Northeastern Region Capital Cities Development Investment Program (NERCCDIP)

Environmental Planning Document

Draft Initial Environmental Examination for Solid Waste in Kohima Document Stage: Draft for Consultation Project Number: 35290-01 January 2009

India: Northeastern Region Capital Cities Development Investment Program (NERCCDIP)

The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Overview 1 B. NERCCDIP Components 1 C. Environmental Regulatory Compliance 2 D. Purpose of IEE 5 E. Scope of IEE 7 F. Report Structure 7

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS 7 A. Project Components of Solid Waste Management in Kohima 7 B. Improvement of Solid Waste Collection System 8 C. Transportation Facilities 8 D. Transfer Station and Disposal Facility 8 E. Treatment and Disposal 9 F. Capacity Development 9 G. Development Strategy for Landfill Site 9 H. Components of Landfill Site 9 I. Environmental Category 10 J. Implementation Schedule 12 K. Project Benefits 12 L. Project Alternatives 12

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 12 A. Environmental Profile of Kohima 12 B. Physical Resources 13 C. Ecological Resources 25 D. Social and Cultural Resources 26 E. Economic Development 27 F. Physical Infrastructure Services 28 G. Environmental Setting of the Project Sites 30

IV. SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 34 A. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation: Location and Design 35 B. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation: Construction 37 C. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation: O&M 39

V. INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN 47 A. Institutional Requirements 47 B. Environmental Management Plan 51 C. Capacity Building 53 D. Environmental Budget 56

VI. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 57 A. Process for Consultation 57 B. Consultation Outcomes 60 C. Framework for Continued Participation in Subsequent Program Stages 62

VII. FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS 63

VIII. CONCLUSION 64

TABLES

Table 1: Proposed NERCCDIP Components Table 2: Environmental Regulatory Compliance for Sub-project Table 3: Land use of Kohima Table 4: Details of Three Rivers Near Proposed Landfill Site Table 5: Ground Water Quality of Kohima TownTable 6: Water Quality of Dzuna Ru River, Dzucha Ru River & its confluence point Table 7: Different classes of Water Quality Table 8: Water Quality Class near Disposal site Table 9: Kohima: Number of Establishment by Type Table 10: Salient Features of Solid Waste Management in GKPA, 2005 Table 11: Phyto Diversity at the SW disposal site locations – existing and proposed Table 12: Screening of Impacts Table 13: Solid Waste Sub Projects: Kohima- Scope of LA and Resettlement Table 14: Overview of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures, Solid Waste Table 15: Environmental Monitoring Plan for Kohima Table 16: Training Program for Environmental Management Table 17: Environmental Budget, Solid Waste Table 18: Details of Consultation Program in Kohima Table 19: Summary of Consultations Held - Kohima Table 20: Issues Raised and Suggestions Received – Situation Analysis Stage

FIGURES

Figure 1: Proposed Solid Waste Disposal Site, Kohima Figure 2: Proposed Solid Waste Disposal Site, Kohima Figure 3: Pulie Badze Protected Area and Solid Waste Site Figure 3: Geology & Tectonic Areas Figure 4: Existing Land use –GKPA Figure 5: Drainage pattern of GKPA Figure 6: Drainage pattern of proposed Solid Waste Disposal site Figure 7: Surface water sampling location near disposal site Figure 9: Solid Waste Disposal in Topo sheet

ANNEXURES

Annexure 1: Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling), 2000 Annexure 2: Forest Clearance Approval Process Annexure 3: REA Checklist of Solid Waste Management Annexure 4: The Pulie Badze Protected Forest State Confirmation Annexure 5: Photos Annexure 6: The Aquired Land from Nagaland Government For Solid Waste Displosal Site

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Overview

1. The North Eastern Region Capital Cities Development Investment Program (NERCCDIP) envisages achieving sustainable urban development in the Project Cities of Agartala, Aizawl, Kohima, Gangtok and Shillong through investments in urban infrastructure sectors. The urban infrastructure and services improvement is proposed in the following sectors (i) water supply, (ii) sewerage and sanitation, and (iii) solid waste management. The expected impact of the Investment Program, is increased economic growth potential, reduced poverty, and reduced imbalances between the NER and the rest of the country. The expected outcomes of the Investment Program will be an improved urban environment and better living conditions for the 1.65 million people expected to be living in the Investment Program cities by 2018. To this end, the Investment Program will (i) improve and expand urban infrastructure and services in the cities including in slums and (iii) strengthen urban institutional, management, and the financing capacity of the institutions, including the urban local bodies. Based on considerations of economic justification, absorptive capacity and sustainability of the implementing agencies, sub-projects have been identified in each city in the priority infrastructure sectors.

2. Though the Project aims to improve the environmental condition of urban areas, the proposed improvements of infrastructure facilities may exert certain adverse impacts on the natural environment. While developing urban infrastructure facilities, impacts during the construction stage are expected to be more severe than impacts during the operation phase, though for a short duration. Exceptions being some facilities such as solid waste landfills and sewage treatment plants, which may also exert adverse impacts during the operation phase, if due care is not taken.

3. The mandatory requirements applicable to the NERCCDIP may also necessitate the proposed components to go through the environmental assessment process at an appropriate level. Hence, considering these issues and particularly to facilitate the State-level Investment Program Management and Implementation Units (SIPMIU) and the Executing Agencies (EA) with definite environmental criteria to be met for implementation of NERCCDIP sub-projects and sub-components, an environmental assessment and review framework (EARF) has been prepared (see EARF for NERCCDIP ). The EARF provides environmental criteria for sub-project selection.

4. Above all, this exercise ensures that the NERCCDIP, in its project cycle, will not deteriorate or interfere with the environmental sensitivity of a project area but rather improve environmental quality through development of infrastructure facilities. Moreover, any component included in NERCCDIP shall comply with the environmental requirements of the Government of India (GoI), the respective state governments, and ADB. Details of components and sub- components financed under the NERCCDIP are given below.

B. NERCCDIP Components

5. The NERCCDIP will consist of two parts. Part A covers urban infrastructure and services improvement including the rehabilitation, improvement and expansion of (i) water supplies, (ii) sewerage and sanitation, and (iii) solid waste management. Part B covers provision of project management support, institutional development, capacity building and project administration. Table 1 outlines the broad components by sector proposed in the program cities. 2

Table 1: Proposed NERCCDIP Components Sub- Projects Components Water supply (a) source and treatment works; (b) distribution system including Non-Revenue Water (NRW) reduction; and (c) institutional development and Sewerage and (a) collection and treatment system; (b) low cost sanitation facilities; and (c) institutional Sanitation development and capacity building Solid Wwaste (a) improvement of collection system; (b) treatment and disposal system; and (c) institutional Management development and capacity building

6. In accordance with ADB’s environmental safeguard requirements for a Multi-Tranche Financing Facility (MFF), the environmental assessment of individual tranches is required. Accordingly, the following four sub-projects are proposed for Tranche I: (i) water supply in Gangtok, (ii) NRW and small-scale water supply improvements in Argatala, Aizawl, and Kohima. (iii) solid waste management in Kohima, and (iv) solid waste management in Shilong. The focus of this IEE is solid waste management in Kohima.

C. Environmental Regulatory Compliance

7. The implementation of any sub-project proposed under NERCCDIP will be governed by the Environmental Acts, Rules, Policies, and Regulations of the GoI and the respective state governments of the Northeast Region. These regulations impose restrictions on the activities to minimize/mitigate likely impacts on the environment. The following are the environmental regulations applicable to NERCCDIP:

(i) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, amended 1988; (ii) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975; (iii) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, amended 1987; (iv) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982; (v) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, amended 1991 and including the following Rules/Notification issued under this Act; (vi) The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, including amendments; (vii) The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000; (viii) The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989; (ix) The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998; (x) Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000; (xi) Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002; (xii) Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006; (xiii) Environmental Standards of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB); (xiv) The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, amended 1993; (xv) The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995; (xvi) The Indian Forest Act, 1927; (xvii) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, amended 1988; (xviii) Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 amended 1992 and 2003; and (xix) Guidelines for Diversion of Forest Lands for Non-Forest Purpose under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.

8. Any component included in NERCCDIP shall comply with the above environmental laws, standards, rules and requirements. Key standards include those related to drinking water quality, air quality, effluent discharge, leachate quality, and protected areas. Compliance is required in all stages of the project including design, construction, and operation and maintenance. Components relevant to this sub-project, which fall under the ambit of

3 environmental regulations and mandatory requirement, are indicated in Table 2.

Table 2: Environmental Regulatory Compliance for Sub-project S. Component Applicable Compliance Action Required No Legislation 1 All components that Forest (Conservation) Approval of the Identification of non-forest land require forest land Act, 1980 &and Ministry of and afforestation program need acquisition Wildlife Act, 1972 Environment and to be formulated Forests, GoI 2. Municipal Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste Authorization from Municipal Authority to receive Facility Management and SPCB. No Objection proper authorization (CFE and Handling Rules Certificates (NOC), CFO) from State Pollution (SWMHR), 2000; Certificates for Control Board (SPCB) for setting Water (Prevention and Establishment (CFE) up waste processing and disposal facility including landfills. Control of Pollution) and Certificates for Act, 1974 and/or the Operation (CFO). Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Renewal of CFO Based on the performance of the during operation solid waste facility and its compliance with the discharge standards CFO will be renewed every year.

9. Under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and/or the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the following sub-projects require Consent for Establishment (CFE) and Consent for Operation (CFO) from the respective State Pollution Control Board (SPCB). The CFE/CFO is issued upon project review and site visits. The Board issues the CFE before start of construction and the CFO after completion of construction and satisfying CFE conditions, if any. During the operation period, the effluent and air emissions must conform to the stipulated standards (CPCB Environmental Standards). The CFO is renewed every year based on the operation performance of the facility. The following sub- projects require SPCB consent for establishment and operation. (i) New or augmentation of water treatment plants (under the Water Act); (ii) New or augmentation of sewage treatment plants (under the Water Act); (iii) Solid waste composting and landfills (under the Water Act and the Air Act); (iv) Diesel generators (under the Air Act); and (v) Hot Mix Plants, Wet Mix Plants, Stone Crushers etc, if installed for construction (under the Air Act).

10. The new EIA Notification of 2006 of GoI, which replaces the EIA Notification of 1994, requires environmental clearance for certain defined activities/projects. This Notification classifies the projects/activities that require environmental clearance (EC) into ‘A’ and ‘B’ categories depending on the impact potential and/or scale of project. For both category projects, prior environmental clearance is mandatory before any construction work, or preparation of land except for securing the land, is started on such project or activity. Clearance provisions are as follows:

(i) Category ‘A’ projects require prior environmental clearance from the MoEF, Government of India1; (ii) Category ‘B’ projects require prior environmental clearance from the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA)2; and (iii) This Notification provides that, any project or activity specified in Category ‘B’ will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries. Also, in the case where a SEIAA does not exist, Category B project will be reclassified as Category A and reviewed by the MoEF.

11. Consequently, the only NERCCDIP subproject listed in the EIA Notification of 2006 Schedule of Projects Requiring Prior Environmental Clearance is solid waste facilities, otherwise referred to as Common Municipal Solid Waste Facilities (CMSWF). Common municipal solid waste management facilities qualify as Category B projects and are thus reviewed by the respective SEIAA. For solid waste facilities, the Government of India further ensures environmental safeguards through its Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules (SWMHR), 2000 as published under MoEF.

12. This subproject focuses only on solid waste components. Therefore the construction of a sanitary landfill site (solid waste facility) qualifies the project as a Category B under GoI law. The project is to be reviewed by the Nagaland SEIAA, as well as ensure environmental safeguards through its Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules (SWMHR), 2000 as published under MoEF.

13. These Rules issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 with the objective of regulating the management and handling of the municipal solid wastes is applicable to all municipal solid waste subprojects. The important provisions are:

(i) Solid waste generated in a municipal area shall be managed, including segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal in accordance with the Rules. (ii) The State Pollution Control Board will authorize waste processing and landfills. (iii) Solid waste processing and landfills shall meet design and operation specifications/standards specified under the Rules. These include site and facility design specifications, output compost characteristics, pollution control and monitoring programs, including closure of landfill site and post-care.

14. At the state government level, solid waste subprojects require review by the respective State Pollution Control Board (SPCB). These subprojects are required to obtain the following clearances from SPCB: No Objection Certificates (NOC), Certificates for Establishment (CFE)

1 For Category A projects, based on the preliminary details provided by the project proponent as per Notification, the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of MoEF, determine comprehensive TOR for EIA studies. This TOR will be finalized within 60 days. On the recommendation of the EAC based on EIA studies, MoEF provides the EC. 2 The B category projects will be further divided by State Level EAC into B1 – that require EIA studies and B2 – no EIA studies. The Sate Level EAC will determine TOR for EIA studies for B1 projects with in 60 days. On the recommendation of the State level EAC based on EIA studies, SEIAA provides the EC.

5 and Certificates for Operation (CFO).

D. Purpose of IEE

15. The NERCCDIP covers five cities, in each of which sub-projects in the various priority infrastructure sectors are identified. In accordance with the ADB’s environmental assessment requirement for Multi-Tranche Financing Facility (MFF) modality, the environmental assessment of sample sub-projects has been carried out. This IEE deals with the environment assessment of the solid waste sub components in Kohima.

16. A location map of the solid waste and compost facility in Kohima is presented in Figure 1. The map clearly indicates the proposed site is not within or near sensitive and valuable ecosystems, including protected areas and forests. There are also no sensitive receptors occurring within 500 m of the site.

Figure 1: Proposed Solid Waste Disposal Site, Kohima3

17. Two water bodies such as Dzuna Ru River and Dzucha Ru River are located on the outer boundaries of the proposed solid waste facility. Any adverse impacts to these water bodies are avoided, mitigated, or minimized through proper design, sitting, and engineering techniques.

18. As per ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines 2003, the Project Solid Waste

3 Source: Nagaland Urban Development Division, 2008.

Disposal Site falls under Category B project. As such, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required, as no significant adverse impact has been envisaged, as mentioned above. The details are given in REA checklist enclosed as Annexure 3. To further mitigate any environmental impacts, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is included as part of this IEE.

E. Scope of IEE

19. The IEE is based on secondary and primary (e.g., surface and ground water data was collected for surrounding water bodies) sources of information such as information collected from previous PPTA/ DPR report prepared by Lea Associates field reconnaissance surveys; and field monitoring (water sampling for existing surface water) survey. Stakeholder consultation is an integral part of the IEE.

F. Report Structure

20. This Report contains eight (8) sections including this introductory section: (i) Introduction; (ii) Description of project components; (iii) Description of the environment; (iv) Screening of potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures; (v) Environmental management plan; (vi) Public consultation and information disclosure; (vii) Finding and recommendation; and (viii) Conclusions

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS

A. Project Components of Solid Waste Management in Kohima

21. The Kohima Municipal Council (KMC), established in 2005, is responsible for collection of solid waste in the city. KMC operates under the Nagaland Municipal Act, 2001. Although the Act was passed in 2001, the first election took place only in December 2004, about a year ago. The new Council has been installed and the mayor selected but the Council is still defining its role. KMC’s functions, as per the Act, include solid waste management, roads, land use control, building regulations, city planning, municipal markets and slaughterhouses. Provision of water supply and sanitation are optional functions. Although its functions are broadly defined, KMC’s actual responsibilities at present are confined to solid waste management and sanitary inspections.

22. The constituents of GKPA that is KMC and the four villages have different institutional setup due to their classification as urban and rural, though the villages are more urban functionally. The only means of coordinating developmental activities between them is through state government. It would appear useful to create a forum comprising KMC and the villages for exchange of information and possibly coordination of development activities at the local level.

23. Within the area of KMC there is a traditional system of panchayats (at the ward level) and gaon buras (at the community or neighborhood level), which look after certain aspects of water supply, solid waste management, sanitation and pedestrian paths. The institutions are

8 informal but democratically composed. They have a good participation of women and youth.

24. The KMC collects solid waste only along the main roads weekly. The solid waste are generally dumped in nearby drains and stream or thrown down the slopes. Most of the valleys and unreachable areas remain unserved. This has not only created highly unhygienic conditions in the city and has lead to choking of drains and streams but also poses serious threat to contamination of surface water and ground water. Also manual handling and crude dumping of the wastes in the dumping sites poses serious threat to environment and lives. In view of this situation proposals have been given to improve the solid waste management in Kohima. The proposals include improvement of (i) primary and secondary collection efficiencies, (ii) existing system for transportation of wastes, and (iii) treatment and disposal of wastes in accordance with SWHR. Figure 1 shows the locations of proposed SWM sub-projects.

B. Improvement of Solid Waste Collection System

25. The project proposes improvements in primary and secondary collection facilities and through an intensive community awareness and consultation program, in consultation with the village councils and NGOs. The components proposed include: (i) Introduction of house-to-house waste collection through source segregation on a pilot basis, initially to about 2000 households; (ii) Provision of 350 nos of 30 litre litter bins in central public places; (iii) Provision of 2000 nos. of 25-litre household dustbins and 2000, heavy duty PVC bags to be used for segregation of wastes at source (non biodegradable); (iv) Provision of 200 nos. wheelbarrows to be used by sweepers in the central areas of the city; and, (v) Provision of 22 nos., 4.5 cum community dustbins in areas where bell ringing house-to-house collection is not provided.

C. Transportation Facilities

26. Operational improvements of the existing refuse vehicles through procurement of vehicles with proper tipping and hydraulic loading/unloading arrangements: (i) Provision of 4 nos. medium duty tipper trucks (3.5 m3) for waste collection through bell ringing service; (ii) Provision of 6 nos. dumper-placer trucks (4.5 m3) for collecting the wastes from community bins; and (iii) Provision of 3 nos. of tipper trucks from carrying wastes from the transfer station to disposal sites. (iv) Repairs to Kohima existing waste collection fleet.

D. Transfer Station and Disposal Facility 27. The proposed components include: (i) Development of a transfer station will take place during design phase, as the government has yet to identify a location. Therefore, the capacity of transfer station and location is not yet finalized, and if identified, will be developed and evaluated during detailed design stage. The transfer station will also function as recovery center to segregate wastes.

E. Treatment and Disposal

28. The proposed components include: (i) A new sanitary landfill site is to be developed to reduce the load on existing land filling site and reduction of environmental nuisance. (ii) Composting of biodegradable parts of waste to recover the cost. (iii) Provision of 1 bulldozer, 2 tipper trucks, 2 JCBs and 2 loader bobcats for disposal site and composting plant operations. (iv) Construction of a parking/garage/workshop facility, for the refuse vehicles/wheelbarrow/ mechanized containers of about 20-24 vehicles.

F. Capacity Development

29. This will consist of the following: (i) Safeguards compliance studies; (ii) Community awareness programs, (iii) Compost marketing studies; (iv) Private sector participation opportunities studies

G. Development Strategy for Landfill Site

30. Only a portion of the 22.475 ha site will be developed into a landfill and composting facility. It is proposed to develop a 40TPD compost plant along with sanitary landfill as an integrated facility. The composting plant will require 5ha of area for a lifespan of 15 years. The compost plant and landfill will be developed in two levels. It proposed to allocate land for compost which will be elevated above 3m from the level proposed for sanitatry landfill site. The landfill site shall be developed in two phases. The administrative building, operators room, quarters, and other infrastructure have been proposed keeping in view the terrain and land suitability as per the requirement. Two rivers (Dzuna Ru and Dzucha Ru ) are located outside the site boundary. The approximate distance of these rivers to the solid waste disposal site is 150 m and 140 m respectively. An elevation difference of approximately 107 meters separates the site from the rivers. The project site is sufficiently elevated above the water bodies to avoid flooding and impacts to groundwater. Design protections during design, engineering, and operation stages will avoid/minimize pollution of water bodies.

