INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART

Authors Fenelle Belle, Jilda Andrews, Lauren Cumpston and Maupin Nici The Art Gallery of South acknowledges and pays respect to the people as the Traditional Custodians of the land on which the Gallery stands.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are respectfully advised that this publication may contain the names of people who have passed away. (25 FACTS) ABORIGINAL ART ART ABORIGINAL INTRODUCTION TO TO INTRODUCTION THE ESSENTIAL INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of 2 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning , 2005, Canberra, oil on canvas, In our increasingly globalised world, this ability to speak across cultural borders without forsaking any its of distinctive identity makes Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art some the of most innovative and challenging contemporary art being produced anywhere today. , 2010, ,, 2010, synthetic polymer paint x 182.5 on linen, cm; Acquisition 119.5 through : Festival of There’s a lot misinformationof out there about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and art. That’s why this guide was created, in collaboration with leading Aboriginal curators. 192.5 x 220.0 cm; Purchased 2006, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, Courtesy of the artist and Roslyn Oxley9 Gallery, Sydney. image: Daniel Boyd, Kudjla/Gangalu peoples, far north Queensland, born Cairns, 1982, Queensland, Island Treasure THE ESSENTIAL ABORIGINAL INTRODUCTION TO (25ART FACTS) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art and culture is the oldest continuous tradition on the planet. In recent decades it has also emerged as one the of world’s most important contemporary art movements. Whether on bark, canvas or in new media, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artists have used art to express the power and beauty their of culture, across cultures: to show their enduring connection to, and responsibility ancestral for, lands and the continuity their of identities and beliefs. image detail (cover): Trevor Nickolls, people, South Australia,Australia, born Adelaide, Brush 1949, with South the Australia, Lore died Adelaide, 2012, South Contemporary Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art supported by BHPNickolls/Licensed Art 2018, Gallery of South by Copyright Australia, Agency, 2018. Adelaide, © Estate of Trevor INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 3 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning

, 2017, Erub, Darnley, 2017, Island, Torres Strait Islands, Ghost nets AND THEIR ART IS TOO. ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER PEOPLES ARE DIVERSE,

image: Erub Arts Collaboration, Erubam people, Torres Strait Islands, Emarr Totol (reclaimed fishing net and rope),160.0160.0 x 52.0 x cm; © the artists, courtesy of Erub Arts, photo:Lynnette Griffiths.

Some people arefamiliar with the Western Desert art movement, sometimesknown as “dot ”. However, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are diverse, and so is their art practice, just like artists anywhere. Infact, there are two overarching groups people of who are Indigenous to Australia: mainland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and Torres Strait Islander peoples, who live on the islands off the northern coast Queensland. of There are about five distinct language groupsTorres among Strait Islander peoples, and their art and cultural traditions are very different. Altogether there distinct are over 120 indigenous languages spoken although today, there were more than 500 languages and dialects before European settlement. 1. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 4 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning

, 2011, Melbourne,, 2011, Burial ground , 2015, Berri,, 2015, South Australia, woven spiny image: Yvonne Koolmatrie, Ngarrindjeri people, South Australia, bornWudinna, 1944, South Australia, basket Sister headed sedge (Cyperus gymnocaulos), cm; Acquisition x 11.0 x 27.0 47.0 through TARNANTHI: Festival of Contemporary Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islandersupported Art by BHP Art 2015, Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, CourtesyArtist of the and Aboriginal & Pacific Art,Sydney. , 2015, Cairns,, 2015, Queensland, ARTISTS USE? WHAT MATERIALS DO MATERIALS ABORIGINALWHAT AND TORRES STRAITISLANDER

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artists use a wide variety materials, of including: natural pigment as well as synthetic polymerpaint on eucalyptus bark, canvas and composition board; sculptures made from various materials including wood, glass and fibre;ceramics; photography; video art; street art; printmaking; and many more. 2. image: Grace Lillian Lee, Meriam Mir people, Erub (Darnley) Island, Torres Strait, Queensland, born 1988, Cairns, Queensland, Intertwined cotton, 43.0 x 38.0 cm; Acquisition through TARNANTHI: Festival of Contemporary Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art supported by BHP Art 2016, Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, courtesy the artist. image: Yhonnie Scarce, / people, South Australia, born Woomera, 1973, South Australia, glass, Perspex, 33.0 x 38.0 x 133.0 cm (variable), x 206.0 97.0 cm (plinth); x 81.0 Gift of the Art GalleryArt Gallery of South Australia of South Australia, Foundation 2012, Adelaide, Courtesy of the Artist and THIS IS NO FANTASY + dianne tanzer gallery, Melbourne. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 5 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning ,

ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER ART IS SOPHISTICATED.

