Churches in the Ukrainian Crisis Andrii Krawchuk • Thomas Bremer Editors Churches in the Ukrainian Crisis Editors Andrii Krawchuk Thomas Bremer University of Sudbury University of Münster Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Münster, Germany ISBN 978-3-319-34143-9 ISBN 978-3-319-34144-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-34144-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016955052 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Cover illustration: Cover icon created by João Proença from the Noun Project Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland CONTENTS Introduction xi Andrii Krawchuk Part I Historical Background 1 1 Religion in Ukraine: Historical Background and the Present Situation 3 Thomas Bremer 2 Ukrainian Greek Catholics, Past and Present 21 Yury P. Avvakumov Part II Orthodox Autocephaly in Ukraine 45 3 Autocephaly in Ukraine: The Canonical Dimension 47 Paul Brusanowski 4 Orthodox Autocephaly in Ukraine: The Historical Dimension 79 Alfons Brüning v vi Contents Part III Orthodox Identity in Ukraine 103 5 Shaping Ukrainian Identity: The Churches in the Socio-Political Crisis 105 Natalia Kochan 6 The Role of the Church in the Ukrainian Crisis: The Experience of One Parish 123 Lidiya Lozova Part IV Interpreting the Nature and the Causes of the War 131 7 The Russian Orthodox Church and the Crisis in Ukraine 133 Mikhail Suslov 8 Interpreting the “Russian World” 163 Cyril Hovorun Part V Paths to Unity, Co-operation, and Peace 173 9 Redefining Orthodox Identity in Ukraine after the Euromaidan 175 Andrii Krawchuk 10 Ukraine after the Euromaidan: Ecumenism versus Religious Repression 203 Katrin Boeckh Index 217 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Yury P. Avvakumov teaches historical theology at the University of Notre Dame (USA). He is author of Die Entstehung des Unionsgedankens. Die lateinische Theologie des Hochmittelalters in der Auseinandersetzung mit dem Ritus der Ostkirche (Berlin, 2002) and editor of Mytropolyt Andrei Sheptytskyi i hreko-katolyky v Rosii. Dokumenty i materialy 1899–1917 (L’viv, 2004). Katrin Boeckh is Professor of East and Southeast European History at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich. She was a junior researcher in the History Department of the Osteuropa-Institut in Munich (1993–1996) and Managing Editor of Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas (1996–2008). Since 2008, she has been a senior research associate at the Institute for East and Southeast European Studies in Regensburg. Her research interests include political history and the history of church–state relations in the Balkans and in the Soviet Union, with a special focus on Ukraine. Her recent books include Stalinismus in der Ukraine: Die Rekonstruktion des sowjetischen Systems nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (Wiesbaden, 2007) and Ukraine. Von der Roten zur Orangenen Revolution (Regensburg, 2007; Italian translation 2009). Thomas Bremer is Professor of Ecumenical Theology, Eastern Churches Studies and Peace Studies at the Faculty of Catholic Theology, University of Münster, Germany. After obtaining his doctorate with a dissertation on the ecclesiology of the Serbian Orthodox Church, he worked for the German Association for East European Studies. In 1999, he was appointed to the post in Münster. His research interests are the Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe (Russia, Ukraine) and in the Balkans (Serbia), Catholic–Orthodox ecumenical dialogue, and questions of churches in conflict. His bookCross and Kremlin, a history of the Russian Orthodox Church, has been translated into English (Grand Rapids, 2013), and vii viii Notes on Contributors with Andrii Krawchuk he co-edited­ Eastern Orthodox Encounters of Identity and Otherness (New York, 2014). Alfons Brüning is Lecturer in Orthodox Christianity in Eastern Europe at the Institute of Eastern Christian Studies at Radboud University, Nijmegen. Since 2012, he is also Endowed Professor of Orthodoxy, Human Rights and Peace Studies at Vrije Universiteit and Protestantse Theologische Universiteit, Amsterdam. Previously, he was research fellow for a project on Early Modern Ukraine and Russia at Münster University. His research focuses on religion and culture in early modern Poland, Ukraine, and Russia, on Orthodox Church history and theology in modern times, and the Orthodox theology of human rights. His publications include Unio non est unitas—Polen-­Litauens Weg im Konfessionellen Zeitalter (1569–1648) (Wiesbaden, 2008) and Orthodox Christianity and Human Rights, ed. with E. van der Zweerde (2012). Paul Brusanowski is Professor of History of the Eastern Orthodox Church at the University Lucian Blaga in Sibiu (Orthodox Theological Faculty). His PhD thesis, which studied the confessional school system in Transylvania between 1848 and 1918, was printed in a second edition in 2010. His research interests include church–state relations in Eastern Europe. He has written numerous books and articles on this topic in Romanian and German. His latest publication is Rumänisch-­ orthodoxe Kirchenordnungen (1786–2008) (Vienna-Cologne-Weimar, 2011). Cyril Hovorun is a senior lecturer at Stockholm School of Theology/Sankt Ignatios Academy in Sweden. Previously he served as a research fellow at Yale University, and was a vice-rector of the Doctoral School of the Russian Orthodox Church. He served as a first deputy chairman of the Educational Committee of the Moscow Patriarchate and chaired the Department of external relations of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. His PhD dissertation at Durham University was published as Will, Action and Freedom: Christological Controversies in the Seventh Century (2008). Recently, he published Meta-Ecclesiology: Chronicles on Church Awareness (New York, 2015). Natalia Kochan is a senior researcher at the Ivan F. Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies (Kyiv), National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. From 1991 to 2005, she worked at the Institute of Philosophy and the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Her research interests include church history in Ukraine in the perspective of religion and politics, nationalism and ethnicity. Her recent publications include Relihiinyi chynnyk u politytsi natsie- ta derzhavotvorennia: Dosvid suchasnioi Ukrainy, V. Vojnalovych, V. Yelenskyj, N. Kochan (2012) and Relihiinyi chynnyk etnopolitychnykh protsesiv na Donbasi: istoriia i suchasnist’ with V. Vojnalovych (2015). Notes on Contributors ix Andrii Krawchuk is Professor of Religious Studies and past president (2004–2009) of the University of Sudbury, Canada. Author of Christian Social Ethics in Ukraine: The Legacy of Andrei Sheptytsky (Toronto, 1997) and co-editor with Thomas Bremer of Eastern Orthodox Encounters of Identity and Otherness: Values, Self-Reflection, Dialogue (New York, 2014), he has edited numerous docu- mentary collections on religion, society, and ethics in Eastern Europe. Vice- president of the International Council for Central and East European Studies, he is a member of the Religion in Europe Group (American Academy of Religion), and of the Executive of the Canadian Association of Slavists. His current research is on interreligious dialogue and intercultural ethics in the wake of the Russian- Ukrainian conflict. Lidiya Lozova is a translator and project manager for the “Dukh i Litera” (Spirit and Letter) Research and Publishing Association at the European Humanities Research Center of the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla­ Academy (Kyiv, Ukraine) since 2010. She also manages projects of St. Clement’s Center: Communion and Dialogue of Cultures. In 2015, she obtained her PhD from the Institute for Problems of Modern Art with a thesis on the theological aspects of Russian avant-garde art. Beyond theology and art, her interests include church, civil society and ecumenical relations. She is an active member of St. Paraskeva par- ish and the “Ark” educational and social center in the village of Lishnya, Kyiv region, where she is responsible for international projects. Mikhail Suslov is a Marie Curie researcher at the Uppsala Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Uppsala University. He obtained his PhD in History from the European University Institute in Florence. His research interests include Russian history of political and geopolitical ideas, and cultural and intellectual history of the Russian Orthodox Church. His recent publications