31. Design Life and Capacity. The landfill site is designed initially for a period of 15 years out which phase II is designed for 10 years. The volume of waste to be placed in the landfill is designed for the active period considering the actual current generation of waste and anticipated increase of rate of waste generation. The actual capacity of the landfill depends on the volume of linear system, the cover material and the compacted density of waste. The landfill height is proposed for 10m out of which 4m and 6m shall be kept below and above the ground level respectively. Landfill design is described in a later section of this report.

H. Components of Landfill Site

32. Infrastructure Facilities. The site will include an approach road (already existing), internal roads, slope protection works, culverts, drainage, retaining walls, tree belt for solid waste site, compound wall, fencing, allied buiding works, and staff quarters.

33. Roads. The approach road which already exists, will ensure it meets required gradient

10 and slopes. Both the sides of the internal roads shall be protected by retaining walls, drains, and turfing on steep slopes.

34. Area Requirement. About 5-8 hectares of land is required for the solid waste treatment plant and disposal site. There shall be losses of area due to steep slopes. However, the proposed units have been proposed in relatively wide contour in the middle portion of the site for minimum excavation. The Site shall be protected around by retaining walls and turfing on steep slopes. The rain water shall be collected by storm drains and then subsequently aligned to the main natural drain down the valley, so that erosion and landslides can be controlled. The site shall be provided with a buffer zone of 5m wide tree belt.

35. There are three major units: compost plant, machinery unit, and sanitary landfill site and leachate holding tank. The site is proposed to be graded for the different suitable levels for locating the various work.

36. There is a gravity flow arrangement from the landfill site to the leachate tank. The leachate tank shall flow to the evaporation tank by gravity also without any spilling over and contaminate the adjoining areas.

37. Components include: weigh bridge, waste receiving platforms, compost pas for windrows, equipment/machinery for processing of compost, maturation yard, finished and recycled propudcts, store yard, administrative block cum lab sub station, diesel generator, room toilet block operators room, sanitary land fill (phase I and II), security guard room, vehicle maintenance block (4 vehicles), vehicle parking area (10 vehicles), leachate holding tank, evaporation tank, and operators quarters.

I. Environmental Category

38. The subproject has been categorized as Category B project as none of the components are proposed at locations in or near sensitive and valuable ecosystems, including protected areas and forests. The only protected area is Pulie Badze Forest and sanctuary, is located in the southern part of the GKPA approximately 3 km from the solid waste disposal site (see Figure 2) It is notified under the Nagaland Jhum land Act, 1979, hence, EIA notification, 2006 is not applicable (Refer Annexure 4). None of the project components are located within the sanctuary. The State Biodiversity Action Plan has identified pockets of rich biodiversity as conservation hotspots. None of the identified hotspots are located within the Greater Kohima boundaries. There are no priority sites within or nearby GKPA.

Figure 2: Pulie Badze Protected Area and Solid Waste Disposal Site

J. Implementation Schedule 39. The investment program is to be implemented over a ten-year period, commencing in FY 2009. Completion is scheduled by 2015. Implementation of sub-projects is proposed in three tranches over the program implementation period of (2009-2015). The implementation of the solid waste sub-projects in Kohima is proposed to be undertaken in the first tranche (with expected approval in 2009).

K. Project Benefits

40. The solid waste management sub project in Kohima has proposed improvements in collection of solid waste through house-to-house waste collection, source segregation, transportation and scientific disposal of the wastes. The benefits accrued due to the present project components are:

(i) Reduction in unhygienic conditions; (ii) Cleaner surroundings; (iii) Reduction in choking of drains and streams; (iv) Improvement in the conditions within the city; (v) Reduction in vulnerability to diseases; and (vi) Reduction in the hazards of pollution of surface water and ground water. L. Project Alternatives 41. Two alternative sites were considered. The initial site considered for this project was abandoned due to its proximity to future expansion of a university campus. The other alternative site has been finalised at Lerie Colony about 7 km from Kohima.

42. The proposed solid waste system will be designed in compliance with the MSW Rules, 2000 of GoI. The hygiene, efficiency and environmental suitability are the main criteria in selecting the waste collection, transportation and disposal system.

43. Door-to-door waste collection system is proposed. This system is preferred to the community bin collection system, which is generally unhygienic. The door-to-door collection system will ensure proper collection of waste and will avoid littering of the streets and unhygienic neighborhoods. Litter bins are proposed on main roads and commercial areas to avoid littering. The secondary collection and transportation system proposed ensures no manual handling of waste. Solid waste will be transported in closed vehicles to avoid the nuisance. The containers are lifted and unloaded mechanically minimizing the health risk to the sanitary workers. A sanitary landfill site and a compost plant are proposed to be developed at the disposal site (Lerie Colony) and the present dumping site at the Bypass area along the National Highway is proposed to be closed and rehabilitated.

44. These above mentioned measures will ensure establishment of an efficient solid waste management system in Kohima that will conform to the SWHR of the GoI and also minimize impacts on the environment and better the quality of life in the urban area.

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Environmental Profile of Kohima

45. Kohima, the capital of Nagaland, is situated between 9405’11” to 9407’12” E longitude,

13 and 25028’20” to 25031’51”N latitude. The mean elevation of the city is 1468 m from mean sea level (MSL). Kohima is connected to the rest of India by the NH-39, which connects to Dimapur in the east and Imphal in the south. Dimapur, the largest urban centre of Nagaland located 74km from Kohima, is the nearest railhead and airport.

46. The city is located on a hilly terrain in Seismic Zone V. Kohima experiences a tropical monsoon climate, with an annual rainfall of about 2200 millimeter (mm). The city is vulnerable to an annual recurrence of rain-induced landslides, resulting in heavy losses and damages. Kohima is a linear city, developed along a ridge. The city growth indicates an increasing densification along the ridgeline. The spread onto other directions has been constrained by steep slopes and vulnerability to landslides, forest cover, and inadequate access.

47. The Greater Kohima Planning Area (GKPA) is spread over an area of 63.36 sq. km. It comprises Kohima Municipal Council Area (KMC) and rest of Kohima Planning area4. PA, with its total population of 115,283 in 2001 accounts for 33% of the total urban population of Nagaland. The city population is predominantly tribal (about 90%). The city population is predominantly tribal (about 90%). The city’s economy is predominantly tertiary sector based (70%), with significant share of employment in government services apart from trade and commerce. The per capita income in 2005 was INR 2,628 per month, substantially above the Indian urban average of INR.1,695. About 15.9% of the city population is classified by the consultants as low income, and 2% are poor.5

48. The Constitutional 13th Amendment Act6, 1962, provided special safeguards for the entire State of Nagaland, under Article 371A of the Constitution of India. The democratic city governance in Kohima is less than a year old7 and is yet to be fully effective in its functions. Therefore, the provision of urban services is vested with the state line departments and traditional institutions. Nagaland has been the frontrunner in successfully implementing the Communitization policy – conceived indigenously towards decentralized governance empowering communities and traditional institutions, in infrastructure sector.

B. Physical Resources

1. Terrain 49. The city is located over high hills with rugged terrain conditions. Its altitude varies from about 1200 meters (m) to 1650 m. The mean elevation of the city is 1468 m above sea level.

2. Climate 50. The climate of the city is of tropical monsoon type. The average annual rainfall varies from 150 centimeter (cm) to 280 cm and the temperature varies from 4o C in winter to about 25o C in summer. There is only about 15 cm of rain from December through March. During this period, in particular, severe shortages of water arise in the city. Summer and autumn skies are

4 The Rest of Kohima Planning Area consists of Capital Complex Area, Villages of Kohima, Mereima, Ceisama and Thizama and their peripheral areas and other cultivable and conservation areas. 5 About 24% of the city’s population is below the Poverty Line (BPL) , estimates by State Urban Development Agency, 2000. 6 The Act provides that the Act of Parliament in respect of (i) Religious or social practices of Nagas, (ii) Naga customary law and procedure, (iii) Administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law, and (iv) ownership and transfer of land and its resources, shall not apply to the State unless the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland by a resolution, so decides. 7 The council was formed after elections held on 19th January 2005, as per the Nagaland Municipal Act, 2001.

14 frequently over-clouded owing to the thick mists. Average number of rainy days is 179.

3. Geology and Seismicity

51. The areas in and around Kohima city are dominated by the presence of tertiary rocks of Disang and Barail series. The Disang series consists of unfossiliferous Sand Stone, Shales, Slates and Phyllites. Due to the splintery character of the Shales, and the softness of the resulting soil, often underlain with a layer of clay, there is frequent occurrence of landslides in the city. The rocks of the Disang series make very steep angles of dip.

52. The state of Nagaland is mainly mountainous and underlain by several thrusts, being a part of the region where the Indian plate thrusts into the Eurasian plate. Earthquakes here are generally shallow but some intermediate focus events have also occurred. The entire state of Nagaland lies in Zone V (refer Figure 3).

4. Soils

53. Soils in Kohima are fertile except on extreme slopes. The soil is mainly acidic and rich in organic carbon. The soil has high water holding capacity.

5. Land Use

54. The total area as specified in the Kohima Maser Plan is 6936.30 hectare, out of which 5565 hectare is located outside the municipal area and is predominantly vacant land. The total area of Kohima Municipal Council is 1371Ha of which the total developable land is only 729.89 Ha. The broad land uses proposed for Kohima as part of the Draft Master Plan of Kohima (2003 – 2023) is mentioned in Table 3. The existing land use is shown in Figure 4. The surrounding areas near the Solid Waste Disposal site are private land. Some patches of land opposite the proposed solid waste site are used for agricultural purposes.

Table 3: Land use of Kohima Land use Area (Ha) Percent Residential 533.6 7.85 Commercial 16.83 0.25 Administrative 3065 45.07 Industrial 2.4 0.04 Recreational 3.37 0.05 Transportation 4.6 0.07 Paramilitary Forces, Nagaland Police 36.7 0.54 Agricultural landuse 208.63 3.07 Cremation Ground, Burial grounds and water 3.56 0.05 bodies Jhum cultivation 28.6 0.42 Conservation Area 2897.5 42.61 Total 6,801 100.00 Source: Town Planning Organisation (2003); Draft Master Plan of Kohima (2003).

Figure 3: Geology & Tectonic Areas

Figure 4: Existing Land use –GKPA

6. Drainage Pattern 55. Three major rivers influence drainage pattern of Kohima. Dzuna River originating from the southern hills of the city and draining the southwestern region, Dzuvu Ru River draining the southeastern region and Sanou Ru River draining the northern region of the city. Dzuna River is the main water supply source for Kohima. Another notable river called the Phesama River drains the southern parts of the city. The drainage pattern of GKPA is given in Figure 5 and the drainage pattern of the proposed solid waste site is shown in Figure 6.

56. The two Rivers flowing near the proposed solid waste management site is Dzuna Ru River flowing in a west to east direction and Dzucha Ru River, which flows in a south eastern direction and both the Rivers drains into the Dzu River. The details of the river are in Table 4.

Table 4: Details of Three Rivers Near Proposed Landfill Site Name of River Approx. length Approx. width Dzuna Ru 3.0 kms 9.50 m Dzucha Ru 7.8 kms 10.00 m Dzuna Ru (confluence to Dzu River) 7.5 kms 12.00 m

57. The rivers (Dzuna Ru and Dzucha Ru) are located outside the site boundary. The approximate distance of these rivers to the solid waste disposal site is 150 m and 140 m respectively. An elevation difference of approximately 107 meters separates the site from the rivers. The project site is sufficiently elevated above the water bodies to avoid flooding and impacts to groundwater. Design protections during design, engineering, and operation stages will avoid/minimize pollution of water bodies. ), Both rivers are natural drains that carry the surface flow of Kohima Town and are not used for any purposes.

Figure 5: Drainage pattern of GKPA

Figure 6: Drainage pattern of proposed Solid Waste Disposal site

7. Ground Water 58. Major water8bearing formations in the area are Disang and Barail formations of lower tertiary age. Sandstone is fine grained, compact and hard and supports high degree of runoff character. However the highly jointed and fractured nature of rocks, tectonic lineaments and fractures promotes ground water circulation through secondary porosity and ground water is

8 Central Ground water Board, 2005.

20 commonly manifested as springs and available up to depth of 150-200 m depths. The ground water quality of Kohima town in given in Table 5.

Table 5: Ground Water Quality of Kohima Town

8. Surface Water Quality 59. The surface water sampling has been done from Dzuna Ru River, Dzucha Ru River and confluence point of both the River (Dzuna Ru River). The water sampling location is shown in Figure 7 and the results of the same are given in Table 6. The water quality of various other rivers and springs sources in the uphill areas is said to be good. However, the same rivers and streams on reaching the city are converted into carriers of solid waste and sewage making the water unfit for drinking or for any other domestic purposes. Similarly the quality of water from various spring sources is good enough to be used for drinking purposes. However, the water from dug wells is not fit for drinking. As the habitation is not available near the disposal site, hence there is no one utilizing the River water for any purpose. According to government survey, no downstream users are known to exist.

Table 6: Water Quality of Dzuna Ru River, Dzucha Ru River & its confluence point

60. The Dissolve Oxygen (DO) of surface water Dzuna Ru and Dzucha Ru River is 6.8 and 8.0 respectively, which is good for aquatic life.

61. To assess the actual health of water bodies, CPCB has derived a Biological Water Quality Criteria (BWQC) for water quality evaluation. This system is based on the range of saprobic value and diversity of the benthic macro-invertebrate families with respect to water quality. This system has been developed after extensive field trails and calibration on the saprobity and diversity information of different taxonomic groups of benthic animals collected from artificial substratum and natural substratum of various water bodies. To indicate changes in water quality to different graphs of pollution level, the entire taxonomic groups, with their range of saprobic score from 1 to 10, in combination with the range of diversity score from 0 to 1 has been classified into five different classes of water quality, which is given in Table 7. The abnormal combination of saprobic score and diversity score indicates change in environmental conditions. The water sampling from Dzuna River has been done to know the Range of Saprobic Score. The photographs water sampling for finding the Saprobic Score & Water quality class is given in Figure 8. The result of Saprobic Score and Water Quality is given in Table 8.

Table 7: Different classes of Water Quality

Range of Range of Water Quality Water Quality Indicator Saprobic Score Diversity Score Class Colour 7 and more 0.2-1.0 Clean A Blue 6-7 0.5-1.0 Slight pollution B Light Blue 3-6 0.3-0.9 Moderate pollution C Green 2-5 0.4-less Heavy pollution D Orange 0-2 0-0.2 Severe Pollution E Red

Figure 7: Surface water sampling location near disposal site

Figure 8: Analysis of Saprobic Score & Water quality class

Table 8: Water Quality Class near Disposal site Range of Range of Water Quality Water Quality Indicator Saprobic Score Diversity Score Class Colour (0-10) (0-10) 6 0.46 Moderate C Green Pollution Source: Nagaland Pollution Control Board, Dimapur, Nagaland.

62. The above result describes that the water quality is having moderate pollution. The design team should give the special attention, so that the water quality class due to leachate should not change from class C to class D.

C. Ecological Resources

63. Outside of Kohima City the area is considered part of the extended “Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hot Spot”. Part of the Arakan extension the northeast region of Nagaland has biodiversity of Indo-Chinese and Indo-Malayan characteristics and elements; whereas west of Nagaland has Indian elements. The species both in terms of flora and fauna found in Kohima region, at least for some species, are of great taxonomic, ecological and bio-technological importance; as Kohima and its adjoining areas comes under the confluence of --Indo-Malayan, Indo-Chinese and Indian bio geographic regions.

1. Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary

64. The only protected area within the GKPA, though outside the Kohima Municipal Council boundary, is Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary (see Figure 2). It is a notified state protected area under the Nagaland Jhum land Act, 1979 (note: it is not notified under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972) (Annexure 4). The proposed solid waste site is located 3km away from the Pulie Badze, on the opposite side of the city and impacts to the park are therefore not envisioned (Figure 2). The Dzuku valley9 a long stretch of natural forests runs parallel to the Kohima Master Plan Area. The lower reaches of the hills have subtropical broad leaf tree forests. Dzuku valley is covered with bamboo and other grass species. The valley harbours many species of flowering plant including the endemic Dzuku Lily (Lilium chitrangadae).

65. Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary (with an area of 9 sq Km) is an important catchment area of Kohima Town. Dzuku valley (10,000 ha) and Japfu peak, two important features in the area are located adjacent to the sanctuary and have been designated as Important Bird Areas (IBA). The Japhu (Japvo) peak rises to about 3,048 m and is the second highest peak after the Saramati at 3,846m. The Khonoma Nature Conservation and Tragopan Sanctuary, another important community protected area (also on IBA), are adjacent to the Dzuku valley. All these four sites form a single large continuous area of 20,000 ha or more and are very important for avifauna conservation in southern Nagaland. Pulie Badze forests and the adjoining Dzuku valley are the habitat of some rare and endangered Avi Faunal species like Blyth’s Tragopan (Tragopan blythii) and Dark Rumped Swift10 (Apus acuticauda). No detailed work has yet not

9 The Dzuku valley is situated 2438 meters above sea level behind the Japfu peak. It is 30 kms to the South of Kohima. The entire valley is covered with a type of tough bamboo brush and it gives the place an appearance of a mown lawn. During winters the temperatures here go sub-zero causing the stream flowing through it to freeze. In summers along the riverbanks wild herbs sprout along with a variety of other flora. From June to September the entire valley is a carpet of flowers. 10 (Ahmed et al. 2003).

26 been done in Kohima on the mammalian fauna but the following species have been recorded: Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), Leopard (Panthera pardus), Serow (Nemorhaedus sunatraensis), Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak), Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Stump-tailed Macaque (Macaca arctoides), Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang), and Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock).

D. Social and Cultural Resources

66. The population of the GKPA as per 2001 census is 115283, comprising of 77030 persons from the municipal area and 38,253 persons from areas outside the municipal boundaries. Distribution of population is not uniform throughout the GKPA with the KMC area being densely populated. Around 17% of the total GKPA i.e. the KMC area is supporting 67% of the GKPA population.

(i) Migration Pattern - The Socio Economic Survey (SES) reveals that around 95% of the population is from the state, which includes about 37% of households having migrated from other parts of the state to Kohima. (ii) Age Structure - With respect to age structure around 24.2% belong to 0-15 age group and 71.8% belongs to 15-59 age groups. Prominence of the earning age group can be attributed to the migration of people from surrounding districts to the city for employment opportunities. (iii) Sex Ratio - Although the sex ratio in the city (870 females per 100 males, 2001) has shown a positive trend, it is still lower than the state average (909 females/’000 males) and the national average (933 females/’000 males). (iv) Education - The literacy rate for the state of Nagaland is 67.11%. In terms of education around one third of the population are having education upto class X, while about 26% are at least graduates. (v) Workforce Participation Rates - The workforce participation rates in Kohima have declined from 35% in 1991 to 33% in 2001. The female workforce has however, increased implying greater participation of women. This increase in female workforce is accompanied with an increasing proportion of female marginal workforce. Although, there has been an overall increase in the proportion of marginal workforce (0.05% in 1991 to 7% in 2001), the increase in female marginal workers is more significant (0% to 11% between 1991-01). Increasing marginalization of labour is mainly due to first, lack of adequate economic opportunities and two, and absence of required skill sets for the prevailing employment opportunities. (vi) Occupational Structure - Occupational profile of the population shows that government sector is the largest employer with 54.5% of the population engaged in various government sector jobs. This is followed by 17.5% having own shops and business.