Pitjantjatjara people, South Australia, born Victory 1956, Downs Station,Australia, Northern born c.1944, Territory, Rocket Bore, Mary South Katatjuku Australia, Pan, Betty Kuntiwanear Pumani, people, Perentie Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara South Bore, South Australia, Antjala Tjayangka people, South Robin, Pitjantjatjara Australia,Alison Munti born Riley, people, Pitjantjatjara 1963, South Australia, people, Apu South born Ininti, Australia, 1941, South Australia, born 1966, PukatjaSouth (Ernabella), Australia, South born Pukatja 1950, Australia, (Ernabella), Carlene South Thompson, Australia, PitjantjatjaraAmata Tjungkara Community, people, Ken, South Pitjantjatjara Australia, people, Puna Yanima, South YankunyjatjaraAustralia, people, South born 1969, Australia,Yaritji Young, Pitjantjatjara born De Rose 1955, Hill people, Station, South South Australia, Australia, born out c.1956, bush near the creekYankunytjatjara Pukatja (Ernabella), people, South Australia, South Australia, born , 1976, Jeanne Wallatina, South Australia, Wingellina,born 1939, Tjariya Western Australia, Nungalka Stanley, Manyitjanu Pitjantjatjara Lennon, Pitjantjatjara people, South Australia,South people, Australia, South Australia, Judy Wallatina, born 1940, Yankunytjatjara outbush north people, of , South Australia, South Australia, Indulkana, born 1981, born South Amata, 1965, Australia, South Australia, Sylvia Ken, Pitjantjatjara Iluwanti Ungkutjutu people,South Australia, Ken, Pitjantjatjara Nyurpaya people, Kaika South Burton, Australia, Pitjantjatjara born 1944, Watarru, people,Pitjantjatjara South Australia, people, South born 1940, Australia, Pukatja (Ernabella), born Pukatja 1970, (Ernabella), South Australia, nearborn Mimili, 1969, South South Beryl Australia, Australia, Jimmy, Sandra Tjangili Goodwin, Tjapukula Yankunytjatjara George, Pitjantjatjara people, SouthSouth Australia, people, Australia, South Australia, Angkaliya Eadie born Curtis, Pukatja 1950, (Ernabella), Pitjantjatjara people,people, South South Australia, Australia, born born Miti, 1928, Pipalyatjara, 1928, South Australia, South Australia, Wawiriya Burton,South Freda Australia, Brady, Pitjantjatjara Pitjantjatjara Betty Muffler, people, Pitjantjatjara South Australia, people, Amata born Community,South 1961, Fregon,Australia,2016, South Australia, born1944, nearWatarru, synthetic South polymer Australia, paint on linen, Kungkarangkalpa 300.0 x 500.0Aboriginal – Seven cm; sisters Acquisition & Torres Strait through Islander TARNANTHI: Art supported Festival Art of Contemporary by BHP Gallery 2017, of South Iwantja Australia, Arts, Adelaide, Courtesy Arts, the artists Mimili Maku Arts, and Ernabella , Arts, APY Art Centre Collective. image: Maringka Tunkin, Pitjantjatjara people, South Australia, Mulga born Park, 1959, , Matjangka Nyukana Norris, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artists make art forlot a reasons of and inlot a ways, of just like any artist. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art draws from a sophisticated system connections of between people and place. These complex relationships have been refined and adaptedover thousandsof years. 3. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 6 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning , 2016 17, Walgett, 17, New, 2016 South ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER ART IS CONTEMPORARY.

image: Reko Rennie, Kamilaroi/Gamilaraay/Gummaroi people,Wales New and South Melbourne, Wales, born Melbourne, 4K three 1974, channel OA_RR digital video, PAL, stereo sound, 7 minutes,Contemporary seconds; 47 Acquisition Aboriginal through & Torres TARNANTHI: Strait Islander Festival Art of supported Art by BHPblackarrprojects, Gallery 2017, Melbourne. of South Australia, Adelaide, Courtesy the artist and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have been making art for more than 55,000 years, and the contemporary Aboriginal art movement isvery strong. While frequently anchored traditional by belief systems, artworks produced today are products and as today, of such, are examples contemporary of art. 4. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 7 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning , 1988, Mumeka, central image:John Northern people, Mawurndjul, Kuninjku Territory, born Kubukkan 1952, near Marrkolidjban, Arnhem Land, Northern Territor y, crocodile saltwater Namanjwarre, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, earth pigments on Stringybark(Eucalyptus tetrodonta), 206.0 x 85.0 cm (irreg); Maude Vizard Wholohan Art Prize Purchase Award 1988, Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, ©John Mawurndjul/Licensed by Copyright Agency, 2018. , 2002, ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT CHANGING. ISLANDER ART IS ALWAYS

image: John Mawurndjul, Kuninjku people, Northern Territory, born Kubukkan 1952, near Marrkolidjban, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Milmilngkan at Billabong Milmilngkan, central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, earthpigments on Stringybark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta), 186.0 x 78.5 cm; Santos Fund for Aboriginal Art 2003, Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, © John Mawurndjul/Licensed by Copyright Agency, 2018 Just as non-Aboriginal or European art has changed a lot over the last 400 years and continues to change, you can expect that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art has changed a lot over 55,000 years and is continually evolving. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artists are maintaining traditions while innovating every day. 5. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 8 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning WHAT IS THE OLDESTWHAT ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER ART? , c.1972, Marrkolidjban,, c.1972, western Arnhem

Land, Northern Territory, natural ochres on eucalyptus bark, cm; 76.8 x 31.0 South Australian Government Grant 1972, Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, © Estate of the artist/Licensed by Aboriginal Artists Agency, 2018. image: Yirawala, Billy people, Kuninjku Northern Territory, born central 1903, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, died central1976, Arnhem Land, Northern Territor y, Lumahlumah with magic power bags As of 2018, the oldestAs 2018, of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art has been confirmed at about 40,000 years old, in the Kimberly region of Western Australia, but is presumed to have existed throughout more than 55,000 years. Art at several rock shelters in northern Australia is dated at more than 25,000 years. Rock artincludes carvings (petroglyphs) andpainting using ochre, a natural pigment. Some rock art sites are in active use, maintained and repainted as they have been for generations. 6. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 9 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning

, 2014, Sydney, ochre, 2014, on canvas, 150.0 x 120.0 cm; Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Walkaln-aw (Bone Fish Story Place 1) Acquisition through TARNANTHI: Festival of Contemporary Aboriginal Art2015, & Torres Gallery Strait Islander of South Australia, Art supported Adelaide, by BHP Image courtesy the artist. image: Alair Pambegan, Wik Mungkan people, Aurukun, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland,born 1968, Aurukun, WHERE IS ABORIGINALAND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDERART CREATED?

