape and associated cultures, which must be sustained to maintain the significance of a National Park, it is crucial that information is made available about the criteria for selecting exceptional resources and values. Accordingly, the planning team that developed this plan established the following criteria:- a) Outstanding examples of natural, geologic, scenic, recreational values, ecological processes, flora and fauna within the area; b) Habitat critical for the continued survival of natural ecological processes, or threatened and endangered species; c) Habitat and resources that are usually sensitive to human use and activities; d) Known archaeological or cultural sites that reflect human evolutionary processes and contemporary cultural values; and e) Populations of rare, sensitive, endemic, threatened, and or endangered plants and animals both on land and in water.

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The rationale of identifying exceptional resources and values of a protected area for management attention is to ensure that limited resources are effectively and efficiently utilized by directing management strategies where they would lead to the achievement of desirable resultants.

The following exceptional resources and values were identified for Blue Lagoon National Park.

1. High Densities of the Endemic Kafue Lechwe

The Blue Lagoon National Park is endowed with a large concentration of the Kafue lechwe, which is a subspecies endemic to Zambia, and the Kafue Flats in particular. The illegal hunting of the Kafue lechwe on the Kafue Flats has in the recent past increased to very alarming levels. In the early 1980s, the population of these endemic animal sub- species reduced to about 40,000 from an historical population of over 100,000 in 1976.

2. High Diversities of Resident and Migrant Waterfowl

The Blue Lagoon National Park is well known for its high diversity of bird-life. It also serves as an important habitat for Palaearctic migrants.

3. Kafue Flats as a Wetland of International Importance (RAMSAR SITE)

The Blue Lagoon National Park, being part of the Kafue Flats, falls under a Ramsar site. In 1991, the Government of Zambia ratified the Ramsar Convention, through which the Kafue Flats became an area designated as a wetland of international importance. The convention has enabled the National Park to gain international attention, allowing for easy access to international investment opportunities.

4. The Presence of the Endangered Wattled Crane and Zambia’s Endemic Charplin Barbet Birds

The Blue Lagoon National Park has the highest number of the endangered wattled crane in Africa. The bird is feared to be extinct in many parts of the world. This has attracted many researchers and ordinary tourists to the National Park. The combination of wetland and wetland habitats offer a unique habitat for many resident and migratory birds.

5. The Causeway and Viewing Tower

The causeway commences at the end of Lechwe road. It follows south-westerly direction for 3kms and then turns due south and for another 1.8kms ending close to Luwato Lagoon. It was constructed in order to provide access onto the floodplain during the flood period when it is not accessible to motor vehicles. It has an embankment of 3m high and about 4m wide at the top. The side slopes are about 1.3m high and have minor erosion gullies. There is a turning circle at the southern terminal and some lay bye to allow parking or turning

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manoeuvres and a viewing tower. The causeway currently requires maintenance. The predominant Termite Mounds are homes for pythons and monitor lizard, which are a common site now.

6. The Historical, Cultural and Scenic Sites

The National Park has a number of historical, cultural and scenic sites. These include among others, Shamikobo Late Stone Age Site, Munezya Caves, Nakenda House, Causeway, Military structures, Namatombwa Iron Age Site, and a number of shrines such as the Kumulombwa Nvula, Kabombwe, Village, Shakumbila, and Mwambula.

7. The Presence of Pythons and Monitor Lizards in Large Numbers on the Causeway

The existence of termite moulds on the causeway provides a good environment for monitor lizards and python. Python and monitor lizards are commonly sighted along the causeway.

7. Presence of Lagoons as Breeding Sites of Fish

The Blue Lagoon National Park is important for its lagoons, which serve as breeding sites for fish. When the floods have rescinded, sufficient water collects in the lagoons. These lagoons are eventually used as breeding sites by fish. The lagoons thus provide very good spots for spot or angling fishing activities. For the purpose of the conservation efforts in place, however no fishing will be conducted in the part of the lagoon located in the park.

3.3 PARK SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTS

A park significance statement describes why a National Park and its resources are important. Fundamentally, it places the National Park within a broader context – national, regional, international – and explains how the area compares with other similar areas. It goes as far as identifying those resources and values that must be preserved to accomplish the park purpose and integrity. By so doing, it defines why these resources and values contribute to the purpose of the area. It does so by using qualifying statements to put these resources and values within the context of national, regional and international importance

Accordingly, the park significance statements of Blue Lagoon National Park are: - a) It is the closest National Park to Lusaka and the international airport; b) It serves as an important habitat for Palaearctic migrant birds and the endemic Kafue Lechwe; c) It embodies wetlands of local, national and international importance; d) It has a large population of Kafue Lechwe and water fowl which can be viewed through out the year; e) Its products and resources can easily be accessed by visitors due to its flat landscape during the dry season; f) It has a spectacular view of a lagoon; g) It is a National Park with a high python and monitor lizard concentration in one location that can easily be accessed by visitors; and h) It contains critical habitats that support the endemic Kafue lechwe and endangered wattled crane.

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CHAPTER FOUR

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS, CONCERNS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

4.1 OVERVIEW

Management concerns and issues can essentially be regarded as barriers to the accomplishment of management objectives. They may prevent management from reaching the desired future conditions or state. Normally, an analysis of the baseline information collected can be used to identify through a participatory planning process the concerns and issues that a particular National Park is facing. Using the available information at the time of the planning process, an interdisciplinary and interactive reconnaissance approach was used to identify the following management concerns and issues for Blue Lagoon National Park.

4.2 OVER EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

The Blue Lagoon National Park experiences a substantial number of cases of illegal use of natural resources. Like most National Parks in Zambia, Blue Lagoon is under pressure from both commercial and subsistence poaching. This is generally attributed to its close proximity to urban centres such as Lusaka, Mazabuka, Kafue and Mumbwa. The animal species mostly affected by these illegal activities include Kafue lechwe and other antelope species found in the National Park.

The anti poaching efforts in Blue Lagoon National Park have not been effective for a number of reasons including inadequate human and financial resources, and managerial ineptitude. The National Park has only one vehicle for its operations, and an average of 3 scouts per camp that cannot even conduct effective patrols at any given time.

4.3 INEFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS

4.3.1 General Problems, Concerns, Issues and Challenges

The following general concerns and issues related to the management operations of Blue Lagoon National Park were identified:- a) Inadequate funding; b) Fragmented and uncoordinated legal and policy frameworks; c) Lack of logistics that include transport, equipment and field materials such as two way radios, transport, camping gear, GPS maps, and campus sets; d) Poor housing for staff; e) Low morale among the staff; f) Lack of in-service training especially for junior staff; g) Inadequate social amenities for staff; h) Poor road quality and network; i) Unclear boundary demarcation, and; j) Inappropriate location of outposts.

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4.3.2 Insufficient Manpower

The transformation of the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Services into the ZAWA resulted in Blue Lagoon National Park having very few patrol officers. There are currently 21 officers, most of whom have only basic paramilitary training. There is an average of one officer at each outpost, which is far less adequate for effective patrols. One patrol on average requires a minimum of six officers.

4.4 INADEQUATE VISITOR FACILITIES

4.4.1 Poor Tourism Facilities and Infrastructure

The Blue Lagoon National Park has inadequate and poor tourism facilities and infrastructure in terms of its access roads / management roads, tourist overnight accommodation facilities and support services. This situation has adversely affected the management operations and tourism of the National Park. Most of the tourist activities are concentrated around Nakenda House and the causeway. The National Park also lacks information and interpretative facilities and materials. Most visitors to the Park are day visitors who drive on their own without tour guides. This has led to some visitors misusing some of the Park facilities. There is a lot of off road driving in the National Park because of the absence of road signs, guidebooks, maps and brochures.

4.4.2 Littering

Absence of camping or picnic sites in the National Park has lead to visitors camping in undesignated areas. In these areas visitors just litter because there are no designated places where litter can be disposed of for collection out of the Park. This has been compounded by the non-availability of tourist information in form of signs and brochures, which would guide visitors as regards to the rules of the Park. At the entrance gate there is no information on how litter should be handled by visitors whilst in the Park. Cattle herders are also responsible for some of the littering as they pass through the Park taking their animals for grazing.

4.5 UNCONTROLLED MOVEMENTS

Blue Lagoon National Park has been experiencing uncontrolled movements by local communities, who are mostly pastoralists keeping cattle and goats. These communities take their livestock to flood plains where there is good pasture for animals. The flood plains are largely in the Game Management Area on the southern end of the National Park. Because the villages are on the northern end of the Park, which is less flooded, the community members pass through the National Park to take their animals for grazing. This has been their tradition since time immemorial. Local agreements between the Park authorities and local communities allowing local people to pass through the Park have been abused over the years. This has resulted in conflicts between the local communities and ZAWA. Fishermen have also been a source of concern as they pass through the National Park to go and fish in the lagoons on the other side of the Park. When passing through the Park they engage in illegal activities such as poaching and illegal fishing, and disturb animals and birds in the lagoons as they fish.

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CHAPTER FIVE

MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

5.1 OVERVIEW

Management objectives describe the desired future conditions for the area and form important targets for guiding and evaluating all the management actions to be implemented under this plan. The desired future conditions are important to guide the accomplishment of the park purpose, for the maintenance of the park significance, and the protection of the identified exceptional resources and values. This chapter presents the management objectives of Blue Lagoon National Park and the adjacent Game Management Area.

5.2 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Natural resource management is a significant aspect of protected area management. It includes several components that relate to water, soils, wildlife and landscape. The conservation of these components is one of the most important reasons that prompted the establishment of a National Park. The following objectives are set to improve the natural resource management of Blue Lagoon National:- a) To protect and maintain the indigenous diversity of indigenous species of flora and fauna, including the control of invasive alien species; b) To ensure that the endemic population of Kafue lechwe reaches and is maintained at an ecological carrying capacity; c) To establish sustainable utilisation programmes for the natural resources in the adjacent Game Management Area; d) To protect the threatened population of wattled crane; and e) To ensure that there is good quality water for human and wildlife use;

5.3 PARK OPERATIONS

The general management operations of Blue Lagoon National Park are central to the achievement of the park purpose. Significantly, the availability of adequate human, material and financial resources is necessary for proper operations of management, research and monitoring activities in Blue Lagoon National Park. The following objectives were formulated to ensure effective park operations: a) To improve funding levels for the operations of the National Park; b) To attain an adequate number of staff for efficient park operations; c) To develop measures aimed at producing well-motivated staff; and d) To ensure that there is adequate accommodation and equipment.

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5.4 TOURISM MANAGEMENT

Improvement of visitor facilities, road infrastructure and enhanced visitor experience are critical to the promotion of tourism in the park. Blue Lagoon National Park has the potential for tourism development, and therefore it should be carefully planned to realise sustainable benefits. The following objectives were set to improve tourism management:- a) To develop sustainable tourism to an extent that it significantly contributes to the national and local economies; b) To put in place adequate road infrastructure to facilitate tourism development; c) To facilitate the development of visitor overnight accommodation facilities; d) To develop and maintain a comprehensive interpretation programme; e) To improve the marketing and publicity of the National Park; f) To improve the revenue collection and pricing systems; and g) To ensure the provision of interpretative materials and professional tour guiding services.

5.5.1 COMMUNITY-BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

It is now generally accepted that effective protected area management incorporates approaches that promote the participation of local communities. Therefore, the management efforts of Blue Lagoon National Park should take into account the needs and aspirations of local communities by including them in decision-making processes. The following objectives were set to improve local community participation:- a) To promote effective partnerships between ZAWA and local communities relating to movements in the National Park, grazing, fishing, settlements (encroachment), fire, deforestation and grass cutting for thatching; b) To provide community-based education and awareness regarding the conservation of natural resources; c) To provide tangible benefits accrued from the sustainable use of natural resources to the local communities; and d) To involve local communities as co-managers for the sustainable use of natural resources.

5.6 CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

The Blue Lagoon National has a number of cultural sites of symbolic, religious and traditional importance. Appropriate measures need to be taken to ensure that these sites are protected and well managed. The following objectives are set to improve the cultural resource management of Blue Lagoon National Park:- a) To protect all significant cultural resources to contribute to tourism development; b) To protect and maintain cultural and historical sites, with close involvement of the local communities; and c) To establish an interpretation programme for cultural and archaeological resources.

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CHAPTER SIX

MANAGEMENT ZONE PLAN

6.1 OVERVIEW

The essence of this management zone plan is to describe what can and cannot occur in the different zones of Blue Lagoon National Park. It highlights the sensitivity of resources and prescribes appropriate forms of use needed to safeguard the integrity of the entire park. It therefore guides visitor use of the resources, resource management and ecological monitoring and general day-to-day operations for the next 10 years. If new information and other conditions warrant, the Warden-in-Charge may request that the GMP be revised with approval from the Board of Directors of ZAWA. The Department of Protected Area Planning together with the field staff of Blue Lagoon National Park can be responsible for the initiation of the planned revision.

6.2 RATIONALE FOR THE ZONING CONCEPT

The following primary considerations were taken into account prior to coming up with the management zone plan for Blue Lagoon National Park:- a) Protection of exceptional resources and values; b) Constraints imposed by the landscape, physical features and ecological determinants; c) Provision of a diverse range of appropriate levels of visitor experiences and use subject to the desired management objectives and resource limitation; and d) Strict control and limitations to ensure that there is appropriate level, type and placement of development within the Park.

6.3 LIMITS OF ACCEPTABLE USE

The GMP for Blue Lagoon National Park presents the desired future conditions as regards law enforcement, tourist use and facility development in and around the Park. This plan does not attempt to maximize on the use of resources by determining the "carrying capacity" of how much use and development the Park can tolerate. The concept of “carrying capacity” has been found to advocate for mass tourism, which is against the Zambian approach to tourism that requires low numbers of high paying tourists. Therefore, the planning effort for Blue Lagoon National Park has adopted the concept of "limits of acceptable use" (LAU) that will be determined for each zone and the entire Park. The LAU system lays primary emphasis on the conditions desired (both physical and social), rather than on the maximum amount of use and development the Park can tolerate. The zoning scheme developed for Blue Lagoon National Park, therefore, is guided by the LAU concept through defining desired future conditions, which must be achieved by implementing the different strategies in the plan.