1. Physical and Cultural Heritage

67. The historically significant site of Kohima includes a War Cemetery. It is a symbolic

27 memorial raised as citation for supreme sacrifices made by the officers and men during the World War II. Each grave is supported by a bronze plaque with a suitable epitaph. The other places of interest include the State Museum, Cathedral and Kohima Village (Bara Basti).

2. Indigenous People

68. In Kohima and the entire state of Nagaland, the tribes constitute the mainstream society. There are 16 tribes in Nagaland. These tribal communities (IPs) account for nearly the entire population. The major tribes include Angami, AO, Sema, Lotha, Chakesang, Rengma, Zeliang, and Sangtam. An estimated 89.6% of the population11 in the city is STs. Each of the 16 tribes traditionally occupied a distinct area of Nagaland. Angami is the dominant tribe in Kohima, and accounts for more than half of the city population.

E. Economic Development

1. Industrial Development

69. The total numbers of industrial units in Kohima is around 80. There are 6 - 7 employees on an average in each unit. During the period 1998-2001, the number of industrial establishments increased by 20 units creating an annual rise of 4.6%. Most of the industries within the town are service industries like bakeries, automobile workshops, printing press, radio repairs and furniture making etc. There are 10 rice mills, mainly located in D Block and North Blocks with a total monthly output of 15,000-20,000 Kg.

2. Trade & Commerce

70. Numerous Bazaars and market complexes have come up in the recent years reflecting the growing influence of Kohima as an important commercial center. Sers Bazaar at TCP gate, Metro market near NST station, Tibetan Market, Super Market, Vilethie Complex, Khedi market are some of the important commercial centers of Kohima. Most of these market complexes are located along the NH 39 and NH 61 within the main town. Table 9 shows the growth of commercial establishments within 2000 to 2003.

Table 9: Kohima: Number of Establishment by Type Establishment Type 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 Grade A: Petrol Pump, whole sale trade 98 98 109 Grade B: Consumable Items 446 451 469 Grade C: Daily needs 1817 1835 1960 Grade D: Service Shops 135 135 144 Total 2496 2519 2682 Source: Kohima City Committee, Kohima, 2003.

3. Mineral Development

71. Nagaland is rich in mineral resources. Coal, Limestone, Nickel, Ferous Cromite, Petroleum and Natural Gas are the main minerals available in the state.

11 amongst the surveyed households.

F. Physical Infrastructure Services

1. Water Supply

72. In Kohima water is supplied from two main river sources, River Dzuna located 13km away from the city and River Phesama located 7.5 km away from the Kohima Town. PHED is the main organization looking after water supply in Kohima. The PHED caters to around 31,000 persons out of the 116,837 persons in Greater Kohima. The remaining population of about 85,000 persons gets their water from community springs and wells, private suppliers of “cable” water pipes (small plastic pipes that criss-cross the city) tankers and through rainwater storage. PHED supplies water on alternate days during the dry season. The average consumption of PHED water during the dry season is only 28 liters per capita per day.

2. Sewerage and Sanitation

73. At present there is no sewerage system in Kohima except in D Block, which is built and operated by the community. Under this system the collection of sewage is done from 20-25 households and taken away from habitations and disposed off. The common methods of disposal are individual septic tanks and soak pits. About 81% of households have independent septic tanks. 11% have access to shared toilets and 3.5% defecate in the open. Wards 5, 6, and 7 have a large number of open pit latrines. In most of the private residential building units, sanitary latrines are not provided and people use dug-well latrines, which generally consists of a small enclosure, made of Hessian clothes or thatch, constructed outside the main houses. Maintenance of such latrines is very poor.

3. Surface Drainage & Landslip Protection

74. Storm water is drained through a series of kutcha and pucca drains down the slopes. The condition of the drains is very poor with solid waste, mud and silt choking the flow of water. During heavy rains the roadside drains gets choked and the roads acts as drains. Total length of storm water drains is 60 km. 50 % of the city is drained by open drains. Poor drainage is cited as one of the major causes of landslides in the city.

75. Hazard zones were identified and mapped under a study done by VASCON Consultants. Existing landslip prone areas along with the drain were marked on the city map. The criteria used for zonation included lithology, structure, slope morphometry, relative relief, drainage density, drainage frequency and land coverage.

4. Solid Waste Management

76. Collection and Storage. Within the KMC areas the prevalent waste collection practice as observed are through street sweeping. Waste collected through street sweeping, and household wastes are normally stored in fixed masonry bins. The wastes thus collected are then transported to the disposal site through refuse vehicles. Salient features of the present waste collection and storage system as observed by the TA team are: (i) regular waste collection is limited within the core KMC area; in other added areas the service is not frequent enough;(ii) only 35-40% of the total generated waste is collected in the GKPA; (iii) segregation of biodegradable from non-biodegradable are not in practice; (iv) No separate collection practice prevails for biomedical and industrial wastes and are get mixed with MSW which pose

29 hazardous impact to waste collectors, public health and environment;(v) in absence of mechanized container bins, the collected wastes are stored in fixed masonry bins resulting in manual and multihandling12 of wastes.

77. Transportation. With the available vehicle fleet on an average, about 33 cubic meter (cum) i.e. about 20 mtpd of waste can be transported to the disposal site. The salient features of the present transportation facility are: (i) waste transportation are generally done through uncovered refuse vehicles, which result in waste spillage;(ii) no vehicle parking and garage facility resulting in higher operation and maintenance cost for the vehicles; and, (iii) damaged vehicle milo-meter reduces the tracking of fuel consumption and accountability towards the number of vehicle trips from the sources of waste generation to disposal site.

78. Disposal and Waste Treatment Facility. The collected wastes throughout the city are disposed at a sloping site along the NH-39, at a location known as the Bypass area, about 8 km from the city. The site is in operation since the last 10 years and in absence of a sanitary land filling and waste treatment facilities, crude dumping and waste burning continues at the site. The associated other impacts in the site are: (i) open waste disposal increases the breeding of vermins; (ii) no arrangement has been made to arrest the leachate and surface runoff generated during monsoon which ultimately get mixed with river Siste-Ru flowing bellow the site; and (iii) waste burning increases the impact on public health and surrounding environment.

79. The Kohima Municipal Council (KMC) is responsible for collection of solid waste in the city. The KMC collects solid waste only along the main roads and that also weekly. The solid waste from slum areas and from the slopes down the hills are generally dumped in nearby drains and stream or thrown down the slopes. Salient features of the Solid Waste Management in Kohima area are mentioned in Table 10.

Table 10: Salient Features of Solid Waste Management in GKPA, 200513 Sl. Particulars Item No. 1. Total Solid Waste Generated (t/d)14 35 2. Frequency of collection 20% of wards and streets Daily 3. 15% of wards Alternate days 4. 20% Weekly 5. Staff per 1000 population 0.77 6. Total Number of vehicles 3 7. Existing dumping site Near NH 39 8. Area and Age 1.5 acre, 8-10 years old 9. Wastes collected (%) 40 10. Households with door-to-door collection (%) 3 With community bin (%) 45 11. Disposal site operations Open dumping

12 In absence of adequate personal protective equipments like hand gloves, and wastes collectors like shovels etc. waste from the street sweeping are normally collected in bare hands and are then stored into storage bins. This is the first manual handling. After that, waste from the storage bins are loaded to the refuse vehicles manually as most of the vehicles available with KMC do not have hydraulic loading facilities. This is the second manual handling. In the disposal site except the tippers and dumper placer vehicles most of the refuse vehicles require manual unloading of wastes. This is the third manual handling. Therefore the present solid waste management system in the city is multiple manual handling i.e. multihandling which is adverse to public health and to be reduced to the extent possible as per SWHR. 13 Source: Feasibility study. 14 Source: Nagaland State Pollution Control Board, Dimapur.

Sl. Particulars Item No. 12. Cost (INR/kg) 1.2 13 Priority for improvement 2/6

5. Road and Transportation

80. Kohima city has two main roads NH 39 and NH 61passing through the city. The total length of roads in Kohima is 100 km, of which the length of the NH system within Kohima city is nearly 15 km. The capacities of roads have reduced due to encroachments on both sides mostly by commercial establishments. The major city roads are the High School Road and roads leading to the Secretariat and Office Complex, Kohima Village, Agriculture Colony, Ministers Hill and various housing colonies. The average width of these roads is 7 meters but due to heavy pedestrian flow and kerb parking only three fourths of the road width can be actually used for traffic movement. Congestion is heavy and frequent on most major roads. There are no rail linkages or airport facilities in the city. Nearest airport and rail station is at Dimapur.

6. Education Facilities

81. Being the state capital, Kohima has a good number of lower primary schools, middle schools and high schools. The city also has Science and Arts Colleges.

7. Health Facilities

82. There is a Government Hospital, the Naga Hospital, located in Kohima west of the famous war cemetery.

G. Environmental Setting of the Project Sites

83. A sanitary landfill site with composting facilities is proposed at a site about 10 km from Kohima town. The Government of Nagaland has acquired the land (Annexure 6) of 22.475 hectares (55.53 acres) for solid waste disposal site. The site is situated in hilly terrain in a valley with elevation ranging from 1,264m-1,125m. As Kohima is situated in a hilly environment, few flat areas owned by the government exist for development of a solid waste landfill facility. The proposed site, although situated in hilly terrain maintains adequate area of wider contours, and requiring little grading work. With proper engineering the site is deemed sufficient for its landfill purpose., and a much needed improvement over the existing unsanitary dumping conditions the city currently maintains.

84. The site was previously cleared and currently consists of secondary growth and pioneer type species. The site is also partially graded and contains an access road that runs approximately 4.2 km from the main road (NH-39) to the site to accommodate machinery equipments in the future. The road was constructed by KMC. The proposed solid waste disposal site at Lerie colony is given in Figure 9. The photographic presentation of proposed solid waste disposal site is given in Annexure 5.The number of landowners in the total area whose land has been acquired is nil. There are two watercourses adjoining the site, but impacts to these water bodies are mitigated with proper siting and engineering. Angami’s are the dominant tribe at Kohima city.

85. There is no human habitation in a radius of 1000m from the site boundary. The nearest airport is located in Dimapur 74km away. The closest protected area is the Pulie Badze wildlife sanctuary which is located 3km away from the site, and no critical habitat is in the vicinity of the proposed site. Pulie Badze is notified under the State of Nagaland, and does not have notification under the Central Government. The groundwater table is low as it is in a hilly terrain. There are no major industries in the area. Vegetation is present within 5km radius of the project site but no major trees have been observed within and around the site. The type of soil in the site has been observed to be soft yellowish clay layer mixed with sand and gravels up to the depth of 2.5m depth.

Figure 9: Solid Waste Disposal in Topo sheet

86. Presently the site proposed is uninhabited. There are no habitations within 500m radius of the site. The site is surrounded by private forest areas.

87. The meteorological data from January 2008 to October 2008 is collected from meteorological department. The minimum and maximum wind speed in the month of January 08 is 3 Km /hr and 16 Km/hr respectively. The minimum and maximum wind speed in the month of June 08 is 3 Km /hr and 9 Km/hr respectively and the minimum and maximum wind speed in the month of October 08 is 3 Km /hr and 16 Km/hr respectively. Given that the site is in a remote location, any odour related impacts from the proposed landfill site are not envisaged. In addition, the buffer zone proposed at the site on its edges shall further minimize any further impacts on the surrounding land uses.

1. Transfer Station and Disposal Facility

88. The transfer station will be finalized during detailed design. The disposal facility and the parking facility are to be located near disposal site (Lerie colony). This site is owned by Government of Nagaland and it will be used as solid waste disposal site and transfer location, if

33 decided. Hence, the land acquisition and resettlement impacts are not envisaged.

2. Phyto Diversity at New Disposal Site in Tseisema and the Disposal Site in Bypass Area

89. A phyto diversity survey was carried out at the following identified locations in GKPA. Besides species-richness and density components, the diversity and evenness components of the plant communities were also measured. Diversity was measured using the Shannon- Wiener Diversity Index, and evenness with the Evenness index, calculated using the following formulae:

Shannon-Wiener Index of Diversity, H = -Σ pi log pi Where, pi = ni/N, ni = number of individuals of the ith species, N = total number of individuals of all the species

Evenness Index, J = H/Hmax Where H= Shannon-Wiener Index of Diversity

Hmax = Log, where S = number of species

90. The indices were employed to get a comprehensive, easily comparable, and quantitative estimate of the diversity and degree of evenness (i.e., uniformity) of the plant community. The key characteristics of these locations are presented in Table 11.

Table 11: Phyto Diversity at the SW disposal site locations – existing and proposed Tsiesema – Bawe village By pass area (Existing Solid waste Characteristics (Proposed New Solid waste disposal site) disposal site) Tree species (no) 10 14 Shrubs & herbs (no) 20 19 Relative dominance Highest 39.78 15.997 Quercus spp. (species) Alnus nepalensis Lowest 0.234 2.118 Lagerstroemia spp. (species) Carica papaya. Relative density Highest 52 16 (species) Terminalia myriocarpa Terminalia myriocarpa Lowest 3 2 (species) 5 species of plants. Ficus spp.

1.1.Relative frequency Highest 90 90 (species) Terminalia myriocarpa Quercus spp Lowest 10 10 (species) 7 tree species. Ficus spp. IVI value Highest 160.9 120.2 (species) Terminalia myriocarpa Quercus spp Lowest 13.68 16.74 (species) Carica papaya. Ficus spp. Stocking value Highest 1.097 0.616 (species) Alnus nepalensis Quercus spp. Lowest 0.006 0.082 Lagerstroemia spp. (species) Carica papaya. Trees

Tsiesema – Bawe village By pass area (Existing Solid waste Characteristics (Proposed New Solid waste disposal site) disposal site) Shannon diversity index (H) 2.11 2.39 Evenness index (E) 0.96 0.93 Simpson’s Index 0.066 0.090 Species richness or α- 6.83 7.78 diversity β- diversity (Whittaker’s -0.357 -0.759 measure) Shrubs and herbs Shannon diversity index (H) 2.37 2.35 Evenness index (E) 0.84 0.87 Simpson’s Index 0.116 0.112 β- diversity (Whittaker’s -0.934 -0.944 measure) Dominence index Yielding plants Terminalia myriocarpa, Toona ciliata and Terminalia myriocarpa, Alnus Alnus nepalensis.,Albizzia spp, nepalensis., Schima wallichii , Duabanga grandiflora and Albizzia spp.Quercus spp. Anthocephalus cadamba.

IV. SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

91. The assessment for each of the sub-projects has been carried out for potential impacts during the following stages of the project planning and implementation:

(i) Location impacts. Impacts associated with site selection, including impacts on environment and resettlement or livelihood related impacts on communities (ii) Design impacts. Impacts arising from project design, including the technology used, scale of operations, discharge standards etc (iii) Construction impacts. Impacts resulting from construction activities including site clearance, earthworks, civil works, etc. (iv) O&M impacts. Impacts associated with the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure built in the project.

92. Screening of environmental impacts has been based on the impact magnitude (negligible/moderate/severe – in the order of increasing degree) and impact duration (temporary/permanent). The following Table 10 shows the screening of impacts; N/T represents the lowest impact while S/P represents the highest impact. Numerator represents the Degree of Impact and denominator represents the Duration of impact.

Table 12: Screening of Impacts Magnitude (Degree of Impact) Duration of Impact Negligible (N) Moderate (M) Severe (S) Temporary (T) N/T M/T S/T Permanent (P) N/P M/P S/P

93. The following tables show the potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures of all the sub-project components proposed for Kohima under NERCCDIP.

A. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation: Location and Design

94. In many environmental assessments there are certain effects that, although they will occur during either the construction or operation stage, should be considered as impacts primarily of the location or design of the project, as they would not occur if an alternative location or design was chosen. For example, if leachate from an unsealed landfill drains into an exploited aquifer and pollutes water sources this would be an impact of both location and design as it would not have occurred with a sealed landfill located in an area with no groundwater resources.

95. In the case of this subproject there are few impacts that can clearly be said to result from the design or location. This is because:

(i) The infrastructure involves relatively straightforward construction and operation, so it is unlikely that there will be major environmental impacts; (ii) Any sensitive environmental receptors (surface waters) will be protected by detailed design and proper engineering. Proper operation and maintenance of the landfill site will be critical to protecting the environment, therefore, training for KMC staff is built into the project. (iii) Impacts associated with the construction process, and are produced because that process involves excavation or other ground disturbance. However the routine nature of the impacts means that most can be easily mitigated. (iv) The project site is sufficiently elevated above water bodies to avoid flooding and impacts to groundwater.

96. Scope of Land Acquisition and Resettlement. Significant15 resettlement issues are not anticipated for the solid waste in Kohima. The land for the new site was acquired during the late 1970s for which 22.475 hectares (55.53 acres) had been handed over to the Kohima Municipal Council (KMC) for sitting the proposed solid waste management site. Therefore, no resettlement impacts are expected as the property is vacant government owned land. Joint verification to most of the components has been undertaken with the respective implementing agencies.

97. All the components of the solid waste project are proposed on available government lands. Hence permanent land acquisition is not envisaged as part of this sub project. Towards improving the present disposal system and conformance to SWHR, the KMC has proposed one solid waste landfill site at Lerie colony about 7 km from Kohima town. The Government of Nagaland has acquired the required land for solid waste disposal site (Refer Annexure 6) and

15 According to ADB’s Operational Manual Operational Procedures (OP), Involuntary Resettlement (para 19, 20,21, page 5; Oct 2003) projects are assigned an involuntary resettlement category depending on the significance of the probable involuntary resettlement impacts. The categories include (a) Involuntary Resettlement Category A (Significant): means 200 or more people will experience major impacts, which are defined as (i) being physically displaced from housing, or (ii) losing 10% or more of their productive assets (income generating). Category A projects requires a full resettlement plan. Some of these projects may require a resettlement framework prior to the full resettlement plan; (b) Involuntary resettlement Category B (Not Significant): Category B. Projects include involuntary resettlement impacts that are not deemed significant and require a short resettlement plan. Some of these projects may require a resettlement framework prior to the short resettlement plan; and (c) Involuntary Resettlement Category C: No involuntary resettlement effects are foreseen in Category C projects. They require neither a resettlement plan nor a resettlement framework.

36 hence, the land acquisition and resettlement impacts are not envisaged. The garage and transfer station will be located at an identified land of KMC and hence no private land acquisition is involved. No temporary impacts such as temporary land occupation and temporary loss of access to resources and services during construction are anticipated.

98. It can be seen from the Table 11 that none of the project components are having any significant land acquisition or resettlement impacts, as they shall be located on available government lands. The site proposed for location of new disposal site and compost plant has already been acquired by the KMC and compensation has been paid to the landowner. No removal of encroachments or squatters is envisaged as site verification of all the locations have shown that they are vacant lands and free from squatters and encroachments.

Table 13: Solid Waste Sub Projects: Kohima- Scope of LA and Resettlement Involuntary S. Sub-Project Scope of LA and Resettlement Resettlemen No. Components t Category 1 Rehabilitation Of Existing Land acquisition and resettlement impacts Sc Disposal Site Along NH- not envisaged. 39 At Bypass 2 New Disposal Site & The Government of Nagaland has Sc Compost Plant at Lerie acquired the required land for solid waste colony disposal site at Lerie colony and the transfer of land from Nagaland Government to KMC is in progress, and hence land acquisition and resettlement impacts are not envisaged. 3 Transfer Stations The location of transfer station will be Sc (1 Nos.) finalised during detailed design. 4 Garage & Maintenance The land proposed for the garage and Sc Workshop parking space is available at Lerie colony. No private land acquisition or resettlement is envisaged. No temporary impacts anticipated. Sc-None.