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art is made everywhere that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples live. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples live across the entirecontinent Australia, of as well as in other countries. 7. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 10 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning , 2012, Amata,, 2012, Some artists represent features the of landscape in their artwork tocommunicate their profound, ongoing relationship with Country. Other artists raise awareness about the dispossession Country of as a result of invasion, using art to assert their rights as traditional owners land of and sea. A LOT OF ABORIGINALA LOT AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER ART HAS DO TO WITH “COUNTRY”.

South Australia, synthetic polymer paint on linen, 198.0 x 198.0 cm; Gift of LisaAdelaide, Slade and Nici Courtesy Cumpston Art 2013, the Gallery artist of South and Tjala Australia, Arts. image: Wawiriya Burton, Pitjantjatjara people, South Australia, born Pipalyatjara, 1928, South Australia, Ngayuku ngura– My country The term “Country” is all-encompassing, and includes the land, sea, sky and everything contained therein. Artist and curator Nici Cumpston explains: “Country is spoken about in the same way non-Aboriginal people may talk about their living human relatives.Aboriginal peoples cry about Country, they worry about Country, they listen to Country, they visit Country and long for Country.” 8. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 11 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning They also established social, ceremonial and environmental practices that continue toshape daily life. It is easy to assume that these events happened at a particular time, but is not marked a by a date oryear, an event. It exists in the past, present and future, and artistic expression is one many of ways that it affects daily life. While some information embedded in these stories is appropriate for the public, the rest is often considered “secret/sacred” and is reserved for initiated members the of community. Learn more about the Dreaming and how it relates to the making art of in the article Christine by Nicholls ‘Dreamtime and the Dreaming – an Introduction’. , 2011, Ernabella,, 2011, South Australia, synthetic polymer paint on canvas, 155.0 x 184.0 cm; South Australian WHAT IS THE DREAMING?WHAT Kunmanara Minyintiri, Pitjantjatjara people, South Australia, Pilpirinyi,Wati born wiilu c.1915, ku inma Western Tjukurpa Australia, died Ernabella, 2014, South Australia, Government Art Grant Gallery 2011, of South Australia, Adelaide, Courtesy Estate of the artist and Ernabella Arts.

According to teacher Jeannie HerbertNungarrayi (Warlpiri), the Dreaming all-embracing is “…an concept that provides rules for living, a moral code, as well as rules for interacting with the natural environment… [it] provides fortotal, a integrated way life.” The of western terms “Dreaming” or “Dreamtime” refer to the diverse spiritual beliefs, cultural knowledge and creation stories manyof Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. theseHowever, Western terms are problematic,because they oversimplify the complex worldviewsculturally of distinct groups within Indigenous Australia. These beliefs are deeply intertwined in everyday life with notions of Country, survival, family and the ceremonies associated with keeping culture strong. Creation stories depicted in art revolve around ancestral beings, who could take many forms and who created people, animals, plants and features the of landscape. 9. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 12 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning , 2015, Ilkurlka,, 2015, Great Victoria Desert, Western Australia, synthetic polymer paint on linen, 198.0 x 290.0 cm; Gift of Barbara Fargher, WHAT ARE SOMEWHAT ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAITISLANDER SYMBOLS DO THEYANDMEAN? WHAT

image: Byron Brooks, Pitjantjatjara people, Western Australia, Greatpeople, born Victoria Western 1951, Australia, Desert, Western born Ukatjatjara, 1943, Australia, WesternFred Grant, Australia, PitjantjatjaraPaltju, Simon Hogan, Western Pitjantjatjara Australia, Lawrence people, Pennington, Western Australia,Pitjantjatjara born c.1930, Pitjantjatjara people, Western Australia, people, Western born Australia, Urlu, c.1934, Western born Australia, Itaratjara, 1945, Patju Presley,Artulin/Tuwan, Western Australia, Western Ian Rictor, Australia, Pitjantjatjara Kunmanara people, Underwood, Western Australia, Pitjantjatjaradied Tjuntjuntjara, 2018, born c.1955, people, Western Western Australia, Australia, Lennard Tjutajara born Walker, Pitjantjatjara 1937, area, Western people,Ilkurlka Australia, Western Australia, born 1946, Tjukaltjara, Western Australia,Roger J Lang, Lipman Karas, Mark Livesey QC, Joan Lyons, Diana McLaurin, RobertSouth Australia Pontifex and Foundation Henry Rischbieth Collectors through Club Art 2015, the Art Gallery Gallery of South Australia, of Adelaide, Courtesy the artists and Spinifex Arts Project. While there are commonalities across some artworks, no two are alike. On some websites you will find problematic diagrams that clearly identify what each symbolmeans, leading you to believe that you can easily “decode” Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art. These diagrams only refer to symbols from one specific regional art movement in Australia, and often an artist will use the same symbol to mean different things, or one symbol will have multiple layers meaning. of The symbols used are part a deeply of layered understanding the of world, and artists will often provide interpretations their of work to communicate its significance. 10. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 13 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning

, 2010, Arukun,, 2010, Queensland, synthetic polymer paint and ochre on linen; South Australian Government Grant Art 2010, Ngallametta. Gallery Waal-Waal © Australia, Adelaide, of South image: Waal-Waal Ngallametta, Kugu-Uwanh people, Queensland, bornKendall 1944, Around River, south the of Aurukun, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Aurukun, died 2019, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, The beach at Iklet

ARE ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER PAINTINGS MAPS OF LAND? IS USE OK IT TO ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAITISLANDER SYMBOLS IN MY OWN ARTWORK?

Sometimes. artists Some from the deserts Australia of appear to use an aerial perspective to map out their Country in their paintings. This perspective comes from their lived experience walking of their Country, knowing every aspect the of land and then depicting that in their works art. of Aboriginal However, and Torres Strait Islander artists who paint come from many different backgrounds, so their paintings have vastly different meanings and perspectives particular to the artists themselves. 12. No! Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artists are often deeply offended this by practice. Itis considered cultural appropriation(when a person from a dominant culture uses thedesigns or patterns a minority of culture without their permission). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander designs are specific to those cultures and don’t have anything to do with your own culture and identity.Appropriating or stealing their symbols would disrespect their true meanings and limit Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artists’ capacity to interpret and represent their own cultural traditions. 11. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 14 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning

desert regions Australia of and this is the technique they use to share their ancestral creation stories. The dotting technique creates a sense motion of or pulsing in the artwork, with a decorative quality sparkle of and shimmer that many artists and collectors seek out. The dots themselves are not a sacred form patterning, of and there are some artists, whose work is purely commercial, whouse dots so that non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples can easily identify their artwork as “Aboriginal”. , 1978, Papunya,, 1978, Northern Territory, synthetic polymer paint on board, 52.5 x 60.6 cm; South Australian Death Dreaming WHY DO ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDERARTISTS USE DOTS?

image: Tim Leura Tjapaltjarri, Anmatyerre people, NorthernNorthern Territory, Territory, Napperby born c.1939, Creek, Northern Territory, died 1984, , Government Grant Art 1993, Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, © Estate of the artist/ Licensed by Aboriginal Artists Agency, 2018. For centuries, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in various parts Australia of have used dotting a technique to share stories, either drawing by in the sand, paintingon rock or as ceremonial body decoration. Artists in Papunya were using dots when they began along with many otherpainting formsin 1971, mark- of making. Some sources will explain that dots are used to disguise secret/sacred cultural information, and this was true at a certain moment for a few artists in the 1970s whocovered their entire canvas or board in dots. Most artists who use this technique today are located in the 13. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 15 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning , from , 2004, Brisbane, Queensland, plastic bags, seagrass, raffia, rope, string, wire, paint, Ailan Crates and Traits in the Straits image: Janice Peacock, Meriam Mir people, Torres Strait Islands, born Mareeba, 1955, seriesthe North Queensland, crate Crocodile Queensland emu feathers, bamboo skewers, shells, Erub Island/Torres cm (irreg.);linoleum, x 57.0 Strait x 97.0 127.0 seedpods, South Australian Papua New Guinean Government wooden spear, Grant 2005, Art Gallery© Janice Peacock. of South Australia, Adelaide, DO ALL ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER ARTISTS USE DOTS?

No. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art is as diverse as any otherart form in both materialand style. In many cases, you wouldn’t know a work art of was made an by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanderartist unless you looked at the label. 14. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 16 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning ,

1972, Papunya, Northern Territory, synthetic polymer paint on board, cm;104.0 Elder x 81.4 Wing Centenary Gift of The Foundation 2001, Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, Courtesy estate of theLicensed artist, by Aboriginal Artists Agency, 2018. image: Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri, Anmatyerre people, Napperby Station, Northern Northern Territory, born c.1934, Territory, died 2002, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Ceremony Ant Honey , 1982, Papunya,, 1982, Northern Territory, synthetic WHAT HAPPENED AT PAPUNYA AND WHY IS IMPORTANT? IT PAPUNYA HAPPENEDWHAT AT

image: Daisy Leura Nakamarra, Anmatyerre people, NorthernTerritory, born Umbungurru c.1938, Creek, Northern Territory, Dreaming Women polymer paint on canvas, cm (diam); 59.0 Lisette Kohlhagen Bequest Fund Art 1982, Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, Courtesy the artist/Licensed by Aboriginal Artists Agency, 2018. Papunya is a town in thecentral desert Australia of that was established following many years in 1959 drought of in the larger surrounding desert region, which made bush food and water scarce. Aboriginal people from multiple Indigenous language groups were removed from their country and brought together to live in this small community. Historically these people would never have lived this close together. By the late Papunya 1960s, was overpopulated, and conflicts among groups senior men were at Papunya rising. painted In 1971, a collaborative mural, which was a welcome opportunity to remember their country and express their close relationship to it. This event propelled the men to begin painting with acrylic on board and canvas, and then together they established the first Aboriginalowned and managedcompany that still exists Artists, Papunya today, Tula Pty Ltd. The artists and their paintings formed an art movementwhich gained recognition from the international art market and inspired neighboring desert communities to do the same. 15. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 17 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning , c.1982, Ernabella,, c.1982, South Australia, batik on cotton, 212.0 x 102.0 cm;212.0 Gift of the Art Gallery of South Australia Foundation Art 2012, GalleryAdelaide, of South © the Australia, artist and Ernabella Arts/Licensed by Copyright Agency, 2018. image: attributed to Yipati Riley Munti, Pitjantjatjara people, SouthAustralia, Australia, ERNABELLA born 1966, Pukatja ARTS INC., (Ernabella), est. 1948, Length South of fabric WHAT IS AN ART CENTRE?WHAT

Art centres are community-based arts organisations, often in remote communities, but not always. Usually they are owned, governed and operated Aboriginal by or Torres Strait Islander peoples the of community. They provide materials and studio space for artists, and managethe sale and marketing artwork of on a national and international scale. For example, when the painting movement began at Papunya, the artists founded Artists Pty Ltd as their art centre. 16. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 18 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning , 1992, Alalgura, Utopia, Northern Untitled , Anmatyerre people, Northern Alhalkere Territory,c.1910, born (Alalgura) soakage, Northern Territory, died 1996, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Territory, synthetic polymer paint on metal (car door), glass, x 84.0 cm 110.0 (irreg); Gift of Hon. Diana Laidlaw Art MLC 1995, Gallery of South Australia,Adelaide, © Estate of Emily Kame Kngwarreye/Licensed by CopyrightAgency, 2018. WHO KAME IS EMILY KNGWARREYE AND WHY IS SHE IMPORTANT?

Emily Kame was Kngwarreye an artist (1910–1996) theof Anmatyerre language group who worked alongside women in her community, initially using the batik technique to paint their ancestral creation stories on fabric. She was a dynamic, freely expressive artist whowent on to produce more than 3000 paintings in her eight-year painting career, whichbegan when she was around 80 years old. As one Australia’s of most significant artists, her artwork Earth’s Creation soldfor $1,056,000 This made in 2007. her the first Aboriginal artist and the firstfemale Australian artist to exceed the million$1 mark. the same painting In 2017 sold again for find$2.1 million.out more To visit the National Museum Australia website. 17. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 19 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning , 2008, Hobart, coal, antlers, 200.0 x x 133.0 image: Julie Gough, Trawlwoolway people, Tasmania, born 1965, Melbourne, Malahide 35.0 cm; Lillemor Andersen Bequest Fund 2008, Art Gallery of SouthAustralia, Adelaide, Courtesy the artist , 2007, Moonah,, 2007, Tasmania, WHEN DID ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAITISLANDER ART BECOME FAMOUS?

image: Jeanette James, Palawa people, Tasmania, born 1952, necklace quill Echidna Launceston, Tasmania, echidna quill on hand made flax thread, 50.0 cm (approx length); Rhianon Vernon Roberts Memorial Collection Art 2007, Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, © Jeanette James. Since they arrived and earlier, in 1770 many non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artists have been fascinated by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural objects. These objects were frequently stolen and sent back to England and Europe as examples an of “exotic” culture. Early exhibitions Aboriginal of art were often used to justify the invasion Australiaof suggesting by thatAboriginal peoples were “primitive” and their culture was disappearing. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artists quickly capitalised on this offensive practice making by art specificallyfor sale to this audience in order to support their communities and preserve their culture. It was not until that the 1960s opinions about the value Aboriginal of and Torres Strait Islander art began tochange, and in the late and 1980s early 1990s museums and collectors began to embrace Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art as an important contribution to the contemporary international art market in its own right. 18. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning 20 , 2013, Sydney, 20 pigment, 2013, prints We canWe be heroes ARE ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER ARTISTS MAKING ISLANDERMAKING STRAIT TORRES ARTISTS AND ABORIGINAL ARE ART? POLITICAL

Tony Albert,Tony Girramay/Kuku Yalandji people, Queensland, Townsville, born 1981, Queensland, In some ways, all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art is political because each artwork is an expression of continuing existence and belonging to place after invasion. Some artists explicitly reference histories and realities of violence and oppression toward Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and/or the land, or challenge stereotypes Aboriginalof and Torres Strait Islander peoples. 19. on paper, 124.0 x 115.0 cm (overall),on paper, x 115.0 124.0 28.5 cm (sight, x 19.0 each sheet); Acquisition through TARNANTHI: FestivalTorres of Contemporary Strait Islander Aboriginal Art supported & by BHP Art 2014, Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, Courtesy the artist and Sullivan+Strumpf, Sydney. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 21 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning

, from the portfolio Crossroads: Portfolio Millennium

, 1998, printed by Fred Genis, published Sydney, colour by 21C, 1999 lithograph on paper, 56.0 x 76.2 cm (image), THE STEREOTYPES ABOUT ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAITISLANDER PEOPLES TELL AN INCOMPLETE AND UNTRUE NARRATIVE.

Judy Watson, Waanyi people, Queensland, Mundubbera, born 1959, Queensland, Red rock of Australian Aboriginal Artists 57.2 x 76.257.2 cm (sheet); Gift of Leo Christie through the Art Gallery of South AustraliaGovernment's Foundation Cultural Donated 2015. through Gifts the Australian Program, Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, © Judy Watson/Licensed by Copyright Agency, 2018

Stereotypes Aboriginal of and Torres Strait Islander peoples have created racially discriminatory ideas and biases about the value and contributions Aboriginal of and Torres Strait Islander culture, art and people, simplifying by their diverse identities into a single story and assuming that everyone is alike. there However, is no singular Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture, people or identity and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures havealways been dynamic and changing. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples come from all walks life, of havea wide variety skin of colours and facial features, connect to their land and culture in very different ways, all while making unique and meaningful contributions to our global, contemporary world. By reflecting on our biases, highlighting complexities, talking to people about their stories and acknowledging the limitations singular of narratives, we can confront stereotypes and prevent their continued use. 20. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning 22 , 2011, Canberra,, 2011, mixed media on paper, 152.5 cm; x 221.5 d’Auvergne Boxall Bequest Fund 2011, , from the series Multiple Histories WHERE CAN I BUY ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER ART? WHAT MAKESWHAT ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER ART AUTHENTIC?

Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, Courtesy of the artist.Brisbane. Represented by Caruana & Reid Fine Art, Sydney and Jan Murphy Gallery, The best way to buy Aboriginal art from remote communities is to purchase from the art centres. See our Resource List for lists art of centres and organisations that support purchase them. To artwork urban-based by artists, consult our list festivals of and annual exhibitions list at the end this of resource. 22. image: Danie Mellor, Mamu, Ngagen and Ngajan people, Queensland, Mackay, born Queensland, 1971, Postcardscuriosities) from the edge (in search of living Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art is anyartwork made an by Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanderartist. An Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person Indigenous is of descent, who identifies as such and is accepted as a member their of community. 21. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning 23 , Universal Soldier 2014, assemblage2014, of reworked objects, fabric and twine, 273.0 x 190.5 x 5.5 cm (dimensionsTARNANTHI: variable); Festival Acquisition of Contemporary through Aboriginal & Torres Strait IslanderSouth Art Australia, supported Adelaide, by BHP Art 2015, Courtesy Gallery of the artist and Sullivan+Strumpf, Sydney. image: Albert, Tony Girramay/Kuku Yalandji people, Queensland, Townsville, born 1981, Queensland, WHAT IS THE CORRECTWHAT TERM: ABORIGINE, ABORIGINAL PERSON, ABORIGINAL, INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIAN?

In a way, noneIn these of a way, are correct. Like many Indigenous peoples around the world, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples prefer to be identifiedby their specific language group(s). Each language group is asovereign nation, uniquely identifiedby itsconnection to Country. But, youif need to generalise,“Aboriginal “Aboriginal person”, people”, and “Torres Strait Islander” are respectful terms; “Aborigines” and “Aboriginals” are not considered respectful. 23. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 24 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning

Aboriginal people. Aboriginal people. Australian history Research other artists who Create a short film about a lesser know Australian story lesser know reference the experiencesreference of Camouflage How could these concepts connect with your students personally, socially, environmentally or physically? What are some ways your studentscould respond to these ideas without creating copies the of artists’ work? See Guide to using‘A artists as a starting point’ or the Art Gallery South of Australia’s interpretive resources for some ideas.

Design your own own Design your camouflage pattern that represents who you are. are. represents who you Pattern & iconography , Adelaide, 2017; – without creating copies of the artist’s work? work? copies of the artist’s – without creating How does this relate to the world of my students? of my to the world does this relate How The Gallery’s Learning programs are supported by the Department for Education. Gummaroi people, New South Wales, born Commissioned forTARNANTHI: Festival of 1974, Melbourne,1974, OA_CAMO Australia, Adelaide, Courtesy of the artist and What are some ways students could respond to these issues could respond students some ways What are blackartprojects, Melbourne, photo: Saul Steed image detail:image Rennie, Reko Kamilaroi/Gamilaraay/ Art supported Art by BHP 2017, Gallery of South Contemporary Strait Islander Torres Aboriginal& What are the main ideas, themes or concepts in the artist’s work? themes or concepts in the artist’s the main ideas, What are Identity & personal history

A GUIDE TO USING ARTISTS AS A STARTING POINT AS A STARTING USING ARTISTS A GUIDE TO (OA_RR & OA_CAMO) (OA_RR (‘auto’ means self). (‘auto’ Reko Rennie Reko Self portraiture acts as an autoportrait Who is the artist or group of artists?Who is the artist or group Rennie’s choice of a 1973 Rennie’s gold Rolls-Royce Cornichegold Rolls-Royce Create your own autoportrait. own Create your STRAIT ISLANDER ARTISTS WITHOUT COPYING OR APPROPRIATING AN ARTIST’S WORK? HOW DO I TEACHHOW MYSTUDENTS ABOUT ABORIGINAL AND TORRES

Expose your students to a variety artists of from around Australia visiting by galleries or festivals regularly. Use artists as a starting point to teach students about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history and culture. Invite artists into your classroom – this can be achieved connectingby with local artists or simply includeartist videos at the beginning your of lessons. Before planning a unit work of determine the main ideas, themes or concepts in the artists’ work. 24. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning 25

forms the core business Reconciliation of

Reconciliation Australia is an independent,

GALLERIES Art Gallery New of South Wales (AGNSW) Collections: www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/aboriginal-and- torres-strait-islander-art/ Australia Western Gallery, Japingka https://japingkaaboriginalart.com/education/ Museum Contemporary of Art https://www.mca.com.au/learn/learning-resources/ National Gallery Australia of https://nga.gov.au/collections/atsi/ National Gallery Victoria of www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/curatorial/ indigenous-art/ National Musuem Australia www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/utopia_the_genius_of_ emily_kame_kngwarreye/emily_kame_kngwarreye Queensland Gallery Modern of Art www.qagoma.qld.gov.au/learn/collection/indigenous- australia EDUCATION RESOURCES EDUCATION Art Gallery New of South Wales Education Resources: www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/resources/exhibition-kits/ home-aboriginal-art-nsw/ Art Gallery South of Australia Interpretive Resources www.artgallery.sa.gov.au/agsa/home/Learning/ InterpretiveResources/index.jsp Narragunnawali Narragunnawali Australia. national not-for-profit organisation promoting reconciliation building by stronger relationships, respect and trust between the wider Australian community and StraitAboriginal Islander peoples. Torres and www.narragunnawali.org.au/curriculum-resources National Gallery Australia of Educational Resources www.nga.gov.au/Education/indigenous.cfm

HOW CANHOW I LEARN MORE ABOUT ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER ART AND CULTURE?

GENERAL GENERAL AIATSIS http://lryb.aiatsis.gov.au/ SA Reconciliation http://www.reconciliationsa.org.au/for-schools/ education-packs TARNANTHI Festival Contempoary of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art www.tarnanthi.com.au/ Reconciliation Australia https://www.reconciliation.org.au/ National Art Triennial www.nga.gov.au/defyingempire/ Indigenous Cultural Intellectual and Property www.aitb.com.au/information-sheets/entry/ indigenous-cultural-and-intellectual-property-icip National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Awards www.magnt.net.au/natsiaa Darwin AboriginalArt Fair www.darwinaboriginalartfair.com.au/about/ Cairns Indigenous Art Fair www.ciaf.com.au Indigenous Art Centre Alliance https://iaca.com.au ANNUAL AND EVENTS FESTIVALS, EXHIBITIONS Indigenous Art Centre Alliance, Queensland and Torres Strait Islands https://iaca.com.au Desart Northen Territory http://desart.com.au Association Northern, of Kimberley and Arnhem Land Artists http://ankaaa.org.au Aboriginal Art Centre Hub Western Australia http://www.aachwa.com.au/old/ APY Art Centre Collective, South Australia https://apyartcentrecollective.squarespace.com Aboriginal Artists and Art Centres Central of Australia https://www.anangukuarts.com.au ART CENTRES We suggestWe thefollowing resources on Aboriginal art and culture: 25. INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning 26 , 2016, , 2016,

Valerie Stafford, Anmatyerre people, Northern Territory, born 1963, Coniston Station, Northern Sharpe, Roxanne Luritja people, Territory, Northern Territory, born Alice 1985, Springs, Northern Territory, Rhonda Sharpe, Luritja people, Northern Territory, born Alice 1977, Springs, Northern Sharpe, Dulcie Luritja Northern people, Territory, Territory, Hamilton born 1957, Downs Station, Northern Territory, Rosabella Ryder, , Northern Territory, born 1975, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Marlene Rubuntja, Arrernte Springs, Northern Alice Northernpeople, born 1961, Territory, Territory, Dulcie Raggett, Luritja people, Northern Territory, Alice born1970, Springs, Northern Territory, Roxanne Petrick, Eastern Arrernte/Alyawarr people, Northern Territory, born 1986, AliceSprings, Northern Territory, Trudy Inkamala, Arrernte/Luritja Station, NorthernNorthern Downs Hamilton born 1940, Territory, people, Territor y, Every face has a story, every storyAlice Springs, has a face: Kulila! Northern Territory, mixed media, dyed blankets, polyester wadding, embroidery thread, twigs, 228.0 x 120.0 x 100.0 cm (overall installation); Acquisition through TARNANTHI: Festival of Contemporary Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art supported Art by BHP Gallery 2017, of South Australia, Adelaide, © Yarrenyty Artists.Arltere Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art in the Collection theof National Gallery Victoria. of Published the by National Gallery Victoria of Bardon, G. Papunya the of At Tula: Western Desert, McPhee Gribble/Penguin, Melbourne, 1991 Caruana Aboriginal W, Art, Thames and Husdon, 2012 London, Cumpston N & Paton B, Desert Country, Art Gallery of South Australia, 2010 Cumpston, N, TARNANTHI: Festival Contemporary of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art, 2015 Cumpston, N, TARNANTHI: Festival Contemporary of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art, 2017 Johnson, ‘Lives V. the of Artists’, Papunya Tula National Library Australia, of 2008 ‘BehindJones, P. the Doors: An Art History from SouthYuendumu’, Australian Museum, 2014 McCulloch, S & McCulloch Childs, E.‘Contemporary Aboriginal Art: The Contemporary McCulloch Guide”, and McCulloch Australian Art Books, Melbourne, 2009 McLean, I, Rattling Spears: A History Indigenous of Australian Art, Reakton Books, London, 2016. Morphy, H, Aboriginal Art, Phaidon, London, 1998 Mclean, I, How Aboriginies Invented the ideal of contemporary art, Publishing, Power Melbourne, 2001 National Museum Australia, of Encounters: Revealing Stories Aboriginal of and Torres Strait Islander Objects from the British Museum, 2015 Pascoe, B, The Little Black Red Book, Yellow Austrlain Institute Aboriginal of and Torres Strait Isnalder Studies, 2009 Perkins, H, Art + soul: a journey into the world of Aboriginal art, Miegunyah Press, Melbourne 2010 Perkins H, West M, Willsteed One Sun T, One Moon, Prestel Publishers, 2007 Sydney, Ryan, J, Indigenous Australian art: in the National Gallery Victoria,of 2002 NGV, BOOKS ARTICLES Nick Mitzevich, ‘May InDaily, the 20015, (art) force be with you, https://indaily.com.au/opinion/2015/10/09/may-the-art-force-be-with-you/ RESOURCES Christine Nicholls, The Conversation, ‘Dreamtime 2014, and the Dreaming – an Introduction’ https://theconversation.com/dreamtime-and-the-dreaming-an-introduction-20833 INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia 27 artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning Ten Canoes,Ten 2006 Samson and Delilah, 2009 The Saphires, 2012 Utopia, 2013 Australian Rules, 2002 Beneath Clouds, 2002 2002The Tracker, Rabbit Proof Fence, 2002 , 2017, Brisbane,, 2017, synthetic polymer paint on linen, 200.0 x 200.0 cm; Acquisition through TARNANTHI: Festival of Queensland, The SignQueensland, Says It Contemporary Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art supported Art by BHPMilani Gallery. Gallery 2017, of South Australia, Adelaide, © Courtesy the artist and image: Richard Bell, Kamilaroi/Kooma, northern Riverine region, Jiman/Gurang Gurang, north east region, Queensland, born Charleville, 1953, This resource has been produced in collaboration with the Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection of Univeristy of Viginia and the Art Gallery of South Australia and supported the by Department for Education. FILMS AND TV ABC, Art + Soul, series 1–3, 2010–2017 ABC, Cleverman (TV Series), 2018 SBS, National Indigenous Television channel RESOURCES INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL ART | Learning at the Gallery | Art Gallery of South Australia artgallery.sa.gov.au/learning 28 , 2017, , 2017, luwanti Ungkutjutu , I

Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands, South Australia, wood, spinifexthrough resin, TARNANTHI: kangaroo Festival tendon, plus of Contemporary 6 channel DVD, (dimensions Aboriginal variable); & Torres Acquisition StraitAdelaide, Islander Courtesy Art supported the artists Art by BHP Gallery 2017, of South Australia, (Ernabella), South Australia, Graham Kulyuru, PitjantjatjaraKen, Pitjantjatjara people, South Australia, people, South Kunytjanu, born Australia, 1939, South born Australia 1944, Watarru, Southborn Australia, 1940, Amaruna, South Ray Ken, Australia, Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara Freddy Ken, Pitjantjatjara people, people,Ken, Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara South South Australia, Australia, Pukatja born (Ernabella), 1951, people, South South Australia, Australia, Brenton born 1944, Willi Willi, south west of Amata, South Australia, Tjuta Kulata image: Sammy Dodd, Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara people, Southpeople, Australia, South Australia, born 1946, Winpiranganyi, born Shirley 1932, Well, South South Australia, Australia, Eric Alec Kunmanara Baker, YankunytjatjaraAlice Springs, Barney, Northern Yankunytjatjara Territory, people, South Freda Brady, Australia, Pitjantjatjara born 1973, people,Pitjantjatjara South Australia, people, Amata born South Community, 1961, Australia, South Australia, born Alice 1993, Springs, Moses Brady, Northernpeople Northern Territory, Michael Territory, Bruno, born Pitjantjatjara 1994, Alice Springs, Northern people, South Territory, Australia/LuritjaAlice Angela Springs, Burton, Northern Pitjantjatjara Territory, Cisco people, Burton, South Australia, Pitjantjatjara born(Hector) people, 1966, South Burton, Australia, Pitjantjatjara born near 1963, Wingellina, people, South South Australia, Australia, near bornNoel Kunmanara Pipalyatjara, Burton, 1937, Pitjantjatjara South Australia, Pukatja people, died South (Ernabella), 2017, Australia, South born Australia, 1994, AliceSouth Springs, Australia/Luritja Northern Territory, people, Pepai Jangala Northern Carroll, Territory, Pitjantjatjara bornAustralia, Haasts 1950, people, Bluff, Pukatja born c.1939, Northern (Ernabella), Territory, South Mr Wangin, Australia, Pitjantjatjara Mary Katatjuku people,South South Australia, Pan, Pitjantjatjara Margaret people, Ngilan Dodd, South Yankunytjatjara Australia, people, born c.1944, Rocket SouthYankunytjatjara Bore, Australia, people, born 1946, South Sandy Australia, Bore, South Australia, born Gap 1952, Well, South Australia, KunmanaraPitjantjatjara Pompey, died Port 2018, Augusta, people, South South Australia, Australia, Wanyima Taylor born Cooper, 1940, Malara, a waterholeTerritory, east west born of Ali of Pipalyatjara, Curung, 1961, Northern South Australia, Territory, William Adrian Tjapaltjarri Riley, Walpiri people, Sandy,Well, South Pitjantjatjara Northern Australia, people, Priscilla South Singer, YankunytjatjaraAustralia, Tanu born people, 1951, South Australia,people, South born 1968, Australia, Indulkana, South born 1940, Australia, Granite Downs Keith Station, Stevens, South Pitjantjatjara Australia,Cundeelee, Lydon Western Stevens, Pitjantjatjara Australia, Kunmanara people, South (Tiger) Australia, Palpatja, Pitjantjatjara bornAmata, 1967, South people, Australia, South Australia, Lyndon Tjangala, born Piltati, c.1920, Pitjantjatjara South Australia, people,Yankunytjatjara South died Australia, 2012, people, born South 1994, Alice Australia, Springs, Northern born Indulkana, c.1964, Territory, South David Pearson, Australia,Kunumata, South Ginger Australia, Wikilyiri, Mick Pitjantjatjara Wikilyiri, Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara people, South Australia,Mumu Mike Williams, born 1930, Pitjantjatjara people, South people, Australia, South Australia, born Rocket 1938, Bore, born between Northern 1952, Young, Pitjantjatjara Kenmore Territory, Park and people, Pukatja South (Ernabella), Australia, South born Australia, 1994, Alice Springs, Anwar Northernborn 1972, Alice Springs, Territory, Northern Carol Young, Pitjantjatjara Territory, Frank people, Young, Pitjantjatjara South Australia, people,Young, Pitjantjatjara South Australia, people, South born near Artuti, 1949, Australia, South born Australia, 1994, Alice Springs, Kamurin Northernborn 1998, Alice Springs, Territory, Northern Marcus Young, Pitjantjatjara Territory, Roma people, Young, South Australia, people, Warburton,1952, Western Australia/Pitjantjatjara Western Australia, Yaritji Young, Pitjantjatjara people, South people, Australia, SouthSouth Australia, Australia, born born out Bernard c.1956, bush near the Tjalkuri, creek Pukatja Pitjantjatjara (Ernabella), people, Southpeople, Australia, South Australia, born Waltja c.1930, born rockhole, Mimili, 1943, South South Australia, Australia, Jimmy Adrian Donegan, Intjalki,Australia, Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjara born 1940, people, near Yapan Ngatuntjarra Western Australia/Pitjantjatjara bore, Western Australia,Alice Maureen Springs, people, Douglas, South Northern Pitjantjatjara Territory, people, Kunmanara South (Ronnie) Australia, Douglas, Amata, born Pitjantjatjaradied 1966, 2017, South Australia, people, South Stanley Australia, Douglas, Pitjantjatjara born Umbeara, 1949, Northern people, SouthPitjantjatjara Territory, Australia, born people, 1944, Kulgera, South Australia, Northern born Territory, 1960, Yanyarinyi (Kenmore Arnie Frank, Park),born Ali Curung, 1974, South Northern Australia, Aaron