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6.4 MANAGEMENT ZONING SCHEME

Three management zones were identified and established for Blue Lagoon National Park as Intensive Use Zone, Conservation Limited Use Zone and Protected Natural Zone. In each zone limits of acceptable use and the levels and types of use for each zone reflects the sensitivity of the landscape and natural resources of the National Park and the level of protection required in order to safeguard their integrity. The types of physical developments for each zone represent the desire of management to enhance the diversity of stakeholders’ needs and visitors’ experience. This approach seeks to promote sustainable tourism investments without compromising the efforts of protecting the natural resources of the Park.

Figure 6. Management Zones for Blue Lagoon National Park

6.4.1 Zone 1 - Intensive Use Zone

This zone comprises a major portion of the woodlands and serves as a lechwe refugee during high floods of the National Park. Its high biodiversity in terms of flora and fauna signifies its importance. The woodlands mainly consist of Acacia and Mopane communities. The grass species make a difference to the woodlands by providing areas of open woodlands closer to the floodplain. The differences in the vegetation provide a heterogeneous environment to the habitat in which different animal species are found.

The zone contains important resources that play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the National Park. It shall be managed to keep the environment as natural as possible, whilst enabling a relatively higher concentration of visitor use, park operations

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and other support facilities. However, mitigation measures will be put in place to minimise impacts associated with developments. The zone will be restricted to a relatively smaller area necessary to accommodate required park development and use. Importantly, park development facilities will be kept separate from visitor use facilities. In view of the foregoing, the key resource values that were taken into account to delineate this zone are:- a) woodlands mainly consist of Acacia and Mopane communities; b) presence of historical, cultural and scenic sites; c) wetland ness of the area; d) density of the endemic kafue lechwe in the area; e) presence of the endangered wattled crane and Zambia’s endemic barbet birds in the area; and f) diversities of the waterfowl birds in the area.

Purpose:- The main purpose of the Intensive Use Zone is to provide for Park administration, and tourist overnight accommodation, infrastructure and support services. The zone will also have a higher visitor use than the other two zones.

Access:- Access will be allowed by way of road and air.

Visitor Use and Experience

The visitor use in this zone will have the highest level of use among the three zones. The following activities (A) and facilities (F) will be permitted in terms of visitor use and experience:- a) Accommodation facilities (F) b) Up grading of the Air strip (F) c) Bird watching can be done any where bird are found but restricted along designated routes of game viewing roads, loops and during walking (A) d) Walking safaris (A) e) Game drives (A) f) Photographic safari (A) g) Picnic site (F) h) Picnicking (A) i) Camp site (F) j) Camping (A) k) Cultural centre out side the park (F)

Limits of Acceptable Use

The following will be the limits of accepted use:- a) Entry to be allowed by permits only; b) NO fishing in the park; c) NO off-road driving; d) Day game viewing to be allowed from 06:00 to 18:00 hours; e) Night game viewing to be allowed from 18:00 to not later than 22:00 hours; f) Driving speed not to exceed 40 km/hour;

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g) NO littering will be tolerated, the principal of trash in trash out shall apply; h) Non-degradable garbage to be taken out of the Park and damped at designated sites; i) NO collection of firewood shall be allowed within the park; j) 11 boreholes to be drilled as 1 at public camp site, 1 at picnic site, 1 at park headquarters, 1 each at the 2 entry gates and 6 at the 6 wildlife camps; k) Electricity to be provide at park headquarters, entrance gates and wildlife camps; l) Only 9 vehicles of tonnage between 1-5 tones shall be allowed within this zone on average per day at an estimated distance of 2 km radius while bigger tonnage vehicles shall only be allowed up to the public camp site and the entry gates; m) Only 6 outside day drives shall be allowed to drive within the park; n) Only 3 hours day drives averaging 40 km maximum shall be allowed within the park; o) groups of walking safaris with a maximum of 6 clients, 1 escort and 1 tour guide per group per day; p) 1 picnic site with capacity for 12 people at a time; q) 1 public camp site above Naleza with 16 bed capacity; r) Upgrading Shamikobo bed capacity from 8 to 16 beds; and s) Upgrading Nakeenda Lodge bed capacity from 16 to 24 beds.

Future Developments

The following future development in terms of infrastructure and facilities will be permitted:- a) Management / tourist and loop roads to reach key attraction areas; b) Safari lodges/camps; c) Bush Camps; d) Sign posts / boards with names and labels put at junctions of roads, key resource areas, loop roads sensitive plants, etc. e) Visitor / information centres f) Guest house to be at Park Headquarters; g) Main entry / exit gate to be at Namungoma and the next get to be at Nakeenda; h) Boreholes/wells i) Electricity supply system j) Water reticulation system

6.4.2 Zone 2 - Conservation Limited Use Zone

Apart from a few termitaria areas, this zone is largely composed of the floodplain, which is normally flooded each year. The zone is subjected to prolonged flooding by the water from the Kafue River. Both aquatic and semi-aquatic plants of ecological value occur in this zone. Several species of herbs and grasses can be found deeply rooted in the submerged soils of the floodplain. The isolated termitaria areas, which form an eco-tone between the woodlands and floodplain, are frequently flooded due to local rains and runoff water.

This zone will be managed to conserve the range of natural resources and ecological processes found on the floodplain of the National Park. To some limited extent, the zone shall be utilised to provide for appropriate visitor use and enjoyment in ways that do not

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adversely affect the resources and processes. Significantly, all development in the zone shall be restricted to essential facilities and activities. No developments shall be permitted in sensitive habitats and areas. In other words, the impacts of developments shall be minimised. In some instances, temporary zones shall be created where special management interventions will be required to restore natural conditions to areas disrupted by past or present human activities. The key resource values that were taken into account to delineate this zone are:- a) Termitaria areas, floodplain and prolonged flooding; b) Causeway within the area; c) Presence of pythons and monitor lizards within the area; d) Presence of historical, cultural and scenic sites; e) Presence of lagoons as breeding sites for fish; f) wetland ness of the area; g) density of the endemic kafue lechwe in the area; h) presence of the endangered wattled crane and Zambia’s endemic barbet birds in the area; and i) diversities of the waterfowl birds in the area.

Purpose:- The main purpose of the Conservation Limited Use Zone is to provide limited visit use and enjoyment in ways that do not adversely affect the natural environment.

Access:- Access will be allowed by way of road and water.

Visit Use and Experience

The zone shall have NO permanent visitor accommodation, etc facilities. The following activities (A) and facilities (F) will be permitted in terms of visitor use and experience:- a) Archaeological/historical site visitations at the Munezha stone age site (A) b) Walking safaris in the wooded area and plain areas (A) c) Game drives in the wooded area and plain areas (A) d) Bird watching in the causeway, Munezha area and around and within Luwato lagoon areas (A) e) Controlled fishing (A)

Limits of Acceptable Use

The following will be the limits of acceptable use: a) Entry to be allowed by permits only b) The size of marine engine for boats should not exceed 40 HP; c) No off-road driving; d) Day game viewing to be allowed from 06:00 to 18:00 hours; e) NO night game drives; f) Driving speed not to exceed 40 km/hour; g) No littering will be permitted; h) Non-degradable garbage to be taken out of the Park; i) No collection of firewood except for wildlife officers;

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j) Weight of trucks and vehicles for game drives not to exceed 5 tons; k) groups of walking safaris with a maximum of 6 clients, 1 escort and 1 tour guide per group per day; l) 1 tented camp at Munezha Hill with 8 bed capacity; and m) No fishing in the park.

Future Developments

a) Upgrading and maintenance of seasonal management roads along the causeway, Choma via Namatombwa road, Namucheche road and Katambo road; b) Seasonal tourist roads to be routed in the plains; and c) Seasonal fly camps for management operations to be sited in the causeway area, Shamikobo area and Namucheche area.

6.4.3 Zone 3 - Special Protection Use Zone

This zone mostly contains levees and lagoons, which occur along existing and abandoned river channels. It consists of critical habitats that support the endemic Kafue lechwe and waterfowl. These are part of the exceptional resources whose attributes and values significantly contribute to the special character of the National Park. Hence, this zone will have the least visitor use levels to enhance resource protection. The zone will be primarily managed to retain the pristine character of the Park without permanent human habitation. This will mainly be done through the provision of the highest level of protection to extremely fragile areas and resources. The key resource values that were taken into account to delineate this zone are:- a) Presence of levees and lagoons; b) wetland ness of the area; c) density of the endemic kafue lechwe in the area; d) presence of the endangered wattled crane and Zambia’s endemic barbet birds in the area; and e) diversities of the waterfowl birds in the area.

Purpose:- The main purpose of the Special Protection Zone is to retain the pristine and undisturbed character of nature so as to provide a bank of resources for the future

Access:- There shall be very limited access to this zone that will be restricted to road and water.

Visitor Use and Experience

The zone will have NO visitor accommodation, etc facilities. The following activities and facilities will be permitted in terms of visitor use and experience:- a) Research and Management operations b) Bird watching c) Strictly walking safaris

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Limits of Acceptable Use

The following will be the limits of acceptable use:- a) Entry to be allowed by permits only; b) Unless otherwise stated, all activities shall be strictly of research and management purposes for habitat monitoring, animal counts and research and management operations; c) No fishing will be allowed; d) No removal of biotic and abiotic objects.

Future Development

No future development shall be permitted under the current conditions and circumstances in this zone.

Figure 7. Blue Lagoon National Park Current Conditions

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Figure 8. Blue Lagoon National Park Future Conditions

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CHAPTER SEVEN

MANAGEMENT ACTIONS

7.1 OVERVIEW

The following proposed management actions were identified as a framework for ensuring the attainment of the management objectives for Blue Lagoon National Park as set out in Chapter Five. Each proposed management action is regarded as being part of the holistic management plan, and as such, no single management action is able to guarantee the fulfilment of the management objectives. The management actions will guide the preparation of the annual operations plans and budgets. Thus, they will be used to shape the day-to-day management decisions of the park authorities by providing an operational model for improved park management.

Given that the management of wildlife-protected areas is often conducted under great uncertainty regarding future conditions, it is recommended that an adaptive management approach be adopted in the implementation of the management actions. Such an approach will incorporate fundamental issues of flexibility in management interventions. Importantly, the management actions will be viewed as experiments and implemented in such a manner that they provide useful information about the status and condition of the resources in the Park.

7.2 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ACTIONS

Natural resource management is essentially aimed at conserving and protecting landscapes and biological resources that are of significant value to people. The management of natural resources is a dynamic process that involves making decisions and taking management actions based on available information. There are several management concerns and issues related to the management of the natural resources of Blue Lagoon National Park. These mainly involve the illegal use of natural resources, and to some extent human encroachment. To address these problems, the following management actions will be implemented: a) Gather up-to-date baseline information on the Park’s natural resources; b) Update the inventory on fauna and flora; c) Identify and prioritise the research requirements of the Park; d) Restock and re-introduce the species that have disappeared; e) Conduct effective law enforcement activities to reduce poaching and illegal fishing to insignificant levels; f) Develop and implement policies for the Kafue Lechwe and wattled crane; g) Conduct regular counts to establish trends in animal and population numbers and distribution; h) Develop and implement an effective fire management policy; i) Establish an effective disease monitoring system; j) Remove and monitor alien plant species from the Park; k) Establish and maintain communication with ZESCO regarding the water flow;

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l) Liase on a continuous basis with ZESCO on the management of the water flow regimes on the Kafue Flats; m) Realign the road on the western part of the park: and n) Control problem animals that endanger human life and destroy crops in the GMA;

7.3 PARK OPERATION ACTIONS

Park Management shall enforce the Zambia Wildlife Act No. 12 of 1998, the Policy for National Parks and Wildlife in Zambia of 1998 in addition to other ZAWA Subsidiary Legislations and the provisions of this GMP. All park users are expected to abide by the regulations provided for the management of the park from time to time so that disturbances to the parks’ biodiversity and natural processes of ecosystems are kept as minimum as possible. Tourism management and monitoring will provide for visitor satisfaction and resource protection by maintaining the desired conditions and standards of sustaining the protection and conservation of the endemic Kafue Lechwe, the diverse bird life, and the wetland eco-system of the park. To this effect adequate human, material and financial resources are necessary for proper park operations and management, research and monitoring activities in the park.

The importance of efficient and effective park operations cannot be overemphasised. In order to achieve what has been proposed in this GMP, it will be necessary to undertake appropriate interventions and to secure sufficient management resources.

7.3.1 Transport and Equipment

In order to achieve what has been proposed in this plan, it will be necessary to secure enough transport and equipment. Table 2 shows the required quantities of transport and equipment for BLNP, which are regarded as the minimum basic requirements.

In case of the vehicles, the requirement is as follows:- a) 2 Operational 4 x 4 Vehicles for law enforcement b) 1 Tractor and a Trailer c) 1 Grader

The VHF radio communication system needs to be improved as follows:- a) Base radios for all wildlife outposts; b) Mobile radios for all operational law enforcement vehicles; and c) Handheld radios for all wildlife outposts.

For other equipment such as, GPS units and tents shall be allocated for all wildlife outposts. Firearms, particularly automatic rifles, and camping equipment except tents shall be provided for all technical staff. Details of research and office equipment are omitted in the GMP as they will be determined as required at that particular moment. However, Table 2 shows the transport and equipment requirements for BLNP.

There is need to construct an armory, instead of using residential homes as an armory. Currently the Wildlife Ranger’s house is serving as an armory, which is dangerous for the family.