99. For the unidentified components in the solid waste component16, the extent of land acquisition and resettlement are unknown at this stage. These will be addressed at the detailed design stage consistent with this Resettlement Framework. This classifies the solid waste subproject component into ‘Sc’ category (Insignificant Resettlement), based on ADB’s Involuntary Resettlement (IR) Policy.

100. Location Impacts: (i) Proposed site in on government land and does not involve land acquisition (ii) The total site available for solid waste management is 22.475 ha (55.53 acres), sufficient land area for a landfill lifespan of 25 years. (iii) As the site is located 10km from Kohima City and 2km from Lerie colony, the project will not have impacts on surrounding inhabitants.

16 In addition to the identified components to be taken up in the NERCCDIP, at a later stage of the project, the SIPMIU may, based on the priorities of the Government of Nagaland, identify eligible sub-projects conforming to the sub-project selection criteria to be taken up under the program. Cost provisions for inclusion of such components is provided for in the program costs, under a different category called “the unidentified projects”.

(iv) The site is already cleared and will not have any impacts on sensitive vegetation. (v) The site is located 3km from Pulie Badze, which is located on the opposite side of Kohima City, therefore no impacts on the park are envisioned. (vi) Two rivers (Dzucha River and Kharu River) are located outside the proposed site, downhill from the landfill/compose facilities. Design and engineering considerations to protect these water bodies are part of the project design (see design below). (vii) The project will generate significant benefits for the whole GKPA. (viii) A buffer zone of no-development shall be maintained around landfill site and shall be incorporated in the Town Planning Department’s land-use plans, as per the MSW Handling Rules, 2000.

101. Landfill Design. The sanitary landfill site consists of waste filling area and infrastructure support facilities. The support infrastructure (i.e., the access road, equipment shelters, weighing bridge, temporary waste storage space, demarcation of landfill areas for stockpiling cover matierals, and liner material, drainage facilities, leachate collection, and treatment facilities) will be located in the layout.

102. The landfill section is designed depending on the topography of the area. Since there is an availability of adequate cover material at the site, and the water table is far below, trench landfill is more suitable. Grading required for landfill development will produce excavate which will be safely stockpiled and used as cover material for the landfill operations.

103. In order to avoid surface and groundwater contamination, the excavated site is lined with low permeability natural clay of about 300 m thick and 1.5 mm thick HDPE geo-membranes.

104. Leachate collection lateral pipes shall be provided above the membranes in a 300mm thick silty sand. The 160mm collection pipes shall be provided at a spacing of 15 m c/c. Perforations shall be laid at a slope of 1 in 100. Header pipes shall be provided connecting up to the leachate holding tank.

105. In order to protect the geo membrane from damages, the embankments and slopes shall be provided by a layer of 75mm thick brick flat in 1:4 300mm thick drainage layer shall be provided on the silty sand layer

106. Design Impacts: (i) The cell dumping process may cause side slippage during heavy rainfall. Appropriate slope protection measure need to be incorporated into the designs. (ii) The site selected for the proposed compost plant and land filling is a valley area. There is thus the risk of runoff from the uphill areas contaminating the water bodies in the downhill areas. Provision of drainage interceptors (impermeable lining and collection pipes) to capture the runoff and redirect into the leachate tanks shall be done.

B. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation: Construction

107. There will therefore be quite large physical changes at the site as a result of the excavation and other earthworks, and this relatively large quantity of waste could not be dumped without causing further adverse physical impacts (on air quality (dust), topography, soil quality, etc) at the disposal site. It will be important therefore to take steps to reduce the amount of dumping by finding beneficial uses for as much of the waste material as possible. The civil

38 works contractor (appointed to carry out the construction work) should be required to:

(i) Re-use as much excavated material in this project as possible (for example in creating the bunds or for landfill cover as outlined above); (ii) Retain suitable soil in stockpiles for use when the landfill is operating, to cover waste periodically and for the final covering when each cell is full.

108. Most excavation is likely to be conducted in the dry season to avoid the difficult conditions that can occur when earthworks are carried out during rain. There will therefore be a risk of producing dust. Although this is a rural location where there is no inhabitation nearby, precautions will nevertheless be needed to reduce dust to provide a suitable and safe environment for workers. Contractors should therefore be required to:

(i) Cover or damp down working areas and stockpiled soil in dry, windy weather; (ii) Use tarpaulins to cover loose material during transportation to and from the site.

109. Another physical impact associated with large-scale excavation is the effect on drainage and the local water table if groundwater and/or surface water collect in the cavities as they are dug. Conducting the work in the dry season will reduce these impacts, but as the area surrounding the site contains downhill surface waters careful design and engineering will be required to protect these waters from leachate.

110. The other construction work at the landfill site (applying HDPE sheeting, installing pipes and brick aggregate, levelling and paving the composting area and constructing the office buildings and weighbridge) will all have physical impacts, but these will all be small compared to those of the landfill excavation, and will thus be of little significance in themselves.

111. There are no protected areas in the vicinity of this site (the closest protected area is Pulie Badze which is sufficiently far—3km away on the opposite side of the city) and no special ecological interest, because natural habitat of the site was destroyed many years ago when the area was cleared. Surface waters located downhill of the proposed site will be carefully considered for their protection detailed design and engineering stage (see above). Construction should therefore have no major ecological impacts. To ensure further environmental protections of surrounding area the contractor should be required to ensure that:

(i) No toxic materials (fuel, oil, cement, etc) are stored at or near the site; (ii) The contractor’s Method Statement (submitted with the tender) includes adequate safety measures to prevent fuel and other spills as a result of accidents.

112. The other aspect of the work that may have economic implications is the transportation of waste material to a disposal site and to locations where it can be put to beneficial use as recommended above. This will require a large number of truck movements, which could disrupt traffic, particularly if such vehicles were to enter the town. This activity will be implemented by the contractor in liaison with KMC, and the following precautions should be adopted to reduce effects on traffic:

(i) Plan transportation routes carefully to prevent heavy vehicles entering Khulna town; and ensure that if this cannot be avoided, vehicles use main roads only,

and do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; (ii) Schedule transportation activities to avoid peak traffic periods.

113. Construction activities inevitably produce noise and dust, and these plus the visual appearance of the site and restrictions in access caused by excavation and the presence of vehicles and machinery, are generally the factors that disturb people who live or work in the vicinity. These should however not be major problems in this case as the facilities are all located in rural areas outside the town, and there are no people living nearby.

114. The health and safety of workers will be protected by measures included in a Health and Safety Plan, which the contractor will be required to produce and apply. Even though rural areas are sparsely populated, this should include measures to assure the safety of the public. The plan should thus require:

(i) Exclusion of the public from all sites; (ii) Provision and use of appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) by all workers; (iii) Health and Safety Training for all site personnel; (iv) Documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; (v) Accident reports and records; (vi) Etc.

115. Construction work can provide short-term socio-economic gains for local communities if contractors employ local people in the workforce. To ensure that these benefits are directed to communities that are most affected by the work, contractors should be encouraged to employ at least 50% of their workforce from communities in the vicinity of construction sites. This will help to mitigate the impacts of any disturbance as well as creating a positive impression of the project. Building a workforce from mainly local people will also avoid problems that can occur if workers are imported, including social difficulties in the host community and issues of health and sanitation in poorly serviced temporary accommodation camps.

116. Construction Impacts: (i) Construction activities associated with sanitary landfill site and compost plant will result in increase in daytime noise levels. Impacts to be mitigated through procurement of equipments / vehicles with inbuilt mechanism to arrest high noise levels. Construction during the night time to be strictly avoided. (ii) Leveling, compaction and construction of haul road to the bottom of the landfill site will result in generation of fugitive dust, which needs to be suppressed with regular water sprinkling. (iii) Health impact on construction workers associated with dust and noise generation. Workers to be provided with appropriate PPEs

C. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation: O&M

117. KMC will be responsible for operating the waste management facilities and will be given further support by the project in the form of staff training and financial assistance. All solid waste management activity is required to comply with the GoI Municipal Solid Waste Handling Rules, 2000.

118. Waste for landfilling will be moved into position by bulldozer and backhoe, and will be compacted when the vehicles move over the surface. When a cell is full, vertical gas venting pipes will be installed and the waste will be covered with compacted clay, sand and layer of topsoil, to seal the cell and control odour and pests.

119. At the composting plant, waste will be sorted manually and any unsuitable material will be removed and transferred to the landfill. Biodegradable waste will be left to decompose in a series of piles (“windrows”) in the open air, and material will be turned periodically by a machine provided by the project. Once the compost has been formed it will be loaded into bags and taken away on a truck for sale to retailers or direct to farmers.

120. If the composting plant is to be successful, KMC will need to ensure that residents separate out their biodegradable waste into a “green” waste bin at source, and that the segregation is maintained during secondary transfer and transportation. The project will fund community awareness education programs to inform the community about the facility and their role in waste separation.

(iv) Clearly it is imperative that KMC maintains both the transfer station and the landfill in proper working order, because if the system begins to fall into disrepair then waste will rapidly accumulate in the streets and the sanitary landfill will become an insanitary dumpsite, with consequent adverse impacts on environmental health. Capacity building, public education campaigns and other support provided by this subproject are aimed at promoting the long-term successful operation of the system.

(v) If waste is collected regularly from the transfer station and full or partially full bins are not left in or around the facility for extended periods then there should be no direct physical impacts during operation. Even air quality should not deteriorate greatly if bins are taken to the landfill daily or more frequently, any spilled waste is cleared away rapidly and the transfer station and waste bins are hosed down regularly. Procedures will be set out in Operation and Maintenance (O&M) manuals prepared during the detailed design stage, so the design consultant should ensure that:

(i) O&M procedures require staff at the transfer station deposit any spilled waste into bins immediately and to wash down internal floors and empty waste bins at least daily; (ii) O&M procedures require staff to be fully trained before they begin work at the transfer station and given refresher training annually; (iii) The transfer station includes adequate drainage that is connected to the municipal system.

(vi) The greatest physical impacts will occur at the landfill, where decomposing waste will rise to higher heights ground level, which will alter the topography and appearance of the site. Although these impacts would be significant at certain locations that should not be the case here as there are no people living in the vicinity whose views of that landscape would be impeded. However, the landfill design includes effective screening by the planting of densely-leaved trees at the perimeter of the site.

(vii) The landfill design includes measures to collect leachate and prevent pollution of surface- and groundwater. Leachate will be treated by simple sedimentation and evaporation, and sludge that collects in the bottom of ponds will be allowed to dry out before being returned to the landfill. Given the amount of rain that falls in this region, and the pollution of land and water that can occur if a landfill is subjected to flooding, the consultant responsible for the detailed design should ensue that:

(i) Surface water drains at the site are adequate to retain and dispose of the heaviest rains; (ii) O&M procedures require drains to be kept in working order at all times and checked regularly and cleared of any sediment or other debris.

(viii) Landfill management must involve the covering of waste until a cell is full and is being closed. The site therefore will need to operate as a sanitary landfill as noxious odours and pests that are associated with open dumping are also present. Two actions are required in order to prevent this:

(i) Operating procedures should involve periodic covering of deposited waste, sot simply when a cell is full; and (ii) O&M procedures for the transfer station and landfill should be prepared by an experienced solid waste management expert.

(ix) As described above, proper design and engineering, and O&M should ensure that no significant impacts on surface waters in or around the proposed landfill site, and therefore the solid waste management system should operate without adverse ecological impacts. Routine environmental monitoring, as described below, will track environmental quality around the site during operation.

(x) Poorly-managed landfills can cause negative ecological impacts by allowing the development of large colonies of scavenging birds, rodents and other vermin, which can then be a nuisance and a health hazard in nearby communities, and can damage crops on surrounding farmland. Such animals are discouraged by the regular covering of waste, so this reinforces the need to adopt this mitigation measure. KMC should also routinely monitor the incidence of pests at the site so that controlling action (for example by regular culling) can be taken if necessary.

(xi) There can be small ecological gains as well as improvements in the appearance of such sites if trees are planted at the periphery and on completed waste cells, so this should be done.

(xii) Business and small industry in the town should operate more efficiently if their waste is removed speedily and efficiently, so there should be small economic gains once the system is operating. The main direct economic benefit will be obtained by companies that are involved in operating the secondary transfer system, supplying the trucks to transport the waste, and/or operating the landfill if this is contracted out to local business.

(xiii) There should also be a significant economic benefit in the long term from the commercial sale of organic fertilizer produced at the composting plant. There

should also be economic gains from increased yields in farms where the compost is used to fertilize the land, and these could be significant in areas where nutrients have been leached out by paddy cultivation and denuded by regular planting of the same or similar crops.

(xiv) The only negative economic impact from the operating waste management system will be on traffic and transport in and around the transfer station in the town and on roads leading to the landfill, as there will be more heavy traffic on roads at these locations. This should be mitigated by carrying waste to the landfill outside peak traffic periods, even in the early morning if necessary. Any remaining economic impacts should be counterbalanced by the economic and other benefits of the scheme.

(xv) The main beneficiaries of the improved waste management infrastructure and system will be the citizens of the town, whose general environment, and in some cases living conditions, will be improved considerably. There should be fewer unsightly mounds of garbage in the town, including in slum areas, and the attendant appearance, smell and public health risks should be reduced.

(xvi) There will also be socio-economic benefits for people who are able to gain employment to operate the scheme and/or with KMC if they operate elements of the system themselves. Farmers who benefit from fertilizer produced at the composting plant should also experience an increase in their income.

(xvii) O&M Impacts shall pertain to: (i) Noise pollution due to movement of the heavy refuse vehicles to the site to be reduced through development of vegetative buffer. (ii) Everyday earth cover of 2-3 cm above the garbage layer will require significant quantities of borrow materials. Earth obtained from excavation of the cells and of leachate pits is to be used as earth cover. (iii) Overflowing of leachate pipes due to heavy loads (especially in the rainy season) and choking due to accumulation of debris and wastes leading to pollution of nearby streams. A trench in front of leachate pipes be constructed with covering of plastic /tarpaulin layer to take the overflow. The perforations in the leachate pipe shall be cleaned by hosing with water jet. (iv) Early filling of leachate pit during rainy season cause spillage and pollution in the nearby stream thereby requiring frequent emptying of leachate pits. (v) Washing waters from the transfer station loaded with grit may lead to choking of nearby storm water drains. A grit chamber to be provided to arrest such particles at the outfall line of the washing platform. (vi) Floor washing in the garage and workshop may have oil and grease which can contaminate the storm water drain and ultimately the nearby streams. An oil and grease trap to be provided at the outfall line from the garage. (vii) Routing and scheduling of refuse vehicles may not match with users waste dumping behavior. The mismatch to be minimized with adequate awareness programs through NGOs, CBOs, and the media.

(xviii) Overview of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Solid Waste Disposal site is given in Table 14.

Table 14: Overview of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures, Solid Waste Sl Duration/ Impacts Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility No Extent 1 REHABILITATION OF EXISTING DISPOSAL This disposal site shall be KMC (SWM Div.) SITE ALONG NH-39 AT BYPASS abandoned with proper site closure procedures as per Solid Waste Handling Rule 2000. This includes surface capping with 1m thick clay over a granular gas drainage layer. Vertical vent piping, and vegetative cover. 2 NEW DISPOSAL SITE & COMPOST PLANT AT Sanitary land filling process will KMC (SWM Div.) LERIE COLONY ABOUT 7 KM FROM KOHIMA be followed along with TOWN establishing one compost plant at this site. Only the rejects from the plant will be dumped in a cell dumping sanitary landfill process. The cells will be protected by one isolated footing barrier wall at the bottom. In addition, it will also have half perforated leachate pipes to collect the leachate and drain the same at the leachate pit. 2.1 Location Impacts (i) Odour related and Permanent Moderate Sanitary land filling shall reduce other Impacts on the chances of foul odour to a KMC (SWM Div.) / surrounding large extent. DSMC/SIPMIU habitations and The edge of the proposed land is proposed approximately 2 km away from developments habitation. Further a green buffer zone will be developed along the landfill site.

(ii) Flooding during Temporary Significant Storm drains surrounding the DSMC monsoon season landfill are designed to withstand will pollute heaviest monsoon rain surrounding area with leachate. (iii) Resettlement NA NA All improvements are proposed KMC (SWM Div.) / Impacts on government owned land DSMC/SIPMIU 2.2 Design Impact (i) The daily earth Permanent Moderate The excavated earth at the time DSMC/ SIPMIU cover of 2-3cm leachate pit construction shall be above the garbage stored and used for earth cover of layer will require a cells. If this is found inadequate significant amount of and any additional borrowing is earth. Risk of side required from other surrounding slippage during rainy areas, restoration of borrow areas season. shall be done. Appropriate slope protection measures shall be integrated as part of the design.

(ii) The site selected for Permanent Moderate Appropriate leachate capturing DSMC/ SIPMIU location of the measures and drainage

Sl Duration/ Impacts Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility No Extent disposal site and interceptors to capture the direct compost plant is a runoff from the landfill site and valley. Though there redirecting into the leachate pipes are no water bodies shall effectively minimize the near the site, one impacts of runoff polluting the seasonal stream is ground water and soil. The flowing through the compost and scientific landfill site from south facility shall be developed as per western direction to the provisions of MSW Rules, the northeastern 2000. direction. (iii) Production of Permanent Moderate Design of leachate collection DSMC/ SIPMIU leachate during system through leachate pipes operation stage can and pits shall mitigate the impacts potentially associated with leachate contaminate soil, generation. surface and ground water resources. 2.3 Construction Impacts (i) The movement of Temporary Moderate All the vehicles used for the Contractor/ DSMC heavy vehicle for construction shall comply with / SIPMIU construction of relevant environmental standard. compost plant and Worker to be provided with PPE's preparing the landfill like earplugs to minimize the site will cause noise health impacts. Construction in pollution problem in the night time to be restricted to the vicinity. the extent possible.

