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Common Fungal Diseases of Russian Forests, Including Diagnostic Signs and Symptoms, Pathogen Biology, Damage Caused by the Disease, and Methods of Control

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Common Fungal Diseases of Russian Forests, Including Diagnostic Signs and Symptoms, Pathogen Biology, Damage Caused by the Disease, and Methods of Control :USDA United States ~~ Department of Common Fungal Diseases ' Agriculture Forest Service of Russian Forests Northeastern Research Station General Technical Report NE-279 Evgeny P. Kuz'michev Ella S. Sokolova Elena G. Kulikova l Abstract Describes common fungal diseases of Russian forests, including diagnostic signs and symptoms, pathogen biology, damage caused by the disease, and methods of control. The fungal diseases are divided into two groups: those that are the most common in Russian forests and those that are found only in Russia. Within each group, diseases are subdivided by plant organ attacked, i.e. fruit, seeds, leaves, needles, roots, stems, and branches. The Authors EVGENY P. KUZ'MICHEV is Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Professor (Ecology and Forest Pathology), Doctor of Biology. He was Deputy Chief, Federal Forest Service of Russia, when this project was initiated; he is currently Deputy Rector, International Independent University on Ecology and Politology, Moscow. ELLA S. SOKOLOVA is Associate Professor (Forest Pathology) and Researcher, Department of Ecology and Forest Protection, Moscow State Forest University. ELENA G. KULIKOVA was Associate Professor (Forest Protection), Department of Ecology and Forest Protection, Moscow State Forest University, when this project was initiatied; she is currently Division Head, Department of International Cooperation, Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, Moscow. Cover Photo Basidiocarps of Ganoderma applanatum on the trunk of an aspen (Populus tremula). This publication/database reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal, agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife-if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. Manuscript received for publication 11 January 2000 Published by: For additional copies: USDA FOREST SERVICE USDA Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073-3294 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 June 2001 Fax: (7 40)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.fs.fed.us/ne Contents -~ .. Introduction ..........................................':: ................................................................................................. ,.... 1 Most Common Fungal Diseases of Russian Forests ..................................................................... 2 Diseases of Fruits and Seeds ......................................................................-:: ............................ 2 Birch Seed Mummification ...................................................................................................................... 2 Fruit Deformation .................................................................................................................................... 2 Fruit Spots .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Molds ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Seed and Fruit Rots ............................................................................................................................... 9 Diseases of Needles and Leaves ............................................................................................ 11 Needle Diseases .................................................................................................................................. 11 Lophodermium Needle Casts .......................................................................................................... 11 Snow Blight ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Meria Needle Blight ......................................................................................................................... 16 Brown Felt Blight ............................................................................................................................. 18 Rhizosphaera Needle Casts ............................................................................................................ 18 Needle Rusts of Pine ....................................................................................................................... 20 Leaf Diseases ....................................................................................................................................... 22 Powdery Mildews ............................................................................................................................. 22 Leaf Spots ...................................................... : .. .............................................................................. 23 Leaf Rusts ....................................................................................................................................... 35 Diseases Of Roots, Stems, And Branches ............................................................................... 36 Diseases in Tree Nurseries and Young Forests ................................................................................... 36 Damping - off ................................................................................................................................... 36 Diseases of Forest Stands ................................................................................................................... 38 Wilts ................................................................................................................................................. 38 Verticillium Wilt ............................................................................................................................ 38 Dutch Elm Disease ..................................................................................................................... 39 Oak Wilt .........................................................................· ............................................................. 41 Dieback and Canker Diseases ........................................................................................................ 42 Cenangium Dieback of Pine ....................................................................................................... 42 Nectria Canker and Dieback ....................................................................................................... 44 Cytospora Canker ....................................................................................................................... 45 Dothichiza Canker of Poplar ....................................................................................................... 46 Clithris Canker and Dieback of Oaks .......................................................................................... 48 Nummularia Canker .................................................................................................................... 48 Black Naemospora Canker ......................................................................................................... 49 Thyrostroma Canker and Dieback .............................................................................................. 50 Ascocalyx Scleroderris Shoot Canker ........................................................................................ 52 European Larch Canker .............................................................................................................. 53 Lachnellula Canker of Siberian Pine Understory ........................................................................ 54 Stem Rust of Pine ....................................................................................................................... 55 Broom Rust of Fir ........................................................................................................................ 56 Perennial Nectria Canker ............................................................................................................ 58 Black Hypoxylon Canker ............................................................................................................. 60 Cytophoma Canker of Ash .......................................................................................................... 60 Wood-Decaying Diseases ............................................................................................................... 62 Annosum Root and Butt Rot ....................................................................................................... 62 Armillaria Root Rot ...................................................................................................................... 65 Butt and Trunk Rot of Conifers ................................................................................................... 67 Trunk and Limb Rot of Hardwoods ............................................................................................. 75 Fungal Dise~ses that Occur Only in Russian Forests
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