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Table 2. Transport and Equipment Requirements for Blue Lagoon National Park

Item Existing No. Total No. Required Additional No. Required Vehicles Operational 4 X 4 MV 1* 4 4 Tractor & Trailer 0 1 1 Grader 0 1 1 Boats Speed Boat + Engine 0 1 1 Banana Boat + Engine 1 3 2 Rubber Boat + Engine 0 1 1 Air Boat + Engine 0 1 1 Equipments Outboard Engines 1 4 3 Electric Generator 0 1 1 Electric Water Pump 0 1 1 Battery Charger 0 1 1 Air Compressor 0 1 1 Solar Panels 0 5 5 Communications HF Radio Sets 1 1 0 VHF Base Stations 5 5 0 VHF Mobile 0 2 2 VHF Hand Held 9 9 0 Fire Arms Automatic Rifle 23 30 7 Semi-Automatic Rifles 4 4 0 Sport Rifles 2 2 0 Shotguns 1 1 0 Pistol 0 2 2 Camping Equipment Tents 10 15 5 Camping Beds 0 30 30 Sleeping Bags 0 30 30 Rug Sacks 0 30 30 Water Bottles 0 30 30 Computers Desktop Computer 0 2 2 Printer 0 2 2 Photocopier 0 1 1 GPS Unit 4 10 6 Weather Screen 0 1 1 Rain Gauge 0 1 1 Research Equipment Equipment As Required As Required As Required Office Equipments Chairs 5# 9 9 Tables 3# 5 5 Filling Cabinet 3# 2 2 Office File Tray 0 10 10

*The existing vehicle is in most times off the road and it may be regarded as non-existing.

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# All these furnitures need to be replaced as they are in deplorable state.

7.3.2 Staff Requirements

The implementation of every activity requires the availability of manpower. The proposed staff requirement take into account the staff strength proposed for the park under the reorganized ZAWA, particularly for the field staff. For proper park management 30 staff requirements are needed and distributed through out the different sectors of the park as listed in Table 5 below. The number of Wildlife Rangers required is one and Wildlife Police Officers is 10 such that there is need for 1 WPO / 50 km2 and BLNP is approximately 450 km2. The number of drivers required would be 2 deployed for the two operational vehicles for Park Management.

Table 3. Staff Requirements for Blue Lagoon National Park Management

Post Total No. of Staff Required Wildlife Ranger 1 Wildlife Police Officers 30 Drivers 2 Mechanics 1 Typist 1 Office Orderly 1 Total 36

The following management actions are aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the Park operations:- a. Secure sufficient transport and necessary equipment for efficient park operations; b. Redesign management infrastructure to ensure a balance between conservation and staff well being; c. Develop training programmes for staff; d. Provide social amenities to staff; e. Develop measures aimed at optimising revenue generation for the Park; f. Mark and clear the existing park boundary; g. Develop a waste management programme; and h. Promote effective cooperation between ZAWA, private investors, non-governmental organisations, and other stakeholders.

7.4 TOURISM MANAGEMENT ACTIONS

Tourism is indeed one of the fastest growing industries in Zambia. It is increasingly being recognised as one of the major vehicles for the enhancement of both conservation and poverty alleviation efforts. It is expected to serve as a tool to advance the Park’s objectives and to offer sustainable opportunities for both the local and national economies. It is also expected to make the Park generate revenue to sustain its management processes. The following management activities will be implemented to improve tourism management:- a) Develop minimum standards for visitor facilities and services;

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b) Instil measures to minimise the negative impacts of tourism on Park resources; c) Maintain the road network and quality in the Park to acceptable standards; d) Manage effectively tourism concession agreements; e) Encourage the engagement and training of professional tour guides; f) Coordinate and regulate the development of tourism facilities; g) Provide guides for non-consumptive tourism activities; h) Collect and record all information pertaining to visitations to the Park; i) Develop and maintain viewing roads and loops for tourists; j) Conduct environment impact assessments for all new developments k) Prepare and enforce rules and regulations for visitors; and l) Relocate and improve the design of the entrance gates to the National Park.

7.5 COMMUNITY-BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ACTIONS

ZAWA recognises the intrinsic strength of approaches that seek to promote the participation of local communities in natural resource management. It appreciates the active role of local communities in resource conservation and tourism development programmes. The following management actions will be undertaken to broaden, promote local community participation in planning natural resource management by:- a) Encouraging employment of local people in wildlife and tourism based activities; b) Encourage local community involvement in the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs); and c) Making information accessible to local communities for them to make informed decisions on matters related to the management and utilisation of the Park.

7.6 CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ACTIONS

This GMP recognises the fact that cultural resources are critical to the development of the National Park. It is, therefore, justifiable that these resources should be protected from either natural or artificial damages. Efforts should be put in place to ensure that interpretative opportunities are harnessed. The participation of local communities should be profoundly encouraged. The following are the management actions related to cultural resource management:- a) Develop a local cultural centre; b) Explore, mark and establish new cultural, archaeological and historical sites; c) Ensure the Twa/local traditional ceremonies and local craft enterprises to contribute to tourism development; and d) Provide an interpretative programme for cultural resources.

7.7 MANAGEMENT ZONE DEVELOPMENT ACTIONS

The following management actions shall be required in order to protect and conserve the endemic Kafue Lechwe, the diverse bird life, and the wetland eco-system for economic, recreational, educational and scientific purposes.

a) Maintain and encourage tour operators to preserve the endemic Kafue Lechwe and diverse bird life in the respective zones; b) Ensure maintenance of the wetland eco-system;

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c) Implement Park regulations; d) Advertise proposed tourism development vacant sites; e) Develop Game viewing loops; f) Develop camping and picnic sites; g) Upgrade and maintain Management Roads and Airstrip; h) Maintain park boundary and fire breaks; i) Develop and maintain interpretative signs and labels; and j) Train staff in sustainable tourism development.

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CHAPTER EIGHT

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS

8.1 OVERVIEW

This Chapter provides a narrative description of the strategic environmental assessment of the General Management Plan. It provides a formalised approach for dealing with the environmental impacts of the Plan with a view to providing enough information to enable management make informed decisions on the environmental consequences of developmental proposals. All developments to be implemented through this Plan are expected to have environmental impacts. These impacts need to be assessed in order to ensure that developmental projects are consistent with the objectives of the General Management Plan. The information generated through assessments will ensure that proposed mitigation measures are incorporated into initial project designs.

8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

All kinds of developmental projects taking place in Blue Lagoon National Park will be subjected to Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). Depending on their nature and magnitude, the implementation of projects will require the preparation of Environmental Project Briefs (EPBs), Environmental Impact Statements (EISs), or Wildlife Impact Assessment Reports (WIARs). The EIAs will be important for making decisions on whether particular projects should be implemented or not. They will provide for implementation and monitoring plans, which will also include mitigation measures for adverse impacts on the environment. The guidelines for conducting EIAs are stipulated in the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act of 1990 and Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Regulations of 1997.

8.3 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES

The following mitigation measures and recommendations were proposed with regard to developmental projects:

8.3.1 Mitigation Measures and Recommendations in Respect of a Safari Lodge

The following are among the proposed mitigation measures and recommendations that the developer/proponent needs to comply with during the site preparation, construction and operational phases of constructing a safari lodge. It is the responsibility of the Park Manager and developer to ensure that the proposed measures are implemented whenever a safari lodge is being constructed within the park:- a) All the construction works should be done during the normal working hours of the day to avoid or to keep noise pollution to a minimum level. Breaking of stones and mixing of cement should only be done on the project site;

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b) The total area of the site to be used for the construction of a safari lodge should not exceed 5 hectares inclusive of the essential workers compound where necessary; c) Site marking and clearing should be based on site plans approved by ZAWA in order to avoid tree cutting. The trees to be cut should not exceed 10 cm of diameter at breast height. Clearing of the site should be strictly limited to the actual areas of development and access to these areas should be restricted along the cleared parts of the site in order to minimize unwarranted destruction of the surrounding areas of the site. The proponent in conjunction with ZAWA should do the actual site marking of the area; d) Extreme care should be observed in the movement of materials, light and heavy machinery, and vehicles around the site in order to minimize the impacts on the surrounding areas of the proposed site; e) All construction materials and firewood should be brought from outside the Park; f) The proponent should as much as possible use local or community labour during construction works; g) The safari lodge site should be at least 50 m away from the water frontage of any river system; h) The ablution rooms/toilets should be constructed 61 m away from the water frontage of any river system; i) The structures of the safari lodge should blend with the surrounding environment; j) No generators should be allowed at a safari lodge in order to avoid noise pollution. However, hydro-electric and solar panel power should be used instead; k) Vegetable gardens will only be allowed with the permission of the Director General; l) Designated footpaths should be established with minimum clearance of vegetation and these should not exceed 1 m wide. Only under-growth branches should be cleared and cut; m) At least three baboon proof dust-bins with heavy lids should be mounted at strategic points of the safari lodge premises to carter for bottled and container waste, tin waste and biodegradable and burnable material wastes. Mechanisms and modalities of disposing off the above mentioned waste is the responsibility of the safari lodge Manager in consultation with the Park Manager. However, only biodegradable wastes should be disposed off within the premises of the camp site while the other non- degradable wastes such as batteries, plastics, glass, and tins should be disposed off outside the park; n) A site should be identified closer to the safari lodge premises where only bio- degradable waste should be disposed off either by burning it; o) The proponent should not at all cost introduce exotic species and domesticated animals within the premises of the safari lodge in the park; p) Leaflets guiding all tourists/clients on how to sustainably stay at the safari lodge should be produced and given to every client/tourist that comes to the lodge; and q) A detailed environmental project brief or environmental impact assessment depending on the bed capacity of the lodge should be prepared for the construction of a safari lodge within the Park as stipulated in the Zambia Wildlife Act No. 12 of 1998 and the Guidelines in the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (Statutory Instrument No. 28 of 1997) and the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EPPCA) No. 12 of 1990.

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8.3.2 Mitigation Measures and Recommendations in Respect of a Safari Bush Camp

The following are among the proposed mitigation measures and recommendations that the developer / proponent needs to comply with during the site preparation, construction and operational phases of developing a safari bush camp. It is the responsibility of the Park Manager and developer to ensure that the proposed measures are implemented whenever a safari bush camp is being developed within the Park: a) Only semi-permanent structures should be allowed for a safari bush camp; b) All the construction works should be done during the normal working hours of the day to avoid or to keep noise pollution to a minimum level. Breaking of stones and mixing of cement should only be done on the project site; c) The total area of the site to be used for the construction of a safari bush camp should not exceed 4 heactors inclusive of the workers compound; d) Site marking and clearing should be based on site plans approved by ZAWA in order to avoid tree cutting. The trees to be cut should not exceed 10 cm of diameter at breast height. Clearing of the site should be strictly limited to the actual areas of development and access to these areas should be restricted along the cleared parts of the site in order to minimize unwarranted destruction of the surrounding areas of the site. The proponent in conjunction with ZAWA should do the actual site marking of the area; e) Extreme care should be observed in the movement of materials, light and heavy machinery, and vehicles around the site in order to minimize the impacts on the surrounding areas of the proposed site; f) All construction materials and firewood should be brought from outside the Park; g) The proponent should as much as possible use local or community labour during construction works; h) The safari bush camp site should be at least 50 m away from the water frontage of any river system; i) The ablution rooms/toilets should be constructed 61 m away from the water frontage of any river system; j) The structures of the safari bush camp should blend with the surrounding environment; k) No generators should be allowed at the safari bush camp in order to avoid noise pollution. However, solar panel power should be used instead; l) No vegetable gardens should be allowed at the bush camps within the park; m) Designated footpaths should be established with minimum clearance of vegetation and these should not exceed 1 m wide. Only under growth branches should be cleared and cut; n) At least three baboon proof dustbins with heavy lids should be mounted at some communal place of the safari bush camp to carter for bottled and container waste, tins waste and biodegradable and burnable material wastes. Mechanisms and modalities of disposing off the above-mentioned wastes is the responsibility of the safari bush camp Manager in consultation with the Park Manager. However, only biodegradable wastes should be disposed off within the premises of the camp site while the other non- degradable wastes such as batteries, plastics, glass, and tins should be disposed off outside the Park; o) A site should be identified closer to the safari bush camp where degradable materials wastes should be disposed off either by burning it;

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p) The proponent should not at all cost introduce exotic species and domesticated animals at the bush camp within the Park; q) Leaflets guiding tourists on how to sustainably stay at the safari bush camp should be produced and given to every client/tourist that comes to the bush camp; and r) An environmental project brief should be prepared for the construction of a safari bush camp within the Park as stipulated in the Zambia Wildlife Act No. 12 of 1998 and the guidelines in the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (Statutory Instrument No. 28 of 1997) and the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EPPCA) No. 12 of 1990.

8.3.3 Mitigation Measures and Recommendations in Respect of a Picnic Site

The following are among the proposed mitigation measures and recommendations that need to be complied with during the site preparation, construction and operational phases of putting up a picnic site within the Park. It is the responsibility of the Park Manager and developer to ensure that the proposed mitigation measures and recommendations are implemented for such types of developments within the Park:- a) Ablution blocks/toilets should be provided at a picnic site and should be constructed at least 61 m away from any closest river system; b) Site marking and clearing should be based on site plans approved by ZAWA in order to avoid tree cutting. The trees to be cut should not exceed 10 cm of diameter at breast height. Clearing of the site should be strictly limited to the actual areas of development and access to these areas should be restricted along the cleared parts of the site in order to minimize unwarranted destruction of the surrounding areas of the site. The proponent in conjunction with ZAWA should do the actual site marking of the area; c) At least three baboon proof dustbins with heavy lids should be mounted at some communal place of the picnic site to carter for bottled and container waste, tins waste and biodegradable and burnable material wastes. The waste should be transported outside the Park where the separation of assorted waste types should take place. The mechanisms and modalities of disposing off the separated wastes is the responsibility of the Park Manager; d) A number of benches should be mounted for clients/tourists to use while enjoying the picnic; e) The picnic site should be left in its natural status as much as possible. Only under growths should be cleared with the approval of the Park Manager; f) Leaflets guiding the tourists on how to sustainably stay at the picnic site should be produced and given to every client that comes to the site; and g) Movement of clients/tourists is restricted to the picnic site.