(ii) Trees on site could Temporary Moderate Plant and maintain two trees for Contractor/ DSMC be removed when every one removed landfill is built (iv) Excavation of landfill Temporary Moderate Re-use excavated material in this Contractor/ DSMC will produce large project wherever possible (eg amounts of waste bunds), Retain soil for covering soil and stone waste when landfill is operating (v) Excavation could Temporary Moderate Remove waste soil for disposal Contractor/ DSMC generate dust in dry, as soon as it is excavated; Spray windy weather stockpiled soil and working areas in windy weather (vi) Rainwater could Temporary Moderate Conduct all excavation in the dry Contractor collect in excavated season areas (vii) Water discharged Temporary Moderate Do not store toxic materials at or Contractor; KMC from site may near the landfill site; Include damage ecology of accident & spill prevention in rivers if polluted Method Statement (viii) Economic benefits if Temporary Moderate Contractor should employ at least Contractor local people are 50% of workforce from employed in communities in vicinity of work Contractor’s sites if possible workforce (ix) Workers and the Temporary Moderate Prepare and implement a site Contractor; public are at risk Health and Safety Plan that from accidents on includes measures to: Exclude site the public from all construction sites; Ensure that workers use Personal Protective Equipment; Provide Health & Safety Training for all personnel; Follow

Sl Duration/ Impacts Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility No Extent documented procedures for all site activities; Keep accident reports and records. (xi) Leveling and Temporary Moderate Regular water sprinkling to be Contractor/ compaction of the ensured to minimize the impact. DSMC/ SIPMIU site & Construction Worker to be provided with PPE's of haul roads will like dust masks. involve significant dust generation problems. 2.4 O&M Impacts (i) Composting may fail Permanent Significant Public education on benefits of KMC (SWM Div) if public do not composting & role of public separate green waste (ii) Town environment Public education; build capacity KMC (SWM Div will deteriorate if of KCC staff; Maintain facilities system malfunctions and system in full working order (iii) Refuse vehicles Permanent Moderate KMC (SWM Div) movement towards Green buffer to be developed the site may lead to around the site. increase in day time noise levels. (iv) Landfill may flood in Permanent Significant Ensure surface water drains will KMC (SWM Div monsoon, polluting handle heaviest rains; &M land and water procedure: regularly clear drains of debris and ensure they are in working order at all times (v) Traffic may be Permanent Significant Carry waste to landfill outside KMC (SWM Div impeded by heavy peak traffic periods waste vehicles (vi) The leachate Permanent Moderate The leachate pits are to be KMC (SWM Div) collected in the pits emptied periodically by using has high vacuum pumps and tankers and contamination carried to the STP. Arrangements levels. Improper with the STP operator shall be disposal of the worked out. leachate will lead to pollution of soil, surface and ground water resources. (vii) Half perforated Permanent Moderate It is suggested that a small trench KMC (SWM Div) leachate pipes to be (of 1ft depth) with a covering of laid at the bottom of plastic/tarpaulin layer be the disposal site. constructed in front of the The pipes at times leachate pipes to take care the may overflow due to overflow. The perforations shall heavy load be cleaned by hosing with water (especially in the jet. Regular monitoring of the rainy season). The same is necessary. pipes wrapped with iron mesh may also get choked due to accumulation of debris and wastes. This may lead to overflowing of leachate instead of flowing through the

Sl Duration/ Impacts Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility No Extent leachate pipe. The leachate may overflows and may pollute the nearby streams. (viii) Early filling of Temporary Moderate Regular monitoring and cleaning KMC (SWM Div) leachate pit during of leachate pits shall be rainy season may necessary. cause spillage and pollute the nearby stream.

3 TRANSFER STATIONS (1 NOS.) Transfer station site will be identified at later stage. In the transfer station one ramp facility will be provided to facilitate unloading of refuse vehicle or dumper placer containers. The ramp will be inclined at an angle of 300 to 400 to facilitate the transfer of the solid wastes to the collection vehicles like tipper trucks. The tipper trucks can be filled up by pushing the solid waste manually from the ramp of the transfer station within no time. Wastes unloaded at transfer station will remain there for about 2-3 hours before being loaded in to large tipper trucks for disposal at the landfill site. 3.1 Location Impacts (i) Transfer stations Permanent Moderate The transfer station shall be sited KMC (SWM Div)/ within residential in uninhabited areas. The site to SIPMIU areas may lead to be selected based on adjoining nuisance in term of land uses and suitability for a foul odors, breeding transfer station. The transfer of vermin and other station shall be sited away from associated impacts sensitive receptors. if wastes are not cleared at regular intervals. 3.2 Design Impacts (i) The wash waters Permanent Moderate Proper drainage arrangements KMC (SWM Div)/ from the transfer shall be made around the site to DSMC station in absence of prevent any stagnation of wash any drainage waters. arrangements will stagnate around the site leading to prevalence of unsanitary conditions. (ii) Wash waters from Permanent Moderate A grit chamber to be provided to KMC (SWM Div)/ the transfer station arrest the materials contained in DSMC may cause choking the wash waters. of nearby drains. 3.3 Construction Impacts (i) No Impact NA NA 3.1.4 O&M Impacts (i) Transfer Station Permanent Moderate O&M procedure: remove any could produce odour spilled waste immediately; &M if not cleaned procedure: wash floors & empty regularly waste bins daily; O&M procedure: initial and annual training for all staff; Ensure transfer station

Sl Duration/ Impacts Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility No Extent design includes adequate drainage (ii) The impacts Permanent Moderate Regular washing and associated with disinfections of transfer station KMC (SWM Div) operation stage shall be carried out. Vegetative include frequent buffer around the site shall be movements of waste provided. collection vehicles, Ensuring that wastes are production of foul collected stored and transferred odours, waste as per the SWHR 2000. spillage and breeding of vermins and other associated impacts. 4 GARAGE & MAINTENANCE WORKSHOP For proper maintenance of the vehicles one garage and maintenance workshop is need for taking care of 20-24 vehicles with an area requirement of 1200-1500 sqm. 4.1 Location Impacts (i) The garage and NA NA NA NA maintenance workshop is to be located on Govt. land so no impacts are envisaged. 4.2 Design & Construction Impacts (i) NA NA NA 4.4 O&M Impacts (ii) Garage washing Permanent Negligible An Oil trap to be provided to KMC (SWM Div) waste water will arrest the oil and grease. contain oil and grease, which may increase the pollution load at the storm water drains. 5 IMPROVEMENT OF COLLECTION SYSTEM Introduction of proper scheduling of vehicles and their routes in order to enhance the present collection frequency and area coverage. 5.1 Location, design and construction impacts (i) NA NA NA 5.4 O&M Impacts (ii) It may happen that Temporary Moderate Adequate public awareness KMC (SWM Div) / the scheduling of programme to be arranged NGO vehicles do not through Village Councils and match with peoples NGOs to educate people about waste dumping the routing and scheduling to behavior. This may ensure their participation. lead to improper collection even with such improvements.

V. INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

A. Institutional Requirements

(xix) The national-level Executing Agency (NEA) for the Investment Program will be MOUD. An Investment Program Coordination Cell (IPCC) will be established in MOUD. IPCC will be responsible for overall management of the Investment Program in the five cities and will include social/environmental safeguard specialists whose tasks include monitoring Program implementation and reviewing and screening the subprojects submitted by States in accordance with subproject selection criteria, including the environmental provisions. A national level Steering Committee (NSC) will be set up by GOI within three months of loan effectiveness to monitor the use of funds under MFF and overall implementation performance of the Investment Program.. The IPCC will be assisted by a Project Management Consultant (PMC) to provide support and coordination for environmental assessment and review procedures. A State-level Executing Agency (SEA) in each State will be responsible for executing the part of the loan falling under the respective State Governments.

(xx) A consolidated State Investment Program Management and Implementation Unit (SIPMIU) will be established in each of the five SEAs and headed by a Program Director (PD). SIPMIU will oversee the Program's environment and resettlement planning. This includes the preparation of all documentation needed for decision- making, contracting, and supervision of work and providing progress-monitoring information to the PD. The SIPMIU shall comprise of a Safeguards and Social Cell staffed with an Environmental Officer (EO). Box 1 provides the Terms of References for the EO. The EO shall be responsible for implementing the environmental safeguard provisions in the project including (i) ensuring environmental criteria for subproject selection in the EARP (also see Table A11.2) are followed, (ii) ensuring mitigation requirements are in contractor bidding documents, and (iii) liasing with various Central and State government agencies on compliance matters. The SIPMIU will appoint and manage Construction Contractors (CC) to build elements of the infrastructure who are required to submit Environmental Implementation Plans (EIPs) for SIPMIU approval.

(xxi) The SIPMIU will be assisted by the DSMC, who will design the infrastructure, manage tendering of contracts, and supervise the construction process. An Environmental Specialist (ES) in the DSMC will be responsible for addressing the environmental issues in the project components during design and implementation. Box 2 provides the Terms of References for the ES. The ES will ensure all mitigation requirements are in contractor bidding documents and EIPs, and will supervise the effective implementation of environmental provisions during construction. In addition, the ES will assist the IPMU on the procurement needs and other project implementation aspects and shall play a central role in ensuring capacity building on environmental management of the IPMU, Contractor and Line Departments through capacity development support and training.

(xxii) DSMC will submit periodic monitoring and implementation reports to SIPMIU, who will take follow-up actions, if necessary. SIPMIU will submit monitoring reports to the PD who will then submit to ADB. SIPMIU will also prepare annual monitoring reports for IPCC and assist IPCC in preparing an annual monitoring report to ADB. The annual report is to focus on the progress of implementation of the EMP and EARP and issues

49 encountered and measures adopted, follow-up actions required, if any, as well as the status of Program compliance with subproject selection criteria, and relevant loan covenants. IPCC will seek clearance for submission and disclosure of the annual environmental monitoring report to ADB. Figure 6 illustrates the organizational chart of the proposed institutional arrangement.

Box 1: Terms of Reference of Environmental Officer (EO) SIPMIU Environmental Officer A Civil Engineer with specialization in Environment/ Public Health with experience in the management of infrastructure projects and knowledge of the Indian legislative framework for environmental management.

Roles & Responsibilities • Review the IEE Document and ensure adequacy under ADB's Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003. • Ensure that the project design and specification adequately reflect the IEE. • Co-ordinate the obtaining of requisite government Environmental Clearances for the project. • Liaise with the various Central and State Government agencies on environmental and other regulatory matters. Advise SIPMIU for compliance with statutory requirements. • Develop training programme for the SIPMIU staff, the contractors and others involved in the project implementation, in collaboration with the Environmental Specialist of the DSMC. • Approve the Contractor's Environmental Implementation Plan (EIP) for the environmental measures, as per the IEE and the Supplemental Studies carried out by the Environmental Specialist of the DSMC. • Ensure mitigation requirements are in contractor bidding documents • Liaise with the Contractors and DSMC on the implementation of the environmental provisions in the EIP. • Continuously interact with the NGOs and Community groups to be involved in the project. • Establish dialogue with the affected communities and ensure that the environmental concerns and suggestions are incorporated and implemented in the project. • Review the environmental performance of the project through an assessment of the periodic environmental monitoring reports submitted by the DSMC; provide monitoring report to the Project Director, and initiate necessary follow-up actions, if any. PD to submit periodic monitoring reports to ADB. Assist SIPMIU to submit annual monitoring report to IPCC; and assist IPCC prepare the annual monitoring report on environment. • Provide support and assistance to the Government Agencies and ADB to supervise the implementation of the IEE during the construction as well as operation stage of the project. • Document the good practices in the project on incorporation and integration of environmental issues into engineering design and on implementing measures in the construction and maintenance programs of urban infrastructure project, and dissemination of the same. • Work closely with DSMC ES to review design changes and if these warrant classification of the change, initiate the EA process in accordance with the EARP. Work with DSMC in revising the IEE/EIA/EMP in accordance with detailed design changes as warranted

Box 2: Terms of Reference of Environmental Specialist DSMC’s Environmental Specialist A civil engineer preferably with postgraduate specialization in environmental / public health engineering, having 15 years of working experience related to the integration of environmental and social issues in the design, construction and operation of infrastructure projects.

Roles & Responsibilities •Review the IEE Document and ensure adequacy under ADB's Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003. •Interact on a regular basis with the sector specialist of the DSMC and integrate environmentally sound practices into the detailed design of project components. •Advise SIPMIU for compliance with statutory clearances. •Work out the site specific mitigation measures for components as required and integrate the same into contractual provisions; and review and approve site specific environmental enhancement/mitigation designs worked out by the Contractor. •Review the Contractors' Environmental Implementation Plans (EIPs) to ensure compliance with the IEE. Ensure all mitigation requirements are in contractor bidding documents. •Develop, organize and deliver environmental training programmes and workshops for the staff of the SIPMIU and Contractors and in accordance to the Capacity Building Programme as specified in the IEE. •Preparation of Activity Plans/ Supplemental studies for environmental management of critical sub-projects identified in the IEE (these include Site Management Plans, Waste Management Plans, Sludge Management and Disposal Plans, Occupational Safety Plans, Leachate Management and Disposal Plans and Natural Habitat Management Plans). •Supervise the implementation of the IEE/EIP provisions by the Contractors. •Hold regular consultation meetings with the Environmental Cell of the SIPMIU. •Develop good practice construction guidelines to assist the contractors in implementing the provisions of the IEE. •Prepare and submit regular environmental monitoring and implementation progress reports to SIPMIU. •Assist Environmental Cell to prepare good practice dissemination notes based on the experience gained from site supervision. •Review design changes and if these warrant classification of the change, initiate the EA process in accordance with the EARP and revise the IEE/EIA/EMP in accordance with detailed design changes as warranted and ensure these changes are integrated into contract documents and implemented.

Figure 6: Organizational Chart of Investment Program

INVESTMENT PROGRAM ORGANISATION CHART

National Steering MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION Committee GOVERNMENTOFINDIA Chair: Secy-MOUD MDONER DEA PC INVESTMENT PROGRAM COORDINATION CELL Headed by: Program Investment Manager Staff: Administrative/Financial, Technical, Social/Environment

State Steering Committee State Level Program Empowered Committee Chair: Chief Secretary Chair: SEA Secretary ULB, UDD,PHED, PWD, DOF, PD ULB, UDD, PHED, PWD, DOF, PD

Design, Supervision State Investment Program Management and Implementation Unit Institutional and Management Headed by: State Program Director Development Consultants (DSMCs) Deputy Directors for Program Management and Implementation Consultant

Engineering Safeguards and Social Social Urban MIS Adm.& Water Supply, Sewerage/Sanitation, Environment Resettl Reform Finance Drainage/Landslip Protection, Roads Officer Cap Bui Transport SWM Social and Resettlement

Support Technical and Administrative Staff Staff on deputation

•STATE EXECUTING AGENCIES (SEA) Tripura – UDD Nagaland – UDD Mizoram – UDD Meghalaya – UAD Sikkim - UDHD

MoDONER = Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region, Secy = Secretary, MoUD&PA = Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty 51 Alleviation, DEA = Department of Economic Affairs, PC = Planning Commission, C&S = Commissioner & Secretary, UDD = Urban Development Department, UAD =Urban Affairs Department, LAD = Local Administration Department, UDHD = Urban Development and Housing Department, FA = Financial Advisor, Comm = Commissioner, PHED = Public Health Engineering Department, PWD = Public Works Department, PD = Program Director, RR = Resettlement and Rehabilitation,

B. Environmental Management Plan

(xxiii) An integral part of environmental protection is the continuous monitoring of the conditions of the receiving environment to determine if any undesirable changes are occurring as a result of the investment program. Since the effects on living receptors are received mainly through the surface water, air, and surrounding soil, environmental monitoring principally requires quantitative measurements of the amount of pollutants present in these environmental media.

(xxiv) Environmental monitoring will be done during construction in three levels; namely as monitoring of development of performance indicators done by the Environmental Specialist of the Design, Supervision, and Management Consultants, monitoring of implementation of mitigation measures done by the Contractor; and overall regulatory monitoring of the environmental issues done by Environmental Officer of the SIPMIU. Management of the landfill site will require compliance with all rules set out by the GoI Municipal Solid Waste Handling Rules, 2000.

(xxv) The environmental monitoring plan of all relevant environmental parameters, with a description of the sampling stations, frequency of monitoring, applicable standards and responsible agencies is presented in Table 15.

Table 15: Environmental Monitoring Plan for Kohima Sl Parameters to N Attributes Stage Location Frequency Standard Responsibility be Monitored o 1 Top soil Construction Visual Proposed Monthly Contractor / conservation Stage inspection to Landfill site Inspection by SIPMIU & Adequate check separate at Lerie the SIPMIU Drainage stockpiling of colony. during the site arrangement topsoil. preparation s within / Stockpiles of period around the earth not to be disposal site higher than 2 and side slopes shall not be more than 1:2. Proper Drainage arrangements to prevent any water logging within / around the site especially in the area around the leach pits. 2 Leachate Operation Overflowing of Landfill site Daily MSW Operator / Monitoring Stage leachate pits, at Lerie inspection by Handling SIPMIU Chocking of colony and operation and Rules, 2000 leachate pipes. leachate monthly Quality of pipes. inspection by leachate in the SIPMIU (for terms of pH, first 3 years of TDS, BOD, operation). COD, Leachate

Sl Parameters to N Attributes Stage Location Frequency Standard Responsibility be Monitored o Coliforms Quality monitoring to be done twice a year for first three years of operation 3 Odour Operation Hydrogen southern Operator Monitoring in Stage Sulphide (H2S) periphery of peripheral and Ammonia the site residential (NH3) areas of the Once in 6 landfill site in month for the the downwind first three years direction of operation 4 Vegetative Survival Rate - Operator Buffer of Proposed Within Twice a year till Survival Rate Trees around landfill site at the trees reach Operation the disposal Cieswema a minimum Stage site Bawe. height of 2 m 5. Surface SPCB water quality of Dzuna Ru and Dzucha Downstream Ru Rivers points from pH, TDS, BOD, landfill site Operation COD, Coli and at Stage forms confluence. Twice a year 6. Ground water Basic MSW SPCB within 50 parameters set Handling meters of site by SPCB for Rules, 2000; groundwater Ground quality Twice a year Water Operation (including iron, (Pre-monsoon, Board. Stage ph, etc.) post monsoon) 7 Water Quality Water IS: 2296 SPCB of Transfer Course Twice a year Station wash pH, TDS, BOD, (Near new for the first waters Operation COD, Coli secretariat three years of Stage forms complex) operation 8 Standard for Visual inspection Operator compost to check for /SPCB physical composition (e.g., glass, plastic and other physical inerts and fragments); and no offensive smell. Also testing of compost to MSW Operation meet Compost Handling Stage standards. facility Twice a year Rules, 2000 9 Collection Visual 5 different Once every KMC Efficiency inspection to localities/ month at 5 Operation check for month different Stage uncleared covered by localities for the -

Sl Parameters to N Attributes Stage Location Frequency Standard Responsibility be Monitored o garbage piles the first 3 years of and spillage Collection operation along haul Network routes 10 Community Community KMC Perception Perception Survey to identify the 5 different problems localities/ Once every associated with month month at 5 the process covered by different and develop the localities for the Operation suitable Collection first 3 years of Stage modifications Network operation - 11 Bio Medical Nearest Once in three Rules for KMC Waste Community month for the Handling collection first three years and point of of operation Managemen hospitals like t of Bio (i) Naga Medical Visual Hospital (ii) Waste, 1998 inspection for Woodland Operation bio medical Private Stage waste hospital Note: In many cases repetition of monitoring locations will be observed for different sub projects. This has been intentionally kept as it may so happen that different sub projects are prioritised and phased differently

C. Capacity Building

(xxvi) Members of the Environmental Cell of the State Investment Program Management Implementation Unit (SIPMIU) and Engineers of Nodal / Line Departments associated with the proposed improvements in NERCCDIP will be trained in environmental protection both in theoretical and practical aspects for urban infrastructure, specifically solid waste management projects. While theoretical aspects will form the bedrock of the training programme, it will be the practical site visits and /or hands-on training at site itself, which will be of direct use to the Program. Training in complying with the Municipal Solid Waste Handling Rules, 2000 will be an important focus.

(xxvii) The training programme will kick off with a Sensitization Workshop for Secretaries, Chief Engineers and Superintendent Engineers of the line departments and also involving the Project Director and Environmental Officer of the Investment Program Management Unit (SIPMIU).

(xxviii) The Environmental Specialist of the Design and Supervision Consultants (DSC) will provide the basic training required for environmental awareness followed by specific aspects of Urban Sector Projects along with Environmental implications in NERCCDIP. Specific modules customized for the available skill set shall be devised after assessing the capabilities of the members of the Training Programme and the requirements of the Program. The entire training would cover basic principles of environmental assessment and management; mitigation plans and programmes, implementation techniques, monitoring methods and tools. Specific issues of Urban Environmental Management shall be taken up in separate sessions.

