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S19 Agricultural Plant Pest Control, Category 1A Agricultural Plant Pest Control Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Category 1A Agricultural Plant Pest Control July 2011 Table of Contents Integrated Pest Management and the Environment Definition of a Pest ........................................................................... 6 Definition of a Pesticide ................................................................... 6 Integrated Pest Management ............................................................ 6 Worker Protection Standard ............................................................... 7 Pesticide Selection ............................................................................ 8 Insect Pest Management in Field Crops Common Insect Groups ................................................................. 11 Sampling ........................................................................................ 13 Alfalfa Pests .................................................................................... 17 Corn Pests ...................................................................................... 19 Cotton Pests ................................................................................... 21 Sorghum Pests ................................................................................ 23 Soybean Pests ................................................................................. 25 Sunflower Pests .............................................................................. 27 Wheat Pests .................................................................................... 29 Beneficial Organisms ...................................................................... 31 Insect and Mite Pests of Fruit Crops Apple Insect and Mite Pests ........................................................... 33 Peach Insect Pests ........................................................................... 35 Management ................................................................................... 36 Vegetable Crop Pests Soil Insects ..................................................................................... 39 Sucking Insects and Mites .............................................................. 41 Chewing Insects ............................................................................. 44 Management ................................................................................... 49 Crop Plant Diseases Causes and Types ............................................................................ 53 Abiotic Disorders ........................................................................... 57 Disease Management ..................................................................... 58 Cultural Practices ............................................................................. 60 Disease Diagnosis ............................................................................ 64 Sample Submission ......................................................................... 65 References ...................................................................................... 67 4 Table of Contents Weed Management in Field Crops Weed Identification and Biology .................................................... 70 Weed Life Cycles ........................................................................... 71 Types of Herbicides ........................................................................ 78 Herbicide Modes of Action ............................................................ 79 Herbicide Resistance ...................................................................... 80 Herbicide Application .................................................................... 81 Soil-Applied ................................................................................. 81 Foliar-Applied .............................................................................. 81 Weed Management Decisions ........................................................ 82 Pasture and Rangeland Weed and Brush Control Weeds in Pasture and Rangeland ................................................... 85 Equipment and Calibration for Commercial Field Crop Applications Nozzle Selection ............................................................................. 95 Minimizing Spray Drift ................................................................. 98 Calibration .................................................................................... 101 Mixing Pesticide Formulations ..................................................... 111 Maintenance and Cleaning ........................................................... 112 Record Keeping ............................................................................ 114 Aerial Application Dispersal Equipment .................................................................... 116 Calibration .................................................................................... 118 Drift Reduction ............................................................................ 120 Operations .................................................................................... 121 Directions for Using this Manual This is a self-teaching manual. At the end of each major section is a list of study questions to check your understanding of the subject matter. These study questions are representative of the type that are on the certification exam. By studying this manual and answering the study questions, you should be able to gain sufficient knowledge to pass the Kansas Commercial Applicators Certification examination. Correct answers appear on page 124. 5 Integrated Pest Definition of a Pest Integrated Pest Management and The first step to managing pests Management the Environment is to identify them. A pest is any Integrated pest management plant, animal, or microbe that is (IPM) is a pest management unwanted, troublesome, annoying strategy that focuses on long- or destructive. This manual covers term prevention through regular three types of pests: monitoring and a combination of • insects and related arthropods, control methods. IPM attempts • plant disease agents, to prevent losses from pests in ways that are effective, economical, • weeds. and available, while maintaining Crop plants can be pests (weeds) safety of the crop, people, and if present where they are not environment. IPM is based on wanted, for example, volunteer a thorough understanding of alfalfa in corn, corn in soybeans, the pest, so cultural, mechanical, or rye in wheat. Plant disease biological, genetic, and chemical agents can be desirable if they techniques can be integrated help control weeds. Where and to optimize control. Pest when the organism occurs plays management tactics commonly an important role in determining used in field crop situations whether it is actually a pest. include the use of resistant varieties, crop rotation, following Definition of a Pesticide recommended tillage practices, and proper soil fertilization. A pesticide is a substance or mixture intended to prevent, The integrated approach is control, destroy, repel, or attract important because of problems a pest. This includes the use of associated with exclusive use plant regulators, defoliants, and of chemical pesticides. Some desiccants. Pesticides can be pest species have no satisfactory grouped by target: pesticide available for control, so other methods are important. • insecticides (kills insects) Adverse weather conditions may • fungicides (kills fungus) prevent application or reduce • her bicides (kills weeds) efficacy of pesticides that are • miticides (kills mites) applied. Safe pesticide application • nematicides (kills nematodes) is impossible in areas close to dwellings, livestock, beehives • rodenticides (kills rodents) or water resources. Inadequate coverage, poor placement, or improper timing can lead to poor control. And pests can develop resistance through the use of a single pesticide. Chemical pesticides can be responsible for destruction of natural enemies, outbreaks of secondary pests, environmental contamination, 6 Integrated Pest and cause health hazards for the • a verbal warning or a sign at a applicator and people who come in treated site if the label requires it. Management and contact with the treated area. The commercial applicator The reason for most pest control business must inform its customer the Environment failures is not understanding the (a producer of agricultural plants) biology of the pest, its effect on the of the following information crop and how a particular control before each pesticide application: method works. • specific locations to be treated, • time and date the pesticide Worker Protection is scheduled to be applied, Standard (WPS) • product name, EPA The Worker Protection Standard registration number, and is a federal regulation intended active ingredient, to reduce the risk of illness or • restricted entry interval injury to pesticide handlers and (REI) for the pesticide, agricultural workers. A pesticide • whether the label requires both handler is a person hired to treated area posting and oral mix, load, transfer, apply, or notification, dispose of pesticides and their containers. Agricultural workers • other safety requirements on are individuals hired to do manual the label for workers and other labor, such as thinning, pruning, persons in the area. weeding, rouging, detasseling, or On the other hand, the customer hand harvesting. must inform the business of
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