8.3.4 Mitigation Measures and Recommendations in Respect of Roads Construction

The following are among the proposed mitigation measures and recommendations that should be complied with during the site preparation, construction and operational phases of management roads of the park. It is the responsibility of the Park Manager and developer to ensure that the proposed measures are implemented when opening new management roads, grading, gravelling, rehabilitating and maintenance of all park management roads:-

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a) All construction road works should be done during the normal working hours of the day to avoid or to keep noise pollution to a minimum level; b) The width of all park management roads/loops being opened, constructed, graded, rehabilitated and maintained should not exceed 6m; c) The width clearing along the roads/loops should be restricted to areas where there are no trees. In addition, the clearing should be restricted to the surveyed routes; d) Oil and diesel spills should be avoided when opening/grading roads as this may contaminate soils and river systems of the Park. Oils should be properly stored and disposed off away from the Park or alternatively used as by-products such as for treating construction poles; e) It is recommended that roads/loops be graded just after the rain season when soils still have some moisture in order to avoid loose soils accumulating along the roads causing a lot of dust when vehicles pass; f) Side drains and meter drains should be constructed along the management road sides to drain the water during the rain seasons and to avoid roads flooding; and g) The weight of trucks and other vehicles allowed in the park should not exceed 5 tons.

8.3.5 Mitigation Measures and Recommendations in Respect of Airstrip Construction

The following are among the proposed mitigation measures and recommendations that should be complied with during the site preparation, construction and operational phases of constructing airstrips within the Park. It is the responsibility of the Park Manager and developer to ensure that the proposed measures are implemented when opening up new airstrips, grading, gravelling, rehabilitating and maintenance of all airstrips:- a) All the construction works should be done during the normal working hours of the day to avoid or to keep noise pollution to a minimum level; b) The width and length of all airstrips within the park should be in conformity with the Civil Aviation Standards; c) The width and length clearing of airstrips should be restricted to areas where there are no big trees and to the surveyed portion; d) Oil and diesel spills should be avoided when clearing and opening airstrips as this may contaminate the soils of the Park. Oils should also be properly stored and disposed off away from the Park or alternatively used as by-products; e) It is recommended that airstrips be opened up and graded just after the rain season when the soils still have some moisture to avoid loose soils accumulating along the runway of the airstrip and causing dust when planes are landing or taking off; and f) Ablution rooms/toilets should be constructed at airstrips and should be at least 61 m away from the nearest water frontage of any river system.

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8.3.6 Mitigation Measures and Recommendations in Respect of Electric Fence Construction

The following are among the proposed mitigation measures and recommendations that should be complied with during the site preparation, construction and operational phases of erecting electric fences. It is the responsibility of the Park Manager and developer to ensure that the proposed measures are implemented through out the three phases:- a) All the construction works should be done during the normal working hours of the day to avoid or to keep noise pollution to a minimum level; b) The width of clearing along the path where the electric fence line will pass should not exceed 12m. Once the fence is erected, the cleared area should serve as a firebreak and as a perimeter road; and c) The width clearing along the route of the electric fence should be restricted to areas where there are smaller trees and bushes and should at all cost not involve the cutting of big trees.

8.3.7 Mitigation Measures and Recommendations in Respect of other Park Facilities and Activities

The following are among the proposed mitigation measures and recommendations that the developer/proponent/clients/tourists need to comply with while in the Park. It is the responsibility of the Park Manager and developer to ensure that the proposed measures are implemented within the park:- a) There should be no visitor experience that spoils the wilderness image of the park; b) Game and Night Drives should:-  Be restricted to the general management roads (No off drives); and  Not be allowed to go to the access roads of other tour operators c) The driving speed inside the park should not exceed 40 km/hour; d) All night game viewing should be restricted to 5 km away from where tourists/visitors are accommodated; e) Night game viewing should be allowed from official sunset to not later than 22.00 hours; f) The size of boats should not exceed 80 HP; g) Fishing should be restricted to angling on a catch and release basis within the Park; and h) The principle of trash in trash out should be observed within the Park

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CHAPTER NINE

PROJECTION OF PARK REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

9.1 OVERVIEW

The projection of park revenue and expenditure for Blue Lagoon National Park for the next five years has been based on the following assumptions:- f) Efficient ZAWA management and administration in place; g) Implementation of effective revenue collection, pricing and financing system; h) High investor interests, high tourism sector growth and stable national economy; i) Moderate levels of occupancy rates as anticipated; and j) Well-conserved and managed park resources, particularly the endemic Kafue Lechwe, the diverse bird life, and the wetland eco-system.

The projection of park income is based on the following revenues and contributions:- f) Annual fixed fees from tourist facilities; g) Bed levies from tourist facilities; h) Park entry fees to the park; i) GMA Resident Hunting; and j) Kafue Flats North Bank Safari Hunting.

The projection of both park recurrent and capital expenditure are based on the following costs:- i) Salaries and related costs; j) Law enforcement support and related costs; k) Infrastructure development and related costs; l) Vehicle Maintenance and related costs; m) Operations and related cost; n) Administration and related costs; o) Monitoring and research related costs; and p) Capital costs on the purchase of law enforcement motor vehicles and other requirements for effective park management, opening up of new seasonal and all weather roads and upgrading of existing roads to all weather roads and preparation and development of the land use plan for the Kafue Flats GMA.

It is expected that Park Management / Commercial Directorate of Head Office shall collect all the revenues arising from park activities and the adjacent GMA. A percentage of the funds collected shall be used to contribute towards the sustainable development and management of the park to be re-enforced by the yearly work plans of the park. However, part of the revenues realized from the GMA shall be given to the surrounding local communities of which part of it shall be used for resource protection.

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9.2 EXPECTED PARK REVENUE

Blue Lagoon National Park will generate revenue by collecting appropriate fees as provided for under the Statutory Instrument (SI) No. 46 of 2003 and any other similar subsequent legislation, as well as instituting fees for new activities associated within the three respective Zones. Part of these revenues generated from the existing fees under the SI shall:- a) Provide a major source of funding to help implement the prescribed actions in this GMP that will ensure Blue Lagoon National Park to sustain its endemic Kafue Lechwe and other species, the diverse bird life, and the wetland eco-system for economic, recreational, educational and scientific purposes; b) Provide funding for Blue Lagoon National Park and ensure that the revenue from this park support administrative, management and law enforcement operations; and c) Provide a marketing mechanism that will keep tourist numbers within the limits of acceptable use as provided for in this GMP and support the eco-tourism principle of low volume but high quality tourism products in order to protect the wetland eco-system within and beyond the park boundaries.

The limits of acceptable use give a guideline on the amount of development (in terms of visitor facilities) and the tourist activities allowable in each zone of the park. The set limits of acceptable use will be the ultimate goal of this plan and shall be realized gradually so as to ensure that park management developed the skills of hospitality management, learn the art of visitor management and put in place financial control systems. The improvement in visitor management and revenue collection system will not be effective without the development of other support services and infrastructure that is pertinent in the smooth running of a viable eco-tourism industry.

The Commercial Directorate will facilitate tourism development and marketing the identified sites of the park. Private sector participation will be encouraged. It is hoped that this model will help achieve the projected park revenue. The implementation of the proposed actions will depend on the smooth flow of funds as estimated in the assumptions.

It is expected that all park revenues will be properly accounted for and to this effect the Commercial Directorate shall be expected to strengthen systems that shall ensure that all revenues collected are verified based on signed Tourism Concession Agreements (TCAs). The revenue is expected to increase as the occupancy rate for tourist facilities improve over the years.

Blue Lagoon National Park is a seasonal park and as such it is open to operators and the public for only seven months of the year. This is a fact that causes limitations in tourism development. Park Management will endeavor to improve park infrastructure to increase the tourism season over the coming years. This will contribute to the overall tourism viability of the park, especially that it is the nearest national park to the greater capital city of Lusaka.

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9.2.1 Types of Tourism Products

The types of tourism products found in Blue Lagoon National Park relate to overnight accommodation facilities, game drives, walking safaris, bird watching, boating, canoeing, photographing, filming, sound recording, angling / sport fishing, painting and geological, archaeological, cultural sites. However, tourism products are not static and to this effect, ZAWA shall encourage innovation and shall be available to amend any new tourism products that are environmentally acceptable.

9.2.2 Overnight Accommodation Facilities

A variety of overnight accommodation facilities are proposed for Blue Lagoon National Park, which includes among others the Lodge; Camp; Public Camp; and Fly Camps.

9.2.3 Proposed Distribution of Tourism Products

Table 4 below lists the number of overnight tourist accommodation facilities proposed for the various zones in Blue Lagoon National Park while Table 5 lists the existing and proposed overnight tourist accommodation facilities in more detail. It also lists the number of beds envisaged for each category of overnight facility as well as the number of guests to be accommodated.

Table 4. Summary of Proposed Overnight Accommodation Facilities in BLNP

Zone Type of Facility No. of Facilities No. of Beds No. of Guests Intensive Use Public Camp 1 16 16 Zone Shamikobo Camp 1 16 16 Nakeeda Lodge 1 24 24 Conservation Munezha Hill 1 8 8 Limited Use Zone Tented Camp Totals for Maximum Proposed 4 64 64 Overnight Facilities

Table 5 . Existing and Proposed Tourist Accommodation Facilities in Blue Lagoon National Park

Ref Name of Tourist Type of Status of Facility No. of Beds No. of Guests No. Facility Facility A - Intensive Use Zone A1 Public Camp Public Camp Proposed 16 16 A2 Shamikobo Camp Camp Existing 16 16 A3 Nakeenda Lodge Lodge Existing 24 24 Sub-Total 56 56 B - Conservation Limited Use Zone B1 Munezha Tented Camp Tented Camp Proposed 8 8 Sub-Total 8 8 Totals for Maximum Proposed Overnight Facilities 64 64

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9.2.4 Financial Projections from Tourism

The financial projections from tourism facilities of the park and park entry fees are presented in Table 6. These projections refer to a fully running tourism operation showing tourism facilities per zone and type, bed capacity, length of operational season, estimated average occupancy rates, bed levy fees, annual fixed fees and park entry fees and estimated income which is worked out at $53,760-00.

Table 7 outlines the income that is generated through park entry fees and vehicle fees for daily visitors to the BLNP. The calculations are based on the assumption that there is 1 visitor per 3 days entering BLNP with a vehicle (Park Entry fee for BLNP is $5/person and Vehicle Fee is also $5/vehicle). It follows that visitors expected to enter the park in 7 months shall be 210 days / 3 days = 70 visitors. The Projected Park Entry Fee Income and Vehicle Fee Income from Daily Visitors to the Park is estimated at $350 + $350 = $700-00.

9.3 EXPECTED REVENUE FROM RESIDENT AND SAFARI HUNTING

Blue Lagoon National Park will also generate revenue through resident and safari hunting within the Kafue Flats North Bank GMA as provided for under the Statutory Instrument (SI) No. 46 of 2003 and any other similar subsequent legislations. Part of these revenues generated from the Kafue Flats North Bank GMA under the SI shall:- a) Provide a source of funding to assist the local communities living within the GMA to implement their Community Based Natural Resources Management Programmes (CBNRMP) that shall complement efforts towards sustaining the endemic Kafue Lechwe and other species, the diverse bird life, and the wetland eco-system for economic, recreational, educational and scientific purposes; b) Provide CRBs with revenue to support administrative, management and law enforcement operations within the GMA in order to protect the wetland eco-system beyond the park boundaries; and c) Provide entrepreneurship project opportunities and support eco-tourism for local communities living within the GMA.

9.3.1 Financial Projections from Consumptive Utilization

The total expected income from consumptive utilization of the Kafue Flats North Bank shall comes from the following revenues:- GMA Permit; Hunting Rights; National Game Licence Animal Fees; National Game Licence Basic Fees; Safari Supplement Animal Fees; Bird Licence Fees; and Concession Hunting Fees.

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Table 6. Proposed Fee Structure and Projected Income for Tourist Accommodation Facilities and Park Entry in Blue Lagoon National Park

Ref Name of Tourism Type of Facility Mix. Mix. Season in Mix. Average Estimated Bed Levy Annual Park Total No. Facility No. No. of Days (7 Bed- Estimated Bed-Nights Fees** Fixed Entry Income of Guests Months)* Nights Occupancy Fee*** Fees**** Beds A - Intensive Use Zone A1 Public Camp Public Camp 16 16 210 3,360 30 % 1,008 5,040 3,360 5,040 13,440 A2 Shamikobo Camp Camp 16 16 210 3,360 30 % 1,008 5,040 3,360 5,040 13,440 A3 Nakeenda Lodge Lodge 24 24 210 5,040 30 % 1,512 7,560 5,040 7,560 20,160 Sub-Total 56 56 - 11,760 - 3,528 17,640 11,760 17,640 47,040 B - Conservation Limited Use Zone B1 Munezha Tented Tented Camp 8 8 210 1,680 30 % 504 2,520 1,680 2,520 6,720 Camp Sub-Total 8 8 - 1,680 - 504 2,520 1,680 2,520 6,720 Totals for Maximum Proposed Overnight 64 64 - 13,440 - 4,032 20,160 13,440 20,160 53,760 Facilities

* Season in Days = 30 days x 7 Months = 210 days ** Bed-Night Levy Fees for Blue Lagoon National Park is based on Estimated Bed Night (504; 1,008; 1,512) x Bed Levy ($5) = $2,520; $5,040 & $7,560 *** Annual Fixed Fee = Fixed Fees ($30) x No. of Tourist Bed (8 & 16 for Camps & 24 for Lodges) x No. of Month per Season (7) = $1,680; $3,600 & $5,040 **** Park Entry Fees = Estimated Bed Nights (504; 1,008; 1,512) x Park Entry Fee/person ($5) = $2,520; $5,040 & $7,560

Table 7. Projected Park Entry Fee Income and Vehicle Fee Income from Daily Visitors to the Park

Season in Days Estimated No. of Park Entry Fee Vehicle Fee ($) Park Entry Fee Vehicle Fee Total Income ($) (7 Months) Clients per Season# ($) Income ($)## Income ($)## 210 70 5 5 350 350 700

# Estimated No. of Clients per season is based on the assumption that there is 1 client per 3 days going to the park with a vehicle (Park Entry fee for Blue Lagoon National Park = $5/ Person and Vehicle Fee = $5/Vehicle. It follows that clients in 7 months shall be 210 days / 3 days = 70 clients. ## Therefore, Park Entry Fees = 70 clients x $5 = $350 Park Entry Fees and Vehicle Fees = 70 clients x $5 = $350 Vehicle Fees

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Table 8 lists the total earnings for Kafue Flats North Bank based on the 2003 hunting season figures and prevailing situation. It is herewith important to note that some of the earnings from consumptive utilization of the Kafue Flats North Bank GMA goes towards the local communities to meet some of their obligations outlined above. Using the exchange rate of US $1 = ZMK 5,000 the projected revenue estimates from consumptive utilization of the North Bank of Kafue Flats GMA is estimated at $49,210-00.