(xxix) Typical modules that would be present for the training session would be as follows: (i) Sensitization (ii) Introduction to Environment (iii) Environmental Considerations in Urban Development Projects (iv) Review of IEE and Integration into Design (v) Improved Co-ordination within Nodal Departments (vi) Special issues in NERCCDIP (vii) Role during construction (viii) Monitoring & Reporting System

(xxx) The proposed training program along with the frequency of sessions is presented in Table 16. Table 16: Training Program for Environmental Management Training Form of Duration/ Programme Description Participants Conducting Training Location Agency A. Pre-Construction Stage Sensitization Secretaries, Chief Workshop ½ Environmental Workshop Introduction to Engineer Working Specialist of the Environment: Superintendent Day Design and Basic Concept of Engineers of PWD, Supervision environment PHED and UDD, the Consultants Environmental Development Regulations and Commissioner, Mayor, Statutory CEO of KMC and requirements as per Project Director (PD) Government of India and Environmental and ADB Officer (EO) of the SIPMIU Session I Module I Introduction to Engineers of PWD, Lecture Environmental Environment: PHED and SWM Specialist of the Basic Concept of Division of KMC, Design and environment SIPMIU (Technical Supervision ¼ Environmental Unit) and SIPMIU Consultants Working Regulations and (Environmental Unit) Day Statutory requirements as per Government of India and ADB Module II Environmental Engineers of PWD, Workshop ¼ Environmental Considerations in PHED and SWM Working Specialist of the Urban Development Division of KMC, Day Design and and Solid Waste SIPMIU (Technical Supervision Management (SWM) Unit) and SIPMIU Consultants Projects: (Environmental Unit Environmental including the EO) components affected by urban development and SWM in construction and operation stages Activities causing pollution during construction and operation stages

Training Form of Duration/ Programme Description Participants Conducting Training Location Agency Environmental Management Good Practices in Urban Infrastructure and SWM Projects MSW Handling Rules, 2000 monitoring requirements. Module III Review of IEE and its Engineers of PWD, Lecture ½ Environmental Integration into PHED and SWM and Field Working Specialist of the Designs: Division of KMC Visit Day Design and IEE Methodology SIPMIU (Technical Supervision ADB and GoI Unit) and SIPMIU Consultants requirements (Environmental Unit Environmental including the EO) Provisions in NERCCDIP Implementation Arrangements Methodology of Assessment of Pollution Monitoring Methodology for site selection of borrow areas, waste disposal areas etc. Module IV Improved Co- Engineers of PWD, Lecture / ½ Environmental ordination with other PHED and UDD of Interactive Working Specialist of the Departments: Kohima Division, Sessions Day Design and Overview of SIPMIU (Technical Supervision NERCCDIP Unit) and SIPMIU Consultants Environmental & (Environmental Unit Social Impacts including the EO) Statutory Permissions – Procedural Requirements Co-operation & Co- ordination with other Departments. Module V Special Issues in SIPMIU (Technical Lecture ½ Environmental NERCCDIP Unit) and SIPMIU Working Specialist of the Bio-Diversity (Environmental Unit Day Design and Assessment & including the EO) Supervision Conservation Consultants Geomorphological Assessment and Slope Protection Statutory Permissions – Procedural Requirements Consultation and Counseling

Training Form of Duration/ Programme Description Participants Conducting Training Location Agency B. Construction Stage Session II Module VI Role during Engineers of PWD, Lecture / ½ Environmental Construction PHED and SWM Interactive Working Specialist of the Roles and Division of KMC, Sessions Day Design and Responsibilities of SIPMIU (Technical Supervision officials/ contractors/ Unit) and SIPMIU Consultants consultants towards (Environmental Unit protection of including the EO) environment Implementation Arrangements Monitoring mechanisms Module VII Monitoring and SIPMIU (Technical Lecture / ½ Environmental Reporting System Unit) and SIPMIU Interactive Working Specialist of the Monitoring mechanisms (Environmental Unit Sessions Day Design and including the EO); Supervision MSW Handling Rules, SWM Division of KMC Consultants 2000 monitoring requirements.

D. Environmental Budget

(xxxi) As part of good engineering practices, there have been several measures as erosion prevention, rehabilitation of borrow areas, safety, signage, provision of temporary drains, etc the costs for which are included in the design costs of specific subprojects. Therefore, these items of costs have not been included in the IEE budget. Only those items not covered under budgets for construction and RAP are costed in the IEE budget. The IEE costs include mitigation, monitoring and capacity building costs. The summary budget for the environmental management costs for different subprojects is presented in Table 17. Table 17: Environmental Budget, Solid Waste Sl. No. Particulars Stages Unit Rate (INR) Cost (INR Million) A. Mitigation Measures 3.1 Silt Fencing Construction Per running meter 500 0.025 3.2 Vegetative Buffer Operation Per tree 350 0.182 3.3 Oil and Grease Trap Operation Per Unit 5000 0.005 3.4 Grit Chamber Operation Per Unit 3500 0.004 Sub -Total (A) 0.216 B. Monitoring Measures 3.1 Leachate Monitoring Operation Per sample 3000 0.018 3.2 Odour Monitoring Operation Per sample 3000 0.018 3.3 Wash Water Quality Operation Per sample 2000 0.012 Sub -Total (B) 0.048 C Capacity Building 1 Sensitization Workshop Pre-Construction L.S 0.075 2 Training Session I Pre-Construction L.S 0.300 3 Training Session II Construction L.S 0.150 Sub-Total C 0.525 Total (A+B+C) 0.789 Add Contingencies (@5 % ) 0.828

VI. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

A. Process for Consultation

(xxxii) Three levels of stakeholder consultations were undertaken in Kohima. The primary stakeholder group or civil society, comprising of local community members, the village, poor, women and environmental groups and NGOs were consulted to get information on present service levels and quality, and priority for improvements. The secondary stakeholder group comprising of elected representatives at both the state and local level and officials and staff of concerned government departments, the public sector providers of urban services, were consulted for policy, technical, financial, qualitative and quantitative inputs. In addition, the tertiary stakeholder group comprising private sector organizations involved in the support of urban services were consulted to get their views on how to improve the delivery of urban services.

(xxxiii) The social, gender and environmental groups consulted in Kohima include Directorate of Women’s Development, Nagaland Voluntary Health Organisation, Naga Mothers Association and several self-help groups formed by DUDA, People’s Group, Aranyak, Nagaland Empowerment of people through economic development (NEPED) and Entrepreneurs Association.

(xxxiv) The tertiary groups consulted includes the private water suppliers of Kohima mainly the Phesama Youth Society and Kohima Village Youth Association both of which hold the water rights to rivers and streams falling within their jurisdictions and sell the water.

(xxxv) Consultation with project stakeholders has been an integral part of the project and a continuous process dovetailed into the project as required and feasible throughout the project duration. A range of consultation tools such as workshops, focus group discussions (FGDs), formal and semi structured interviews, presentations, information brochures, informal discussions, mapping, have been used extensively as part of consultations activities in NERUDP. A parallel exercise of consultation in the form of socio economic survey has been conducted extensively in Kohima with over 1006 households being surveyed for project related information.

(xxxvi) Primary Consultation. A total of 28 primary consultation meetings have been held in Kohima in the months of April 2005 to August 2005. Table 18 lists the details of consultation program in Kohima.

Table 18: Details of Consultation Program in Kohima No of S. Consultatio Stakeholder Area and Ward Venue Participant Date Time Duration No n Type s Community Consultations 1 FGD Community, ward Midland Residence of 10 30-4-05 9.15-9.55 40 min councillor Councillor hrs 2 FGD Community New Market Panchayat 5 30-4-05 10.15- 40 min (Notified Hall, New 10.55 hrs Slum)/Ward No 7 Market 3 FGD Community Dak Lane (notified Panchayat 6 30-4-05 11.15- 40 min Slum)/Ward No 6 hall, Dak 11.55 hrs

No of S. Consultatio Stakeholder Area and Ward Venue Participant Date Time Duration No n Type s Lane 4 FGD Community Naga Bazaar Panchayat 8 30-4-05 12.15- 35 min Notified slum hall, Naga 12.50 hrs Bazaar 5 FGD Community Kitsubozou / Panchayat 5 30-4-05 14.30- 30 min Chotta Basti Hall, Chota 15.00 hrs (notified slum Basti 6 FGD Community, ward Hospital Colony, Residence of 10 1-5-05 12.15- 30 min councillor Officers hill /Ward Ward 12.45 hrs No 10 Councillor 7 FGD Community, ward Lower Chandmari Residence of 9 21-5-05 12.00-1.15 75 min councillor Ward hrs Councillor 8 FGD Community, ward Hospital Colony Residence of 11 21-5-05 13.15- 60 min councillor Ward 14.15 hrs Councillor 9 FGD Community, ward Kezekei Colony Residence of 10 21-5-05 14.30- 90 min councillor Ward 16.00 Councillor 10 FGD Community/councill New Market Residence of 4 22-5-05 13.30- 45 min or /notified councillor 14.15 hrs slum/ward no 8 11 FGD Women residents Midland Residence of 10 22-5-05 14.45- 95 min /councillor Councillor 16.30 12 FGD Community, PWD Panchayat 8 23-5-05 9.00-10.00 60 min Panchayat Colony/Ward No Building hrs members, 11 councillor 13 FGD Residents, area Upper Residence of 7 23-5-05 13.00- 60 min youth president, Chandmari/Ward councillor 14.00 hrs councillor No 12 14 FGD Community, D Block Residence of 7 23-5-05 15.00- 60 min councillor councillor 16.00 hrs 15 FGD Panchayat Officers Hill/Ward Residence of 23 24-5-05 9.45-10.45 60 min members, local No 10 councillor hrs residents, councillor 16 FGD Community, High School Residence of 6 24-5-05 11.15- 45 min councillor Ward/Ward no 1 councillor 12.00 hrs Gender and Women Group 17 FGD Women Self Help GKPA Dolphin Club 27 24-6-05 6.00-7.00 60 min groups hrs 18 FGD-Gender Women from GKPA Municipal 17 1-6-05 10.00 – 120 min several wards Council 12.00 hrs Committee Hall 19 Individual Officer in Special GKPA Directorate of 1 1-6-05 12.30- 60 min Interview- Duty Women 1.30 hrs Gender Development 20 Individual President of NGO- GKPA District Office of the 1 2-6-05 11.00 – 60 min Interview - Nagaland NGO 12.00 hrs Gender Voluntary Health Association 21 Individual President of NGO- GKPA NMA Office, 1 2-6-05 14.00- 30 min Interview - Naga Mothers near DC Hill 14.30 Gender Association 22 FGD-Gender Self Help Groups GKPA NVHAI 20 2-6-05 15.30- 180 min formed by DUDA Office, 18.30 hrs

No of S. Consultatio Stakeholder Area and Ward Venue Participant Date Time Duration No n Type s Midland Ward NGO/CBO 24 Semi Mr. Kakiho Sohee GKPA 2 1-5-05 Structured Secretary People’s interview Group, GKPA, Nagaland.

Mr. Firoz Ahmed, Member “Aranyak NGO” 25 FGD NGO-Nagaland GKPA Office of 10 21-6-05 12.00 hrs- 90 min Empowerment of NGO 13.30 hrs People through Economic Development (NEPED) 26 Individual NGO- Kohima Office of 1 21-6-05 15.00- 60 min Interview Entrepreneurs NGO 16.00 hrs Association Private Water Suppliers 27 Interview Phesama Youth Kohima Office of 1 19/3/2005 11.00 – 90 min Society President – Phesama 12.00 hrs Mr. Rovisse Youth Society 28 Semi Kohima Village GKPA Panchayat 5 30-4-05 14.00- 60 min Structured Youth Association Office, 14.30 interview of T-Khel clan Kohima Village

(xxxvii) Another consultation was held on 27 May 2008 with Ward Panchayat at KMC Hall. Eleven participants were in attendance representing both civil society (e.g., youth organization) and government agencies. Summaries of consultations are summarized below.

(xxxviii)Secondary and Tertiary Consultations. The PPTA implementation commenced with the participatory process in the form of an Inception workshop cum state level consultation in Jan 2005. Stakeholders occupying the highest rung of decision-making in Kohima attended the consultations to discuss project related issues on a common platform with other project cities. The inception workshop was held to consolidate the way forward in achieving the goals of the project with the support of key stakeholders and was attended in addition to the Govt. of Nagaland by representatives of MODNER and other project city representatives. The inception workshop focused on Projects, sustainability issues and environmental and social safeguards, Urban Sector Agenda in the project city etc.

(xxxix) Second state level consultation-cum-Interim workshop was held after the submission of the Interim Report in April 2005. This consultation-cum-workshop sought to appraise project cities of progress of work and to seek further inputs on finalization of sub project proposals in project cities; and to seek advice on governance and policy matter affecting projects. The first day of the workshop comprised of technical presentations on aspects such as City growth Assessments, Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage,

solid Waste Management, Transportation, Slum Upgradation, Approach to economic and financial analysis, etc. followed by discussions on the same The second day of the Interim Workshop cum state level consultation was reserved for discussions on each of the Project cities in response to the presentations made the earlier day and on other issues related to the project. Table 18 shows the various the state level consultation programmes.

(xl) The summary of consultations held during in Kohima is presented in Table 19. The details of the various issues raised and suggestions received during the various consultation sessions are summarized in the Table 20.

Table 19: Summary of Consultations Held - Kohima Stage of Consultations Stakeholders Consulted Tool Scope of consultation PPTA carried out by Study State Government officials from Formal Introduction of project, Team leader, Inception Urban Development Department meetings/ project components, time deputy team Public Health Engineering Discussions frame and expectations leader, Department Public Works from the departments environment Department Department of Forests Overview of Environment specialist and Social assessments Inception Officials from Ministry of Workshop Discussions on approach PPTA team workshop Development of North-eastern region and methodology for the (MoDNER), GoI Government of study, including EA/SA Nagaland Situation State Government Departments Formal Status of infrastructure Sector analysis NGOs including Nagaland Voluntary meetings/ services specialists Health Association (NVHAI), Discussions Nagaland Empowerment of People through Economic Development (NEPED), Entrepreneurs Association, Naga Mothers Association (NMA), Angami Youth Association. Interim Officials from Ministry of Workshop Dissemination of findings PPTA team workshop Development of North-eastern region of interim report (MoDNER), GoI Government of Nagaland Feasibility State Government Departments Formal Felt needs/ perceptions of Team Leader, analysis NGOs including Nagaland Voluntary meetings/ the communities Sector Health Association (NVHAI), Structured Willingness to Pay (WTP) Specialists Nagaland Empowerment of People Discussions for the infrastructure Environment through Economic Development FGDs, SES improvements specialist (NEPED), Entrepreneurs Association, Environmental issues due Public Naga Mothers Association (NMA), to project interventions Consultation Angami Youth Association. Possibilities of involvement specialist Local leaders and elected of communities Biodiversity representatives, panchayat members, specialist Village Councilors Communities, self help groups Finalization State Government Departments Meetings Response to the Team Leader, of project NGOs including Nagaland Voluntary communities on Sector components Health Association (NVHAI), incorporation of felt needs Specialists Nagaland Empowerment of People and perceptions Environment through Economic Development Dissemination of project specialist (NEPED), Entrepreneurs Association, components Public Naga Mothers Association (NMA) Consultation Local leaders and elected specialist representatives, panchayat members, Village Councilors Communities and self help groups

B. Consultation Outcomes

(xli) Primary consultations held in GKPA were attended by elected representatives namely councillors of the wards and in some meetings Panchayat members from the ward. Site visits to the proposed site at Lerie was undertaken with the KMC Chairman, members, engineers, sanitary inspector to check the feasibility of the proposed design, as per the design requirements prepared by the consultants to finalize the proposed layout for compost plant and the sanitary landfill site. Joint measurement of the site was doen to check the land availability as per the design. Suggest regarding the alignment of the road to the site, layout of the proposed amenities were given during the join site visit which as been incorporated in the final drawings.

(xlii) Discussions with Ward Panchayats, Youth Leaders (eleven total) were initiated with the introduction of project details and the proposed collection system where their role would be crucial to the project. They expressed willingness to participate in the primary collection where panchayats would be responsible for the collection of waste from door- to-door and transfer it to the designated secondary collection points. They also expressed a willingness to provide any support for the successful implementation of the project.

1. Inception Stage

(xliii) The consultations at the Inception stage provided the team an opportunity to provide an orientation to the departments of the Government of Nagaland on the Program, its likely scope, time frame and the nature and extent of studies including environmental and social assessments to be carried out as part of the Program.

2. Situation Analysis and assessment

(xliv) The process of consultation with stakeholders was carried out as part of the situation analysis for the various infrastructure sectors. These consultations provided inputs in identifying the needs and priorities of these agencies to be taken up for implementation. A sector wise summary of the issues particularly relevant to the environment in the project is presented in the table below.

Table 20: Issues Raised and Suggestions Received – Situation Analysis Stage Stakeholders Issues raised / suggestions Sector Response consulted received Solid Wastes KMC • Disposal of solid waste not in • Conformance to the SWHR – 2000 shall Management conformance with the SWHR – be taken up in the project. 2000. • Environmental study of the existing site to • Existing dumping site is located prevent pollution of River Siste Ru. near NH 39 and crude open • Increase in the collection efficiency of the dumping is followed with the solid waste through provisions of possibility of polluting River Siste community bins, vehicles, transfer Ru. stations shall be done in the project. • Collection of solid waste in the city • Identification of new dumping site to be is not efficient leading to disposal of developed as sanitary land filling shall be waste into streams, drains and done. valley sides. • Awareness generation among the • Lack of awareness among the community about the solid waste community and NGOs regarding management practices.

Stakeholders Issues raised / suggestions Sector Response consulted received solid waste. • Possibilities of involving the NGOs, CBOs and communities in collection and management of solid wastes will be looked into.

(xlv) The situation analysis for each of the sectors were presented in the Interim Workshop wherein sector wise potential list of proposals in each of the priority infrastructure sectors were presented to the representatives of the various line departments. The discussions and feedback obtained on the proposals provided feedback towards the feasibility analysis for the formulation of projects.

(xlvi) Other issues raised include the following: (i) Irregular collection service from KMC (ii) Absence of proper dustbins and containers (iii) Waste are dumped in the drains and streams leading to drain choking, landslide, water contaminiation and health problems thus creating health hazard in the locality (iv) Mixing of Bio medical waste along with other wastes and dumping along the roads and slopes pose threat to the health of people nearby (v) Proper access to the bins and routing and scheduling of vehicles to be maintained properly (vi) Waste collection in selected areas of the city (vii) Collction restricted to main motorable roads (viii) Frequency of collection is very irregular (ix) Ineffective collection and management of waste by the KMC as the waste generator does not feel the responsibility of disposing waste properly

(xlvii) Suggestions include the following: (i) Collection of waste should cover the whole city (ii) Proper arrangement of more dustbins (iii) Frequency of collection should be increased as per need of the people (iv) Need for identification of proper disposal sites and disposal mechanism (v) All medical institutions should follow the proper disposable mechanism (vi) Public awareness for proper SWM including source segregation (vii) Public should be made aware about the health hazard due to improper SWM (viii) Special SWM mechanism should be made for medical waste which may create health problems (ix) Rules and regulation of SWM should have legal sanction and the Polluters to be levied fine and punishment (x) Involvement of other agencies and NGOs may be fruitful

(xlviii) The project will make significant improvements to the existing dumping situation and will closely comply with the SWM Handling Rules, 2000, which takes these issues into consideration. Continued consultations with surrounding Lerie Colony community will be an ongoing process and initiated by the SIPMIU during planning process.

3. Feasibility Analysis

(xlix) The inputs received from the state during the interim workshop, provided critical inputs towards scoping of the proposed improvements in each of the infrastructure sectors. Further consultations were carried out wherein specific improvements and sub-projects were discussed. These consultations also provided an opportunity to identify the sub- projects as desired by the communities, NGOs, to be implemented in the project. These projects, have been included as part of the proposed components to the extent possible. During these consultations, the stakeholders have been apprised of the participatory approach that shall be further adopted during the detailed design and implementation of the components.