Table 8. Projected Income from Consumptive Utilization of Kafue Flats North Bank GMA

Type of Income Resident Hunting Safari Hunting Total ZAWA ($)* CRBs ($) ZAWA ($)* CRBs ($) Income from Consumptive Use ($) GMA Permit 280 (K1,388,880) 140 (694,440) 0 0 280 Hunting Rights 0 0 1,500 750 1,500 National Game 20,570 10,290 0 0 20,570 Licence Animal Fee (K102,841,920) (K51,420,960) National Game 5,460 (K27,267,300) 2,730 0 0 5,460 Licence Basic Fee (K13,633,650) Bird Licence Fees 100 50 0 0 100 Safari Supplement 0 0 6,300 3,150 6,300 Animal Fees Concession Hunting 0 0 15,000 7,500 15,000 Fees Total Income ($) 26,410 12,205 22,800 11,400 49,210

* Represents the total income that is paid to ZAWA of which 50% of it is given to the local communities as reflected under the column under CRBs.

Table 9 provides a summary of the total projected annual income for Blue Lagoon National Park generated through operations based within the park, park entry fees, vehicle fees and consumptive utilization of the North Bank of Kafue Flats GMA, which is estimated at $103,670-00.

Table 9. Summary of Total Projected Annual Income for Blue Lagoon National Park

Type of Income Intensive Use Conservation Consumptive Total Income Zone Limited Use Zone Utilization in GMA Bed levy Fees 17,640 2,520 0 20,160 Annual Fixed Fees 11,760 1,680 0 13,440 Park Entry Fees to the 17,640 2,520 0 20,160 Park Park Entry Fees by 175 175 0 350 Daily Visitors* Vehicle Fees by Daily 175 175 0 350 Visitors* Consumptive 0 0 49,210 49,210 Utilization Incomes TOTAL INCOME 47,390 7,070 49,210 103,670

* for argument seek, the $350 generated through park entry fees is equally distributed for the two respective zone and the some is applied on vehicle fees.

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Table 10 provides the estimated projection of the total income for BLNP for the next five years. It is assumed that the occupancy rate / flow of tourist rate in the first year is estimated at 25%, 27.5% in the second year, 30% in the third, 32.5% in the fourth year and 35% in the fifth year. The basic annual revenue in the first year shall be $103,670-00. The projection indicates an increase of 2.5% from the previous year to the subsequent one and gradually increases in the subsequent years until it reaches 35% in the fifth year. For the fifth year, the estimated total projection is estimated at US $145,138-00. This projection could be possible to achieve because it is expected that a good number of visitors would come to the park due to its proximity to the capital city Lusaka once the road network is improved and through circuit connection from Lower Zambezi, South Luangwa, Mosi-O-Tunya and Kafue National Parks.

Table 10. Projection of Park Revenue for BLNP in Series of Five Years

Year 1 2 3 4 5

Projected Park Income in US $ 103,670 114,037 124,404 134,771 145,138

% Annual Increase of Projected 25% 27.5 % 30 % 32.5 % 35% Park Income with respect to the First Year Income

9.4 EXPECTED PARK EXPENDITURE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

9.4.1 Recurrent Costs

The projection of basic annual recurrent costs for BLNP have been estimated based on the budgets applied for the previous years which are regarded as the minimum required costs for park development and management under the current available resources, such as transport, equipment, staff salaries and related costs. Table 11 shows the recurrent cost on salaries and related costs for staff requirements for BLNP Management which adds up to K339,420,000-00 for one year. This amount involves all the staff that are directly involved in the management of the park. The recurrent costs in US Dollars at an exchange rate of US $1= ZMK 5,000 works out to be K K339,420,000-00 = US67,884-00. It is also anticipated that the recurrent cost on Ammunition that will be required per year for law enforcement for park Management is K10,000,000-00 which is US $2,000-00.

The budgets used for the estimates provide a reasonable base for the projection considering the current low level of funding from government. The total costs are estimated at US $147,884-00 per year for the whole park as reflected in Table 12 below showing the future recurrent costs for BLNP. The actual expenditure expected to implement the management actions proposed in this plan should be estimated in an implementation plan for each action programme. Based on these estimates, projection of the recurrent costs for the next five years have been made following the annual recurrent cost. For the first year, the basic recurrent cost of US $147,884-00 is based on the recurrent costs reflecting the current available resources and financial

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situations. For the fifth year, estimates of the recurrent costs have been worked out to be US $73,942-00 as reflected in Table 13 below. The initial first year cost of $73,942-00 represents 100%, the costs incurred in the second year is estimated at 80%, third year costs at 65%, fourth year costs at 55% and fifth year costs at 50%. The costs incurred gradually decreases in the subsequent years as the recurrent cost stabilizes. This is so because the park shall still require meeting the wage bill cost of $67,884-00, which is a huge, cost together with other operational costs which are inevitable for park management. The cost shall be reduced from $147,884-00 in the first year to $73,942-00 in the fifth year.

Table 11. Recurrent Cost on Salaries & Related Costs for Staff Requirements for Blue Lagoon National Park Management

Post Total No. Salaries and Related Costs per Year in Zambian Total of Staff Kwacha Required Salaries Housing Transport Education Allowance Allowance Allowance Wildlife Ranger 1 18,000,000 9,000,000 4,500,000 3,000,000 34,500,000 (1 / Sector) Wildlife Police 30 171,360,000 85,680,000 42,840,000 0 299,880,000 Officers Mechanics 1 Typist 1 Drivers 2 Office Orderly 1 2,880,000 1,440,000 720,000 0 5,040,000 Total 36 192,240,000 96,120,000 48,060,000 3,000,000 339,420,000

Table 12. Recurrent Costs for BLNP

Budget Item No. Costs/year Remarks (USD) A. Salaries & Related Costs Refer to Table 7 for the required Management & Other Staff (ZAWA 5-10) 67,884-00 number of staffs

B. Law Enforcement Support Rations 5,000-00 Needed = 1 scout/50 sq km; BLNP= 100 450 sq km thus Scout force must Scout Equipment USD/person/ 5,000-00 equal to at least 9 (but GMA year included so even more staff needed). Incentives - 5,000-00 Firearms & Ammunition - 2,000-00

C. Infrastructure Includes fuel and wages for contract Maintenance of 100 km roads/year 50 USD/km 5,000-00 workers. Excludes running costs of grader or replacement costs. Maintenance of Wildlife Police Officer 5,000-00 Offices and Houses

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D. Vehicle Maintenance Maintenance of 4 Operational 4,000-00 Spare Parts, Lubrication, Tyres, etc. Vehicles/Year 1 Tractors 3,000-00 1 Grader 5,000-00

E. Operating Costs Fuel for 4 Operational Vehicles 250 litres / 12,000-00 month / vehicle Maintenance of Communications System 2,000-00

F. Administration Costs 2,000-00 Stationary & Office Supplies

Aerial Census every two years & 10,000-00 G. Monitoring and Research Annual Vegetation Monitoring Total US $147,884-00

Table 13. Projection of Recurrent Costs for BLNP in Series of Five Years

Year 1 2 3 4 5 Projected Costs in 147,884 118,307-20 96,124-60 81,336-20 73,942-00 US $ Annual Increase 100 80 % 65 % 55 % 50 % (%)

9.4.2 Capital Costs

BLNP also requires capital costs for effective park management and development. The capital costs to procure law enforcement vehicles and other requirements, opening up new seasonal and all weather roads and upgrading of existing roads to all weather roads and preparation and development of a land use plan for the Kafue Flats GMA have been estimated at US $744,700-00 as reflected in Tables 14. Therefore the grand total of Capital Costs is US $744,700-00.

Table 14. Capital Costs

Item Replacement Schedule Cost / Unit (US $) Total Cost (US $)

Law Enforcement Vehicles One vehicle every three years 25,000-00 25,000-00 Tractors 1 every 5 years 30,000-00 30,000-00 Grader 1 every 10 years 80,000-00 80,000-00 Solar Panel System 1 unit every two years 5,000-00 5,000-00 GPS 2 GPS units every two years 200-00 400-00 Copier 1 copier every 5 years 2,000-00 2,000-00 Computer 1 desktop every 3 years 1,000-00 1,000-00 Printer 1 printer every 3 years 300-00 300-00 Roads 100 km of completely new and existing roads 5,000-00 500,000-00 upgraded to all weather status for day visitor circuit and management function

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Picnic Development of one picnic sites to serve day 1,000-00 1,000-00 visitor circuit D. Land Use Plan for Kafue Flats GMA 100,000-00 100,000-00 Grand Total of Capital Costs $744,700-00

9.4.3 Analysis of Expected Park Revenue and Expenditure

The projected park revenue and expenditure and the net park revenue are calculated as reflected in Table 15 below. The projection indicates that, once everything is as planed and assuming that all the assumptions made hold, there will be adequate revenue generated for the park to finance its management and development. This projection means that BLNP will have adequate financial resources to sustain its operations over a period of five years.

Table 15. Projection of Park Revenue and Recurrent Costs for BLNP in Series of Five Years

Year 1 2 3 4 5 Park Income + 103,670-00 114,037-00 124,404-00 134,771-00 145,138-00 Hunting License Recurrent Park 147,884-00 118,307-20 96,124-60 81,336-20 73,942-00 Expenditure Net Park Revenue -44,214-00 -4,270-20 28,279-40 53,434-80 71,196-00

However, the above projection does not hold when we consider the capital costs required to be injected in order to sustain management and development of the park. The management and development of the park cannot be sustained without the capital cost resources. The park requires a total amount of US $744,700-00 as initial capital investment as reflected in Table 14 above.

The above analysis clearly shows that the park cannot attain a self-financing system taking into account the huge initial capital investment that is required for sustainable development and management of the park. Therefore, it is recommended that financial support from the government, International organizations, NGOs and the collaborating partners, particularly in the first year be mobilized, until the park attains a self-financing system.

The projected park revenue and expenditure does not show what will actually happen for the park’s finance in five years but rather guides park management as to what could be expected in the future. Therefore, this GMP will have to be reviewed within five years from the date it is ratified and all commercial issues, which are based on a five-year life span, will also be reviewed.

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CHAPTER TEN

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

10.0 OVERVIEW

Plans are as good as the actions they lead to. Many times plans fail to deliver the intended purposes. If a plan is to be implementable, there is need to ensure that:- a) The plan identifies the resource implications of its proposals and the action needed from government, local communities and other stakeholders. b) The plan clearly identifies the roles and encourages self-sufficiency of the institutions involved. c) The plan is realistic in terms of what can be achieved within the available resources.

Once the General Management Plan for Blue Lagoon National Park is approved and ratified by the authority, the next step is to implement the plan. The plan will provide guidelines on how to implement the park developments and management in the field. The plan would only be useful and worth being made when this plan is actually implemented, otherwise it will not be fairly evaluated and will, in the end, be put away as one of the many documents gathering dust in the corner of a cabinet.

Before implementing the GMP, it is necessary to prioritise and sequence the proposed actions in the plan and make an implementation plan for each action programme. During and after the implementation, monitoring and evaluation are required in the feedback system.

10.1 IMPLEMENTATION PRIORITY

The proposed management actions in relation to the respective management objectives and the management zones have been prioritised in order to efficiently and effectively implement the plan with limited human resources and funds over a certain period of time. The planning team applied a brain storming scoring system to give priority to the proposed actions and zones considering four aspects namely; importance, urgency, effectiveness and feasibility (funds availability). The priority can be affected by fund availability for the implementation of the plan. The priority are categorized as short-term (1 month to 1 year and on going actions), Medium- term (1 year to 2 years) and long-term (2 years to 3 years) based on the fact that within three years the GMP will be reviewed and some of the proposed management actions will be fulfilled while some will be charged to suit the prevailing situation.

10.1.1 Natural Resources Management Action Priorities

First Priority a) Conduct effective law enforcement activities to reduce poaching and illegal fishing to insignificant levels b) Conduct regular sample counts to establish trends in animal and population numbers and distribution c) Gather up-to-date baseline information on the Park natural resources d) Update the inventory on fauna and flora;

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e) Identify and prioritise the research requirements of the Park f) Control problem animals that endanger human life and destroy crops g) Liase on a continuous basis with ZESCO on the management of the water flow regimes on the Kafue Flats

Second Priority a) Develop and implement policies for the Kafue Lechwe and wattled crane b) Develop and implement an effective fire management policy c) Establish an effective disease monitoring system d) Remove alien plant species from the Park

Third Priority a) Regulate the water flow of the Kafue Flats to mimic natural flood regimes b) Restock and re-introduce the species that have disappeared

10.1.2 Park Operations Action Priorities

First Priority a. Secure sufficient transport and necessary equipment for efficient park operations b. Redesign management infrastructure to ensure a balance between conservation and staff well being c. Develop training programmes for staff d. Provide social amenities to staff e. Develop measures aimed at optimising revenue generation for the Park

Second Priority a) Mark and clear the existing park boundary b) Develop a waste management programme; and c) Promote effective cooperation with private investors, non-governmental organisations, and other stakeholders

10.1.3 Tourism Management Action Priorities

First Priority a) Maintain the road network in the Park to acceptable standards b) Develop minimum standards for visitor facilities and services c) Conduct environment impact assessments for all new developments d) Instil measures to minimise the negative impacts of tourism on the Park resources e) Manage effectively tourism concession agreements f) Coordinate and regulate the development of tourism facilities g) Collect and record all information pertaining to visitations to the Park h) Develop and maintain viewing loops for tourists

Second Priority a) Provide guides for both consumptive and non-consumptive tourism activities b) Encourage the engagement and training of professional tour guides c) Prepare and enforce rules and regulations for visitors d) Relocate and improve the design of the entrance gates to the National Park

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10.1.4 Community-Based Natural Resource Management Action Priorities

First Priority a) Broaden local community participation in planning and management processes b) Encourage employment of local people in wildlife and tourism based activities c) Facilitate the active participation of local people in the distribution of the benefits from Park resources

Second Priority a) Encourage local community involvement in the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) b) Make accessible information to local communities for them to make informed decisions on matters related to the management and utilisation of the Park

10.1.5 Cultural Resources Management Action Priorities

First Priority a) Develop a local cultural centre; and b) Explore, mark and establish new cultural, archaeological and historical sites.

Second Priority a) Revamp the Two / local traditional ceremonies and local craft enterprises to contribute to tourism development; and b) Provide interpretative materials such as sign posts and brochures at cultural, archaeological and historical sites.

10.1.6 Management Zone Development Action Priorities

First Priority a) Maintain and encourage tour operators to preserve the endemic Kafue Lechwe and diverse bird life in the respective zones; b) Maintain the wetland eco-system; c) Implement Park regulations; d) Train staff in sustainable tourism development; and e) Maintain park boundary and fire breaks.

Second Priority a) Develop Game viewing loops; b) Develop camping and picnic sites; c) Maintain Management Roads and Airstrips; d) Mount Sign Posts in the respective Zones; and e) Advertise proposed tourism development vacant sites.

10.2 IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN

An implementing phasing plan should be made in order to understand the relative intensity of effort to be spent on various management actions in relation to three- year time frame. After the phasing plan, an implementation plan for each management action should be made in order to implement the programmes efficiently and effectively and secure budget allocation. The Area Management Unit

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Annual Work Plans should include objectives for each action programme to be achieved in a particular year.

10.3 MONITORING, EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK

10.3.1 Monitoring

Monitoring being the continuous or periodic review of the parks general management plan implementation by park management will be used to assess delivery, identify difficulties, to ascertain problem areas, and to recommend remedial actions. The purpose of monitoring is to ensure the efficient and effective implementation of the proposed management actions. Monitoring the implementation of the proposed management actions will provide timely information on park development and management and will also provide baseline data for future park planning.

Monitoring will be primarily concerned with the delivery process, ensuring that inputs through activities are transformed into outputs, and analysing their quantity and quality. The important monitoring tools to be used in the implementation of the general management plan for the park will be the proposed management action plan, the progress review of implementing the proposed management actions and the review of the general management plan after three years. The management actions indicate the management objectives, actions to be undertaken, activities to be carried out, by whom, time frame within which to carry out the activities from the time of ratifying the GMP and priority of the activities to be carried out and the progress review of implementing the proposed management actions and the GMP will be used to examine the actual implementation of the general management plan for the park.

The proposed management action plan provides:- a) The actions and activities described in relation to the management objectives. b) Who should carry out the activity, time frame within which to carry out the activities from the time of ratifying the GMP and priority of the activities to be carried out?

The progress review of implementing the proposed management actions and the GMP will answer the following questions:- a) Are inputs being made available as prioritised? b) Are activities being carried out according to the proposed action plan? c) Are actions being implemented as prioritised? d) What changes have taken place, particularly, if any additions or deletions were made to the proposed management actions? e) What problems or difficulties have been encountered during the three years? f) What remedial actions have been taken or are planned?

10.3.2 Evaluation

The implementation of the general management plan will be evaluated by assessing the effects and impacts of the general park performance, focusing on the analysis of the progress made towards the achievement of the proposed park

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management objectives. Evaluation will be an essential function that will take place at one specific point in time in order to feedback into park management and future direction of park planning, formulation and management.

Evaluation will be a key tool for:- a) Enhancing the management of implementing the general management plan b) Improving the development of new management actions, and c) Providing inputs into broader GMP management actions.

Evaluation will be concerned with one or more of the following aspects of GMP implementation performance:- a) Effectiveness:- To what extent has the GMP achieved its objectives and reached its target groups? b) Efficiency:- Does the expected GMP results continue to justify the costs incurred? c) Relevance:- Does the GMP continue to make sense? d) Validity of Design:- Is the design of the strategic planning process and the process leading to the preparation and production of the GMP document logical and coherent? e) Causality:- What specific factors or events have affected the GMP results? f) Unanticipated Effects:- Is the GMP having any significant (positive and/or negative) effects which were not foreseen during the strategic planning process? g) Alternative Strategies:- Is there, or would there have been, a more effective way to address the problems, issues, concerns and achieve the objectives of the GMP? h) Sustainability:- What is the likelihood that the GMP benefits will be sustained without financial support from cooperating partners?

10.3.3 Feedback

The proposed management action plan, the progress review of implementing the proposed management actions, the review of the general management plan after three years and self-evaluation reports will be the management tools that will be used to guide and document the work of park management involved in the implementation of the GMP for the parks. It will be the responsibility of the Area Management Unit Warden and Park Ranger to prepare and submit these reports. However, both the preparation of these reports and the follow-up actions to these reports will require dialogue and consultation with all parties concerned, those who are involved in carrying out management activities and those who have supervisory functions.

Results of the evaluation of the plan will be fed back to the original GMP. This process will provide countermeasures to improve the situations and guide further management decisions. In case of unexpected circumstances in the future, which are significantly unsuitable with this plan, the process will allow the planning team to modify the plan. The GMP should be reviewed after three year from being ratified while the implementation of the management actions will be reviewed annually through the Area Management Unit Annual Review meetings where Annual Reports will be presented. Revised parts of the GMP, if any, will be recorded in the Area Management Unit Annual Work Plan.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

ECZ (1997) Statutory Instrument No.28 of 1997: The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation. Lusaka, Zambia

GRZ (1990) Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act. Lusaka, Zambia

GRZ/ECZ (1995) National Report Prepared for the 7th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971). Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ), Lusaka Zambia.

Hilton-Taylor, C. (2000) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland &Cambridge, UK. 61pp + CD.

IUCN (1992) Managing the Wetlands of Kafue Flats and Bangweulu Basin: Proceedings of the WWF-Zambia Wetlands Project Workshop. Jeffery, R.C.V., Chabwela, H.N., Howard, G. and Dugan, P.J. (Eds). IUCN Wetlands Programme, Avenue de Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland.

IUCN & WWF (1994) Centres of plant diversity: A guide and strategy for their conservation. Volume 1, Europe, Africa, South West Asia and the Middle East. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, UK.

IUCN (1993) Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 29: Biological Diversity Conservation and the Law: Legal Mechanisms for Conserving Species and Ecosystems. IUCN Environmental Law Centre, Adernauerallee 214, D – 5300 Bonn 1 Germany.

IUCN (1993) Parks for Life: Report of the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Jeffery, C.V. (1993) Wise Use of the Floodplain Wetlands in the Kafue Flats of Zambia. In: Davis, T.J. (Ed) Towards the Wise Use of Wetlands. Ramsar Library. On-line: http://www.ramsar.org/lib_wise_20.htm. 19/11/2000 13:49 P.M.

Kiss, A. (Ed). (1990) Living with Wildlife: Wildlife Resource Management with Local Participation in Africa. Technical Paper 130. Africa Technical Department series. World Bank, Washington DC.

Ministry of Tourism (1998) Policy For National Parks and Wildlife in Zambia. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Service, Ministry of Tourism, Chilanga, Zambia.

Olson, D.M. & Dinerstein, E. (1998) The Global 200: A Representation Approach to Conserving the Earth’s Most Biologically Valuable Ecoregions. Conservation Biology 12 (3): 502 –515.

World Bank (1994) Environmental Assessment Sourcebook: Policies, Procedures and Sectoral Issues. Volume I & II, Washington D.C. USA

World Bank (1996) Introduction to Environmental and Social Assessment Requirements and Procedures for World Bank – Financed Projects. Washington D.C. USA

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World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, UK.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1993) Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

World Guide (1999) The Southern African Profile. Earthscan Publication Limited, 120 Pentonville Road, London N1 9JN.

WWF-Zambia Wetlands Project (1992a) Information Brief for Wetlands Management Authorities and Community Development Units. WWF-Zambia Wetlands Project, Chilanga, Zambia.

WWF-Zambia Wetlands Project (1992b) Data Support Sheet 27 Protected Areas. WWF- Zambia Wetlands Project, Chilanga, Zambia.

WWF-Zambia Wetlands Project (1993) Sustainable Use of Wetlands Resources for Community Development and Self-Sufficiency, Towards Integrated Resource Development and Land Use Management. Information Brief, WWF-Zambia Wetlands Project, Chilanga, Zambia.

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Appendix I

Species of Large Mammals of the Kafue Flats, Current Status and Population Estimate

Species Latin Name Population Date last Reference Estimate counted Or extinct Kafue Lechwe Kobus leche kafuensis 37,120 1998 Kampamba, 1999 Burchells zebra Equus burchelli 2,168 1990 Jeffery,et al.,1990 Blue wildebeest Connochaechaetes taurinus 148 1990 Jeffery,et al.,1990 Buffalo Syncerus caffer 116 1990 Jeffery,et al.,1990 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibious 80 1990 Jeffery,et al.,1990 Impala Aepyceros melampus 40 1998 Kampamba, 1999 Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros 30 – 100 1989-91 Nefdt, 1992 Oribi Ourebia ourebi 200 1989-91 Nefdt, 1992 Reedbuck Redunca arundinum 10 1989-91 Nefdt, 1992 Roan Hippotrgus equinus 10 1990 Mwima, 1996 Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus seen 1998 Kampamba, 1999 Common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia seen 1998 Kampamba, 1998 Hyena Crocuta crocuta 10 1989 Nefdt, 1992 Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus extinct 1950s Ansell, 1964 Side-striped jackal Canis adustus seen 1998 Kampamba, 1999 Lion Panthera leo extinct 1960s Sheppe and Osborne, 1971 Leopard Panthera pardus extinct 1989 Nefdt, 1992 Sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei seen 1972 Mwenya and Kaweche, 1982 Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus extinct 1989 Nefdt, 1992 Eland Taurotragus Oryx extinct 1973 Bell & Grim dell, 1973 Wild dog Lycaon pictus extinct 1967 Sheppe and Osborne, 1971 Puku Kobus vardoni extinct 1960s Ansell, 1964 Warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus seen 1970s Mwenya & Kaweche, 1982 Hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtesteini extinct 1950s Ansell, 1964 Sable Hippotragus niger seen 1970s Mwenya and Kaweche, 1982 Bush pig Potamochoerus porcus seen 1998 Kampamba, 1999 Sharpes grysbok Raphicerus sharpei seen 1970s Mwenya and Kaweche, 1982 Honey badger Mellivora capensid seen 1998 Kampamba, 1999 Aardvark Orycteropus afer seen 1993 Kampamba, 1999

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Appendix II

Total Population Estimates of Kafue Lechwe on the Kafue Flats, 1931 - 98*

YEAR ESTIMATE 95% C.L. REFERENCE

1931 250,000 ? Pitman, 1934 1937 20,000 ? Robinette and child, 1964 1954 26,000 ? Ansell, 1955 1961 54,000 ? Robinette and child, 1964 1966 37,500 ? Hanks, 1969 1970 94,075 5,842 bell, et al., 1973 1970 94,215 8,142 bell, et al., 1973 1972 93,158 11,168 bell, et al., 1973 1973 109,612 7,654 Osborne, et al., 1973 1975 80,774 9,860 Osborne, et al., 1975 1981 45,867 6,145 Howard, et al., 1983 1982 41,345 4,932 Howard, et al., 1983 1983 41,155 6,247 Howard, et al., 1983 1987 50,715 ? Howard, et al., 1987 1988 65,018 7,489 Howard, et al., 1988 1989 47,145 5,348 Jeffery, et al., 1989 1990 44,538 3,723 Jeffery, et al., 1990 1991 68,872 5,105 Jeffery, et al., 1991 1993 64,940 6,319 Kapungwe, 1993 1994 50,000 6,101 Jeffery, 1994 1995 40,000 ? Tembo, 1995 1998 37,120 5,384 Kampamba, 1999

*1931/37 data derived from indigenous knowledge; 1954-66 from total aerial counts; 1970- 98 aerial stratified random sampling; missing 95% C.L.

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Appendix III

Checklist of Common Birds Found on the Kafue Flats

1 Little Grebe 48 African Pygmy Goose 94 Ayre's Hawk Eagle 2 White-breasted Cormorant 49 African Black Duck 95 Long-crested Eagle 3 Reed Cormorant 50 Yellow-billed Duck 96 Martial Eagle 4 Darter 51 Cape Teal 97 Osprey 5 White Pelican 52 Pintail 98 Secretary Bird 6 Pink-backed Pelican 53 PintailRed-billed Teal 99 Lesser Kestrel 7 little Bitten 54 Hottento Teal 100 Common (Rock) Kestrel 8 Dwarf Bitten 55 Garganey 101 Greater Kestrel 9 Black-crowned Night Heron 56 Northern Shoveler 102 Dickinson's Kestrel 10 White-backed Night Heron 57 Cape Shoveler 103 Western Red-footed Falcon 11 Common Squacco Heron 58 Southern Pochard 104 Eastern Red-footed Falcon 12 Madagascar Squacco Heron 59 African Cuckoo Hawk 105 Red-necked Falcon 13 Rufous-bellied Heron 60 Honey Buzzard 106 European Hobby 14 Cattle Egret 61 Bat Hawk 107 African Hobby 15 Green-backed Heron 62 Black-shouldered Kite 108 Sooty Falcon 16 Black Egret 63 Yellow-billed Kite 109 Lanner Falcon 17 Slaty Egret 64 African Fish Eagle 110 Peregrine Falcon 18 Little Egret 65 Hooded Vulture 111 Coqui Francolin 19 Yellow-billed Egret 66 White-backed Vulture 112 Crested Fraancolin 20 Great White Egret 67 Cape Vulture 113 Natal Francolin 21 Purple Heon 68 Lappet-faced Vulture 114 Swainson's Francolin 22 Grey Heron 69 White-headed Vulture 115 Common Quail 23 Black-headed Heron 70 Short-toed (Black-breasted 116 Harlequin Quail 24 Goliath Hron Snake) Eagle 117 Blue Quail 25 Hamerkop 71 Brown Snake Eagle 118 Helmeted Guineafowl 26 Yellow-billed Stork 72 Western Banded Snake Eagle 119 Kurrichane Buttonquail 27 Openbill Stork 73 Bateleur 120 Black-rumped Buttonquail 28 Black Stork 74 Gymnogene 121 Buff-spotted Flufftail 29 Abdim's Stork 75 European Marsh Harrier 122 Red-chested Flufftail 30 Woolly-necked Stork 76 African Marsh Harrier 123 Streaky-breasted Flufftail 31 White Stork 77 Pallid Harrier 124 African Water Rail 32 Saddle-billed Stork 78 Montagu's Harrier 125 Com Crake 33 Marabou Stork 79 Dark Chanting Goshwk 126 African Crake 34 Sacred Ibis 80 Gobar Goshawk 127 Black Crake 35 Glossy Ibis 81 Black Goshawk 128 Baillon's Crake 36 Hadada 82 Ovambo Sparrowhawk 129 Spotted Crake 37 African Spoonbill 83 Little Sparrowhawk 130 Striped Crake 38 Greater Flamingo 84 African Goshawk 131 Purple Gallinule 39 Lesser Flamingo 85 Shikra 132 Lesser Gallinule 40 Fulvous Whistling Duck 86 Lizard Buzzard 133 Common Moorhen 41 White-faced Whistling Duck 87 Common (Steppe) Buzzard 134 Lesser Moorhen 42 Whie-backed Dock 88 Wahlberg's Eagle 135 Red-knobbed Coot 43 Egyptian Goose 89 Lesser Spotted Eagle 136 Wattled Crane 44 Spur-winged Goose 90 Tawny Eagle 137 Southern Crowned Crane 45 Knob-billed Duck 91 Steppe Eagle 138 Denham's Bustard 46 African Pygmy Goose 92 African Hawk Eagle 139 White-bellied Bustard 47 African Black Duck 93 Booted Eagle 140 Black-bellied Bustard

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141 African Jacana 190 White-winged Black Tern 238 Red-faced Mousebird 142 Lesser Jacana 191 Afrian Skimmer 239 Narina Trogon 143 Painted Snipe 192 Yellow-throated Sandgrouse 240 Half-Collared Kingfisher 144 Black-winged Stilt 193 Laughing Dove 241 Malachite Kingfisher 145 Avocet 194 African Mourning Dove 242 Pygmy Kingfisher 146 Water Dikkop 195 Cape Turtle Dove 243 Brown-headed Kingfisher 147 Spotted Dikkop 196 Red-eyed Dove 244 Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher 148 Three-banded Courser 197 Emerald-spotted Wood Dove 245 Senegal Kingfisher 149 Bronze-winged Courser 198 Namaqua Dove 246 Striped Kingfisher 150 Temminck's Courser 199 Green Pigeon 247 Giant Kingfisher 151 Common Pratincole 200 Brownnecked Parrot 248 Little Bee-eater 152 Black-winged Pratincole 201 Meyer's Parrot 249 White-cheeked Bee-eater 153 Ringed Plover 202 Schalow's Turaco 250 Swallow-tailed Bee-eater 154 Kittlitz's Plover 203 Grey Lourie 251 White-fronted Bee-eater 155 Three-banded Plover 204 Great Spotted Cuckoo 252 Bohm's Bee-eater 156 White-fronted Sand Plover 205 Jacobin Cuckoo 253 Madagascar Bee-eater 157 Mongolian Plover 206 Striped Crested Cuckoo 254 Blue-ckeeked Bee-eater 158 Caspian Plover 207 Red-chested Cuckoo 255 European Bee-eater 159 Pacific Golden Plover 208 Black Cuckoo 256 Southern Carmine Bee-eater 160 Grey Plover 209 European Grey Cuckoo 257 European Roller 161 Senegal Wattled Plover 210 African Grey Cuckoo 258 Lilac-breasted Roller 162 Blacksmith Plover 211 Emerald Cuckoo 259 Racket-tailed Roller 163 Crowned Plover 212 Klaas's Cuckoo 260 Purple Roller 164 Long-toed Plover 213 Didric Cuckoo 261 Broad-billed Roller 165 Ethiopian Snipe 214 African Black Coucal 262 Red-billed Wood Hoopoe 166 Great Snipe 215 Coppery-tailed Coucal 263 Scimiterbill 167 Black-tailed Godwit 216 Senegal Coucal 264 Hoopoe 168 Bar-tailed Godwit 217 Burchell's (White-browned) 265 Red-billed Hornbill 169 Whimbrel Coucal 266 Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill 170 Curlew 218 Barn Owl 267 Crowned Hornbill 171 Spotted Redshank 219 Grass Owl 268 Afrian Grey Hornbill 172 Common Redshank 220 African Scops Owl 269 Trumpeter Hornbill 173 Marsh Sandpiper 221 White-faced Owl 270 Southern Ground Hornbill 174 Greenshank 222 Spotted Eagle Owl 271 Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird 175 Green Sandpiper 223 Giant Eagle Owl 272 Miombo pied Barbet 176 Wood Sandpiper 224 Pearl-spotted Owlet 273 Black-collared Barbet 177 Terek Sandpiper 225 Wood Owl 274 Chaplin's Barbet 178 Common Sandpiper 226 Marsh Owl 275 Black-backed Barbet 179 Turnstone 227 European Nightjar 276 Crested Barbet 180 Sanderling 228 Rufous-ckeeked Nightjar 277 Greater Honeyguide 181 Little Stint 229 Fiery-necked Nightjar 278 Lesser Honeyguide 182 Pectoral Sandpiper 230 Natal Nightjar 279 Bennett's Woodpecker 183 Curlew Sandpiper 231 Freckled Rock Nightjar 280 Golden-tailed Woodpecker 184 Ruff 232 Gaboon (Mozambique) Nightjar 281 Cardinal Woodpecker 185 Lesser Black-backed Gull 233 Pennant-winged Nightjar 282 Bearded Woodpecker 186 Grey-headed Gull 234 African Palm Swift 283 African Broadbill 187 Gull-billed Tern 235 European Swift 284 Rufous-naped Lark 188 Caspian Tern 236 Little Swift 285 Flappet Lark 189 Whiskered Tern 237 African White-rumped Swift 286 Dusky Lark

Zambia Wildlife Authority 60 Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan

287 Red-capped Lark 336 Great Reed Warbler 385 Red-backed Shrike 288 Chestnut-backed Sparrow-Lark 337 Lesser Swamp Warbler 386 Lesser Grey Shrike 289 Grey-backed Sparrow Lark 338 Greater Swamp Warbler 387 Fiscal Shrike 290 European Sand Martin 339 Olive-tree Warbler 388 Magpie Shrike 291 African Sand Martin 340 Lecterine Warbler 389 Brubru 292 Banded Martin 341 Green-capped Eremomela 390 Southern Puffback 293 Grey-rumped Swallow 342 Burnt-necked Eremomela 391 Brown-headed Tchagra 294 Red-breasted Swallow 343 Yellow-bellied Eremomela 392 Black-crowned Tchagra 295 Mosque Swallow 344 Long billed Crombec 393 Tropical Boubou 296 Lesser Striped Swallow 345 Willow Warbler 394 Orange-breasted Bush Shrike 297 African Rock Martin 346 Garden Warbler 395 Grey-headed Bush Shrike 298 Wire-tailed Swallow 347 Common Whitethroat 396 White Helmet Shrike 299 White-throated Swallow 348 Pectoral-patch Cisticola 397 Retz's Red-billed Helmet Shrike 300 European Swallow 349 Fan-tailed Cisticola 398 Fork-tailed Drongo 301 House Martin 350 Desert Cisticola 399 Pied Crow 302 Yellow Wagtail 351 Croaking Cisticola 400 Greater Blue-eared Starling 303 Cape Wagtail 352 Rattling Cisticola 401 Lesser Blue-eared Starling 304 African Pied Wagtail 353 Short-winged Cisticola 402 Southern Long-tailed Starling 305 Richard's Pipit 354 Neddicky 403 Violet-backed Starling 306 Long-billed (Wood) Pipit 355 Red-faced Cisticola 404 Wattled Starling 307 Plain-backed Pipit 356 Greater Black-baked Cisticola 405 Yellow-billed Oxpecker 308 Buffy Pipit 357 Tawny-flacked Prinia 406 Red-billed Oxpecker 309 Tree Pipit 358 Yellow-breasted Apalis 407 House Sparrow 310 Fulleborn's Longelaw 359 Bleating Bush Warbler 408 Grey-headed Sparrow 311 Rosy-breasted Longelaw 360 Miombo-barred Warbler 409 Southern Grey-headed Sparrow 312 Black Cuckoo-shrike 361 Pallid Flyeatcher 410 Yellow-throated Petronia 313 White-breasted Cuckoo-shrike 362 Southern Black Fkyeatcher 411 White-browed Sparrow-weaver 314 Yellow-belloed Greenbul 363 Collared Flyeatcher 412 Spectacled Weaver 315 Terrestrial Bulbul 364 Spotted Flyeatcher 413 Lesser Masked Weaver 316 Common Bulbul 365 Swamp Flyeatcher 414 African Masked Weaver 317 Kurrichane Thrush 366 Ashy Flyeatcher 415 Village Weaver 318 Groundscraper Thrush 367 Lead-coloured Flyeatcher 416 Red-headed Weaver 319 Thrush-Nightingale 368 Chinspot Batis 417 Red-headed Quelea 320 Heuglin's Robin 369 Paradise Flyeatcher 418 Red-billed Quelea 321 Red-capped Robin 370 Arrow-marked Babbler 419 Yellow-crowned Bishop 322 Collared Palm Thrush 371 White-romped Babbler 420 Black-winged Red Bishop 323 Eastern Bearded Scrub Robin 372 Southern Black Tit 421 Red Bishop 324 White-browed Scrub Robin 373 Grey Penduline Tit 422 Yellow Bishop 325 Stonechat 374 Collared Sunbird 423 Red-shouldered Whydah 326 European Wheatear 375 Amethyst Sunbird 424 Yellow-mantled Whydah 327 Capped Wheatear 376 Scarlet-chested Sunbird 425 White-winged Whydah 328 Familiar Chat 377 Yellow-bellied Sunbird 426 Parasitic Weaver 329 Sooty Chat 378 White-bellied Sunbird 427 Melba Finch 330 Arnot's Chat 379 Purple-banded Sunbird 428 Orange-winged Pytilia 331 Little Rush Warbler 380 Copperry Sunbird 429 Red-throated Twinspot 332 River Warbler 381 Yellow White-eye 430 Brown Firefinch 333 Sedge Warbler 382 European Golden Oriole 431 Red-billed Firefinch 334 Reed Warbler 383 African Golden Oriole 432 Jamesons's Firefinch 335 Marsh Warbler 384 Eastern Black-headed Oriole 433 Common Waxbill

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434 Blue Waxbill 441 Cut-throat Finch 448 Long-tailed Paradise Widow 435 Violet-eared Waxbill 442 Village Indigobird 449 Broad-tailed Paradise Widow 436 Zebra Waxbill 443 Dusky Indigobird 450 Yellow-fronted Canary 437 Locust Finch 444 Green Indigobird 451 Bully Canary 438 Quail Finch 445 Pale-winged Lodignbird 452 Cinnamon-breasted Rock Bunting 439 Bronze Mannikin 446 Pin-tailed Widow 453 Golden-breasted Bunting 440 Magpie Mannikin 447 shaft-tailed Widow 454 Cabanis's Bunting

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Appendix IV

Checklist of Indigenous Fish Species in the Kafue River System

Common Name Scientific Name

Chitaka Alestes lateralis Johnston’s topminnow Aplocheilichthys johnstonii Striped topminnow Aplocheilichthys katangae Beira barb Barbus (beirabarbus) aurantiacus1 Line-spotted barb Barbus lineomaculatus Barotse barb Barbus barotseensis Orange fin barb Barbus eutaenia Bowstripe barb Barbus viviparous2 Copperstripe barb Barbus multilineatus ------Barbus tangandensis* ------Barbus puellus* Red barb Barbus fasciolatus Spottail barb Barbus afrovernayi Straightfin barb Barbus paludinosus Dashtail barb Barbus poechii ------Barbus labialis* Sickle-fin barb Barbus hassianus Largescale Yellowfish Barbus marequensis** Sharptooth Catfish Clarias gariepinus ------Clarius macrostigima*** (sharptooth catfish) Clarias mosambicus3 ------Clarias mellandi*** Snake catfish Clarias theodorae Blotched catfish Clarias stappersii Neumann’s suckmouth Chilonglanis neumanni (neumann’s rock catlet) Upjaw barb Coptostomabarbus wittei Manyspined climbing perch Ctenopoma multispine ------Ctenopoma ctenotis* African pike Hepsetus odoe ------Haplochromis philander* ------Haplochromis frederici* ------Haplochromis carlottae* Southern Kneria Kneria auriculata** Redeye Labeo L abeo cylindricus ------Labeo annectens* Spotted sand Catlet Leptoglanis rotundiceps ------Marcusenius castelnaui** Bulldog Marcusenius macrolepidotus Silver robber Micralestes acutidens Western bottlenose Mormyrus lacerda (multibar citharine) Nannocharax multifasciatus4 ------Nannocharax sp. nov.* ------Nothobranchius taeniopygus*

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Greenhead tilapia oreochromis macrochir Threespot tilapia oreochromis andersonii ------pelmatochromis robustus* ------petersius rhodesiens* Churchil petrocrphalus catostoma (silver catfish5) schilbe mystus5 ------sargochromis mellandi* Brownspot largemouth serranochromis thurmbergi Thinface largemouth serranochromis angusticeps Nembwe serranochromis robustus Purpleface largemouth serranochromis macrocephalus ------synodontis kafuensis* Redbreast tilapia tilapia rendalli Banded tilapia tilapia sparrmani (northern redbreast tilapia)

Note: this list is not for Blue lagoon national park but for the whole Kafue river system such that some of the fish species cannot be found in the Park.