C. Framework for Continued Participation in Subsequent Program Stages (l) The participation framework for the NERCCDIP proposes regular and continued stakeholder participation, at all stages during the design and implementation. A grievance redressal cell shall be set up within the SIPMIU to register grievances of the people regarding technical, social and environmental aspects. This participatory process shall ensure that all views of the people are adequately reviewed and suitably incorporated in the design and implementation process. Further, to ensure an effective disclosure of the proposals to the stakeholders and the communities in Kohima, an extensive awareness campaigns shall be carried out regarding different Sectoral projects with the following objectives:

(i) To educate the communities on the provisions and the potential benefits due to the proposed improvements (ii) To impart awareness on hygienic practices to be adopted for proper utilization of the proposed infrastructure improvements

(li) For the benefit of the community the IEE will be made available17 at: (i) KMC office; (ii) District Magistrate Office; and, (iii) SIPMIU. Hard copies of the IEE will be kept in the city library, accessible to citizens as a means to disclose the document and at the same time creating wider public awareness. Electronic version of the IEE will be placed in the official website of the SIPMIU / State Government and the official website of ADB after approval of the IEE by Government and ADB. The SIPMIU will issue Notification on the locality-wise start date of implementation of the Program. The notice will be issued by the SIPMIU in local newspapers one month ahead of the implementation works. This will create awareness of the Program implementation among the public. Posters designed to mass campaign the basic tenets of the IEE will be distributed to libraries in different localities that will be generating mass awareness. Copies of the summary of the IEE will be kept in the SIPMIU office and will be distributed to any person willing to consult the IEE.

VII. FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS

(lii) The Solid Waste Disposal site is identified at Lerie colony, which is about 7 km from Kohima town. There are two water bodies such as Dzuna Ru River and Dzucha Ru River which flow outside the boundary of the proposed solid waste disposal site, which is flowing in west to east direction and in south easterly direction respectively. The

17 In accordance with Operations Manual Section F2/BP on involuntary resettlement.

approximate length of Dzuna Ru River is 3 km & width is approximately 9.5 meter, where as the approximate length of Dzucha Ru River is 7.8 km & width 10 meters. The approximate distance of Dzuna Ru and Dzucha Ru to the solid waste disposal site is 150 m and 140 m respectively and these two rivers are natural drains and carry the surface flow of Kohima Town. The water is not used for any useful purposes. The Government of Nagaland has acquired the land of 22.475 hectares (55.53 acres) for solid waste disposal site. The distance from the Puliebadze Wildlfie Sanctuary to the proposed solid waste disposal site is approximately 3.5 kms. The Puliebadze Protected Forest and Sanctuary is notified under the Nagaland Jhum land Act, 1970. Since the Protected Forest and Sanctuary is not notified under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, it does attract the EIA notification, 2006.

(liii) All components in the solid waste management sub-project effectively avoid encroachment / direct impact onto environmentally sensitive locations or protected area networks within Kohima. To minimize environmental impacts associated with construction of new infrastructure facilities, the site selection for these components has been done carefully. It is to be noted that as per the statutory requirements of Government of India (Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, September, 2006),and as per the ADB guidelines, 2003, the proposed improvements do not warrant an EIA as none of the project components are: (i) likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts and (ii) located within designated environmental sensitive or protected areas. However, the development of the landfill site and the composting facility shall require an authorization from the Nagaland State Pollution Control Board.

(liv) The significance of the environmental impacts shall be more due to the construction related and O&M impacts if proper engineering, construction, and management is not maintained; however no impacts are foreseen to occur in relation to areas of rich environmental sensitivity. Further, it is to be noted that the resultant potential impacts from these proposals can be offset through provision of proven mitigation measures during the design and adoption of good engineering practices during construction and implementation. While no further detailed EIA shall be required for the proposed components, the addressal of the following key provisions have been included in the ToR for the environmental specialist of the DSC: (i) Site Management Plan to address impacts during construction (ii) Waste Management Plan to address disposal of wastes generated during construction (iii) Occupational Safety Plan to address occupational hazard during construction and operation (iv) Leachate Management & Disposal Plan to address leachate management and disposal plans during operation of the Landfill Site (lv) The effective implementation of the same shall be ensured through the building up of capacity towards environmental management within the SIPMIU supplemented with the technical expertise of an Environmental Specialist as part of the DSC. Further, the monitoring plans shall provide adequate opportunities towards course correction to address any residual impacts during construction or operation stages.

(lvi) The Design consideration will take care of surface and ground water pollution from leachate coming from sanitary landfill sites or methane gas produced from

decomposition of solid wastes.

(lvii) The Design consideration will take care of temporary silt runoff due to construction. Adequate institutional and financial capabilities for the management of the landfill operation will be provided to avoid hazards to public health.

(lviii) The loss of deep-rooted vegetation (e.g. tress) from landfill gas will be compensated with at least two times of tree plantation at suitable locations.

(lix) The Design consideration will take care of contamination of air quality from incineration and the Design consideration will take care of health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and hazardous materials in the site.

VIII. CONCLUSION

(lx) The proposed components should proceed through to design and implementation, subject to mitigation measures and monitoring programs identified in the IEE, which will be updated and detailed during detailed design stage, and based on above recommendations. It may be emphasized that, owing to: (i) scale of activity, (ii) location of the proposed sub-project component, and (iii) ‘no environmental sensitivity’ of the sub-projects, none of the components required to go through the process of EIA. It may be emphasized that the present IEE, which identifies potential impacts and suggests appropriate mitigation measures, is sufficient enough to safeguard the environment. There are no significant adverse impacts, which are irreversible or may lead to considerable loss/destruction of environment, envisaged. Proven mitigation measures exist to minimize/mitigate the same. Hence, no further study such as an EIA is required.

Annexure 1:

Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Ministry of Environment and Forests Notification New Delhi, the 25th September, 2000

S.O. 908(E).- Whereas the draft of the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1999 were published under the notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests number S.O. 783(E), dated, the 27th September, 1999 in the Gazette of India, Part II, Section 3, Sub-section (ii) of the same date inviting objections and suggestions from the persons likely to be affected thereby, before the expiry of the period of sixty days from the date on which the copies of the Gazette containing the said notification are made available to the public; And whereas copies of the said Gazette were made available to the public on the 5th October, 1999; And whereas the objections and suggestions received from the public in respect of the said draft rules have been duly considered by the Central Government; Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Government hereby makes the following rules to regulate the management and handling of the municipal solid wastes, namely:- 1. Short title and commencement.-- 1. These rules may be called the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000. 2. Save as otherwise provided in these rules, they shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. 2. Application - These rules shall apply to every municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes. 3. Responsibility of municipal authority 1. Every municipal authority shall, within the territorial area of the municipality, be responsible for the implementation of the provisions of these rules, and for any infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes. 2. The municipal authority or an operator of a facility shall make an application in Form-I, for grant of authorization for setting up waste processing and disposal facility including landfills from the State Board or the Committee in order to comply with the implementation programme laid down in Schedule I. 3. The municipal authority shall comply with these rules as per the implementation schedule laid down in Schedule I. 4. The municipal authority shall furnish its annual report in Form-II,- a. to the Secretary-incharge of the Department of Urban Development of the concerned State or as the case may be of the Union territory, in case of a metropolitan city; or b. to the District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner concerned in case of all other towns and cities, with a copy to the State Board or the Committee on or before the 30th day of June every year.

5. Responsibility of the State Government and the Union territory Administrations- 1. The Secretary-incharge of the Department of Urban Development of the concerned State or the Union territory, as the case may be, shall have the overall responsibility for the enforcement of the provisions of these rules in the metropolitan cities. 2. The District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner of the concerned district shall have the overall responsibility for the enforcement of the provisions of these rules within the territorial limits of their jurisdiction. 6. Responsibility of the Central Pollution Control Board and the State Board or the Committees 1. The State Board or the Committee shall monitor the compliance of the standards regarding ground water, ambient air, leachate quality and the compost quality including incineration standards as specified under Schedules II, III and IV. 2. The State Board or the Committee, after the receipt of application from the municipal authority or the operator of a facility in Form I, for grant of authorization for setting up waste processing and disposal facility including landfills, shall examine the proposal taking into consideration the views of other agencies like the State Urban Development Department, the Town and Country Planning Department, Air Port or Air Base Authority, the Ground Water Board or any such other agency prior to issuing the authorization. 3. The State Board or the Committee shall issue the authorization in Form-III to the municipal authority or an operator of a facility within forty-five days stipulating compliance criteria and standards as specified in Schedules II, III and IV including such other conditions, as may be necessary. 4. The authorization shall be valid for a given period and after the validity is over, a fresh authorization shall be required. 5. The Central Pollution Control Board shall co-ordinate with the State Boards and the Committees with particular reference to implementation and review of standards and guidelines and compilation of monitoring data. 7. Management of municipal solid wastes 1. Any municipal solid waste generated in a city or a town, shall be managed and handled in accordance with the compliance criteria and the procedure laid down in Schedule-II. 2. The waste processing and disposal facilities to be set up by the municipal authority on their own or through an operator of a facility shall meet the specifications and standards as specified in Schedules III and IV. 8. Annual Reports 1. The State Boards and the Committees shall prepare and submit to the Central Pollution Control Board an annual report with regard to the implementation of these rules by the 15th of September every year in Form-IV. 2. The Central Pollution Control Board shall prepare the consolidated annual review report on management of municipal solid wastes and forward it to the Central Government alongwith its recommendations before the 15th of December every year. 9. Accident Reporting When an accident occurs at any municipal solid wastes collection, segregation, storage, processing, treatment and dispoosal facility or landfill site or during the

transportation of such wastes, the municipal authority shall forthwith report the accident in Form-V to the Secretary in-charge of the Urban Development Department in metropolitan cities, and to District Collector or Deputy Commissioner in all other cases.

Schedule I [see rules4(2) and (3)] Implementation Schedule

Serial Compliance Criteria Schedule No.

1. Setting up of waste processing and disposal facilities By 31.12.2003 or earlier

2. Monitoring the performance of waste processing and disposal Once in six months facilities

3. Improvement of existing landfill sites as per provisions of these rules By 31.12.2001 or earlier

4. Identification of landfill sites for future use and making site (s) ready By 31.12.2002 or earlier for operation

Schedule -II [see rules 6(1) and (3), 7(1)] Management of Municipal Solid Wastes S. Parameters Compliance criteria No

1. Collection of 1. Littering of municipal solid waste shall be prohibited in cities, towns and municipal solid in urban areas notified by the State Governments. To prohibit littering and wastes facilitate compliance, the following steps shall be taken by the municipal authority, namely :- i. Organising house-to-house collection of municipal solid wastes through any of the methods, like community bin collection (central bin), house-to-house collection, collection on regular pre-informed timings and scheduling by using bell ringing of musical vehicle (without exceeding permissible noise levels); ii. Devising collection of waste from slums and squatter areas or localities including hotels, restaurants, office complexes and commercial areas; iii. Wastes from slaughter houses, meat and fish markets, fruits and vegetable markets, which are biodegradable in nature, shall be managed to make use of such wastes; iv. Bio-medical wastes and industrial wastes shall not be mixed with municipal solid wastes and such wastes shall follow the rules separately specified for the purpose; v. Collected waste from residential and other areas shall be transferred to community bin by hand-driven containerised carts or other small vehicles; vi. Horticlutural and construction or demolition wastes or debris shall be separately collected and disposed off following proper norms.

Similarly, wastes generated at dairies shall be regulated in accordance with the State laws; vii. Waste (garbage, dry leaves) shall not be burnt; viii. Stray animals shall not be allowed to move around waste storage facilities or at any other place in the city or town and shall be managed in accordance with the State laws. 2. The municipal authority shall notify waste collection schedule and the likely method to be adopted for public benefit in a city or town. 3. It shall be the responsibility of generator of wastes to avoid littering and ensure delivery of wastes in accordance with the collection and segregation system to be notified by the municipal authority as per para 1(2) of this Schedule.

2. Segregation of In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall organise municipal solid awareness programmes for segregation of wastes and shall promote wastes recycling or reuse of segregated materials. The municipal authority shall undertake phased programme to ensure community participation in waste segregation. For this purpose, regular meetings at quarterly intervals shall be arranged by the municipal authorities with representatives of local resident welfare associations and non-governmental organizations.

3. Storage of Municipal authorities shall establish and maintain storage facilities in such a municipal solid manner as they do not create unhygienic and insanitary conditions around wastes it. Following criteria shall be taken into account while establishing and maintaining storage facilities, namely :- i. Storage facilities shall be created and established by taking into account quantities of waste generation in a given area and the population densities. A storage facility shall be so placed that it is accessible to users; ii. Storage facilities to be set up by municipal authorities or any other agency shall be so designed that wastes stored are not exposed to open atmosphere and shall be aesthetically acceptable and user- friendly; iii. Storage facilities or ‘bins’ shall have ‘easy to operate’ design for handling, transfer and transportation of waste. Bins for storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be painted green, those for storage of recyclable wastes shall be printed white and those for storage of other wastes shall be printed black; iv. Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited. If unavoidable due to constraints, manual handling shall be carried out under proper precaution with due care for safety of workers.

4. Transportation Vehicles used for transportation of wastes shall be covered. Waste should of municipal not be visible to public, nor exposed to open environment preventing their solid wastes scattering. The following criteria shall be met, namely:- i. The storage facilities set up by municipal authorities shall be daily attended for clearing of wastes. The bins or containers wherever placed shall be cleaned before they start overflowing; ii. Transportation vehicles shall be so designed that multiple handling of wastes, prior to final disposal, is avoided.

5. Processing of Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable technology or combination of such

municipal solid technologies to make use of wastes so as to minimize burden on landfill. wastes Following criteria shall be adopted, namely:- (i) The biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for stabilization of wastes. It shall be ensured that compost or any other end product shall comply with standards as specified in Schedule-IV; ii. Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow the route of recycling. Incineration with or without energy recovery including pelletisation can also be used for processing wastes in specific cases. Municipal authority or the operator of a facility wishing to use other state-of-the-art technologies shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board to get the standards laid down before applying for grant of authorisation.

6. Disposal of Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and other municipal solid waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing. wastes Land filling shall also be carried out for residues of waste processing facilities as well as pre-processing rejects from waste processing facilities. Land filling of mixed waste shall be avoided unless the same is found unsuitable for waste processing. Under unavoidable circumstances or till installation of alternate facilities, land-filling shall be done following proper norms. Landfill sites shall meet the specifications as given in Schedule –III.

Schedule III [see rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2)] Specifications for Landfill Sites Site Selection 1. In areas falling under the jurisdiction of ‘Development Authorities’ it shall be the responsibility of such Development Authorities to identify the landfill sites and hand over the sites to the concerned municipal authority for development, operation and maintenance. Elsewhere, this responsibility shall lie with the concerned municipal authority. 2. Selection of landfill sites shall be based on examination of environmental issues. The Department of Urban Development of the State or the Union territory shall co-ordinate with the concerned organisations for obtaining the necessary approvals and clearances. 3. The landfill site shall be planned and designed with proper documentation of a phased construction plan as well as a closure plan. 4. The landfill sites shall be selected to make use of nearby wastes processing facility. Otherwise, wastes processing facility shall be planned as an integral part of the landfill site. 5. The existing landfill sites which continue to be used for more than five years, shall be improved in accordance of the specifications given in this Schedule. 6. Biomedical wastes shall be disposed off in accordance with the Bio-medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and hazardous wastes shall be managed in accordance with the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling ) Rules, 1989, as amended from time to time. 7. The landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years. 8. The landfill site shall be away from habitation clusters, forest areas, water bodies monuments, National Parks, Wetlands and places of important cultural, historical or religious interest.

9. A buffer zone of no-development shall be maintained around landfill site and shall be incorporated in the Town Planning Department’s land-use plans. 10. Landfill site shall be away from airport including airbase. Necessary approval of airport or airbase authorities prior to the setting up of the landfill site shall be obtained in cases where the site is to be located within 20 km of an airport or airbase. Facilities at the Site 11. Landfill site shall be fenced or hedged and provided with proper gate to monitor incoming vehicles or other modes of transportation. 12. The landfill site shall be well protected to prevent entry of unauthorised persons and stray animals. 13. Approach and other internal roads for free movement of vehicles and other machinery shall exist at the landfill site. 14. The landfill site shall have wastes inspection facility to monitor wastes brought in for landfill, office facility for record keeping and shelter for keeping equipment and machinery including pollution monitoring equipments. 15. Provisions like weigh bridge to measure quantity of waste brought at landfill site, fire protection equipments and other facilities as may be required shall be provided. 16. Utilities such as drinking water (preferably bathing facilities for workers) and lighting arrangements for easy landfill operations when carried out in night hours shall be provided. 17. Safety provisions including health inspections of workers at landfill site shall be periodically made. Specifications for land filling 18. Wastes subjected to land filling shall be compacted in thin layers using landfill compactors to achieve high density of the wastes. In high rainfall areas where heavy compactors cannot be used alternative measures shall be adopted. 19. Wastes shall be covered immediately or at the end of each working day with minimum 10 cm of soil, inert debris or construction material till such time waste processing facilities for composting or recycling or energy recovery are set up as per Schedule I. 20. Prior to the commencement of monsoon season, an intermediate cover of 40-65 cm thickness of soil shall be placed on the landfill with proper compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper drainage berms shall be constructed to divert run-off away from the active cell of the landfill. 21. After completion of landfill, a final cover shall be designed to minimize infiltration and erosion. The final cover shall meet the following specifications, namely :-- a. The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60 cms of clay or amended soil with permeability coefficient less that 1 x 10-7 cm/sec. b. On top of the barrier soil layer there shall be a drainage layer of 15 cm. c. On top of the drainage layer there shall be a vegetative layer of 45 cm to support natural plant growth and to minimize erosion. Pollution prevention 22. In order to prevent pollution problems from landfill operations, the following provisions shall be made, namely:- a. Diversion of storm water drains to minimize leachate generation and prevent pollution of surface water and also for avoiding flooding and creation of marshy conditions; b. Construction of a non-permeable lining system at the base and walls of waste disposal area. For landfill receiving residues of waste processing facilities or mixed waste or

waste having contamination of hazardous materials (such as aerosols, bleaches, polishes, batteries, waste oils, paint products and pesticides) minimum liner specifications shall be a composite barrier having 1.5 mm high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane, or equivalent, overlying 90 cm of soil (clay or amended soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec. The highest level of water table shall be at least two meter below the base of clay or amended soil barrier layer; c. Provisions for management of leachates collection and treatment shall be made. The treated leachates shall meet the standards specified in Schedule- IV; d. Prevention of run-off from landfill area entering any stream, river, lake or pond. Water Quality Monitoring 23. Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground water quality in the area shall be collected and kept in record for future reference. The ground water quality within 50 metres of the periphery of landfill site shall be periodically monitored to ensure that the ground water is not contaminated beyond acceptable limit as decided by the Ground Water Board or the State Board or the Committee. Such monitoring shall be carried out to cover different seasons in a year that is, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon period. 24. Usage of groundwater in and around landfill sites for any purpose (including drinking and irrigation) is to be considered after ensuring its quality. The following specifications for drinking water quality shall apply for monitoring purpose, namely :-

S.No. Parameters IS 10500: 1991 Desirable limit ( mg/l except for pH)

1. Arsenic 0.05

2. Cadmium 0.01

3 Chromium 0.05

4. Copper 0.05

5. Cyanide 0.05

6. Lead 0.05

7. Mercury 0.001

8. Nickel -

9. Nitrate as NO3 45.0

10 PH 6.5-8.5

11. Iron 0.3

12. Total hardness (as 300.0

CaCO3)