1. This can occur, assuming the species is a synonym with b. radiatus; 2. This may be confused with b. bifrenatus which can occur since v. viviparous is doubtful in presence in Zambia;

This can occur, assuming the species is a synonym with schilbe intermedius; * These species are not found in our literature. Scientific names of some of them are supposed to be changed; ** These species are doubtful in presence or to be confirmed; *** These species are doubtful in presence in southern Africa or changed in scientific name (according to literature only six species which belong to the

Zambia Wildlife Authority 64 Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan

Appendix V

List of Participants on the Blue Lagoon Reconnaissance Survey (8th – 12th May, 2001)

Name of Participant Organization

1. Monica Chiundama WWF Program Coordinator 2. Nyambe Nalumino WWF Partners for Wetlands 3. Chuma Simukonda WWF Partners for Wetlands 4. Zook Muleya ZAWA – PME Head of Planning 5. Zacheus Nyirongo ZAWA – PME Planner 6. Wilbrod Chansa ZAWA - Research Senior Ecologist –Wetlands 7. Phanwell. Moonga ZAWA Extension Officer 8. Dominic Kapokola ZAWA Park Ranger 9. Peter Zulu Zambia National Tourist Board 10. Patricia Munyoro Ministry of Tourism Regional Office 11. Mike Bingham Zambia Ornithology Society 12. Joseph Chibamba Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries 13. Mantina Muvela Mumbwa District Planning Officer 14. Charles F. Siame Mumbwa District Forestry Officer 15. Sylvia Chifunda Mumbwa District Fisheries Officer 16. Hudson Shimayungwa Chief Shakumbila representative 17. Demus Shimbeza Kafue Flats GMA C RB Chairperson 18. Joseph Sekeleti Sakala Kafue Flats Fishermen Representative

Zambia Wildlife Authority 65 Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan

Appendix VI

List of Participants for the Blue Lagoon First Planning Workshop (1st – 3rd August, 2001)

Name of Participant Organization

1. Monica Chiundama WWF Program Coordinator 2. Nyambe Nalumino WWF Partners for Wetlands 3. Chuma Simukonda WWF Partners for Wetlands 4. Thomas Mushinge ZAWA – Ag. Director Commercial Services 5. Rose Shabalu ZAWA – PME Senior Planner 6. Zacheus Nyirongo ZAWA – PME Planner 7. Hopeson Simwanza ZAWA - Research Senior Ecologist 8. Richard Mulenga ZAWA – System Analyst 9. Phanwell. Moonga ZAWA Extension Officer 10. Nasson Tembo ZAWA Area Warden 11. Dominic Kapokola ZAWA Park Ranger 1. Peter Zulu Zambia National Tourist Board 12. John MacHendrix Tourism Council of Zambia 13. Patricia Munyoro Ministry of Tourism Regional Office 14. Mr Kansanga Ministry of Tourism Planning Department 15. Mwape Sichilongo Environment and Wildlife Conservation Society 16. Mike Bingham Zambia Ornithology Society 17. Tally Hou Tour Operator 18. Joseph Chibamba Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries 19. Mantina Muvela Mumbwa District Planning Officer 20. Charles F. Siame Mumbwa District Forestry Officer 21. Sylvia Chifunda Mumbwa District Fisheries Officer 22. Hudson Shimayungwa Chief Shakumbila representative 23. Demus Shimbeza Kafue Flats GMA C RB Chairperson 24. Joseph Sekeleti Sakala Kafue Flats Fishermen Representative 25. Charles Phiri Environmental Council of Zambia 26. Liywalii Mushokabanji Consultant

Zambia Wildlife Authority 66 Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan

Appendix VII

List of Participants on the Consultative Meeting for the Blue Lagoon National Park Zone Planning Process held on 6th October 2003 at Muchabi Primary School, Mumbwa District

Name Chief Village Position 1 M. Nzovu Shakumbila Nzovu Councillor 2 Thomas Mukonga Shakumbila Chiboboka CRB member 3 Namoomba. M Shakumbila Namoomba Farmer 4 Christine S. Shakumbila Nkonka Farmer 5 Richard Mwila Shakumbila Moonga Farmer 6 J. Mwacho Shakumbila Shikapulu Farmer 7 L. Mukanga Shakumbila Chiboboka Farmer 8 Mwampwe Sylvester Shakumbila Moonga Farmer 9 Hasiingo Kabunda Shakumbila Kabunda Farmer 10 Chumuba Sikanga Shakumbila Chiboboka Farmer 11 Musefu E. Shakumbila Mbayi Farmer 12 Kaira David Shakumbila Muchabi Distributor 13 Mweene Gibson Shakumbila Shinjanji Farmer 14 Ramo M. Shichoonda Shakumbila Shakumbila CRB member 15 B.D. Mwale Shakumbila Muchabi Farmer 16 Palicha J.K Shakumbila Shamakwebo Farmer 17 Belwack Kanguma Shakumbila Shameza Headman 18 Kafula Francis Shakumbila Muchabi Sch. Teacher 19 S. Kaira Shakumbila Muchabi Sch. Teacher 20 J. Kabunde Shakumbila Kabunda Farmer 21 S. Chilonga Shakumbila Shinjanji Farmer 22 Denis Shimbeza Shakumbila Mulomo CDC Chairperson 23 Paul Muuduma Shakumbila Chumbuluka Farmer 24 Driekso Nkonka Shakumbila Nkonka Farmer 25 Geoffrey Nakaima Shakumbila Njaame Headman 26 Often Namwando Shakumbila Njaame Farmer 27 Jones Mpule Shakumbila Moonga Headman 28 Patrick Mpoko Shakumbila Shikapulu Farmer 29 Doctor Kalimbana Shakumbila Namunkombo A.D.M 30 Fedelis Shakumbila Shakumbila Kasumpa Farmer 31 Isaac Ndiya Shakumbila Chiboboka Farmer 32 G. Shamamba Shakumbila Mungomana Farmer 33 T. Chibawe Shakumbila Muchabi CRB member 34 F. Shimufanga Shakumbila Kabunda Farmer 35 H. Kabunda Shakumbila Kabunda Farmer 36 C. Kasalu Shakumbila Chumboloka Farmer 37 A. Moonga Shakumbila Shakalikila Farmer 38 Mosten Cheelo Shakumbila Mweemba Farmer 39 S. Nsondo Shakumbila Muchabi CRB member 40 Rosiah Mbayi Shakumbila Mbayi Farmer 41 Peter M. Shakauma Shakumbila Shinjanji Farmer 42 Namoomba Shakumbila Namoomba Farmer 43 Royd Choonga Shakumbila Shinjanju Farmer

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44 Noel Shichoonda Shakumbila Shakumbila Farmer 45 Rodwell Shachipola Shakumbila Mukubu Farmer 46 Mwanachoola Shikabila Shakumbila Shikabila Farmer 47 Mweemba Coaster Shakumbila Shimpuwe CRB member 48 Shikalembula Award Shakumbila Shikalembula CRB member 49 Malambo Wisdom Shakumbila Shimpuwe VAG member 50 Mwanza Modest Shakumbila Shimpuwe CRB Member 52 Shamusunyo Samson Shakumbila Mungomena Farmer 53 Simon Mulimbanyika Shakumbila Mungomena Farmer 54 Fanwell Shulawunga Shakumbila Nzovu Farmer 55 Brighton Shalutambo Shakumbila Mukubu Farmer 56 Chitambo Cliffton Shakumbila Shimpuwe CRB member 57 Eston Namoomba Shakumbila Moonga Farmer 58 George Kantini Shakumbila Shinjiji Farmer 59 Simon Shamabanze Shakumbila Shachizobe Farmer 60 Chrispin Shamabanze Shakumbila Mungomena Farmer 61 Joyce Chifundila Shakumbila Chifundila Farmer 62 Coaster Molobala Shakumbila Mukubu Farmer 63 Evans Mbambi Shakumbila Katambo Fisherman 64 Namoomba Hinson Shakumbila Nzyimbwa Farmer 65 Shiluwe Nathan Shakumbila Mugomena H/Man 66 Namukombo Harrison Shakumbila Namukombo VAG member 67 Dinago Moses Shakumbila Kangungu Farmer 68 Rodwell Chikumbe Shakumbila Shakumbila H/Man 69 Martin Chinama Muwezwa Muunga CDM 70 Clement Hamainza Shakumbila Muchabi CH 71 Shadreck Shazemba Muwezwa Musulwe VAG member 72 Mapanza Muwezwa Munamachela CRB member 73 D. Muchazhi Muwezwa Mwachibwanku CDC 74 Dominic Kapokola ZAWA Naleze Park Ranger 75 George Kampamba ZAWA Chilanga DRPI 76 B.A. Nkhata ZAWA Chilanga P.O 77 J.A.K. Chongwe ZAWA Chilanga C.O

Zambia Wildlife Authority 68 Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan

Appendix VIII

List of Participants to the Final Blue Lagoon Planning Workshop (12th May, 2004)

Name of Participant Organization

1. Nyambe Nalumino WWF Partners for Wetlands 2. George Kampamba ZAWA - Director -RPI 3. Zook Muleya ZAWA – Head of Planning 4. Wilbroad Chansa ZAWA – Head of Research 5. Vincert Nyirenda ZAWA - Senior Planning Officer 6. Chaka Kaumba ZAWA – GIS System Analyst 7. Fred Siakabeya ZAWA – Planning Officer 8. Victor Siamundaala ZAWA – Senior Ecologist 9. Neddy Mulimo ZAWA - Wildlife Police Officer 10. Clifford Hamusonde ZAWA - Senior Wildlife Police Officer 11. Mutukwa Walusiku Regional Manager – Western Region - ZAWA 12. Dominic Kapokola ZAWA - Park Ranger 13. Christopher Msiska MTENR – Lsk, Cetrl & East Regional Office 14. S. Macwani MTENR 15. Gdjan van der Heide Tour Operator 16. Joseph Chibamba Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries 17. Mantina Muvela Mumbwa District Planning Officer 18. Charles F. Siame Mumbwa District Forestry Officer 19. Sylvia Chifunda Mumbwa District Fisheries Officer 20. Noel Shichoonda Chief Shakumbila representative 21. Demus Shimbeza Kafue Flats GMA C RB Chairperson 22. Brain Nkandu Environmental Council of Zambia

Zambia Wildlife Authority 69 Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan

Appendix IX

Statutory Instrument for Gazettment of Blue Lagoon National Park

GOVERNMENT OF ZAMBIA ______

STATUTORY INSTRUMENT NO 38 of 1973 ______

The National Parks and Wildlife Act (Laws, Volume VI, Cap.316) ______

The Blue Lagoon National Park Declaration Order, 1973

WHEREAS Section eight of the National Parks and Wildlife Act confers on the President the power to declare with the consent of the National Assembly signified by resolution any area of land within the Republic to be a National Park for the purposes of the said Act;

AND WHEREAS the consent of the National Assembly has been signified by a Resolution passed by it on the twenty-third day of November, 1971:

NOW THEREFORE, I make the following Order:

1. This Order may be cited as the Blue Lagoon National Park Declaration Title Order, 1973.

2. The areas set out in the Schedule to this Order is hereby declared to be a Declaration National Park for the purposes of the National Parks and Wildlife Act Cap. 316.

KENNETH D. KAUNDA LUSAKA President 8th February, 1973 [MLNR.102/18/1]

SCHEDULE

NATIONAL PARK No. 18: BLUE LAGOON

Starting at Beacon DN26 on the main Muchabi-Shibuyunji road D183, the boundary proceeds in a straight line a south-easterly direction to Beacon E85; thence in a straight line in a north-easterly direction to Beacon E86; thence in a straight line to a beacon erected south-east of Beacon E86; thence in a straight line in a north-easterly direction to a beacon erected on a footpath approximately 1.6 kilometers south of the main Muchabi-Shibuyunji road D183; thence following this footpath in a general south-easterly Direction to a beacon erected at the edge of the main tree line on the northern margin of the Kafue Flats; thence following along the main tree line eastwards to a beacon erected at a point on the edge of the said tree line; thence following a footpath in a general south-easterly direction to a beacon erected on the north bank of the Luwato Lagoon; thence following along the Luwato Lagoon in a general south-westerly direction to a point thereon south-east of Beacon 92A; thence to Beacon 92A; thence in a straight line in a general westerly direction for a distance

Zambia Wildlife Authority 70 Blue Lagoon National Park General Management Plan of approximately 19 kilometres to an erected beacon; thence in a straight line in a general northerly direction for a distance of approximately 9 kilometres to a beacon erected at point near the Chiko-Muchabi track; thence in a general easterly direction for a fistance of approximately 7 kilometres to a beacon erected on the Nangoma River; thence in a straight line in a general north easterly direction to a beacon erected at a point approximately 2.4 kilometres south-east of the main Muchabi-Shibuyunji road D183; thence in a straight line in a general north-westerly direction to Beacon E66 erected on Kamwala Hill; thence in a straight line in a general easterly direction to Beacon DN28; thence in a straight line in a general south-easterly direction to Beacon DN27 on the main Muchabi-Shibuyunji road D183; thence following along this road in a general north-easterly direction to Beacon DN26, the point of starting.

Included within the above areas but excluded there from is an area of approximately 2.024 hectares, which is depicted on Detail Plan No, 9A, dated 10th August, 1972.

The above described area, in extent approximately 450 square kilometers, is situated in the Mumbwa District and is shown bordered in red on Plan No. NP18, deposited in the office of the Surveyor-General and dated the 1st February, 1973.

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