13. Chlorides 250

14. Dissolved solids 500

S.No. Parameters IS 10500: 1991 Desirable limit ( mg/l except for pH)

15. Phenolic compounds 0.001

(as C6H5OH)

16. Zinc 5.0

17. Sulphate (as SO4) 200

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 25. Installation of landfill gas control system including gas collection system shall be made at landfill site to minimize odour generation, prevent off-site migration of gases and to protect vegetation planted on the rehabilitated landfill surface. 26. The concentration of methane gas generated at landfill site shall not exceed 25 per cent of the lower explosive limit (LEL). 27. The landfill gas from the collection facility at a landfill site shall be utilized for either direct thermal applications or power generation, as per viability. Otherwise, landfill gas shall be burnt (flared) and shall not be allowed to directly escape to the atmosphere or for illegal tapping. Passive venting shall be allowed if its utiliztion or flaring is not possible. 28. Ambient air quality at the landfill site and at the vicinity shall be monitored to meet the following specified standards, namely :-

S.No. Parameters Acceptable levels

(i) Sulphur dioxide 120     

(ii) Suspended Particulate Matter 500     

(iii) Methane Not to exceed 25 per cent of the lower explosive limit (equivalent to 650 mg/m3 )

(iv) Ammonia daily average

(Sample duration 24 hrs) 0.4 mg/m3 (400   

(v) Carbon monoxide 1 hour average : 2 mg/m3 8 hour average : 1 mg/m3

29. The ambient air quality monitoring shall be carried out by the concerned authority as per the following schedule, namely:- (a) Six times in a year for cities having population of more than fifty lakhs; (b) Four times in a year for cities having population between ten and fifty lakhs; (c) Two times in a year for town or cities having population between one and ten lakhs. Plantation at Landfill Site 30. A vegetative cover shall be provided over the completed site in accordance with the and following specifications, namely :- (a) Selection of locally adopted non-edible perennial plants that are resistant to drought and extreme temperatures shall be allowed to grow; (b) The plants grown be such that their roots do not penetrate more than 30 cms. This condition shall apply till the landfill is stabilized;

(c) Selected plants shall have ability to thrive on low-nutrient soil with minimum nutrient addition; (d) Plantation to be made in sufficient density to minimize soil erosion. Closure of Landfill Site and Post-care 31. The post-closure care of landfill site shall be conducted for at least fifteen years and long term monitoring or care plan shall consist of the following, namely :- (a) Maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of final cover, making repairs and preventing run- on and run-off from eroding or otherwise damaging the final cover; (b) Monitoring leachate collection system in accordance with the requirement; (c) Monitoring of ground water in accordance with requirements and maintaining ground water quality; (d) Maintaining and operating the landfill gas collection system to meet the standards. 32. Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post-closure monitoring can be considered for human settlement or otherwise only after ensuring that gaseous and leachate analysis comply with the specified standards. Special provisions for hilly areas 33. Cities and towns located on hills shall have location-specific methods evolved for final disposal of solid wastes by the municipal authority with the approval of the concerned State Board or the Committee. The municipal authority shall set up processing facilities for utilization of biodegradable organic wastes. The inert and non-biodegradable waste shall be used for building roads or filling-up of appropriate areas on hills. Because of constraints in finding adequate land in hilly areas, wastes not suitable for road-laying or filling up shall be disposed of in specially designed landfills.

Schedule IV [see rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2)] Standards for Composting, Treated Leachates and Incineration 1. The waste processing or disposal facilities shall include composting, incineration, pelletisation, energy recovery or any other facility based on state-of-the-art technology duly approved by the Central Pollution Control Board 2. In case of engagement of private agency by the municipal authority, a specific agreement between the municipal authority and the private agency shall be made particularly, for supply of solid waste and other relevant terms and conditions. 3. In order to prevent pollution problems from compost plant and other processing facilities, the following shall be complied with, namely :- i. The incoming wastes at site shall be maintained prior to further processing. To the extent possible, the waste storage area should be covered. If, such storage is done in an open area, it shall be provided with impermeable base with facility for collection of leachate and surface water run-off into lined drains leading to a leachate treatment and disposal facility; ii. Necessary precautions shall be taken to minimise nuisance of odour, flies, rodents, bird menace and fire hazard; iii. In case of breakdown or maintenance of plant, waste intake shall be stopped and arrangements be worked out for diversion of wastes to the landfill site; iv. Pre-process and post-process rejects shall be removed from the processing facility on regular basis and shall not be allowed to pile at the site. Recyclables shall be routed through appropriate vendors. The non-recyclables shall be sent for well designed landfill site(s).

v. In case of compost plant, the windrow area shall be provided with impermeable base. Such a base shall be made of concrete or compacted clay, 50 cm thick, having permeability coefficient less than 10–7 cm/sec. The base shall be provided with 1 to 2 per cent slope and circled by lined drains for collection of leachate or surface run-off; vi. Ambient air quality monitoring shall be regularly carried out particularly for checking odor nuisance at down-wind direction on the boundary of processing plant. Ambient air quality monitoring shall be regularly carried out particularly for checking odor nuisance at down-wind direction

Parameters Concentration not to exceed * (mg/kg dry basis , except pH value and C/N ratio)

Arsenic 10.00

Cadmium 5.00

Chromium 50.00

Copper 300.00

Lead 100.00

Mercury 0.15

Nickel 50.00

Zinc 1000.00

C/N ratio 20-40

PH 5.5-8.5 * Compost (final product) exceeding the above stated concentration limits shall not be used for food crops. However, it may be utilized for purposes other than growing food crops.

4. The disposal of treated leachates shall follow the following standards, namely:-

S.No Parameter Standards ( Mode of Disposal )

Inland Public Land surface sewers disposal water

1. Suspended solids, mg/l, max 100 600 200

2. Dissolved solids (inorganic) mg/l, 2100 2100 2100 max.

3 PH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0

4 Ammonical nitrogen (as N), mg/l, 50 50 - max.

5 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as N), 100 - - mg/l, max.

6 Biochemical oxygen demand ( 3 30 350 100 days at 270 C) max.(mg/l)

7 Chemical oxygen demand, mg/l, 250 - - max.

8 Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max 0.2 0.2 0.2

9 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max 0.01 0.01 -

10 Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max 0.1 1.0 -

11 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max 2.0 1.0 -

12 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l, 2.0 2.0 - max.

13 Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max. 3.0 3.0 -

14 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max. 5.0 15 -

15 Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, max 3.0 3.0 -

16 Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, max. 0.2 2.0 0.2

17 Chloride (as Cl), mg/l, max. 1000 1000 600

18 Fluoride (as F), mg/l, max 2.0 1.5 -

19 Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) 1.0 5.0 - mg/l, max.

Note : While discharging treated leachates into inland surface waters, quantity of leachates being discharged and the quantity of dilution water available in the receiving water body shall be given due consideration.

The incinerators shall meet the following operating and emission standards, namely:- A. Operating Standards (1) The combustion efficiency (CE) shall be at least 99.00%. (2) The combustion efficiency is computed as follows :

%CO2 C.E. = ------x 100

%CO2 + %CO 1. Emission Standards

3 Parameters Concentration mg/Nm at (12% CO2 correction) (1) Particulate matter 150

(2) Nitrogen Oxides 450 (3) HCl 50 (4) Minimum stack height shall be 30 metres above ground. (5) Volatile organic compounds in ash shall not be more than 0.01%. Note: 1. Suitably designed pollution control devices shall be installed or retrofitted with the incinerator to achieve the above emission limits, if necessary. 2. astes to be incinerated shall not be chemically treated with any chlorinated disinfectants 3. Chlorinated plastics shall not be incinerated. 4. Toxic metals in incineration ash shall be limited within the regulatory quantities as specified in the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended from time to time. 5. Only low sulphur fuel like l.d.o., l.s.h.s or Diesel shall be used as fuel in the incinerator.

Form –I [see rules 4(2) & 6(2)] Application for obtaining authorization To, The Member Secretary ------

1. Name of the municipal authority/Name of the agency : appointed by the municipal authority

2. Correspondence address : Telephone No. Fax No.

3. Nodal Officer & designation(Officer authorised by the : municipal authority or agency responsible for operation of processing or disposal facility)

4. Authorization applied for (Please tick mark) : (a) Setting up & operation of waste processing facility (b)Setting up & operation of disposal facility

5. Detailed proposal of waste processing/disposal facility (to : be attached ) to include

5.1 Processing of Waste : i. Location of site ii. Name of waste processing technology iii. Details of processing technology iv. Quanitty of waste to be processed per day v. Site clearance (from local authority) vi. Details of agreement between municipal authority and operating agency vii. Utilization programme for waste processed (Product utilization)

viii. Methodology for disposal of waste processing rejects (quantity and quality) ix. Measures to be taken for prevention and control of environmental pollution x. Investment on Project and expected returns xi. Measures to be taken for safety of workers working in the plant

5.2 Disposal of Waste : i. Number of sites indentified ii. Layout maps of site iii. Quantity of waste to be disposed per day iv. Nature and composition of waste v. Details of methodology or criteria followed for site selection vi. Details of existing site under operation vii. Methodology and operational details of landfilling viii. Measures taken to check enviornmental pollution

Date Signature of Nodal Officer

Form - II [See rule 4(4)] Format of Annual Report to be submitted by the Municipal Authority i. Name of City/Town:………………… ii. Population ……………………… iii. Name of municipal body:………………….……………………………… and Address ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Telephone No. : …………………………. Fax : ………………………… iv. Name of Incharge dealing with municipal solid wastes ………… …………..…………………………………………………………… with designation ………………………………………………………………….. 1. Quantity and composition of solid wastes (i) Total quantity of wastes generated per day ------(ii) Total quantity of wastes collected per day ------(iii)Total quantity of wastes processed for : a. Composting: ……………………………………………………………… b. Vermiculture: ……………………………………………………………… c. Pellets: ……………………………………………………………… d. Others, if any, please specify ……………………………………………………. (iv) Total quantity of waste disposed by landfilling: ……………………………………………………………………………. a. no. of landfill sites used : ………………………………………………………… b. Area used: …………………………………………………… c. Whether Weigh bridge facilities available : Yes/No a. Whether area is fenced : Yes/No

a. Lighting facility on site : Yes/No (f) Whether equipment like Bulldozer, Compacters etc.available. (Please specify) :------a. Total Manpower available on site: ------a. Whether covering is done on daily basis : Yes/No i. Whether covering material is used and whether it is adequately available : ------a. Provisions for gas venting provided : Available (Yes/No) /Not available b. Provision for leachate collection : Provisions made/ Provisions not made

2. Storage facilities

(i) Area covered for collection of wastes : ------

(ii) no. of houses covered : ------

(iii)Whether house-to-house collection is practised (if yes, : ------whether done by Municipality or through Private Agency or Non-Governmental Organisation)

(iv) Bins : ------Specifications Existing Proposed (Shape & Size) Numbers for future ------

a. RCC Bins (Capacity) :

b. Trolleys (Capacity) :

d. Dumper Placers :

e. Others, please specify :

(v)Whether all bins/collection spots are attended for daily : Yes/No lifting of garbage

(vi)Whether lifting of garbage from dustbins is manual or : Manual/Loader/Others, please mechanical i.e. for example by using of front-end loaders specify (Please tick mark)

3. Transportation Existing number Actually Required/Proposed (i) Truck : (ii) Truck-Tipper : (iii) Tractor-Trailer : (iv) Refuse-collector : (v) Dumper-placers : (vi) Animal Cart : (vii) Tricycle :

(viii) Others (please specify) :

4. Whether any proposal has been made to improve solid wastes management practices

5. Are any efforts made to call for private firms etc. to attempt for processing of waste utilising technologies like: Waste Utilisation Proposals Steps taken (Quantity Technology to be processed) i. Composting : ii. Vermiculture : iii. Pelletisation : iv. Others if any, Please specify :

6. What provisions are available and how these are implemented to check unhygienic operations of : i. Dairy related activities : ii. Slaughter houses and unauthorised slaughtering : iii. Malba (cnstruction debris) lifting : iv. Encroachment in Parks, Footpaths etc. :

7. How many slums are identified and whether these are provided with sanitation facilities :

8. Are municipal magistrates appointed for Taking penal action : Yes/No [ If yes, how many cases registered & settled during last three years (give year-wise details)]

9. Hospital waste management i. How many Hospitals/Clinics under the control of the Corporation: ii. What methods are followed for disposal of bio-medical wastes ?: iii. Do you have any proposal for setting up of common treatment facility for disposal of biomedical wastes : iv. How many private Nursing Homes, Clinics etc. are operating in the city/town and what steps have been taken to check disposal of their wastes : Signature of Municipal Commissioner Dated :

Form –III [See-rule 6(2)] Format for Issue of Authorisation File No.: ______Date:______To, ______Ref: Your application number ______dt. ______The ______State Pollution Control Board/Pollution Control Committee after examining the proposal hereby authorises______having their administrative office at ______to set up and operate waste

82 processing/waste disposal facility at______on the terms and conditions (including the standards to comply) attached to this authorization letter. 1. The validity of this authorization is till______. After the validity, renewal of authorization is to be sought. 2. The ______State Pollution Control Board/Pollution Control Committees may, at any time, revoke any of the conditions applicable under the authorization and shall communicate the same in writing. 3. Any violation of the provision of the Municipal Solid Wastes (Managemeant and Handling) Rules, 2000 will attract the penal provision of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of1986). (Member Secretary) State Pollution Control Board/ Pollution Control Committee Date : Place :

Form - IV [see rule 8(1)] Format of Annual Review Report to be submitted by the State Pollution Control Board/Committees to the Central Pollution Control Board To, The Chairman, Central Pollution Control Board, (Ministry of Environment and Forests ) Government of India, ‘Parivesh Bhawan’, East Arjun Nagar, DELHI- 110 0032.

1. Name of the State/Union territory :

2. Name & address of the State Pollution Control :

3. Board/Pollution Control Committee Number of : municipal authorities responsible for management of municipal solid wastes in the State/Union territory under these rules

4. A Summary Statement on progress made by : Please attach as Annexure-I municipal authorities in respect of implementation of Schedule I [rule 4(3)]

5. A Summary Statement on progress made by : Please attach as Annexure-II municipal authorities in respect of implementation of Schedule II [rules 6(1) and (3), 7(1)]

6. A Summary Statement on progress made by : Please attach as Annexure-III municipal authorities in respect of implementation of Schedule III [rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2)]

7. 1.2. A summary statement on progress made 1.3. : 1.4. Please attach as by municipal authorities in respect of Annexure-IV

implementation of Schedule IV [rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2)]

Date: ______Chairman or the Member Secretary Place : ______State Pollution Control Board/ Pollution Control Committee

Form - V [see rule 9] Accident reporting

1. Date and time of accident :

2. Sequence of events leading to accident :

3. The waste involved in accident :

4. Assessment of the effects of the accidents on human : health and the environment

5. Emergency measures taken :

6. Steps taken to alleviate the effects of accidents :

7. Steps taken to prevent the recurrence of such an accident :

Date : …………… Signature : ………………………

Place : …………… Designation : …………………… V. Rajagopalan, Jt. Secy. [F.No.17-2/95-HSMD]

Annexure 2

FOREST CLEARANCE APPROVAL PROCESS

Forest Proposal (FP) FORM – ‘A’

Submitted State Forest Department

Principal Chief Conservator

State Secretariat

(Forest Secretary)

MoEF (Government of India)

Area ≤ 5 Area > 5 < 20 Area > 20 ha

- Processing and approval - Processing by MoEF regional office - Processing by Forest Advisory by MoEF regional office through its state advisory groups/ Committee at MoEF empowered committee - Additional inspection MoEF regional - Approval by Minister of Environment office

and Forests -Approval by Minister of Environment

and Forests

Annexure 3 REA CHECK LIST OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project Siting Is the project area… • Densely populated? X • Heavy with development activities? X • Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive X areas? • Cultural heritage site X • Protected Area X The distance from the Puliebadze Wildlfie Sanctuary to the proposed solid waste disposal site is approximately 3.5 kms. The Puliebadze Protected Forest and Sanctuary is notified under the Nagaland Jhum land Act, 1970. Since, the Protected Forest and Sanctuary is not notified under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, it does attract the EIA notification, 2006. • Wetland X • Mangrove X • Estuarine X • Buffer zone of protected area X • Special area for protecting biodiversity X • Bay X B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause… • Impacts associated with transport of wastes to the X disposal site or treatment facility • impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas X and loss/damageto these sites? • degradation of aesthetic and property value loss? X • nuisance to neighboring areas due to foul odor X and influx of insects, rodents, etc.? • dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people X • public health hazards from odor, smoke from fire, X and diseases transmitted by flies, insects, birds and rats? • deterioration of water quality as a result of X The Design consideration will take contamination of receiving waters by leacheate care of surface water pollution from from land disposal system? leachate generation. • contamination of ground and/or surface water by X The Design consideration will take leachate from land disposal system? care of surface water pollution from leachate generation. • land use conflicts? X • pollution of surface and ground water from X The Design consideration will take leachate coming from sanitary landfill sites or care of surface and ground water methane gas produced from decomposition of pollution from leachate coming from solid wastes in the absence of air, which could sanitary landfill sites or methane gas

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks enter the aquifer or escape through soil fissures at produced from decomposition of solid places far from the landfill site? wastes. • inadequate buffer zone around landfill site to X alleviate nuisances? • social conflicts between construction workers from X No impact will take place, as habitation other areas and community workers? is not available near site. • road blocking and/or increased traffic during X construction of facilities? • noise and dust from construction activities? X Temporary noise and dust from construction activities will generate, regular sprinkling of water will minimise the dust pollution. • temporary silt runoff due to construction? X The Design consideration will take care of temporary silt runoff due to construction. • hazards to public health due to inadequate X Adequate institutional and financial management of landfill site caused by inadequate capabilities for the management of the institutional and financial capabilities for the landfill operation will be provided to management of the landfill operation? avoid hazards to public health. • emission of potentially toxic volatile organics from X The Design consideration will take land disposal site? care of emission of potentially toxic volatile organics from land disposal site. • surface and ground water pollution from leach ate X The Design consideration will take and methane gas migration? care of surface and ground water pollution from leachate and methane gas migration. • loss of deep-rooted vegetation (e.g. tress) from X The loss of deep-rooted vegetation landfill gas? (e.g. tress) from landfill gas will be compensated with at least two times of tree plantation at suitable locations. • explosion of toxic response from accumulated X The Design consideration will take landfill gas in buildings? care of explosion of toxic response from accumulated landfill gas in buildings. • contamination of air quality from incineration? X The Design consideration will take care of contamination of air quality from incineration • public health hazards from odor, smoke from fire, X and diseases transmitted by flies, rodents, insects and birds, etc.? • health and safety hazards to workers from toxic X The Design consideration will take gases and hazardous materials in the site? care of health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and hazardous materials in the site.

should be categorized as an A project. X should be categorized as a B project should be categorized as a B Project in an environmentally sensitive area should be categorized as a C project should be categorized as an A/B Project because (give reason) requires additional information for classification

Annexure 4: THE PULIEBADZE PROTECTED FOREST UNDER THE NAGALAND JHUMLAND ACT, 1979

Annexure 5:

Proposed Solid Waste Disposal Site

Approach road at Proposed Solid Waste Disposal Site

Existing vegetation at Proposed Solid Waste Disposal Site

Existing River outside Proposed Solid Waste Disposal Site

Annexure 6:

THE ACQUIRED LAND FROM NAGALAND GOVT. FOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE