VEGETATION and FLORA of the LANDELS-HILL BIG CREEK RESERVE

Home , Abies bracteata, Arctostaphylos hooveri, Marble Cone Fire

VEGETATION AND FLORA of the LANDELS-HILL BIG CREEK RESERVE

Monterey County, California by Charisse Bickford and Paul Rich Second Edition

Edited by Publication No. 15 University of California, Santa Cruz Martha Brown Environmental Field Program 1984

VEGETATION AND FLORA of the LANDELS-HILL BIG CREEK RESERVE

Monterey County, California

VEGETATION AND FLORA of the LANDELS-HILL BIG CREEK RESERVE

Monterey County, California Second Edition

by Charisse Bickford and Paul Rich

Edited by Martha Brown

Publication No. 15 Environmental Field Program University of California, Santa Cruz 1984

Enter through the steep, rocky wall the narrow canyon mouth, open to the sea.

Wilderness dwells yet within, hidden delights: delicate wildflower, misted fern, and ancient tree; In rocks molded into mountain then swallowed again to mud and sand a tale is told Life and form of the land, true teacher, wisdom so old.

Paul Rich vi SUMMARY

Eleven plant communities are described for the Landels—Hill Big Creek Reserve. Highly varied habitat availability of the coastal Santa Lucia Mountains results in a correspondingly complex patterning of the vegetation. The most mesic conditions are present on the canyon bottoms, where redwood, riparian species, and mixed hardwood trees predominate. On the more mesic slopes (especially north—facing slopes), a mixed hardwood forest predominates, with redwoods present in the moister areas. The tops of the ridges facing the ocean support open live oak woodlands and grasslands. On the dry, exposed slopes——from the coastal bluffs along the ocean to an altitude of about 900 meters – (3,000 ft) – is a “soft chaparral” community, dominated by California sagebrush (Artemisia californica). In the higher elevations of the reserve, the dry, exposed slopes are dominated by chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) in a “hard chaparral” community. On some slightly moister slopes grows a shrub community dominated by California lilac (Ceanothus thrysiflorus) and other species of shrub stature. On the South Highlands, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Hoover’s manzanita (Arctostaphylos hooveri) are the dominant species of the woodland community. On the steep, north—facing slopes of Devil’s Canyon in the upper elevations of the reserve, Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata) occurs at its lower elevation distributional limit. Isolated stands of Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri) occur on the ridgetops in the upper elevations of the reserve.

The flora of the reserve, as presently known, includes 342 vascular plant species and at least 21 moss and liverwort species. Many endemic species of the Santa Lucia Mountains, including the Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata) are present in the reserve. Three disjunct species – ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), sugar pine (P. lambertiana), and spotted coral—root (Corallorhiza maculata)——are also found in the reserve. Numerous plants reach the limits of their distributions near the reserve in the Big Sur region; these include the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and California peony (Paeonia californica). Seven plant species with limited distributions grow on the reserve: Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata), Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), branching beach—aster (Core- throgyne leucophylla), Hoover’s manzanita (Arctostaphylos hooveri), Lewis’s or bill clarkia (Clarkia lewisii), Santa Lucia gooseberry (Ribes sericeum), and one—sided monkey flower (Mimulus subsecundus). Introduced species make up approximately one—sixth of the reserve’s flora.

vii

viii Contents

SUMMARY ...... vii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...... x

LIST OF TABLES ...... x

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ...... xi

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ...... xii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... xv

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

Topography ...... 3 Geology ...... 5 Vegetation and Flora ...... 5 Vertebrates ...... 7 Land Use and Ownership ...... 8 Climate ...... 11

2. VEGETATION AND FLORA ...... 15

Introduction ...... 17 Reserve Vegetation ...... 17 Previous Botanical Collection and Study ...... 18

Plant Communities...... 21 Environmental Influences on Community Structure...... 21 Previous Research ...... 22 Community Classification ...... 24

Natural and Human Disturbances of the Vegetation ...... 45 Introduction ...... 45 Fire ...... 46 Grazing ...... 47 Logging ...... 48

Discussion of the Flora ...... 49 Floristic Summary ...... 49 Endemism ...... 51 Disjunct Species ...... 53 Distributional Limits ...... 55 Introduced Plants ...... 57 Rare Plants ...... 59

Plants of the Reserve ...... 60 Bryophytes ...... 60 Vascular Plants ...... 61

ix APPENDIX: Plants of the Gamboa Point Properties Which May Occur in the Reserve ...... 115

LITERATURE CITED ...... 119

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Index Map ...... 4 Reserve Place Names and Features ...... following page 10 Vegetation Map ...... following page 24

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1: Taxonomic Position of the Vascular Plants in the Reserve .. 49 Table 2-2: Ten Largest Families of Vascular Plants in the Reserve .... 50 Table 2—3: Seven Largest Genera of Vascular Plants in the Reserve .... 50 Table 2-4: Santa Lucia Mountains and southern Diablo Range Endemics Found in the Reserve ...... 52 Table 2—5: Plant Species of the Reserve that Reach Their Northern or Coastal Northern Distributional Limits in Monterey County ...... 55 Table 2—6: Plant Species of the Reserve that Reach Their Southern or Coastal Southern Distributional Limits in or near Monterey County...... 56 Table 2—7: Introduced Plants of the Reserve ...... 57

x Preface to the First Edition

This is the first volume in a series of publications about the Lan- dels— Hill Big Creek Reserve——the University of California Natural Land and Water Reserve System’s new teaching and research reserve on the Big Sur Coast. It’s an unusual volume and an unusual series because the research was carried out by undergraduate students who designed and coordi- nated their own field projects. Seven honor students from the University of California, Santa Cruz joined forces under the sponsorship of Profes- sor Kenneth S. Norris to survey the natural and cultural resources of the reserve.

Their research met a specific need for information. Areas around Big Creek had been studied previously——and these studies formed the foun- dation of the students’ work——but the Big Creek property itself had been visited by only a handful of scientists. The history of the reserve land remained locked in the minds of local residents. Comprehensive information about the reserve’s significant features was needed by reserve man- agers.

The students responded vigorously to the research opportunity. One student began field work in the spring of 1978; others began early that summer, camping on the reserve for extensive periods. They explored ex- haustively the reserve’s winding canyons and precipitous hillsides, brav- ing poison oak—filled thickets to find the answers to their questions. It’s this batch of research that forms the core of this series; but more

work has been carried out since then, and more is continuing at this time.

xi The vegetation and flora section includes the findings of two students who conducted separate but cooperative studies. Paul Rich studied the plant communities during the summer of 1978, using on—site observa- tions and aerial photographs to delimit the vegetation units. Charisse Bick.ford identified both the vascular and non—vascular plants, working through the summer of 1978, and then carrying on through the spring and summer of 1979. Their final products——senior theses for both——constitute this volume.

This publication will be followed closely by a series of volumes on the geology, vertebrate animals, and history of the reserve. The introduction, included here, serves the whole series.

Dan Warrick November 1979

xii Preface to the Second Edition

Five years have passed since the first edition of Vegetation and

Flora of the Landels—Hill Big Creek Reserve became the Environmental Field Program’s (EFP’s) third publication. In those five years, EFP— sponsored students from UC Santa Cruz have covered a lot of ground: they’ve hiked the ranges of Alaska, braved Sierra Nevada snowstorms, and baked under the Baja California sun in order to study animals in the wild; they’ve conducted hundreds of interviews and read stacks of government documents to learn about the impacts of government policy on people and the environment; and they’ve spent countless hours writing up their findings. Their efforts have added twenty—one more titles to the EFP’s

publication list, and an immeasurable amount to our knowledge of animal behavior, natural areas, and environmental issues. In doing so, the students have confirmed one of the EFP’s basic tenets——that, given the chance, undergraduate students can produce professional, valuable work.

Over the past five years, the Landels—Hill Big Creek Reserve (part

of the University of California’s Natural Reserve System**), located on the Big Sur coast, has continued to draw the EFP’s student—researchers. Thanks to their work, we now have an oral history of the region, a lyri- cal trail guide to the reserve, and surveys of the reserve’s terrestrial vertebrates, seabirds and shorebirds, intertidal plants and animals, and geology. Some of these reports are available as EFP publications; others are scheduled for production.

The first edition of the Vegetation and Flora of the Landels—Hill

Big Creek Reserve is now out of print; this second edition was produced in response to the needs of researchers and students studying at the re-

* Formerly the Natural Land and Water Reserve System

xiii serve, and for others interested in the plant life of this unique region. Except for the section on endemism, most of the text remains unchanged from Charisse Bickford and Paul Rich’s original study. Of the changes made, many are based on a botanical survey conducted by Catherine Genetti and Eric Engles at the Gamboa Point Ranch and the Gamboa Property, which border the reserve to the south. The Gamboa Point Ranch, a 2980 acre par- cel of land, is now associated with the Big Creek reserve.

Many people helped in preparing this new edition. Kenneth Norris, coordinator of the EFP, and Larry Ford, EFP Field Coordinator, designated publication funds for production and helped with text revisions. Eric Engles rewrote the section on endemism and contributed many valuable ideas; Terry Jones provided updated information on the reserve’s early history; Gail Wardrip drew the cover illustration; and Wyndham Elliot, Paul Henson, and Wendy Johnston donated their excellent illustrations—— many thanks to all involved.

Martha Brown November 1984

xiv Acknowledgments

Any major research effort involves the cooperation of many individuals, and ours was no exception. Ken Norris, our faculty sponsor, deserves special recognition. His suggestion —— and subsequent support —— started us on this project. It proved a long and worthwhile endeavor, and we’re grateful to him for the opportunity.

We’d also like to express our gratitude to the many other people who helped with the botanical survey: Ray Collett, James Griffin, Stanley Cain, Ginny Hunt, Brett Hall, Lauramay Dempster, Alva Day, William Doyle, Connie Vigno, and Brian Dougherty.

This research was supported by a number of individuals and agencies who, with their contributions, expressed their belief in the importance of the work. Special thanks to Chancellor Robert L. Sinsheimer, Roger Samuelson and Jeff Kennedy of the UC Natural Land and Water Reserves Sys- tem, and the Environmental Field Program.

Our project would never have come to pass apart from the long—term efforts of the Save—the—Redwoods League, The Nature Conservancy, the previous owners of the Big Creek property, and the Natural Land and Water Reserves System.

We’d also like to thank the other students who worked at the reserve during the spring and summer of 1979: John Carothers, Rebecca Cull, John Dunlap, David Melchert, Ron White, and Sue Williamson

Charisse Bickford: “Special thanks to my fellow botanist Paul Rich for his detailed analysis of the plant communities on the reserve. I would also like to extend my love and respect to Bettina McLeod and

xv Charles Convis for their support and patience during the entire process of this dissertation. Mostly, I’d like to thank Walter Sydoriak f or his love, dedicated assistance (countless hours worth), and patience.”

Paul Rich: “Charisse Bickford deserves special mention for her dedicated work in identification and description of plant specimens. Thanks, too, go to Pam Matthews for her help in constructing the vegetation map.”

The publication itself caine together with the skillful efforts of several other people: Don Norris, who took all but one of the pictures; Walter Sydoriak, who designed the cover, drafted the maps, and composed the drawings; Barbara Kieft and Milena Wong—Szydlowski, who typed the final text; and Dan Warrick, who doggedly herded our errant hyphens and semi—colons back into place and made it all happen.

xvi 1. INTRODUCTION

Preceding page: Common in the grasslands of the reserve, the California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) blooms from February through September.

Nowhere else in the California coast ranges do the mountains rise so abruptly from the Pacific Ocean as along the Big Sur coast. Here, the rug- ged Santa Lucia Mountains slope up directly from the shoreline, in one location reaching an elevation of more than 1,500 meters (5,000 ft) just 8 kilometers (5 mi) inland. The western, seaward slope of this range between

2 Point Lobos and Piedras Blancas forms the spectacular Big Sur region of Monterey County.

Topography

The Landels—Hill Big Creek Reserve, located at Big Creek 72 kilometers (45 mi) south of Monterey, embraces 1,557 hectares (3,848 acres) of undisturbed land in the heart of the Big Sur region. At sea level the reserve includes nearly 4.5 kilometers (2.75 mi) of rocky coast centered in the California Sea Otter Refuge. Most of the reserve coastline is bordered by near—vertical cliffs that prevent access to the small cobbled beaches at their bases. The mouth of Big Creek, however, opens to a narrow sandy beach.

The lower drainages of two major streams are included in the reserve:

Big Creek watershed on the north and Devil’s Creek watershed on the south. Mining Ridge terminates at the confluence of the two streams, less than 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) upstream from the ocean.

Overall, the reserve land slopes up to the northeast toward the crest of the Santa Lucias. Cone Peak, which at an elevation of 1,571 meters

(5,155 ft) is the third—highest peak in the range, stands above the reserve

4 in the adjacent Los Padres National Forest. The reserve land, rising to an elevation of 1,220 meters (4,000 ft) at its eastern boundary, incorporates a remarkably complete sample of the Santa Lucia Mountains’ geology, flora, fauna, and climate.

Geology

Fractures of the Sur fault zone divide the reserve into a series of northwest—trending blocks, and separate its three major rock units: the Franciscan complex, the Coast Ridge Belt, and the Big Creek conglomerate.

The Franciscan complex, made up of a mixture of sandstone, shale, chert, volcanic rock, and blueschist, was originally deposited as sediment in submarine trenches. The Coast Ridge Belt has a volcanic origin, and includes gneiss, marble, amphibolite, and granitic rocks. An unnamed sedimen- tary formation, called the Big Creek conglomerate by Norris (1984) \, was deposited as sediment in submarine canyons and submarine fan environments. All three bedrock Units were formed in the middle to Late Cretaceous period (approximately 100 to 63 million years ago)

The reserve straddles two fault—bounded fragments of the earth’s crust, called terranes. According to Norris (1984) these two fragments, the Salinian and Nacimiento blocks, did not form side by side, but migrated along fault systems to their present location.

Vegetation and Flora

The vegetation of the Big Creek reserve is complex and diverse. Eleven distinct plant communities comprising nearly 350 species occur in an

The Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata) grows on the dry upper slopes of the south fork of Devil’s Creek in the Big Creek reserve. A Santa Lucia Mountains endemic, Abies bracteata is the rarest fir in North America.

6 area of approximately 15.5 square kilometers (6 sq mi). This diversity results (at least in part) from the extremely varied topography and the wide range of small—scale climatic conditions. Plants characteristic of the moist coastal forests mingle with plants typical of dry southern areas. For example, redwoods, nearing the southern limit of their distribution, grow in the deep canyons. Yuccas, nearing their northern range limit, grow nearby on steep, rocky slopes. Many other plants reach the northern or southern limits of their distributions in the Big Sur region, and most of these are represented in the reserve. Other plants found in the reserve, such as the Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata), are endemic to the Santa Lu- cia Mountains; that is, they occur only in this area and nowhere else.

Vertebrates

The vertebrates of the Big Creek reserve are, for the most part, typical of Monterey County and the central coast of California. At least 32 amphibian and reptile species, and 51 mammal species are known to inhabit either the reserve itself or the surrounding area (Carothers et al. 1980). Some of these occur in disjunct populations in the Santa Lucias, far from their primary centers of concentration in other parts of California. More than 101 terrestrial bird species have been sighted in the reserve, and at least 16 of these are known to breed there (Carothers et al. 1980). Accord- ing to Naslund and Creelman (1983), 7 shorebird and 29 seabird species have also been sighted along the coast of the reserve and the adjacent Gamboa Point Ranch; at least 3 seabird and 2 shorebird species breed on cliffs, beaches, and offshore rocks of the reserve and the ranch (Naslund and Creelman 1983).

7 Land Use and Ownership

Members of the Esselen and Salman groups occupied the reserve area before the arrival of Euro—American civilization. The Esselen, one of the smallest and most restricted tribes in California, lived in a limited area that included the central Big Sur coast and extended over the Santa Lucia and Gabilan ranges to the edge of the Salinas Valley. The territory of the larger Salman tribe was more extensive, stretching south from the edge of the reserve to what is today part of San Luis Obispo County. The boundary between the two groups appears to have been situated somewhere on or near the reserve.

Evidence of early human activities can be found in a variety of pre- historic sites on the reserve. Archaeologists surveying these sites have discovered such artifacts as projectile points, mussel—shell fish hooks, and bedrock mortars, as well as the remains of marine and terrestrial animals. Some of these appear to date back four thousand years (Jones 1984).

Europeans first explored the Big Sur region in 1769 when Gaspar de Portola led his expedition north from Mexico to Monterey. However, Por- tola’s group turned inland at San Luis Obispo, avoiding the steepest part of the Big Sur coastline. The Spanish missionary colonization followed shortly after Portola’s exploration, and three missions were founded in Monterey County, but none were established along the coast.

The precipitous topography of the Santa Lucias also slowed homestead- ing of the Big Sur area. Homesteaders did not begin settling in the region until the mid—l8OOs, long after the surrounding area had been settled. By the 1870s and l880s, several homesteads had been established in the area that is now the reserve. These homesteaders were primarily small—scale farmers and cattle ranchers who made modest livings in the remote canyons

8 of the Santa Lucias. Until the early l900s travellers reached the area from Monterey along a winding horse trail known as “the old coast road.”*

Access to the Big Sur region changed suddenly in 1937 with the open- ing of State Highway 1 along the coast. By that time, many of the small homesteads had been consolidated into large ranches embracing thousands of acres. Much other land remained under federal control, and this land con- stitutes the extensive Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and mili- tary holdings in Monterey County today. Along most of the Big Sur coast, a relatively narrow border of private land separates Los Padres National For- est from the ocean.

The Landels—Hill Big Creek Reserve includes nearly 1,600 hectares (4,000 acres) of former ranch land in the center of the Big Sur region. The reserve, a component of the University of California’s Natural Reserve Sys- tem, was established in 1978 through a series of donations, purchases, and cooperative agreements among the original property owners, the Save—the—

Redwoods League, The Nature Conservancy, and the University of California. Although almost all of the reserve property is managed by the University, approximately 65 hectares (160 acres) remain as private property or lease- holdings.

* *See In the Rough Land to the South: An Oral History of Lives and Events at Big Creek, Big Sur, California by Susan E. Georgette for more information On Big Creek’s early history.

10 Climate

The climate of the California coast is generally mild, with relatively warm wet winters and relatively cool dry summers. Seasonal and diur- nal temperature ranges are slight——a result of the moderating influence of the Pacific Ocean.

A dominant factor in the California weather pattern is the North Pa- cific High Pressure Zone, a semi-permanent air mass located over the northern Pacific Ocean. In the summer the high pressure air mass moves north- ward, preventing northern storms from approaching the coast. This atmospheric barrier creates the dry California summers. During winter the air mass moves south, allowing storms to invade the region. These storms bring much of California’s winter rain. Also, occasional changes in atmospheric circulation patterns allow storms to approach from the southwest. Where any of these storms encounter topographic barriers——such as mountain ranges—— they deposit their moisture in the form of rain or snow. Consequently, the heaviest precipitation in the coast ranges occurs along their western side.

The predominant northwest winds along the California coast result from the clockwise movement of the North Pacific High Pressure Zone, whereas the southerly winds that occur during winter are caused b the coun- terclockwise motion of cyclonic storms (Elford 1970).

The prevalent northwest winds and the rotational force (Coriolis force) of the earth combine to drive the ocean’s surface water away from the coast. This in turn causes an upwelling of cold bottom water near the shore. When the cold water meets the warm moist air at the ocean surface, the characteristic coastal fog layer results (Elford 1970). Commonly, this

11 fog layer is swept inland at night, receding to just offshore during the day as the land heats up.

Monterey County

The weather of coastal Monterey County is controlled by the major climatic influences discussed above; however, the conditions vary considerably in response to local factors such as land form, elevation, and vegetation.

The average annual temperature along the Monterey Coast is 12.8°C (55°F). The mean summer maximum is 16.7°C (62°F). In general, temperatures become more extreme at greater elevations in the Santa Lucia Mountains.

In the central Santa Lucias 75 percent of the precipitation occurs between October and the end of February. Only 2 percent falls between 1 June and 30 September (Talley 1974). Overall, precipitation increases with increasing elevation. Lucia Willow Springs (elevation: 103 meters; 340 ft) receives an average annual rainfall of 62.0 centimeters (24.4 in). Cold Springs Camp (elevation: 1,000 meters; 3,280 ft) receives an average of 186.9 centimeters (73.6 in) rainfall per year. Talley (1974) has estimated that the east face of Cone Peak, which rises to 1,571 meters (5,155 ft), may receive as much as 229 centimeters (90 in) of precipitation each year. During typical winters, much of the precipitation in the upper elevations of the Santa Lucias occurs as snow.

Winds follow the regional northwest—southeast trend of the mountains. Measurements taken at Piedras Blancas, 32 kilometers (20 mi) south of the reserve, show that northwest winds occur 52 percent of the time. Velocities are mostly below 24 kilometers per hour (15 mph), but 23 percent of the time higher wind speeds can be expected (Elford and Stilz 1968)

12 Along the central California coast, fog is most common in July and August. Where vegetation collects moisture from the fog, the fog can add as much as 7.5 centimeters (4 in) per year to the total precipitation (Soil Conservation Service 1978). On the coast near the reserve the fog layer seems generally restricted to a maximum depth of approximately 460 meters (1,550 ft), although the average depth is about 210 meters (700 ft).

Landels-Hill Big Creek Reserve

No long—term climatic data have been gathered in the Big Creek reserve, but some short—term records exist. Temperatures were recorded during the summer of 1978 at random sites within the reserve. Temperatures in canyons near the coast ranged between 12.8° C (55° F) and 19.4° C (67° F). On the open ridgetops above the fog layer, daytime temperatures often reached 30 to 35° C (85 to 95° F).

The amounts of precipitation received at various sites in the reserve probably approximate those recorded at other sites in the Santa Lucia Moun- tains. Data recorded near the mouth of Big Creek (elevation: 12.2 m; 40 ft) during 1977 show a total precipitation of 108.6 centimeters (42.8 in). This figure represents an exceptionally wet year; other stations in the Santa

Lucias also experienced above—average rainfalls in 1977. The average meas- ured rainfall at the University Center (elevation 195 m; 640 ft) over two seasons, from November 1982 to May 1984, was 96.1 centimeters (37.8 in) per season. The upper elevations of the reserve receive snow several times a

13 year; it may stay on the ground for several days.*

Relative humidity recordings may vary considerably in response to elevation, direction of exposure, time of day, weather conditions, and the amount and type of vegetation present. On the reserve, relative humidities recorded in July of 1978 ranged from 50 percent in a high, sunny grassland to 97 percent in a streamside redwood forest location.

* Horst Mayer 1978: personal communication. Mayer served as the reserve’s caretaker from 1977 to 1984.

14 2. VEGETATION AND FLORA

Preceding page: The California blackberry (Rubus sp.) grows in abundance in Big Creek Canyon

INTRODUCTION

Reserve Vegetation

The vegetation of the Landels—Hill Big Creek Reserve is highly diverse. This floral diversity results in part from the mixing of two distinct floristic elements —— a northern element and a drier southern element —— that are representative of the extreme climatic and topographic diversity within the California Floristic Province (Raven and Axelrod 1978). Species of the more mesic north blend with species of the more xeric south, as both approach their distributional limits. For instance, coast redwoods, approaching their southern distributional limit, grow in the moist canyon bottoms; yuccas, approaching their northern limit, grow a short distance away on the steep, south— facing slopes.

The Santa Lucia Mountains harbor many relict and endemic species, as well as several disjunct species. The combination of the Mediterranean climate and highly varied local climatic, edaphic, and topographic conditions provides habitats favorable to both relict and newer plant groups. The relative isolation of the Santa Lucia Mountains, with their high, narrow ridges and deep canyons, creates an “island effect.” Such isolation has been a primary factor in the process of speciation. Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata) and Hoover’s manzanita (Arctostaphylos hooveri) are among the rare endemic species of the area that grow on the reserve.

The combination of 1) the blending of northern and southern floras, 2) the prevalence of relicts, endemics and disjuncts, and 3) highly varied habitats has created one of the richest floras and most complex community

17 structures on the California coast.

Extreme variation in environmental conditions, regulated by slope, exposure, moisture availability, and microclimate, combined with precipitous elevation differences cause correspondingly rapid and dramatic variation in the vegetation. Within meters, Streamside Redwood Forest gives way to Mixed Hardwood Forest, then to Central Coast Scrub, and finally to Cham- ise Chaparral. This complex pattern of rapidly changing vegetation is aptly called a “mosaic” of plant communities.

A moderate level of human disturbance has also affected the vegetation of the reserve. Coastal California Indians burned certain vegetated regions, such as grasslands, oak woodlands, and scrub, to increase their food crops, bring game into the area, and create better collecting sites. Logging by early settlers also affected the vegetation and flora in some areas, and grazing, begun by the early Spaniards and continued to the spring of 1984, has had a pronounced effect on the grasslands. In addition, humans have introduced a number of exotic plant species to the reserve, including most of the grassland species.

Previous Botanical Collection and Study

A limited amount of botanical collection and study has been carried out in the area that is now the Landels—Hill Big Creek Reserve. James Grif- fin (1976) has given a history of botanical collection for the vicinity of Cone Peak, which forms part of the upper watershed of Devil’s Creek.

Early botanists were intrigued by the presence of rare and endemic trees in the Santa Lucia Mountains. David Douglas, a Scottish botanist,

18 discovered Santa Lucia fir and collected sugar pine for the first time in

California near Cone Peak in 1831. Thomas Coulter, an Irish botanist, collected Santa Lucia fir and Coulter pine in either 1832 or 1833. Theodor Hartweg, a German botanist, collected in the area in 1847 (Griffin 1976).

The Vegetation Type Map (VTM) survey by the U.S. Forest Service of the 1920s and 1930s produced vegetation maps that include the Big Creek reserve (St. John 1932; Wieslanier 1934). The 7 1/2—minute field map of the Lucia quadrangle (which includes the reserve) and field notes are on file at the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California.

Beatrice Howitt visited the property along State Highway 1 and the road along Big Creek to collect plants in preparation for the book Vascular Plants of Monterey County, California (Howitt and Howell 1964, 1973). James Griffin conducted a detailed ecological survey of the south fork of Devil’s

Canyon in the watershed above the reserve, which has been proposed as a Re- search Natural Area by the U.S. Forest Service (Griffin 1976). Todd and Virginia Keeler-Wolf carried out a similar ecological survey of the Lime- kiln Creek watershed, just south of the reserve (Keeler-Wolf and Keeler- Wolf 1977). Brett Hall and Virginia Hunt of the University of California, Santa Cruz Arboretum conducted a brief study of the reserve’s vegetation during the winter and early spring of 1978. In the spring of 1982, Cath- erine Genetti and Eric Engles (1984) studied the flora and vegetation of the Gamboa Point Properties, which border the reserve to the south. They compiled a list of the flora of that area, and classified and mapped the vegetation.

CHAMISE, GREASEWOOD Adenostema fasciculatum

20 PLANT COMMUNITIES

Environmental Influences on Community Structure

The intricate vegetation structure of the reserve reflects highly varied environmental conditions, a complex history, and myriad biological interactions. Environmental conditions include 1) the general and seasonal climatic conditions —— rainfall, temperature, and humidity; 2) the specific physical conditions —— elevation, slope, aspect, exposure, moisture availability, and edaphic characteristics; and 3) the microclimate —— local temperature, humidity, air circulation, and fog.

The history of the reserve includes the occurrence of fires, grazing, logging, erosion, variations in climate, and other human— and naturally induced changes. The major changes in land form and climate form the broader context of the history of the vegetation system. Included in this history are chance events, such as whether one species became established before another.

Biological interactions include competition, symbiosis, herbivory, disease, and successional effects. Examples of successional effects include the ways that one species can favorably alter the environment for other species——as when shading by a tree enables shade—tolerant herbs to grow beneath it. All of these influences interact to affect the vegetation structure. The following plant community classification provides a general description of the resultant vegetation patterns.

The communities within this classification are not absolutely distinct. Often, a continuous gradation or blending of communities obscures the boundaries; these gradation zones are called ecotones. The extensive and complex ecotones in the reserve are both static and dynamic. A seem- ingly static ecotone often exists between forest and grassland, where there is a distinct spatial change in temperature, soil quality or depth, and

21 moisture availability. Other ecotones may be present where one plant community is actively encroaching on another. For instance, in many places coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis ssp. consanguinea) and California lilac (Ceanothus thrysiflorus) are present in a broad ecotone around the grassland, suggesting that the scrub and forest communities are slowly overtak- ing the grassland. Thus, an apparently distinct community may be a successional phase of another community.

The communities are also seldom homogeneous. Unique environmental conditions or occurrences within a community may lead to recognizable sub- types or local phases that are not easily classified. Nonetheless, a classification system provides a useful description of the vegetation of the reserve.

Previous Research

A number of sources supply information pertaining to the California plant communities. Munz and Keck (1949, 1950) composed a general classification system for California plant communities. Thorne (1976) has developed a more detailed scheme. Ornduff (1974), Bakker (1971), and Gordon (1974) have written general introductions to plant communities of part or all of California. Chatham and Hailer (1975) have also developed a relatively detailed and refined classification system of California habitat types. Barbour and Major (1977) have provided descriptions of many major plant communities throughout California.

St. John (1932) and Weislanier (1934), of the VTM survey, classified and described the vegetation of the Santa Lucia Mountains, including the area of the reserve, which lies within the Lucia quadrangle. Talley (1974) has also described the plant communities of the Santa Lucia Mountains. Critchfield (1971) published profiles using VTM data showing flow vegetation is related to topography for the Point Sur, Junipera Serra, and Cape San Martin quadrangles —— the three quadrangles adjacent to the Lucia quadrangle. Griffin (1976) presented a description of vegetation communities of

22 the upper south fork of Devil’s Canyon. Keeler—Wolf and Keeler—Wolf (1977) described the plant communities of the Limekiln Creek watershed, about 11 kilometers (7 mi) south of the reserve. Genetti and Engles (1984) designed a classification scheme for the vegetation of the Gamboa Point Ranch and Gamboa Property, which adjoin the reserve to the south and encompass the Limekiln Creek watershed.

The complex patterns of the reserve’s vegetation are apparent in this west-facing view of Dolan Ridge and the central are of the reserve.

Community Classification

Community structure was observed throughout the reserve during the spring and summer of 1978. The classification system that follows generally corresponds to the classifications presented by Talley (1974) and by Keeler-Wolf and Keeler—Wolf (1977).

We recognize eleven plant communities and several sub—types or phases on the reserve: 1) Central Coast Scrub a) Coastal Bluff Scrub

b) Coastal Scrub c) Sage Scrub 2) Ceanothus Shrub

3) Chamise Chaparral 4) Coast Range Grassland 5) Redwood Forest a) Redwood —— Streamside Forest b) Pure Redwood Forest c) Redwood —— Mixed Hardwood Forest 6) Streambank Woodland 7) Mixed Hardwood Forest a) Coast Live Oak b) Canyon Live Oak 8) Coast Live Oak Woodland 9) Ponderosa Pine —— Hoover’s Manzanita Woodland 10) Coulter Pine Forest 11) Santa Lucia Fir Woodland

The vegetation map shows the general pattern of the reserve’s vegetation by community. This map was constructed using aerial imagery (EROS Data Center), field observation, and the 1932 VTM maps for the Lucia quadrangle

24 (St. John 1932). The vegetation map provides a general picture of the extent of the plant communities described.

The vascular plant lists that accompany the community descriptions include the dominant and associated plant species identified by observation in the field during the summer of 1976. The lists include many of the plant species that may be found in the communities.

25 Central Coast Scrub

Central Coast Scrub is characterized by the presence of Artemisia californica, usually in an association with a dense growth of small shrubs and herbaceous plants. This plant community occupies the dry, exposed slopes of the reserve——from the bluffs along the ocean to an elevation of about 900 meters (3,000 ft), where Chamise Chaparral begins. Central Coast Scrub can be divided into three relatively distinct phases: 1) a Coastal Bluff Scrub phase, which occurs on the bluffs immediately adjacent to the ocean; 2) a Coastal Scrub phase, which covers the slopes above the Coastal Bluff Scrub near the ocean; and 3) a Sage Scrub phase, which grows on the exposed slopes further inland below the Chamise Chaparral.

Plant species prominent in all phases of the Central Coast Scrub include Baccharis pilularis ssp. consanguinea, Mimulus aurantiacus, Calyste- gia macrostegia ssp. cyclostegia, and Artemisia douglasiana. Plants of this community commonly flower in the spring and summer, but may continue to bloom throughout the year. Species of the Central Coast Scrub tend to be adapted to fire; the crown—sprouting of Artemisia californica is one example. The following list includes plant species common to all phases of the Central Coast Scrub:

Achillea millefolium COMMON YARROW Artemisia californica* CALIFORNIA SAGEBRUSH Artemisia douglasiana DOUGLAS’S MUGWORT Artemisia dracunculus DRAGON SAGEWORT Baccharis pilularis ssp. consanguinea COYOTE BRUSH Calystegia macrostegia ssp. cyclostegia COAST MORNING—GLORY Castilleja affinis INDIAN PAINTBRUSH Conium maculatum POISON HEMLOCK Epilobium canurn ssp. angustifolium CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA Epilobium canurn ssp. mexicana CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA Hazardia squarrosa SAWTOOTH GOLDENBUSH Lathyrus vestitus ssp. puberulus PACIFIC PEA Lotus scoparius DEER WEED Mimulus aurantiacus STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER Phacelia imbricata IMBRICATE PHACELIA Phacelia malvifolia var. loasifolia STINGING PHACELIA Pteridium aquilinurn var. pubescens WESTERN BRACKEN FERN Scrophularia californica CALIFORNIA BEE PLANT or FIGWORT Solanum douglasii DOUGLAS’ S NIGHTSHADE Stachys bullata CALIFORNIA HEDGE NETTLE (*indicates dominant taxon)

In many places within the Coast Range Grassland and other communities, components of the Central Coast Scrub community appear. This is particularly true where there is a southerly exposure, steep slope, or poorly developed soil.

Keeler—Wolf and Keeler—Wolf (1977) described a separate community, “Transitional Scrub,” for the Limekiln Creek watershed that they considered

26 intermediate between Sage Scrub and the Chamise Chaparral. This community is a low, sparse scrub, and includes the species Eriogonum fasciculatum, Lotus scoparius, Heterotheca fastigiata, Hazardia squarrosa, Keckiella breviflora, Lupinus albifrons, and Yucca whipplei ssp. percursa. They sug- gested that this community is a successional stage, created by grazing and fire, and is likely to climax in either Sage Scrub or Chamise Chaparral. Genetti and Engles (1984) describe a separate community they call “rocky scrubland,” which grows on steep, rocky slopes in the Gamboa Point properties at elevations typical of sage scrub and chamise chaparral on the reserve. Floristically, this community is similar to the Keeler—Wolf’s transitional scrub, but Genetti and Engles hypothesize that it is not a successional stage.

Coastal Bluff Scrub Phase

On the rocky cliffs along the ocean, high exposure to wind and salt spray leads to a scattered vegetation of low, often prostrate plants. These occur as dwarfed shrubs, some succulents, and herbaceous perennials and annuals, usually less than 0.5 meters (1.5 ft) in height. The soil along the cliffs is poorly developed and rocky, and has been disturbed by many landslides. Here, the Central Coast Scrub is less dense and uniform than in other phases of this community. The Coastal Bluff Scrub experiences a relatively stable and moderate temperature regime because of its proximity to the ocean.

In addition to the plant species common to all phases of the Central Coast Scrub community, Eriophyllum staechadifolium, Eriogonum parviflorum, Lupinus arboreus, and various herbaceous wildflowers are all relatively abundant on rocky cliffs. Along seeps, Salix lasiolepis, Mimulus guttatus, and Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii are locally abundant. Arroyo willow also grows in the single dune area above the beach at the mouth of Big Creek. One small population of the succulent Carpobrotus aequilaterus grows on the rocky bluffs at the mouth of Big Creek. A single Mesembryanthemum crystallinum grows on a bluff just south of the mouth of Big Creek. The following list includes plant species of the Coastal Bluff Scrub phase found in addition to the species common to all phases of the Central Coast Scrub Community:

Briza sp. RATTLESNAKE GRASS Carpobrotus aequilaterus SEA FIG Corethrogyne leucophy1la BRANCHING BEACH—ASTER Dudleya caespitose SEA LETTUCE Epilobium canum ssp. canum HOARY CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii COAST COTTONWOOD Erigeron glaucus SEASIDE ASTER Eriogonum parvifolium DUNE BUCKWHEAT Eriophyllum staechadifolium SEASIDE WOOLLY-SUNFLOWER or LIZARD TAIL Mesembryanthemum crystallinum COMMON ICE PLANT Lotus benthamii BENTHAM’S LOTUS Lupinus arboreus BUSH LUPINE Mimulus guttatus SEEP—SPRING MONKEY-FLOWER Oenothera hookeri HOOKER’S EVENING PRIMROSE ssp. montereyensis Salix lasiolepis ARROYO WILLOW

Spergularia marina LARGE—FLOWERED SAND SPURREY Verbena robusta ROBUST VERBENA

Coastal Scrub Phase

The Coastal Scrub phase of the Central Coast Scrub community grows on the dry, well—drained, ocean—facing slopes with shallow, rocky soil and on the slopes at the mouth of Big Creek. This phase of the scrub community intergrades with the Coastal Bluff Scrub near the coast, and reaches an elevation of about 600 meters (2,000 ft). The Ceanothus Shrub community commonly mixes with this phase, notably at the North Gate access to Dolan Peak north of Big Creek. A dense association of shrubs, often 1 to 2 meters (3 to 7 ft) tall, and herbaceous annuals and perennials grows in this sub- community.

In addition to the species common to all phases of Central Coast Scrub, Eriophyllum staechadifolium, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Toxicoden- dron diversilobum, and Salvia mellifera all are abundant in the Coastal Scrub phase. The following list includes all species of the Coastal Scrub phase found in addition to the species common to all phases of the Central Coast Scrub community:

Astragalus oxyphysus DIABLO LOCOWEED Corethrogyne filaginifolia COMMON CORETHROGYNE Eriogonum parvifolium DUNE BUCKWHEAT Eriophyllum confertiflorum GOLDEN YARROW Eriophyllum staechadifolium SEASIDE WOOLLY-SUNFLOWER Marah fabaceus COMMON MANROOT or WILD CUCUMBER Monardella villosa var. franciscana COYOTE MINT or PENNYROYAL Navarretia atractyloides HOLLY-LEAVED NAVARRETIA Navarretia squarrosa SKUNKWEED Salvia mellifera BLACK SAGE Stephanomeria cichoriacea CHICKORY-LEAVED STEPHANOMERIA Stephanomeria virgata TALL STEPHANOMERIA Toxicodendron diversilobum POISON OAK Urtica holosericea HOARY STINGING NETTLE Verbena lasiostachys CALIFORNIA VERVAIN

Sage Scrub Phase

The Sage Scrub phase of the Central Coast Scrub community grows primarily on the dry, exposed, often south—facing slopes of the reserve. These areas occur inland from the ocean below an elevation of 900 meters (3,000 ft), where Chamise Chaparral becomes prominent. Low, mostly soft—woody shrubs up to 2 meters (7 ft) tall, and herbaceous annuals and perennials constitute this sub-community. The shrubs are often less dense than in the Coastal Scrub phase, which is lower and nearer to the ocean. There is a good example of well—developed Sage Scrub on the south—facing slope of Min- ing Ridge. This phase commonly mixes with chamise chaparral species, especially in the upper portion of the reserve.

In addition to the plant species common to all phases of the Central Coast Scrub, Salvia mellifera forms pure stands of limited extent in this sub-community. Yucca whipplei ssp. percursa grows on steep rocky sites. Dudleya cymosa ssp. setchellii is found occasionally on rock outcrops within this community. Other prominent plant species are Toxicodendron diversilobum, Rhamnus crocea ssp. ilicifolia, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, and three species of buckwheat (Eriogonum elongatum, E. fasciculatum var. foliolosum, and E. fasciculatum var. polifolium). Selaginella bigelovii often grows densely upon exposed rock faces. Moist drainages within the Sage Scrub support Umbellularia californica and Rhamnus californica. The following list includes plant species of the Sage Scrub phase found in addition to the species common to all phases of the Central Coast Scrub community:

Adenostoma fasciculatum CHAMISE Clematis lasiantha PIPE—STEM or VIRGIN’S BOWER Datisca glomerata DURANGO ROOT Dudleya cymosa ssp. setchellii CANYON DUDLEYA Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum CALIFORNIA WILLOW—HERB Eriogonum elongatum LONG-STEMMED BUCKWHEAT Eriogonum fasciculatum CALIFORNIA BUCKWHEAT Eriophyllum confertiflorum BRUSH GOLDEN YARROW Galium angustifolium NARROW-LEAVED BEDSTRAW Heteromeles arbutifolia TOYON Marah fabaceus COMMON MANROOT or WILD CUCUMBER Mimulus bifidus ssp. fasciculatus SANTA LUCIA STICKY MONKEY FLOWER Mimulus floribundus FLORIFEROUS MONKEY FLOWER Pellaea mucronata BIRD’S FOOT FERN Potentilla glandulosa STICKY CINQUEFOIL Rhamnus californica CALIFORNIA COFFEEBERRY Rhamnus crocea ssp. illicifolia BUCKTHORN or REDBERRY Salvia columbariae CHIA Sambucus mexicana BLUE ELDERBERRY Selaginella bigelovii BUSHY SELAGINELLA Toxicodendron diversilobum POISON OAK Umbellularia californica CALIFORNIA BAY Yucca whipplei ssp. percursa OUR LORD’S CANDLE

Cathedral Creek flows through Chamise Chaparral and Sage Scrub above an elevation of approximately 450 meters (1,500 ft). Where the stream flows through the Sage Scrub, Sambucus mexicana, Potentilla glandulosa, Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum, Mimulus guttatus ssp. guttatus, Datisca glomerata and a bushy form of Toxicodendron diversilobum are among the species of an especially rich and unusual plant association.

Ceanothus Shrub

A minor plant community, with Ceanothus thrysiflorus as the dominant species, Ceanothus Shrub can be found on shallow, rocky soils of the reserve’s steep slopes, at the border of several other plant communities. Shrubs of this dense community commonly reach a height of 3 meters (10 ft). Often, Bacharis pilularis ssp. consanguinea and Mimulus aurantiacus form important components of the Ceanothus Shrub community. Umbellularia californica predominates in some portions of this community. Along the coast, where coastal scrub mixes with this community, other species become common, such as Artemisia californica, Solanum douglasii, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Eriophyllum staechadifolium, and Scrophularia californica. At higher elevations, Heteromeles arbutifolia and Sambucus mexicana occasionally enter the Ceanothus Shrub, especially adjacent to the Sage Scrub and Chamise Chaparral communities. Ceanothus Shrub commonly grows between grassland or scrub communities and forest communities, and within disturbed forest areas——suggesting that the Ceanothus community is a successional stage between grassland or scrub and woodland or forest. The following list includes plant species identified for the Ceanothus Shrub community:

Artemisia californica CALIFORNIA SAGEBRUSH Bacharis pilularis ssp. consanguinea COYOTE BRUSH Ceanothus thrysiflorus* CALIFORNIA LILAC Eriophyllum confertiflorum GOLDEN YARROW Heteromeles arbutifolia TOYON Mimulus aurantiacus STICKY MONKEY FLOWER Rhamnus californica CALIFORNIA COFFEEBERRY Sambucus mexicana BLUE ELDERBERRY Scrophularia californica CALIFORNIA BEE PLANT or FIGWORT Solanum douglasii DOUGLAS ‘S NIGHTSHADE Umbellularia californica CALIFORNIA BAY

(*indicates dominant taxon)

Chamise Chaparral

Extensive stands of the sclerophyllous shrub Adenostoma fasciculatum are dominant on the exposed steep slopes of the upper ridges of the Santa Lucia Mountains. Chamise, a chaparral species, generally occurs above the Sage Scrub community on rocky slopes. The Chamise Chaparral community exists in the steepest, most xeric areas of the reserve. Commonly, Chamise Chaparral forms a mosaic with the Sage Scrub community as the two inter- grade. On the reserve, limited stands of Chamise Chaparral are present on the high east— and south—facing slopes of the northern boundary area above Big Creek. The community also occurs on the south—facing slopes of Mining Ridge, and along the upper portion of the property in the south fork of Devil’s Canyon. Elsewhere along the south fork of Devil’s Canyon, weakly developed Chamise Chaparral occurs on the steep northeast—facing slopes of the north canyon, especially in Section 28——the portion of the reserve far- thest from the coast.

A shrubby form of Toxicodendron diversilobum, three species of Cean- othus (Ceanothus thrysiflorus, C. papillosus var. roweanus, and C. sorediatus), Rhamnus croceus ssp. ilicifolia, and Heteromeles arbutifolia are scattered amid the chamise. A shrubby form of Quercus wislizenusii grows in some parts of the chaparral. In the springtime, Pellaea mucronata appears, but it fades away in the hot summer months. On bare rock faces, Selaginella bigelovii forms extensive colonies. Yucca whipplei ssp. percursa occasionally occurs on steep bare slopes. The following list includes plant species identified for the Chamise Chaparral community:

Achillea millefolium COMMON YARROW Adenostoma fasciculatum* CHAMISE Artemisia californica CALIFORNIA SAGEBRUSH Ceanothus papillosus var. roweanus WARTY-LEAVED CEANOTHUS Ceanothus sorediatus JIM BRUSH Clematis lasiantha PIPE—STEM, or VIRGIN’S BOWER Eriophyllum confertiflorum GOLDEN YARROW Hazardia squarrosa SAWTOOTH GOLDENBUSH Heteromeles arbutifolia TOYON Marah fabaceus COMMON MANROOT or WILD CUCUMBER Mimulus aurantiacus STICKY MONKEY FLOWER Pellaea mucronata BIRD’S—FOOT FERN Phacelia imbricate IMBRICATE PHACELIA Quercus wislizenusii INTERIOR LIVE OAK Rhamnus californica CALIFORNIA COFFEEBERRY Salvia mellifera BLACK SAGE Selaginella bigelovii BUSHY SELAGINELLA Toxicodendron diversilobum POISON OAK Yucca whipplei var. percursa OUR LORD’S CANDLE

*(indicates dominant taxon)

Coast Range Grassland

The Coast Range Grassland community occurs from the open ridgetops along the coast to the upper ridges of the reserve. The extensive grassland community has been formed in part by the clearing of brush to allow grazing and by natural— and human-induced fire. Continued grazing has helped main- tain the grassland near its present size, althouth the total grassland area has decreased steadily in the past several decades. Lower grassland vegetation consists of a dense growth of mixed grasses and low herbs. At the higher elevations of the reserve, the grass is typically more sparse, and the number of herbaceous plants increases. The patchy meadows of Section 32, at the headwaters of the tributary of the south for)c of Devil’s Creek (Shakemaker’s Creek), become quite marshy in the spring; these meadows contain an especially lush and rich growth of wildflowers.

European annual and perennial grasses, such as Avena spp. and Bromus spp. have replaced many native grasses. Even so, the native bunchgrass or needlegrass (Stipa sp.) is common in the grassland, especially where grazing has been light, as on Mining Ridge. Additional grasses include Elymus sp. and Festuca sp.. Common Eurasian weeds, such as Erodium cicutarium, Ge- ranium molle, Plantago lanceolata, and Anagallis arvensis grow in limited numbers in the meadow, especially along roadcuts. Silyburn marianum, a weed of Europe, has invaded the grassland in places where grazing has been intense and the soil is rich.

In winter, spring, and early summer the grassland exhibits a vibrant display of multi—colored wildflowers against a background of young green grass. The following list includes plant species identified for the Coast Range Grassland:

Avena spp. WILD OATS Anagallis arvensis SCARLET PIMPERNEL Bromus spp. BROMEGRASS Chiorogalum pomeridianum SOAP ROOT Clarkia unguiculata ELEGANT CLARKIA Clarkia purpurea ssp. quadrivulnera FOUR SPOT or WINE—CUP CLARKIA Collinsia heterophylla CHINESE HOUSES Delphinium nudicaule RED LARKSPUR Dichelostemma puichellum var. pauciflora WILD HYACINTH Dodecatheon clevelandii PADRE’S SHOOTING STAR Elymus sp. RYEGRASS Eremocarpus setigerus TURKEY MULLEIN Erodium cicutarium RED-STEMMED FILAREE Eschscholzia californica CALIFORNIA POPPY Festuca sp. FESCUE Geranium molle DOVE’S-FOOT GERANIUM Linanthus androsaceus SHOWER GILIA Lithophragma heterophyllum HILL STAR Lupinus albifrons SILVER LUPINE Lupinus hursutissimus HAIRY LUPINE Lupinus nanus SKY LUPINE

Lupinus variicolor LINDLEY’S VARIED LUPINE Mirabilis californica var. californicum COAST FOUR O’CLOCK Orthocarpus sp. OWL’S CLOVER Paeonia californica CALIFORNIA PEONY Plantago lanceolata PLANTAIN Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens WESTERN BRACKEN FERN Ranunculus californicus CALIFORNIA BUTTERCUP Saxifraga californica CALIFORNIA SAXIFRAGE Silybum marianum MILK THISTLE Stipa sp. Sisymbrium officinalis HEDGE MUSTARD Sisyrinchium bellum BLUE-EYED GRASS Trichostema lanceolatum VINEGAR WEED or CAMPHOR WEED Viola pedunculata JOHNNY JUMP—UP or WILD PANSY

Redwood Forest

Sequoia sempervirens is the dominant species in the most mesic portions of the reserve. Redwoods are found primarily in the fog belt that extends the sheltered canyons from the ocean. The fog provides moisture and cool air that moderate the local climate during the dry summer. Extensive stands virgin redwoods grow on the reserve. Here, near the southern limit of the species’ distribution, the redwoods are smaller than their northern counterparts, though the old trees attain considerable girth and height. Three distinct phases of the Redwood Forest community are apparent: 1) a Redwood— Streamside Forest in the Devil’s Creek and Big Creek canyon bottoms, where riparian component mixes with the redwoods; 2) a Pure Redwood Forest along the side canyons, where little else grows except redwood; and 3) a Redwood—Mixed Hardwood Forest, found primarily along moist north— facing slopes.

The dense canopy of redwood branches produces a cool, dark forest floor that experiences relatively stable temperatures and humidity. A deep layer of duff covers the shallow, well—drained soils. The steep canyon walls limit the sunlight that can reach the canyon bottoms. This condition, combined with the moderating effect of the ocean and the local effect of the redwood canopy, creates a fairly constant climate in the canyon bottoms. This local climate contrasts sharply with that of the exposed ridges, where greater extremes of temperature and humidity occur.

Species common to all phases of Redwood Forest include Polystichum munitum, P. dudleyi, Oxalis oregana, and Trillium ovatum. Along springs and creeks grow such species as Woodwardia fimbriata, Adiantum pedatum var. aleuticum, and Adiantum jordani. The following list includes plant species common to all phases of the Redwood Forest community:

Adiantum capillus—veneris VENUS—HAIR FERN Adiantum jordani CALIFORNIA MAIDEN-HAIR FERN Adiantum pedatum var. aleuticum FIVE-FINGER FERN Cynoglossum grande HOUND’S TONGUE Disporum hookeri FAIRY BELLS Dryopteris arguta CALIFORNIA WOOD FERN Lonicera hispidula var. vacillans CALIFORNIA HONEYSUCKLE Oxalis oregano REDWOOD SORREL Oxalis oregana forma smalliana REDWOOD SORREL Polystichum dudleyi DUDLEY’S SWORD FERN Polystichum munitum SWORD FERN Pteridium aquilinum WESTERN BRACKEN FERN var. pubescens Sequoia sempervirens* COAST REDWOOD Smilacina racemosa WESTERN SOLOMON’S SEAL var. amplexicaulis Stachys bullata CALIFORNIA HEDGE NETTLE Rosa gymnocarpa WOOD ROSE Rubus vitifolius CALIFORNIA BLACKBERRY Trientalis latifolia STAR FLOWER Trillium ovatum WESTERN WAKE ROBIN Vaccinium ovatum CALIFORNIA HUCKLEBERRY Woodwardia fimbriata WESTERN CHAIN FERN

(*indicates dominant taxon)

34 Redwood—Streamside Forest Phase In addition to the plant species common to all phases of the Redwood Forest community, the Redwood—Streamside Forest of the reserve’s major canyon bottoms includes riparian species such as Alnus rhombifolia, two willow species (Salix coulteri and S. lasiclepis), Platanus racemosa, and Acer macrophyllum. Lithocarpus densiflorus, Umbellularia californica, and Rham- nus californica are interspersed with other trees of this phase of the Red- wood Forest. Along the streambanks grow herbaceous and shrubby species such as Aralia californica, Boykinia elata, Rubus parviflorus var. velutinosum, and Equisetum telmateia var. braunii.

Common herbaceous plants with showy flowers include Auilegia formosa var. truncata, Calochortus albus, and Clintonia andrewsiana. Lilium pardalinum is common along Big Creek, where Psoralea macrostachya and Datisca glomerata can sometimes be found. The Epiactis gigantea, a relatively common orchid of the reserve, grows along Devil’s Creek. The alum roots, or heucheras (Heuchera spp.), which are found along the shady banks of Big and Devil’s Creeks, include several morphological types, suggesting that hy- bridization may occur between recognized species.

A single colony of Sedum spathulifolium var. anomalum grows on a rocky face in the canyon bottom near the mouth of Big Creek canyon, at an elevation of approximately 20 meters (80 ft). Close by grow Coastal Bluff species such as Dudleya caespitosa and Erigeron glaucus.

The following list includes plant species of the Redwood—Streamside Forest identified in addition to plant species common to all phases of the Redwood Forest community:

Acer macrophyllum BIGLEAF MAPLE Alnus rhombifolia WHITE ALDER Aquilegia formosa var. truncata CRIMSON COLUMBINE Aralia californica ELK CLOVER Boykinia elata COAST BOYKINIA Calochortus albus FAIRY LANTERN Clematis ligusticifolia YERBA de CHIVATO or WESTERN VIRGIN’S BOWER Clintonia andrewsiana RED CLINTONIA Datisca glomerata DURANGO ROOT Dentaria californica TOOTHWORT Epipactus gigantea STREAM ORCHID Equisetum telmateia var. braunii GIANT HORSETAIL Fragaria vesca ssp. californica CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRY Garrya elliptica COAST SILK TASSEL Heuchera spp. ALUM ROOT Hieracium argutum var. parishii HAWKWEED Holodiscus discolor CREAM BUSH or OCEAN SPRAY Iris douglasiana DOUGLAS’S IRIS Lilium pardalinum LEOPARD LILY Lithocarpus densiflorus TANBARK OAK Madia madioides WOODLAND MADIA Petasites frigidus var. palmatus WESTERN COLTSFOOT

Platanus racemosa WESTERN SYCAMORE Psoralea macrostachya LEATHER ROOT Rhamnus californica CALIFORNIA COFFEEBERRY Ribes spp. GOOSEBERRIES Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum RED-FLOWERED CURRANT Rubus parviflorus var. velutinus THIMBLEBERRY Salix sitchensis COULTER’S WILLOW Salix lasiolepis ARROYO WILLOW Sanicula crassicaulis SNAKEROOT Scrophularia californica CALIFORNIA BEE PLANT or FIGWORT Sedum spathulifolium ssp. anomalum PACIFIC SEDUM Toxicodendron diversilobum POISON OAK Umbellularia californica CALIFORNIA BAY Viola sempervirens REDWOOD VIOLET Zygadenus fremontii DEATH CAMAS

Pure Redwood Forest Phase

Pure groves of virgin redwoods grow in some of the side canyons on the reserve. Often, these trees reach diameters of 2 to 3 meters (6 to 10 ft). In contrast to the Redwood—Streamside Forest and the Redwood—Mixed Hardwood Forest, species diversity is extremely low in the Pure Redwood Forest. For the most part, only those species that are common to all phases of the Redwood Forest are present. In some groves of the largest old redwoods, nothing grows beneath the trees; even sword fern and redwood sorrel— —— species that are tolerant of redwood duff and deep shade —— are absent there.

Pure stands of redwood grow along Brunnette and Cathedral creeks in the northern part of the reserve. The tributaries draining into Big Creek from the south contain groves of pure redwood. The canyon draining to the ocean just south of the main Big Creek—Devil’s Creek canyon contains additional Pure Redwood Forest. Also, the Rat Creek drainage at the northern boundary of the reserve includes pure stands of redwood.

In addition to the species commonly present within a well—developed redwood community, two boreal species —— Gaultheria shallon and Mahonia nervosa —— are present in a drainage that enters Rat Creek from the south. Thus, Rat Creek contains a redwood association somewhat similar to that of the more northerly range of redwood.

Redwood—Mixed Hardwood Forest Phase

On moist, north—facing slopes redwood mixes with species of the Mixed Hardwood Forest. These include Lithocarpus densiflorus, Umbellularia californica, Quercus agrifolia, and Rhamnus californica. The following list includes plant species of the Redwood—Mixed Hardwood Forest identified in addition to the species common to all phases of the Redwood Forest community:

Acer macrophyllum BIGLEAF MAPLE Arbutus menziesii MADRONE Calochortus albus FAIRY LANTERN

Fragaria vesca ssp. californica CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRY Galium spp. BEDSTRAW Hieracium argutum var. parishii HAWKWEED Hierochloe occidentalis VANILLA GRASS Lithocarpus densiflorus TANBARK OAK Mahonia nervosa OREGON GRAPE Osmorhiza chilensis WOOD CICELY Pityrogramma triangularis GOLDENBACK FERN Polygala californica CALIFORNIA MILKWORT Polypodium californicum CALIFORNIA POLYPODY FERN Quercus agrifolia COAST LIVE OAK Rhamnus californica CALIFORNIA COFFEEBERRY Ribes spp. CURRANTS and GOOSEBERRIES Satureja douglasii YERBA BUENA Saxifraga californica CALIFORNIA SAXIFRAGE Toxicodendron diversilobum POISON OAK Umbellularia californica CALIFORNIA BAY

At the tops of the slopes, redwoods are stunted. This is due to lower moisture availability and greater exposure than occurs in the moist, sheltered canyon bottoms. In these places the Redwood Forest gradually gives way to Mixed Hardwood Forest. Elsewhere, the transition from Redwood Forest to Mixed Hardwood Forest is relatively abrupt.

An example of the Redwood-Streamside Forest phase of the Redwood Forest community grows near the Hot Spring.

Streambank Woodland

Streambank Woodland is a highly moisture—dependent community that forms a narrow band along stream margins. This community differs from the Redwood-Streamside Forest community of the lower canyon in that it lacks redwood, occurs at a higher elevation, and has a lower species diversity. On the reserve, Streambank Woodland occurs along the south fork of Devil’s Canyon above an elevation of approximately 600 meters (2,200 ft), where no more redwoods grow.

The true riparian species Alnus rhombifolia and Platanus racemosa grow in a mixed woodland along Devil’s Creek. Acer macrophyllum, Lithocar- pus densiflorus, and Umbellularia californica intermix in this woodland. A rich herbaceous cover of Aralia californica often grows up to 2 meters (7 ft) tall along the creek. Boykinia elata clings to mossy rocks close to the rushing water, and Adiantum pedatum var. aleuticum drapes down moist, shaded rock faces. A short distance from the creek banks is a shaded understory including such herbaceous plants as Stachys bullata, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Rubus vitifolius, and Polystichum munitum. Woodwardia fimbriata occurs in a thick growth where the soil is continually saturated With water.

A mixed hardwood community occurs adjacent to the Streambank Wood- land, south along the north—facing slope and north in places where the canyon bottom is wider. At higher elevations on south—facing slopes, the vegetation changes rapidly to Sage Scrub and Chaparral.

The following list includes plants species of the Streambank Woodland community:

Acer macrophyllum BIGLEAF MAPLE Adiantum pedatum var. aleuticum FIVE—FINGER FERN Alnus rhombifolia WHITE ALDER Aralia californica ELK CLOVER Boykinia elata COAST BOYKINIA Lithocarpus densiflorus TANBARK OAK Platanus racemosa WESTERN SYCAMORE Polystichum munitum SWORD FERN Rubus parviflorus var. velutinus THIMBLEBERRY Rubus vitifolius CALIFORNIA BLACKBERRY Stachys bullata CALIFORNIA HEDGE NETTLE Toxicodendron diversilobum POISON OAK Umbellularia californica CALIFORNIA BAY Woodwardia fimbriata WESTERN CHAIN FERN

38 Mixed Hardwood Forest

Mixed Hardwood Forest, a community containing several hardwood species, grows primarily on north—facing slopes. This community grows above and mixes with the Redwood Forest. On the reserve, from an elevation of about 60 meters (200 ft) to about 850 meters (2,800 ft), a phase of this community occurs in which Quercus agrifolia is among the dominant trees. Above 850 meters, Quercus chrysolepis begins to replace Quercus agrifolia as the dominant live oak. This transition begins in the upper elevations of the reserve, but the canyon live oak phase of the Mixed Hardwood Forest is not well developed here.

This extensive mixed forest has a high species diversity, with a number of dominant trees and a rich understory. Lithocarpus densiflorus, Um- bellularia californica, Arbutus menziesii, Acer macrophyllum, and Rubus vitifolius predominate in the overstory. Interior live oak (Quercus wislizenusii) grows occasionally in this community. Coast and interior live oaks appear to hybridize on the reserve, as they do elsewhere in Califor- nia. The following list includes plant species of the Mixed Hardwood For- est community:

Adiantum jordani CALIFORNIA MAIDEN—HAIR FERN Arbutus menziesii MADRONE Aspidotis californica CALIFORNIA LACE FERN Calochortus albus FAIRY LANTERN Calochortus albus var. rubellus FAIRY LANTERN Chiorogalum pomeridianum SOAP ROOT Clarkia unguiculata ELEGANT CLARKIA Corallorhiza maculata SPOTTED CORAL-ROOT Cynoglossum grande HOUND’S TONGUE Dryoteris arguta CALIFORNIA WOOD FERN Fragaria vesca ssp. californica CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRY Galium spp. BEDSTRAW Gnaphalium bicolor BIOLETTI‘S CUDWEED Gnaphalium californicum CALIFORNIA EVERLASTING Gnaphalium microcephalum WHITE EVERLASTING Gnaphalium purpureum PURPLE CUDWEED Hieracium argutum var. parishii HAWKWEED Iris douglasiana DOUGLAS’S IRIS Lathyrus vestitus ssp. puberulus PACIFIC PEA Lithocarpus densiflorus TANBARK OAK Lonicera hispidula var. vacillans CALIFORNIA HONEYSUCKLE Madia gracilis GUMWEED Osmorhiza chilensis WOOD CICELY Pellaea andromedaefolia COFFEE FERN Polypodium californicum CALIFORNIA POLYPODY FERN Polystichum californicum CALIFORNIA SHIELD FERN Quercus agrifolia COAST LIVE OAK Quercus chrysolepis CANYON LIVE OAK (at higher elevations) Quercus wislizenusii INTERIOR LIVE OAK Rhamnus californica CALIFORNIA COFFEEBERRY Ribes spp. CURRANTS and GOOSEBERRIES

Rosa gymnocarpa WOOD ROSE Rosa pinetorum PINE ROSE Rubus vitifolius CALIFORNIA BLACKBERRY Satureja douglasii YERBA BUENA Saxifraga californica CALIFORNIA SAXIFRAGE Stachys bullata CALIFORNA HEDGENETTLE Symphoricarpos mollis CREEPING SNOWBERRY Thalictrum fendleri FENDLER’S MEADOW RUE Thysanocarpus elegans LACE POD Toxicodendron diversilobum POISON OAK Umbellularia californica CALIFORNIA BAY Whipplea modesta YERBA DE SELVA Woodwardia fimbriata WESTERN CHAIN FERN

One specimen of the Corallorhiza maculata was found growing under an old California bay tree at an elevation of about 475 meters (1,570 ft) near the old Boronda Homestead in the northern part of the reserve.

Pure stands of Lithocarpus densiflorus occur to a limited extent on the borders of the Redwood Forest community and within the Mixed Hardwood Forest community. Pure stands of old Umbellularia californica occur toward the upper reaches of the Mixed Hardwood Forest. This bay forest is particularly well developed west of Brunnette Creek and near the old Boronda Home- stead. Few plants grow in the understory of the bay forest. These pure stands of bay trees can be considered phases of the Mixed Hardwood Forest or, perhaps, separate communities. At the tops of ridges, the Quercus agrifolia form an essentially pure woodland, which has been classified as a separate community in this study.

40 Coast Live Oak Woodland

On the tops of north—facing slopes and ridges along the coast, the Mixed Hardwood Forest community gives way to a Coast Live Oak Woodland community. This community consists of large, well—spaced trees and shrubs, with Quercus agrifolia as the dominant species. The woodland is most dense near the Mixed Hardwood Forest and becomes more open and savannah—like as it blends into grassland on the tops of ridges.

Arbutus menziesii grows amid the oaks, especially toward the border of the Mixed Hardwood Forest. Groves of Umbellularia californica grow in rocky places within the oak woodland. Grasses and herbaceous plants growing between the trees include Iris douglasiana, Triteleia ixioides, Galium spp., and lupines (Lupinus spp.). In places of high exposure, scrub and chaparral species appear; these include Salvia columbariae and Monardella villosa var. franciscana. The Coast Live Oak Woodland community intergrades with the Ponderosa Pine—Hoover’s Manzanita Woodland on the ridge south of Devil’s Creek. The following list includes the plant species of the Coast Live Oak Woodland community:

Arbutus menziesii MADRONE Galium spp. BEDSTRAWS Iris douglasiana DOUGLAS’S IRIS Lathyrus vestitus ssp. puberulus PACIFIC PEA Lotus scoparius DEER WEED Lupinus spp. LUPINES Quercus agrifolia* COAST LIVE OAK Rhamnus californica CALIFORNIA COFFEEBERRY Toxicodendron diversilobum POISON OAK Triteleia ixioides GOLDEN BRODIAEA Umbellularia californica CALIFORNIA BAY

(* indicates dominant taxon)

41 Ponderosa Pine – Hoover’s Manzanita Woodland

A woodland of old Pinus ponderosa grows on the flat open ridgetop south of Devil’s Canyon and extends eastward toward Lion Peak. Beneath the well—spaced pines grows a dense shrub understory of the tree-like Arc- tostaphylos hooveri, which often reaches a height of 4 meters (13 ft). This rare mnzanita species, an endemic of the Santa Lucia Mountains, exhibits profuse clusters of white or pink flowers in the late winter and early spring.

Young pines and seedlings are present in largest numbers where the woodland merges with meadows and along old road cuts. Arctostaphylos hooveri appears to be inhibiting young pines from becoming established in the more mature woodland. In some places the Arctostaphylos hooveri forms essentially pure stands that are taller and more lush than manzanita chaparral found in other parts of California. A smaller, more scrubby growth of Arctostaphylos hooveri can occasionally be found within the Chamise Chapar- ral and Sage Scrub communities.

Madrone is commonly interspersed with manzanitas in this plant community. Shrubs growing in association with this community include Ceanothus thrysiflorus, Ceanothus sorediatus, Rhamnus californica, Heteromeles arbutifolia, and Toxicodendron diversilobum. Ericameria arborescens has been found in the community along the South Access Road.

Adjacent to Highlands Camp, on the edge of the Ponderosa Pine – Hoo- ver’s Manzanita Woodland in a meadow at an elevation of about 580 meters (1,900 ft), grows a single large, old Quercus kelloggii with tremendous spreading branches. This well—formed black oak is one of two that have been found in the reserve; the other is a smaller tree in the mixed forest of Section 32. Many black oak seedlings have been found in the Highlands Camp area. A huge Lithocarpus densiflorus of similar age and stature grows nearby. Much of the understory of the Ponderosa Pine – Hoover’s Manzanita Woodland is quite similar to that of the Coast Live Oak Woodland community, with which the ponderosa – manzanita community intergrades. In the spring and summer, Piperia elegans often occurs under the manzanitas.

The following list includes plant species identified for the Ponder- osa Pine – Hoover’s Manzanita Woodland community:

Arbutus menziesii MADRONE Arctostaphylos hooveri* HOOVER’S MANZANITA Ceanothus sorediatus JIM BRUSH Ceanothus thrysiflorus CALIFORNIA LILAC Ericameria arborescens GOLDEN FLEECE Heteromeles arbutifolia TOYON Lithocarpus densiflorus TANBARK OAK Pinus ponderosa PONDEROSA PINE Piperia elegans REIN ORCHID Quercus kelloggii BLACK OAK Rhamnus californica CALIFORNIA COFFEEBERRY Toxicodendron diversilobum POISON OAK

(*indicates dominant taxon)

Coulter Pine Forest

The lower limit of the Coulter Pine Forest community occurs in the highest elevations of the reserve. Isolated stands of Pinus coulteri grow on the ridge northwest of Lion Peak in Section 32 at an elevation of about 900 meters (3,000 ft) and in Section 28 at the same elevation and higher. This pine occurs most extensively as an open forest in the upper elevation of the Santa Lucia Mountains, predominantly along ridgetops and on moderate slopes. Pinus coulteri usually occurs with mixed hardwood species above the Pinus ponderosa.

Eriodictyon californicum, a plant common in burned areas, is present in the Coulter pine stands in both Section 32 and Section 28, suggesting that Pinus coulteri become established in areas of past burns. Pinus ponderosa were found growing above and below a stand of about 20 Coulter pine trees and seedlings on the ridge northwest of Lion Peak, and above a stand of similar size farther up the ridge. The stands in Section 28 are more numerous and lack Pinus ponderosa. Three small stands of Pinus coulteri occur there on the reserve proper; a number of more extensive stands occur along the ridgetop outside the reserve in Section 28.

43 Santa Lucia Fir Woodland

The endemic Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata) grows on the steep, rocky, moderately exposed slopes of the higher elevations of the Santa Lu- cia Mountains. This spire—like fir is highly fire sensitive, occurring on steep, rocky slopes where fires cannot ordinarily burn. It usually grows with species of the canyon live oak phase of the Mixed Hardwood Forest (Talley 1974). The Santa Lucia Fir Woodland community reaches its lower elevational limit on the reserve. One stand of more than 20 firs and seedlings grows within a coast live oak phase of Mixed Hardwood Forest along the east side of the tributary of the south fork of Devil’s Creek in Sec- tion 32. Several young trees were found in the tributary canyon growing among redwoods. A more extensive stand containing many old and young firs occurs along the south fork of Devil’s Creek where Quercus chrysolepis begin to appear in the Mixed Hardwood Forest. There, Abies bracteata grow in a community extending from near Devil’s Creek to the ridge below Lion Peak.

44 NATURAL AND HUMAN DISTURBANCES OF THE VEGETATION

Introduction

Disturbed areas are places that have been significantly altered by natural events (i.e., changes in existing environmental or biological conditions), and human activities. Disturbed areas occur to some degree in all of the plant communities of the reserve. Naturally caused disturbances include fire, flooding, landslides, the introduction of new species by natural dispersal, and changes in herbivore activity. Human alterations include accidental and deliberate fires, fire suppression, grazing, logging, inten- tional and accidental introduction of plant and animal species, and the building of roads and structures.

Road construction in the reserve has provided open areas where sun- loving and weedy species have become established. Roads also provide inva- sion paths for exotic species. In addition, erosion and changes in drainage patterns often result from road cuts.

Other conspicuous sites of disturbance are the various cabins and homesteads on the reserve. Their construction has been accompanied by vegetation clearing, lumber cutting for building, and general increases in human activity. Cultivated plants have replaced native species in small gardens near the caretaker’s house and at the abandoned homesteads. In some cases the cultivated plants have spread; approximately one—sixth hectare (one—third acre) of periwinkle (Vinca major) – a garden plant from Europe – grows at the Gamboa Homestead. Through the years humans have also altered the natural vegetation b diverting water to houses and gardens. Overall, however, the vegetation of the reserve shows only a moderate amount of disturbance by human activity.

45 Fire

Fire may have always played a major role in the ecology of the Santa Lucia Mountains, forming and reordering plant community structure. Undoubt- edly, naturally occurring fire periodically consumed major portions of most communities. It was a common practice among the coastal Indians, including the Esselen and Salman groups which occupied the Big Creek area, to set fires to clear land and increase productivity (Howard 1973; Gordon 1974; Lewis 1973). The European settlers regularly used fire to clear land for grazing. In addition, accidental fire has been common as long as people have inhabited the land. Mooney and Conrad (1977) give an excellent account of the role of fire in Mediterranean ecosystems. Several authors discuss fires in the Santa Lucia Mountains: Sterling 1904; Brown 1945; Stebbins and

Taylor 1973; Morrison 1976; and Talley 1976. The Marble—Cone fire of 1977 burned to the ridge just north of the reserve property. A major portion of the upper Big Creek watershed was burned in this fire, but the Devil’s

Creek watershed remained untouched. Griffin (1978) gives an account of the short—term effects of this fire. The Gamboa fire of 1981 burned a portion of the South Fork Devil’s Canyon area of the reserve; Carpenter (1984) dis- cusses the effect of this fire on the region’s vegetation and flora.

Char marks on redwoods indicate the occurrence of past fires within the reserve, as do the extensive grasslands and the presence of Coulter pine, ponderosa pine, and other species known to germinate after fire. Many species of the reserve are partially fire resistant; these include ponderosa pine, coast redwood, and California sagebrush. Santa Lucia fir is fire— sensitive and so indicates slopes where fire cannot ordinarily occur (Talley 1974). Portions of the reserve, especially those nearer the ocean, contain many old trees, indicating the absence of major fires in these areas for many years. The fuel levels on the reserve are extremely high, and the possibility of a major fire within the reserve is quite real, especially in the dry summer months and before fall rains.

46 Grazing

Cattle belonging to local ranchers were allowed to graze on the Big Creek property for decades; however, in the spring of 1984, the Natural Re- serve System terminated its lease with the ranchers. Due to the many years of grazing, some steep slopes have been terraced by the movements of cattle. Elsewhere, hills, gullies, and topsoil loss have resulted where grazing has been most intense. Water quality may also have been affected by ex- crement and erosion, although such effects have not been adequately studied within the reserve. Grazing of cattle tends to allow the introduction of weedy plant species. Further, grazing tends to favor European annual and perennial grasses. However, although grazing diminishes the presence of certain native plants such as bunch grasses and some wildflowers, a moderate level of grazing appears to favor other wildflower species. In the absence of competition with cattle, more forage is available to native animal species. Finally, the many years of grazing may have kept some grassland areas open by preventing the establishment of plant species from the scrub and woodland communities.

Land that is significantly grazed is kept at an earlier or younger stage of succession. The short term effects of eliminating grazing from the Big Creek reserve are likely to be a decrease in erosion, a decrease in soil compaction, a change in species diversity, an improvement of water quality, and an increase in forage availability for native animal species. In the long term, the elimination of grazing is likely to lead to a decrease in the size of the grassland area, particularly in the absence of fires. Also, the danger of fire in the tall, dry grass during summer is likely to increase.

Logging

No major logging activities have taken place within the reserve, although the effects of small—scale logging are apparent. Trees were cut dur-

47 ing the construction of the old coast trail, which passes through the property. Likewise, trees were cut in the building of the roads and trails in the reserve. Trees, especially redwoods, were also felled to build some of the homesteads and cabins on the reserve. Firewood has long been gathered by the various occupants of the property. A shingle maker cut redwoods for use in his small milling operation. A number of old overgrown roads on the South Highlands appear to have been used for hauling out ponderosa pine and redwood logs. Many old redwoods lie where they were cut and apparently abandoned in various parts of the reserve.

DISCUSSION OF THE FLORA

Floristic Summary

The vascular plants of the reserve, as presently known, consist of 72 families, 224 genera, and 342 species. Approximately 36 percent of these are annuals, and about 62 percent are perennials. A tabulation of the flora by class and subclass is presented in Table 2—1.

Table 2—1: Taxonomic Position of the Vascular Plants in the Reserve

Taxonomic Families Genera Species Percent of Division All Species Lycopodinae 1 1 1 0.3 Equisitae 1 1 1 0.3 Filicinae 5 9 15 4.4 Angiospermae Dicotyledones 54 172 273 79.6 Monocotyledones 8 37 46 13.4

TOTAL 72 224 343

Approximately 42 percent of the 162 families listed for California (Munz 1959) are represented in the reserve flora. This is a relatively large number for an area consisting of only about 1,600 hectares (4,000 acres). How- ever, 24 families in the flora are represented by only one species. The 10 largest families comprise 54 percent of the taxa in the area; they are listed in Table 2—2.

Table 2—2: Ten Largest Families of Vascular Plants in the Reserve

Families Genera Species Percent of All Species Asteraceae 31 48 13.9 Fabaceae 10 32 9.3 Poaceae 17 25 7.3 Scrophulariaceae 10 17 4.9 Brassicaceae 11 15 4.4 Rosaceae 9 12 3.5 Saxifragaceae 6 10 2.9 Liliaceae 8 9 2.6 Ranunculaceae 6 9 2.6 Polemoniaceae 3 8 2.3

TOTALS 111 185 53.7

The seven largest genera in the flora contain 12.3 percent of the species found in the reserve; these are given in Table 2—3.

Table 2—3: Seven Largest Genera of Vascular Plants in the Reserve

Genus Species Percent of All Taxa Trifolium 8 2.3 Lupinus 7 2.0 Gnaphalium 7 2.0 Ceanothus 5 1.5 Lotus 5 1.5 Quercus 5 1.5 Ribes 5 1.5

TOTALS 42 12.3

50 Endemism

An endemic plant species is one restricted or peculiar to a particu- lar locality or region. The state of California, as a biogeographic region, supports a remarkably large number of endemics. A well—known endemic occurring on the reserve is the coast redwood.

Stebbins and Major (1965), studying the phenomenon of endemism in California, defined the “California Floristic Province,” and divided this region into 10 subdivisions. The Big Creek reserve falls within the Central Coast Subdivision: this Subdivision is a “region where the larger genera contain the highest number of endemic species, and consequently, where centers of active speciation are most likely to be found” (Stebbins and Major 1965).

Within this subdivision, Stebbins and Major delimit 10 localized centers of high endemic concentration; these areas all have exceptional ecological diversity. The reserve is located near the northeastern border of the Santa Lucia region of endemism.

Thus, the reserve is located in an area where, statistically, there are relatively large numbers of plants endemic to California. This floral uniqueness is due mostly to the area’s topographic, edaphic, and climatic diversity, which creates a Wide variety of microhabitat conditions promot- ing both the speciation of newly evolved endemics and the survival of relictual endemics formerly of wider distribution (such as the coast redwood).

Of special interest are endemic species with extremely limited ranges. The Santa Lucia endemic center is the core of an area relatively rich in these “narrow” endemics, which are restricted, in this case, to the Santa Lucia Mountains and adjacent ranges. Nine plants growing on the reserve are endemic to the region encompassing the Santa Lucia Mountains and

51 the southern Diablo Range to the east. These plants are listed in Table 2— 4.

Table 2—4: Santa Lucia Mountains and southern Diablo Range Endemics Found in the Reserve Abies bracteata SANTA LUCIA FIR Arctostaphylos hooveri HOOVER’ S MANZANITA Clarkia lewisii HILL CLARKIA Lupinus abramsii ABRAM’S LUPINE Mimulus bifidus ssp. fasciculatus SANTA LUCIA STICKY MONKEY FLOWER Mimulus subsecundus ONE-SIDED MONKEY FLOWER Oenothera hookeri ssp. montereyensis HOOKER’S PRIMROSE Ribes menziesii var. hystrix PORCUPINE GOOSEBERRY Ribes sericeum SANTA LUCIA GOOSEBERRY

Perhaps the most well—known Santa Lucia endemic is the Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata). Griffin and Critchfield (1972) call this tree “the rarest and most unusual fir in North America.” Steven Talley (1974) has made an excellent study of the Santa Lucia fir.

52 Disjunct Species

A disjunct population of a plant species has somehow been isolated or become established far from the major population, which is normally distributed fairly widely. There are three disjunct species on the reserve. The ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) in the Santa Lucia Mountains and on the reserve are disjunct from their major population in the northwestern

United States. Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) and spotted coral—root (Corallorhiza maculata) are also disjunct from their major populations.

In the Santa Lucia Mountains, ponderosa pines grow in “scattered stands on shallow, stony barns ... in a ragged mixed conifer forest—oak woodland complex on upper slopes” (Griffin 1964).

Apparently, the growth and vigor of the Santa Lucia ponderosa pine population is far inferior to that of the major population in the Sierra

Nevada. The trees on the reserve are found almost entirely in Sections 31 and 32, at elevations above 1,200 meters (3,900 ft). The stand grows on a sandy ridgetop that faces oceanward. Redwood and Mixed Hardwood Forests surround the pon— derosa pine complex and occupy soils of finer texture and higher organic content. The redwood flora appears unable to compete with the pine forest and chaparral species on the sandy habitat where the coarse—textured soils and low fertility favor drought—resistant species. Griffin (1964) has termed the central coast ponderosa pine community an apparent edaphic “climax” on sandy areas.

The ponderosa pine population on the reserve grows to within 0.75 kilometers of the ocean, making this stand one of the closest to the sea in any area.

The sugar pine is an important tree in the Cascade—Sierra Nevada range mixed conifer forest. A disjunct stand, however, survives in Monterey County in the Cone Peak—Devil’s Canyon region and on Junipero Serra Peak (Griffin and Critchfield 1972). This montane disjunct is not found elsewhere in the south coast ranges (i.e., Santa Cruz Mountains, Mount Hamilton Range, Diablo Range, or San Luis Obispo County). Its closest neighboring populations are in Santa Barbara County to the south, and Napa County to the north (Griffin n.d.).

Only two sugar pines have been found on the reserve. One of these was young – only about 0.5 meters (2 ft) high. It was growing at an elevation of approximately 700 meters (2,300 ft) in a brushy section at the top of the Canogas Falls trail. The other, a good—sized tree, was found in a minor drainage that feeds the Vicente Creek watershed. The tree was growing at an elevation of approximately 625 meters (2,050 ft) in Mixed Hardwood Forest adjacent to a stand of redwoods.

Many more sugar pines occur at higher elevations in Los Padres Na- tional Forest and several trees grow on the adjacent Gamboa Property, near its southeastern border. Apparently, sugar pines never occur in large stands (Bowers 1965).

The spotted coral—root is a montane disjunct in the Santa Lucia Moun- tains; limited populations also occur in the Santa Cruz Mountains. It is considered uncommon in both regions (Griffin n.d.). One plant was found growing on the reserve in a tanbark oak woodland between the Boronda Home- stead and Cathedral Creek.

Distributional Limits

Within the reserve there are 26 species that reach either their northern or coastal northern distributional limits in Monterey County. These are listed in Table 2—5. Some species, such as the California peony (Paeonia california), probably reach their northern limits on the reserve or just north of it.

Table 2—5: Plant Species of the Reserve that Reach Their Northern or Coastal Northern Distributional Limits in Monterey County

Agroyron parishii var. laeve Astragalus curtipes SAN LUIS LOCOWEED Calystegia macrostegia ssp. cyclostegia COAST MORNING GLORY Ceanothus griseus CARMEL CEANOTHUS Ceanothus oliganthus HAIRY CEANOTHUS Corethrogyne filaginifolia COMMON CORETHROGYNE Delphinium cardinale SCARLET LARKSPUR Dudleya caespitosa SEA LETTUCE Dudleya cymosa ssp. minor GOLDMAN’S DUDLEYA Epilobium canurn ssp. canum HOARY CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA Eriogonum elongatum LONG-STEMMED ERIOGONUM Eriogonum fasciculatum ssp. foliolosum CALIFORNIA BUCKWHEAT Eriogonum parvifolium DUNE ERIOGONUM Galium angustifolium ssp. angustifolium NARROW-LEAVED BEDSTRAW Hazardia squarrosa SAWTOOTH GOLDENBUSH Hieracium arguturn var. parishii Linanthus androsacens ssp. micranthus Mesembryanthemum crystallinum COMMON ICE PLANT Mirabilis californica var. californicum COAST FOUR O’CLOCK Paeonia californica CALIFORNIA PEONY Phacelia malvifolia var. loasifolia STINGING PHACELIA Ribes amarum BITTER GOOSEBERRY Ribes sericeum SANTA LUCIA GOOSEBERRY Sedum spathulifoliuin ssp. anomalum PACIFIC STONECROP Stephanomeria cichoriacea CHICORY—LEAVED STEPHANOMERIA Yucca whipplei ssp. percursa OUR LORD’S CANDLE

There are 33 species occurring on the reserve that reach either their southern or coastal southern limit in Monterey County or in the very northern portion of San Luis Obispo County. These are listed in Table 2—6. Many of these are associated with the coast redwood, which reaches its southern limit near the southern border of Monterey County.

Table 2—6: Plant Species of the Reserve that Reach Their Southern or Coastal Southern Distributional Limits In or Near Monterey County

Anemone quinquefolia var. grayi WIND FLOWER Calochortus albus var. rubellus WHITE GLOBE LILY Ceanothus papillosus ssp. roweanus WARTY-LEAVED CEANOTHUS Clintonia andrewsiana RED CLINTONIA Collomia heterophylla VARIED—LEAVED COLLOMIA Corethrogyne leucophylla BRANCHING BEACH—ASTER Delphinium nudicaule RED LARKSPUR Dicentra formosa BLEEDING HEART Disporum hookeri FAIRY BELLS Eriodictyon californica YERBA SANTA Eriophyllum staechadifolium SEASIDE WOOLY-SUNFLOWER Hierochloe occidentalis VANILLA GRASS Horkelia frondosa LEAFY HORKELIA Linanthus androsaceus COMMON LINANTHUS Lithocarpus densiflorus TANBARK OAK Madia madicides WOODLAND MADIA Mahonia nervosa OREGON GRAPE Marah fabaceus COMMON MANROOT Monardella villosa ssp. sheltonii PENNYROYAL Navarretia squarrosa SKUNKWEED Oxalis oregana REDWOOD SORREL Oxalis oregana forma smalliana Petasites palmatus WESTERN COLTSFOOT Polygala californica CALIFORNIA MILKWORT Polypodium glycyrrhiza LICORICE FERN Polystichum californicum CALIFORNIA SHIELD FERN Polystichum dudleyi DUDLEY’S SHIELD FERN Rosa gymnocarpa WOOD ROSE Sequoia sempervirens COAST REDWOOD Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus COMMON SNOWBERRY Trifolium bifidum PINOLE CLOVER Trillium ovatum WESTERN WAKE ROBIN Viola sempervirens REDWOOD VIOLET Whipplea modesta YERBA DE SELVA

56 Introduced Plants

Raven and Axelrod (1978) have estimated that 674 species have been introduced into the California flora since the arrival of European settlers. They state that “the introduction of exotic plants into California began in May 1769 when Father Junipero Serra reached San Diego Bay and founded the first permanent European settlement in Alta California ... Frenkel (1970) has calculated that at least 16 species of exotic plants were established in California during Spanish colonization, 1769—1824; 63 additional species during Mexican occupation, 1825—1860.” They estimate that about 75 percent of the naturalized flora of the state is from Eurasia and North Africa; approximately 17 percent is from the New World, and the remainder is from miscellaneous sources.

Introduced species make up approximately one—sixth of the reserve plants; of the 342 species known from the reserve, 58 are exotics. Most of the exotics grow beside roads and trails, in grazed meadows, and around habitations. The highest concentration is along State Highway 1. Table 2—7 lists the introduced plants found in the reserve.

Table 2—7: Introduced Plants of the Reserve

Achillea millefolium COMMON YARROW Aira caryophyllea HAIR GRASS Anagallis arvensis SCARLET PIMPERNEL Avena barbata SLENDER WILD OAT Avena fatua WILD OAT Brassica rapa FIELD MUSTARD Brassica geniculata SUMMER MUSTARD Briza maxima RATTLESNAKE GRASS Bromus diandrus RIPGUT GRASS Bromus hordeaceus ssp. hordeaceus SOFT CHESS Bromus rubens FOXTAIL CHESS Capsella bursa—pastoris SHEPHERD’S PURSE Carduus tenuifloris SLENDER—FLOWERED THISTLE Carpobrotus aequilaterus SEA FIG Centaurea melitensis TOCALOTE Cerastium glomeratum MOUSE EAR CHICKWEED Conium maculatum POISON-HEMLOCK

Table 2—7 (continued)

Cotula coronopifolia BRASS BUTTONS Cytisus monspessulanus FRENCH BROOM Datura inoxia TOLGUACHA Datura sanguinea Erodium botrys LONG BEAKED FILAREE Erodium cicutarium RED-STEMMED FILAREE Erodium moschatum WHITE-STEMMED FILAREE Euphorbia peplus PETTY SPURGE Foeniculum vulgare SWEET FENNEL Galium aparine GOOSE—GRASS Gastridium ventricosum NIT GRASS Geranium dissectum CUT—LEAVED GERANIUM Geranium molle Gnaphalium luteo-album WEEDY CUDWEED Hordeum leporinum BARNYARD FOXTAIL Hordeum vulgare COMMON BARLEY Hypochoeris glabra SMOOTH CAT’S EAR Lactuca saligna WILLOW LETTUCE Lamarckia aurea GOLDENTOP Logfia gallica Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum ITALIAN RYEGRASS Lolium perenne ssp. perenne ENGLISH RYEGRASS Medicago polymorpha BUR—CLOVER Melilotus indicus INDIAN MELILOT Mesembryanthemum crystallinum COMMON ICE PLANT Nasturtium officinale WATER—CRESS Plantago lanceolata ENGLISH PLANTAIN Poa annua WINTERGRASS Polyogon monspeliensis RABBITFOOT GRASS Raphanus sativus WILD RADISH Rumex acetosella SHEEP SORREL Schinus molle PERUVIAN PEPPER TREE Silene gallica COMMON CATCHFLY Silybum marianum MILK THISTLE Sisymbrium officinale HEDGE MUSTARD Sonchus asper PRICKLY SOW-THISTLE Sonchus oleraceus COMMON SOW-THISTLE Stellaria media COMMON CHICKWEED Veronica persica var. persica PERSIAN SPEEDWELL Vicia angustifolia COMMON VETCH Vinca major PERIWINKLE Vulpia myuros

Some of the introduced plants along State Highway 1 will probably be of an ephemeral nature and should not be considered an important part of the vascular plant population.

58 Rare Plants

A review of the California Native Plant Society (CNPS) inventory of rare and endangered California plants (York 1984) shows that the reserve supports seven plant species whose distributions are limited : Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata), Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), branching beach-aster (Corethrogyne leucophylla), Hoover’s manzanita (Arctostaphylos hooveri),

Lewis’s or hill clarkia (Clarkia lewisii), Santa Lucia gooseberry (Ribes sericeum), and one—sided monkey flower (Mimulus subsecundus). All of these species are endemic to California.

Two stands of Abies bracteata have been found on the dry upper slopes of the reserve, where they grow on steep, rocky inclines. Arctostaphylos hooveri is common on the reserve, occurring as a dominant in the Ponderosa Pine-Hoover’s Manzanita Woodland. It is distributed on the southern ridge of the reserve in Sections 31 and 32, between 580 and 915 meters (1,900 and

3,000 ft).

The five other species classified as having limited distributions occur in much smaller numbers. Pinus radiata grows only where it has been planted, as at the North Gate of the reserve. Corethrogyne leucophylla was collected on the bluffs along Highway 1; however, its distribution on the reserve is not known. One specimen of Clarkia lewisii was found in a small creek bed west of Brunnette Creek; one specimen of Ribes sericeum was collected on the South Highlands in Mixed Hardwood Forest; and Mimulus subsecundus was collected in a grassland between Gamboa Point and Highlands Camp.

59 PLANTS OF THE RESERVE

Bryophytes

The bryophytes in the following list were collected and identified during April and May of 1979. This is only a partial list; future research on the reserve will considerably expand this list and provide information on the bryophytes in this region of California.

MOSSES

Alsia californica (Hook. & Arnott) Sull. Atrichum selwynii Aust. Barbula vinealis var. vinealis Brid. ? Barbula spp. Bryum capillare Hedw. Bryum spp. Claopodium whippleanum (Sull.) Ren. & Card. Dendroalsia abietina (Hook.) Britt. Fissidens bryoides Hedw. Fissidens obtusifolius Wils. Fissidens ventricosus Lesq. Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. Grimmia trichophylla Grey. Homalothecium pinnatifidum (Sull. & Lesq.) Lawt. Isothecium crisatum (Harnpe) Robins. Isothecium stoloniferum Brid. Orthotrichum lyellii Hook. & Tayl. Porothamnium bigelovii (Sull.) Fleish. in Broth. Scieropodium obtusifolium (Mitt.) Kindb. in Mac. Timmiella crassinervis (Haxnpe) L. Kocri Weissia controversa Hedw.

LIVERWORTS

Porella spp. Marchantia spp.

60 Vascular Plants

The following vascular plant list includes species collected and identified from late June through early September 1978, and from early

April through late May 1979. Additional species, reported previously by other researchers, are also included.

Plant specimens were identified using primarily A California Flora by Philip A. Munz (1959). Keys by Jepson (1970) and Abrams (1975) were also consulted. The scientific names conform with those in A Synonymized Check- list of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland (Kartesz and Kartesz 1980). Where names from this up—to—date source differ from those in Munz (1959, 1974), the names as found in Munz are included in parentheses. Identified specimens were checked against specimens in the UC Berkeley Jepson Herbarium and the California Academy of Sciences Botany Deartment herbarium. The reserve species that have not been identified positively are indicated by question marks; those identified subsequent to the first edition and not included in the reserve’s herbarium collection are considered “uncomfirmed” and marked by an asterisk (*).

The list is arranged phylogenetically by division, class, and order, but alphabetically by family, genus, and species. For each species, a brief habit description is followed by notes on its distribution. Additional com- ments on human uses (mainly California Indian) are sometimes included. Much of this information was drawn from The Early Uses of California Plants (Balls 1970). For a few plants, identification problems and notes of special interest are also included. Flowering periods, obtained from A Cali- fornia Flora and A Flora of Southern California (Munz 1959, 1974), conclude the information given for each species. Observed flowering periods that do not coincide with those given in the major floras are presented in parentheses.

61 Common names, given in capital letters to the right of the scientific names, were obtained from the works by Munz (1959, 1968, 1974), Howitt and

Howell (1964), and Abrams (1975).

Division TRACHEOPHYTA

Subdivision LYCOPSIDA Class LYCOPODINAE Order SELAGINELLALES

SELAGINELLACEAE: Moss-Fern Family

Selaginella bigelovii Underw. BUSHY SELAGINELLA Perennial herb. Common on rock ledges in Chamise Chaparral; less common in Sage Scrub and mixed, open woodland.

Subdivision SPHENOPSIDA Class EQUISETAE

EQUISETACEAE: Horsetail Family

Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. var. braunii Milde GIANT HORSETAIL Perennial herb. Occasionally found next to Big Creek, Devil’s Creek, and Rat Creek.

Subdivision PTEROPSIDA Class FILICINAE Order FILICALES

ADIANTACEAE (PTERIDIACEAE)

Adiantum capillus-veneris L. VENUS-HAIR FERN Small fern With annual fronds. Infrequent colonies are seen in wet places such as seeps and springs in Big Creek or Cathedral Creek canyons. It generally grows on calcareous seeps on rocky walls.

Adiantum jordanii K. Mull. CALIFORNIA MAIDEN—HAIR FERN Small fern with annual fronds. Frequently found in canyons or on rocky banks in partial shade. It was usually found growing on dry soils in the Mixed Hardwood Forest.

Adiantum pedatum L. var. aleuticum (Rupr.) FIVE—FINGER FERN Fern with annual fronds. Frequent to common in redwood canyons where there is plenty of water. The black strands of the fronds were often used in making woven patterns on some California Indian baskets.

Aspidotis californica (Hook.) Nutt. ex Copeland (Cheilanthes californica Mett.) CALIFORNIA LACE FERN Small fern with annual fronds frequently found in the Mixed Hardwood Forest and on well—drained slopes close to creeks; usually found on shaded banks.

Pellaea andromedaefolia (Kaulf.) Fee var. andromedaefolia COFFEE FERN Small brittle fern with annual fronds. The most common Pellaea in the Mixed Hardwood Forest.

Pellaea mucronata D.C. Eat. var. mucronata BIRD’S-FOOT FERN Small brittle fern with annual fronds. The most common Pellaea in the Cen- tral Coast Scrub (Sage Scrub phase).

Pityrogramma triangularis (Kaulf.) Maxon var. triangularis GOLDENBACK FERN Small fern with annual fronds. Common in many habitats, especially in the Mixed Hardwood Forest and on shaded banks.

ASPLENIACEAE (ASPIDIACEAE): Wood Fern Family

Dryopteris arguta (Kaulf.) Watt. CALIFORNIA WOOD FERN Perennial fern. It can be found scattered throughout the reserve in Mixed Hardwood Forest, Redwood—Mixed Hardwood Forest, and occasionally in Central Coast Scrub.

Polystichum californicum (D.C. Eat.) Tjnderw. CALIFORNIA SHIELD FERN Fern with perennial fronds. A relatively rare fern; only two plants have been found, and both were growing in Big Creek canyon on a very steep slope at about 244 meters (800 ft) elevation. The plants were growing with Quer- cus wislizenusii on dry, rocky soil. Its southern limit is in San Luis Obispo County.

Polystichum dudleyi Maxon DUDLEY’S SHIELD FERN Fern with perennial fronds. Frequently found in Redwood Forest in Big Creek and Devil’s Creek canyons. It seems to prefer shaded, rocky areas. Although this fern is relatively common on the reserve, it is generally considered uncommon. It reaches its southern limit in northern San Luis Obispo County.

Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presi. ssp. munitum SWORD FERN Fern with perennial fronds. Common in Redwood Forest and Streambank Wood- land. Reaches its southern distributional limit in Monterey County.

BLECHNACEAE: Deer Fern Family

Woodwardia fimbriata Sm. in Rees. WESTERN CHAIN FERN Tall perennial fern. Locally common at springs and in boggy areas along creeks. Some Indians used red—dyed root fibers of this fern to weave baskets.

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE: Bracken Family

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. var. pubescens Underw. WESTERN BRACKEN Tall fern with annual fronds. Has been found in every community on the reserve. A pan—temperate species.

POLYPODIACEAE: Polypody Family

Polypodium californicum Kaulf. CALIFORNIA POLYPODY Small fern with annual fronds. Common epiphyte in moist, shady canyons.

Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat. LICORICE FERN Small fern with annual fronds. Near Canogas Falls on the south fork of Devil’s Creek—Virginia Hunt: 9 May 1978. Reaches its southern limit in Mon- terey County.

Subdivision PTEROPSIDA Class CONIFERAE Order CONIFERALES

CUPRESSACEAE: Cypress Family

Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex Gord. MONTEREY CYPRESS Tree, often with an asymmetrical crown. Grows only where it has been planted, as at the University Center. The type locality is Monterey, Cali- fornia.

PINACEAE: Pine Family

Abies bracteata D. Don ex Poiteau SANTA LUCIA FIR Evergreen tree. Two populations have been found on the dry upper slopes of the south fork of Devil’s Creek between about 680 and 730 meters (2,250 and 2,400 ft). It is a Santa Lucia Mountains endemic, and is listed by the CNPS as having a limited distribution. The type locality is Cone Peak, just east of the reserve. May.

Pinus coulteri D. Don. COULTER PINE Evergreen tree. A few trees were found on the South Ridge at about 915 meters (3,000 ft) in the Mixed Hardwood Forest west and downslope from Lion Peak. The type locality is the Santa Lucia Mountains. Wherever the large— seeded pines were abundant, their seeds were collected and eaten by Cali- fornia Indians; the Coulter pine was an important food source for Indians to the south. May-June.

Pinus lambertiana Dougl. SUGAR PINE Evergeen tree to 75 meters (250 ft) tall. Rare on the South Highlands at 610 meters (2,000 ft) and higher. Two trees have been found on the reserve – one was located in a Mixed Hardwood Forest community at about 610 meters (2,000 ft) in Section 32. The other was found in a brushy section at the head of the Canogas Falls Trail. The sugar pine is a Sierran disjunct. It is considered by many to be the most beautiful pine. May—June.

Pinus ponderosa Laws. YELLOW or PONDEROSA PINE Large evergreen tree. Common on the South Highlands in Sections 31 and 32, sometimes forming pure groves, but more often a major component of the Pon— derosa Pine – Hoover’s Manzanita Woodland community. They grow from about 580 meters (1,900 ft) to at least 975 meters (3,200 ft) on the reserve. Ponderosa pines on the reserve are disjunct from Sierran and north Coast Range populations. May-June.

Pinus radiata D. Don. MONTEREY PINE Evergreen tree. Grows only where it has been planted, as at the North Gate. The type locality is Monterey, California. According to the CNPS, its distribution is limited. April.

TAXODIACEAE: Taxodium Family

Sequoia sempervirens (U. Don) Endl. COAST REDWOOD Large evergreen tree. A dominant of the Redwood Forest community; common in canyons up to approximately 610 meters (2,000 ft). Reaches its southern limit near the southern border of Monterey County. March.

Subdivision PTEROPSIDA Class ANGIOSPERMAE Subclass DICOTYLEDONES

ACERACEAE: Maple Family

Acer macrophyllum Pursh. BIG LEAF MAPLE, CANYON MAPLE Deciduous tree. Frequently found in the large canyons, usually near the water. A few trees have been seen in drier situations, but these are usually shaded by other trees. April-May.

AIZOACEAE: Carpet—weed Family

Carpobrotus aequilaterus (Haw.) N.E. Brown SEA FIG Succulent perennial herb. One small population grows in Coastal Bluff Scrub at the mouth of Big Cree). April—Sept.

ANACARDIACEAE: Sumac Family

Schinus molle L. PERUVIAN PEPPER TREE Dioecious tree. Two trees grow on the reserve; one at the caretaker’s cot- tage and the other at the University Center. Both trees were planted.

67 Toxicodendron diversilobum (T. & G.) Greene POISON OAK Polymorphous shrub. This adaptable plant can be found in any habitat on the reserve and in many forms, such as herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Poison oak can cause an inflammation of the skin. Indians were not affected by this plant, and used it in some of their cooking practices and as a cure for warts, ringworm, and snakebites. The fresh juice made an excellent black dye for black strands in baskets. April—May.

APIACEAE: Carrot Family

Conium maculatum L. POISON—HEMLOCK Tall biennial glabrous herb. Common in Central Coast Scrub; less frequent in chaparral. Naturalized from Europe. April—July.

Daucus pusillus Michx. RATTLESNAKE WEED Annual herb. Infrequent in Grassland and Central Coast Scrub. Probable on dry soils in semi—open or open plant communities. April—June.

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. SWEET FENNEL Erect caulescent perennial herb. Common around the entrance gate at Big Creek and occasional along Highway 1. Naturalized from Europe. May—Sept.

Osmorhiza chilensis H. & A. WOOD CICELY Perennial herb. Frequent in woods which are well shaded, such as Big Creek and Brunnette Creek canyons. April—July.

Sanicula crassicaulis Poepp. ex D.C. SNAKEWEED, GAMBLEWEED Perennial herb. Frequent in Redwood——Mixed Hardwood forests and in shaded places that are generally moist. March—May.

APOCYNACEAE: Dogbane Family

Vinca major L. PERIWINKLE Trailing perennial herb. A large patch grows on the hill above Gamboa Point. Native of Europe. March—July.

ARALIACEAE: Ginseng Family

Aralia californica S. Wats. CALIFORNIA SPIKENARD Tall perennial herb. Common in moist and shaded canyons along the water’s edge. It is especially common near Big Creek and Devil’s Creek. June—Aug.

ASTERACEAE: Sunflower Family

Achillea millefolium L. COMMON YARROW, MILFOIL Perennial aromatic herb. Common in Central Coast Scrub; less common in the Sage Scrub phase and in Mixed Hardwood Forest. Also grows in disturbed areas such as around buildings. Native of Eurasia. Summer.

Agoseris grandiflora (Nutt.) Greene LARGE—FLOWERED AGOSERIS Robust perennial herb. One specimen was found just below Highlands Camp in a Mixed Hardwood Forest on a shaded slope. May—July.

Agoseris heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene MOUNTAIN DANDELION Annual herb. Smaller than A. grandiflora. Infrequent in the southern portion of the reserve in the grasslands near Highlands Camp and on the Ca- nogas Falls Trail. “Variable” (Munz 1966) . April—July.

Artemisia californica Less. CALIFORNIA SAGEBRUSH Aromatic grayish shrub. A dominant plant in Sage Scrub; infrequently found in Chamise Chaparral. It usually grows below 760 meters (2,500 ft) on dry slopes. Aug.—Dec. (July).

Artemisia douglasiana Bess. in Hook. DOUGLAS’S MUGWORT Large aromatic perennial herb. Frequently grows in Central Coast Scrub. It generally grows in low waste places. June—Oct.

Artemisia dracunculus L. DRAGON SAGEWORT Large perennial herb. Infrequent in Central Coast Scrub. Aug.—Oct.

Baccharis pilularis DC. ssp. consanguinea (DC.) C.B. Wolf COYOTE BRUSH Dioecious much—branched shrub. Common on hillsides in the Central Coast Scrub and Ceanothus Shrub; sometimes found in the Chamise Chaparral or invading grasslands. Grows below 670 meters (2,200 ft). Aug.-Dec.

Brickellia californica (T. & G.) Gray CALIFORNIA BRICKELLBUSH Low evergreen shrub. Infrequent in Big Creek Canyon to about 60 meters (200 ft). Aug.—Oct.

Carduus tenuiflorus Curt. SLENDER—FLOWERED THISTLE Annual herb with spiny—winged stems. One plant was found on the Dolan Trail below the saddle to the Dolan Ridge grasslands. Naturalized from Europe. May-July.

Centaurea melitensis L. TOCALOTE Annual herb. A fairly common weed in the ridge grasslands and in Central Coast Scrub. Introduced from Europe. May—June (July).

Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. INDIAN THISTLE Robust short—lived perennial herb. One specimen was collected in the Cen- tral Coast Scrub near the intersection of Potter Ranch Road and South Ac- cess Road. April—Aug.

Corethrogyne filaginifolia (H. & A.) Nutt. COMMON CORETHROGYNE Perennial herb. One specimen was collected from the meadows on Mining Ridge at approximately 245 meters (800 ft). Can be expected on grassy or brushy slopes below 300 meters (1,000 ft) and in Coastal Scrub. Reaches its northern limit in Monterey County. June—Dec.

Corethrogyne leucophylla Jeps. BRANCHING BEACH-ASTER Perennial herb. One specimen was collected from next to Highway 1 in the Coastal Bluff Scrub. It does not grow above 50 meters (200 ft). Its southern limit is Monterey County, probably near Big Creek. The type locality is Monterev, California. According to the CNPS, its distribution is limited. July—Aug.

Cotula coronopifolia L. BRASS BUTTONS Perennial fleshy herb. Found infrequently along Highway 1 in seep zones. Naturalized from South Africa. March—Dec.

Ericameria arborescens (Gray) Greene (Haplopappus a. (Gray) Hall) GOLDEN FLEECE Evergreen shrub. Several bushes were seen at about 670 meters (2,200 ft) on the South Highlands in Ponderosa Pine – Hoover’s Manzanita Woodland. Aug.— Nov.

Erigeron glaucus Ker. SEASIDE DAISY Perennial fleshy herb. A large population can be found on the rocky bluffs at the mouth of Big Creek canyon. A few can be found on rocky bluffs in the canyon to about 25 meters (80 ft). April—Aug.

Eriophyllum confertiflorum (DC.) Gray var. confertiflorum GOLDEN YARROW Evergreen sub—shrub. Frequent in Chamise Chaparral and Central Coast Scrub. Generally occurs away from the coast. April—Aug.

Eriophyllum staechadifolium Lag. LIZARD TAIL, SEASIDE WOOLLY SUNFLOWER Shrubby much—branched perennial. Frequent near the mouth of Big Creek canyon and in Coastal Bluff Scrub above Highway 1. Reaches its southern distributional limit in Monterey County. April—Sept.

Filago californica CALIFORNIA COTTON—ROSE Erect, white woolly annual herb. Infrequent in the South Highlands grasslands. March—June.

Gnaphalium bicolor Bioletti BIOLETTI’S CUDWEED Biennial or perennial woolly herb. Frequent in dry open places in Coastal Scrub, Chamise Chaparral, and Mixed Hardwood Forest. Reaches its northern limit in Monterey County. Jan.-May (July).

Gnapha1ium californicum DC. CALIFORNIA EVERLASTING Biennial woolly herb. Infrequent on the Interpretive Trail. Generally grows on dry wooded hills and disturbed places, below 1,220 meters (4,000 ft). Jan.—July (Aug.).

Gnaphalium chilense Spreng. COTTON—BATTING PLANT Annual or biennial woolly herb. One specimen was collected along Highway 1, north of the North Gate. June—Oct.

Gnaphalium luteo—album L. WEEDY CUDWEED Permanently tomentose annual weedy herb. One specimen was found along High- way 1. Introduced from the Old World. Flowers all year.

Gnaphalium microcephalum Nutt. WHITE EVERLASTING Biennial or short—lived perennial woolly herb. One plant was collected from the Mixed Hardwood Forest through which the Dolan Trail passes. July—Oct.

Gnaphalium purpureum L. PURPLE CUDWEED Annual or biennial woolly herb. One plant was collected from a bank just below the Dolan Trail at about 275 meters (900 ft), on the edge of the grasslands and brushy woods. April-July.

*Gnaphalium ramosissimum Nutt. PINK EVERLASTING Biennial herb, with one to several slender erect stems. Reported by Vernal Yadon in October 1981 near the University Center. March—Sept.

Hazardia squarrosa (H. & A.) Greene var. squarrosa SAWTOOTH (Haplopappus S. H. & A.) GOLDENBUSH Small evergreen shrub. Common in Central Coast Scrub; infrequent in the Chamise Chaparral and on the South Ridge in the Ponderosa Pine – Hoover’s Manzanita Woodland. Reaches its northern limit in Monterey County. Aug.— Oct.

Heterotheca fastigiata (Greene) Harms. (Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh.) Nutt. HAIRY var. sessiliflora (Nutt.) Gray) GOLDEN ASTER Hairy perennial herb. Frequent in the grasslands on Dolan Ridge where there are other Central Coast Scrub plants in the meadow. July—Sept.

Hieracium albiflorum Hook. WHITE—FLOWERED HAWKWEED Perennial herb. Cited by Howitt and Howell (1964) as occurring in Big Creek canyon. Can be expected on dry open—wooded slopes in the Redwood Forest. June—Aug.

Hieracium argutum Nutt. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA var. parishii (Gray) Jeps. HAWKWEED Perennial herb. Frequent in lower Big Creek canyon and in Brunnette canyon. Reaches its northern distributional limit in the Santa Lucia Mountains. June—Oct.

Hypochoeris glabra L. SMOOTH CAT’S EAR Annual herb with naked stems. Frequent in disturbed grasslands; less frequent in the Mixed Hardwood Forest near roads. Naturalized from Europe. March—June.

Lactuca saligna L. WILLOW—LETTUCE Annual herb. One specimen was collected from along the Dolan Trail at about 275 meters (900 ft), just within the trees. Introduced from Europe. Aug.— Nov.

Lasthenia californica DC. ex Lindl. (L. chrysostoma (F. & M.) Greene) GOLDFIELDS Slender small unbranched annual herb. Common spring wildflower in the grasslands; grows in small colonies. Feb.-June.

Logfia gallica (L.) Coss. & Germ. (Filago g. L.) NARROW—LEAVED FILAGO Erect, white woolly annual herb. Frequent in the chaparral and ridge grasslands on the northern portion of the reserve. Naturalized from Europe. April—June.

Madia exigua (Sm.) Gray ? LITTLE TARWEED Simple—stemmed annual herb. Infrequent in the Highlands Camp grasslands. May—June.

Madia gracilis (Sm.) Keck GUMWEED Annual herb. Frequent in the Highlands Camp grasslands; less frequent in the open Mixed Hardwood Forest. April—Aug.

Madia madioides (Nutt.) Greene WOODLAND MADIA Perennial herb. Frequent in Big Creek canyon near the confluence of Big Creek and Devil’s Creek. Its southern coastal limit is Monterey County. May—Sept.

Micropus californicus F. & M. Rather small floccose—woolly annual herb. Infrequent on the south side in the grasslands of the Highlands Camp area and in the Mixed Hardwood Forest through which the South Access Road passes to the Gamboa Property. Can be expected in low dry open places. April—June.

Microseris lindleyi (DC.) Gray (M. linearifola (Nutt.) Sch—Bip. M.) UROPAPPUS Subacaulescent glabrous or villous annual herb. Frequent in the grasslands and open, scrubby regions. April—June.

Petasites frigidus Greene var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. WESTERN (P. palmatus (Ait.) Gray) COLTSFOOT Perennial herb with creeping rootstocks. Common in Big Creek and Devil’s Creek canyons in the Redwood Forest, close to running water. Reaches its southern distributional limit in the Santa Lucia Mountains. March—April.

Senecio vulgaris L. COMMON GROUNDSEL Leafy annual herb. Frequent weed of the grasslands. Introduced from Europe. Flowers most months.

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. MILK THISTLE Annual or biennial prickly—leaved herb. Common thistle in the grasslands on rich soils and on Indian middens. Introduced from the Mediterranean region. May-July.

Sonchus asper L. PRICKLY SOW—THISTLE Erect annual herb. One specimen was found in a sloping meadow surrounded by Mixed Hardwood Forest on the Dolan Trail at about 230 meters (750 ft) elevation. Naturalized from Europe. Most months.

Sonchus oleraceus L. COMMON SOW-THISTLE, MARE’S LETTUCE Simple, leafy—stemmed annual herb. One plant was collected from the Mixed Hardwood Forest through which the South Access Road passes on its way up to Highlands Camp. Native of Europe. Most months.

Stephanomeria cichoriacea Gray. CHICORY—LEAVED STEPHANOMERIA Perennial herb. Most common at the entrance to the reserve on dry, rocky soils. Northern limit is probably very close to Big Creek. Aug.—Oct.

Stephanomeria exigua Nutt. var. coronaria (Greene) Jeps. ? Annual herb. One plant was found on Mining Ridge at about 245 meters (800 ft). May—Sept.

Stephanomeria virgata Benth. TALL STEPHANOMERIA Annual herb. Frequently found on the ridges in the northern portion of the reserve in the grasslands where there are other Sage Scrub plants invading the meadows. It has also been found along Highway 1, between Big Creek and the North Gate. July—Oct.

Stylocline gnaphalioides Nutt. ? Low woolly annual. Frequent on dry slopes on the Dolan Trail in the semi— open sections of the Mixed Hardwood Forest. March—May.

74 75

BRASSICACEAE: Mustard Family

Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. TOWER MUSTARD Biennial or occasionally perennial erect herb. One plant was collected on the Redwood Camp trail growing in a well—shaded but not densely brushy area. March—July.

Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. ? WINTER CRESS Glabrous erect biennial or perennial herb. One plant was collected from an open meadow on the edge of Central Coast Scrub and Mixed Hardwood Forest. Can be expected on the banks of streams and springs, and in meadows. May— Sept.

Brassica geniculata (Desf.) J. Ball. SUMMER MUSTARD Biennial or perennial herb. One plant was found along Highway 1. A common weed, naturalized from Europe. May—Oct.

Brassica rapa L. (B. campestris) FIELD MUSTARD Erect annual herb. Frequent in disturbed, wet areas as along Highway 1. A common weed, naturalized from Europe. Jan.-May.

Capsella bursa—pastoris (L.) Medic. SHEPHERD’S PURSE Erect annual herb. Frequent in the grasslands. Naturalized from Europe. “A variable species growing as a common weed” (Munz 1959). Throughout the year.

Cardamine californica (Nutt.) Greene TOOTHWORT, MILKMAIDS Glabrous perennial herb. Infrequent in moist, shaded canyons, especially Big Creek. Feb.—May (Jan.).

Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. HILL—CRESS Annual or biennial herb. Infrequent on the Dolan Trail in the grasslands. March-July.

Caulanthus lasiophyllus (H. & A.) Payson var. lasiophyllus CUT—LEAVED (Thelypodium l. (H. & A.) Greene var. l.) THELYPODIUM Erect annual herb. One specimen was collected in the grasslands on the Bo- ronda Homestead road. March—June.

Lepidium nitidum Nutt. COMMON PEPPERGRASS Erect annual herb. Frequent in the grasslands on north—facing slopes. Feb.— May.

Nasturtium officinale R. Br. WATER CRESS (Rorippa nasturtium—aquatica (L.) Schinz. & Thell.) Aquatic perennial with prostrate or ascending stems. Grows infrequently in slow—flowing creeks, as in a small creek which flows across the Interpre- tive Trail; also along Highway 1, where there are seeps. Naturalized from Europe. March—Nov.

*Raphanus sativus L. WILD RADISH Freely branched annual to biennial herb. Reported by Lee Dittman in July 1980 as common in the parking area near the caretaker’s house. Naturalized from Europe; common weed in waste places. Feb.—July.

*Sisymbrium officinale (L.) HEDGE MUSTARD Stiffly erect annual herb. Reported by Lee Dittman in July 1980 as occurring in the parking area near the caretaker’s house. Naturalized from Europe. April—July.

Thysanocarpus curvipes Hook. var. curvipes HAIRY FRINGE POD Tall, erect annual herb. One specimen was collected from a small meadow surrounded by Mixed Hardwood Forest at about 230 meters (750 ft) on the Do- lan Trail. “Exceedingly variable” (Munz 1959). March—May.

Thysanocarpus elegans Fisch. & Mey LACE POD (Th. curvipes Hook. var. e. (F. & M.) Rob. in Gray) Erect perennial herb. Seen by Brett Hall and Virginia Hunt on 13 March 1978, on the South Ridge in the ponderosa pine woodlands at about 580 meters (1,900 ft). The coastal Indians mixed the seeds with other seeds to make flour for gruel and soup. March-May.

Thysanocarpus lacinatus Nutt. ex T. & G. NARROW—LEAVED var. crenatus (Nutt.) Brew. FRINGE POD Slender annual herb. One plant was found on the Dolan Trail in the Mixed Hardwood Forest. March—May.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE: Honeysuckle Family

Lonicera hispidula Dougl. var. vacillans Gray HAIRY or CALIFORNIA HONEYSUCKLE Evergreen woody vine. Commonly grows over shrubs in Mixed Hardwood Forest and Redwood Forest below 760 meters (2,500 ft). April—July.

Sambucus mexicana Presl. BLUE ELDERBERRY Deciduous shrub or small tree. Occurs infrequently along the South Access Road near the South Highlands. It appears to like dry, open, yet vegetated areas such as the edge of Central Coast Scrub. March—Sept.

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake (S. rivularis Suksd.) COMMON SNOWBERRY Erect, branched, low shrub. Infrequent in the dense Central Coast Scrub after the intersection of the South Access Road and the Potter Ranch road. Reaches its southern limit in Monterey County. May—July.

Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt. ? CREEPING or SPREADING SNOWBERRY Low deciduous shrub. Seen on the South Access Road to the South Highlands from Devil’s Canyon on a densely vegetated hillside in the Mixed Hardwood Forest at about 215 meters (700 ft). April—June.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE: Pink Family

Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. MOUSE—EAR CHICKWEED Erect annual herb. Frequent in the grasslands. Naturalized from Europe. Feb.-May

Sagina decumbens (Ell.) Torr. & Gray ssp. occidentalis (S. Wats.) Crow (S. occidentalis Wats.) WESTERN PEARLWORT Minute inconspicuous annual herb. Frequent in the grassland on Dolan Ridge. March—June.

Silene gallica L. COMMON CATCHFLY, WINDMILL PINK Usually erect annual herb. Very common weedy plant in grasslands, chaparral, and Central Coast Scrub. Introduced from Europe. Feb.—June.

Spergularia macrotheca (Hornem.) Heyh. LARGE—FLOWERED var. macrotheca SAND SPURREY Perennial herb. Infrequently found near the beach (Big Creek canyon mouth). It is generally found near salt marshes along the coast and on sea bluffs. Flowers most of the year.

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. More or less diffuse annual herb. Infrequent along Highway 1; can be found in dry soils on the shoulder, especially at the mouth of Rat Creek. March— Sept.

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. COMMON CHICKWEED Annual herb. Frequent along shaded trails and in disturbed areas that are somewhat moist. Native of Eurasia. Feb.—Sept.

CHENOPODIACEAE: Goosefoot Family

Chenopodium californicum (Wats.) Wats. CALIFORNIA GOOSEFOOT Perennial herb with stout fleshy roots. Infrequent in the northern portion of the reserve in Central Coast Scrub and on dry slopes in grasslands. March— June.

CONVOLVULACEAE: Morning—glory Family

Calystegia macrostegia (Greene) Brummitt COAST MORNING—GLORY ssp. cyclostegia (House) Brummitt Perennial with wiry trailing or twining stems. Common on shrubs below 300 meters (1,000 ft), especially in Central Coast Scrub. Its northern limit is Monterey County. March—Aug.

CORNACEAE: Dogwood Family

Cornus sericea L. ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg (C. occidentalis (E. & G.) Cov.) WESTERN CREEK DOGWOOD Large deciduous shrub. A small group of trees grows in Big Creek canyon near the caretaker’s spring. May—July.

CRASSULACEAE: Stonecrop Family

Dudleya caespitosa (Haw.) Britt. & Rose SEA LETTUCE Succulent perennial herb. Very common in the Coastal Bluff Scrub at the mouth of Big Creek canyon. Reaches its northern limit in Monterey County. April— July.

*Dudleya cymosa (Lem.) Britt. & Rose ssp. minor (Rose) Morgan GOLDMAN’S DUDLEYA Succulent perennial herb. Reported by Vernal Yadon in October 1981 on the Interpretive Trail. Its northern limit is Monterey County. April—July.

Dudleya cymosa (Lem.) Britt. & Rose ssp. setchellii (Jeps.) Moran Succulent perennial herb. Infrequently found on rock outcrops in the sun in Big Creek canyon at approximately 60 meters (200 ft). This species of Dud- leya, as well as D. caespitosa, does not fit the description in Munz to satisfaction; these species should be examined more closely to determine their taxonomic status. May—June (July—Aug.).

Sedum spathulifolium Hook. PACIFIC STONECROP ssp. anomalum (Britton) Clausen & Uhl. Succulent perennial herb. One population occurs at about 25 meters (80 ft) in Big Creek canyon on a rocky ledge next to the road. Reaches its northern coastal limit in Monterey County. June-July.

CUCURBITACEAE: Gourd Family

Marah fabaceus (Naud.) Greene COMMON MANROOT Perennial vine with annual shoots. Frequently found growing over brush in Chamise Chaparral and Central Coast Scrub. Also grows occasionally on the ground in the Mixed Hardwood Forest. Reaches its southern coastal limit in Monterey County. Feb.—April.

DATISCACEAE: Datisca Family

Datisca glomerata (Presl.) Baill. DURANGO ROOT Tall perennial herb. Grows in Big Creek canyon above about 60 meters (200 ft) and in Cathedral Creek at about 425 meters (1,400 ft). Type locality is Monterey, California. May—July.

ERICACEAE: Heather Family

Arbutus menziesii Pursh. MADRONE Large evergreen tree. Frequent constituent of the Mixed Hardwood Forest on slopes and in canyons. It is most common on the South Highlands. This tree was used by the Indians, Spaniards, and early American settlers. The Indi- ans made an infusion of the root, bark, and leaves as a cure for colds. Both Indians and settlers ate the berries, either fresh or cooked. The early Spaniards made stirrups from the hard wood, and some Indians used the straight trunks in constructing lodges. Early Californians used madrone charcoal in the making of gunpowder. March—May.

Arctostaphylos hooveri P.V. Wells HOOVER’S MANZANITA Tall burl—less evergreen shrub. A major part of the vegetation at about 670 meters (2,200 ft) in the Ponderosa Pine—Hoover’s Manzanita Woodland. It is a Santa Lucia Mountains endemic. Indians and early Spaniards used the berries of most California Arctostaphylos species for food. A wash or lotion made from the leaves was used to soothe skin afflicted with the rash of poison oak. It is a Santa Lucia Mountains endemic with a narrow range; Big Creek reserve may be its northern limit. It is listed by the CNPS as having a limited distribution. March—May.

Caultheria shallon Pursh. SALAL Spreading subshrub or shrub. A small population grows in an open Redwood Forest south of Rat Creek with another typically northern species, Mahonia nervosa. April—July.

Vaccinium ovatum Pursh. CALIFORNIA HUCKLEBERRY Stout, erect, much—branched shrub. Most common in the Redwood Forest where it has large leaves. Occasionally found in the Mixed Hardwood Forest. March—May.

Hoover’s manzanita (Arcrostaphylos hooveri), an endemic of the Santa Lucia Mountains, grows in association with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) on ridges in the southern portion of the reserve.

EUPHORBIACEAE: Spurge Family

Eremocarpus setigerus (Hook.) Benth. DOVE WEED, TURKEY MULLEIN Low, broad, gray, heavy—scented annual. Frequent on the Dolan Ridge grasslands in the road above 425 meters (1,400 ft). It is generally found in dry open places, in sandy or heavy soil mostly below 760 meters (2,500 ft). “(The name) Dove Weed comes from the fact that the wild mourning doves feed greedily on the abundant seed. The Indians, taking advantage of this, would go to the areas where the Dove Weed was thick and kill large numbers of the feeding doves for food” (Balls 1970). The early Spaniards and Indians would gather this plant and throw it into a dammed stream to stupefy fish. They used the soap plant (Chlorogalum pomeridianum) in the same manner. May—Oct.

*Euphoria peplus L. PETTY SPURGE Glabrous erect annual. Reported by Lee Dittman in 3uly 1980 near the caretaker’s house. Naturalized from Europe. Feb.—Aug.

FABACEAE: Pea Family

Astragalus curtipes Gray. ? SAN LUIS LOCOWEED Perennial herb. One specimen was collected from the Central Coast Scrub along Highway 1. It can be expected on dry rocky and grassy hills, canyon walls, sometimes on serpentine (Munz 1968). Reaches its northern limit in Monterey County. Jan.—June.

Astragalus gambelianus Sheld. DWARF LOCOWEED, LITTLE BILL LOCO Annual herb from a slender taproot. Frequent in the grasslands. March-June.

Astragalus oxyphysus Gray. ? DIABLO LOCOWEED Stout perennial herb. One plant was found in the Coastal Scrub on the Pot- ter Ranch Road at about 120 meters (400 ft). Feb.—June.

Cytisus monspessulanus L. FRENCH BROOM Leafy shrub. One specimen was collected from along Highway 1. Native of the Canary Islands. March—May.

Lathyrus jepsonii Greene ssp. californicus (Wats.) C.L. Hitchc. ? BUFF PEA Glabrous, twining perennial herb. One questionable specimen was collected at approximately 185 meters (600 ft) in Mixed Hardwood Forest near Brunette Creek. It can be expected along watercourses and on sandy slopes. April- June.

Lathyrus vestitus Nutt. ex T. & G. COMMON PACIFIC PEA ssp. puberulus (White ex Greene) C.L. Hitchc. Perennial herbaceous vine. Frequent on shrubs in open woods and in Central Coast Scrub. April-June.

Lotus benthamii Greene BENTHAM’S LOTUS Suffrutescent perennial. One specimen was collected near the coast in Cen- tral Coast Scrub. March—July.

Lotus heermannii (Dur. & Hilg.) Greene Perennial herb. One plant was collected from along Highway 1. It can be expected on moist banks and canyons in Coastal Sage Scrub, chaparral, and grasslands. March—Oct.

Lotus humistratus Greene SHORT-PODDED LOTUS, CHOLCHITA Annual herb with decumbent to ascending stems. Frequent in the Dolan Ridge grasslands; less frequent in the small meadows along the Canogas Falls Trail. March—June.

Lotus scoparius (Nutt. in T. & G.) Ottley ssp. scoparius DEER WEED Suffrutescent perennial. Common on Dolan Ridge in Central Coast Scrub, Coast Live Oak Woodland; less common in Chamise Chaparral at higher elevations. March—Aug.

Lotus strigosus (Nutt. T. & G.) Greene BISHOP LOTUS Slender—stemmed decumbent to ascending annual herb. Very common in grasslands; frequent in Central Coast Scrub and Mixed Hardwood Forest. March- June.

Lupinus abramsii C.P. Sm. ? ABRAM’S LUPINE White woolly—villous perennial herb. One specimen was collected in the South Highlands at about 610 meters (2,000 ft); it grew at the transition between grassland and Sage Scrub. It is a Santa Lucia Range endemic. May— June (July).

Lupinus albifrons Benth. var. albifrons SILVER LUPINE Rounded leafy shrub. Frequent in the Central Coast Scrub and Mixed Hardwood Forest; less frequent in the grasslands and chaparral. March—June.

Lupinus arboreus Sims. BUSH LUPINE Suffrutescent shrub. Several plants have been seen along Highway 1 growing on the rocky and gravelly banks. March—June (Aug.).

Lupinus bicolor Lindl. Annual herb. Seen growing on the South Ridge in the ponderosa pine meadows— Brett Hall and Virginia Hunt, 13 March 1978. March—June.

Lupinus bicolor Lindl. LINDLEY’S ANNUAL LUPINE ssp. tridentatus (Eastw. ex. C. P. Em.) 0. Dunn Annual herb. Frequent in grasslands throughout the reserve. March—June.

Lupinus hirsutissimus Benth. STINGING LUPINE Robust annual herb with stiff nettlelike hairs. Frequent in colonies in the grasslands as in the meadow along the South Access Road above the Stewart Leasehold. Can be expected in open wooded or brushy places. March—May.

Lupinus nanus Dougl. in Benth. DOUGLAS’S ANNUAL var. nanus or SKY LUPINE Erect annual herb. Most common Lupinus on the reserve. Grows in grasslands, covering the ridges with a bluish tinge in the spring; also grows in Cen- tral Coast Scrub, Mixed Hardwood Forest, and chaparral. April—May (March).

Lupinus variicolor Steud. ? LINDLEY VARIED LUPINE Perennial herb. It can be expected on grassy fields, slopes, and on sand dunes, below 300 meters (1,000 ft). April—July.

Medicago polymorpha L. BUR—CLOVER Subglabrous, procumbent annual herb. Frequent in disturbed grasslands. Na- tive of southern Europe. March—June.

Melilotus indica (L.) All. INDIAN MELILOT Annual or biennial herb. One specimen was collected from along Highway 1, just north of the North Gate. Native of Eurasia. April—Oct.

Psoralea macrostachya D.C. LEATHER ROOT Tall perennial herb. Infrequent along Big Creek at about 90 meters (300 ft), growing next to the stream in sandy soil. May—Aug.

Trifolium albopurpureum T. & G. RANCHERIA CLOVER Villous—pubescent decumbent to ascending annual herb. Common clover in grasslands. March—June.

Trifolium barbigerum Torr. COLONY CLOVER Pubescent to subglabrous annual herb. One specimen was collected from the Highlands Camp meadow. April-June.

Trifolium bifidum Gray. PINOLE CLOVER Pale green annual herb. Frequent in grasslands and Mixed Hardwood Forest. April—June.

Trifolium ciliolatum Benth. TREE CLOVER Glabrous pale green annual herb. One specimen was collected in a small meadow surrounded predominantly by bay trees in a Mixed Hardwood Forest at about 230 meters (750 ft) on the Dolan Trail. March—June.

Trifolium gracilentum T. & G. PIN—POINT CLOVER Practically glabrous erect to procumbent annual herb. One plant was found in grasslands at about 550 meters (1,800 ft), on the road near the Boronda Homestead. April—June.

Trifolium microcephalum Pursh. MAIDEN CLOVER Mostly slender—stemmed, procumbent to ascending annual herb. One specimen was collected from a small meadow at about 230 meters (750 ft) on the Dolan Trail. April—Aug.

Trifolium tridentatum Lindl. TOMCAT CLOVER Glabrous annual herb. Common in grasslands, open oak woodlands, Mixed Hard- wood Forest and probably elsewhere in semi—open or open areas. “Variable and with many poorly defined tendencies” (Munz 1959). March—June.

Trifolium truncatum (Greene) Greene BLADDER CLOVER (T. amplectens T. & G. var. t. (Greene) Jepson) Light green annual herb with decumbent stems. Common clover in grasslands. April—June.

Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. Trailing or climbing perennial herb. One specimen was collected—location unknown. April—June.

Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. ssp. minor (Hook.) C.R. Gunn (V. a. var. truncata (Nutt.) Brew.) Trailing or climbing perennial herb. One plant was found on the Canogas Falls Trail near the creek in the Mixed Hardwood Forest. April—June.

Vicia americana Muhl. ssp. oregana (Nutt.) Abrams. AMERICAN VETCH Trailing or climbing perennial herb. One specimen was collected from the Hoover’s manzanita woodland near Highlands Camp. April—June.

Vicia angustifolia Reichard COMMON VETCH Glabrous or glabrate annual herb. Infrequent in the Mixed Hardwood Forest and woodlands in disturbed areas. The specimens collected could be the variety segetalis. Native of the Old World. April—June.

Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. ludoviciana (V. exigua Nutt. in T. & G.) SLENDER VETCH Slender—stemmed, climbing annual herb. Found on the Dolan Trail in brushy woods. April—June.

FAGACEAE: Oak Family

Lithocarpus densiflora (H. & A.) Rehd. TANBARK OAK Evergreen tree. Common constituent of Mixed Hardwood Forest that occasionally forms pure stands. The largest population at the end of its southern distribution is in Monterey County. California Indians gathered the acorns of this tree and leached them of their tannins; the prepared meal was then cooked and eaten. June—Oct.

Quercus agrifolia Nee. var. agrifolia COAST LIVE OAK, ENCINA Large evergreen tree. Common on both ridges usually on dry slopes. A member of Mixed Hardwood Forests that occasionally forms pure stands. Indians prized the acorns from this evergreen oak. March—April.

Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. CANYON, MAUL, or GOLDEN CUP OAK Large evergreen tree. Infrequently found on the southern portion of the reserve on dry steep slopes on the south fork of Devil’s Creek canyon. April— May.

Quercus kelloggii Newb. CALIFORNIA BLACK OAK Large deciduous tree. A few trees grow in the Ponderosa Pine—Mixed Hardwood Woodland of the South Highlands at about 590 meters (1,900 ft); many young seedlings have been seen in the same area. Another tree was found on a steep slope on the south fork of Devil’s Canyon on the trail to Section 28 (other trees can be expected in the area). Indians preferred black oak acorns over the evergreen acorns as food. April—May.

*Quercus parvula Greene var. shrevei (Muller) K. Nixon (ined.) Large evergreen tree. Reported by J. Tucker (1990) as occurring along the higher ridges, and along the trail to Canogas Falls, near the center of Section 32.

Quercus wislizenusii A. DC. INTERIOR LIVE OAK var. wislizenusii Evergreen shrub or tree. An occasional member of Mixed Hardwood Forest and Chamise Chaparral. This species is probably hybridized with Q. agrifolia. March—May.

FUMARIACEAE: Fumitory Family

Dicentra formosa (Andr.) Walp. BLEEDING HEART Scapose perennial herb. Common on the South Highlands in the meadows between about 610 and 700 meters (2,000 and 2,300 ft). Reaches its southern limit in Monterey County. March—July.

GARRYACEAE: Silk—tassel Family

Garrya elliptica Dougl. COAST SILK-TASSEL Evergreen shrub. Occurs sporadically in Big Creek and Devil’s Creek canyons to about 60 meters (200 ft). It has been seen at higher elevations on the Dolan Trail and on parts of the Mining Ridge Trail. Jan.-March.

GERANIACEAE: Geranium Family

Erodium botrys (Caw.) Bertol LONG—BEAKED FILAREE Semiprostate to suberect annual herb. Frequent in disturbed grassy areas. Native of the Mediterranean region. March—May.

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L Her. RED—STEMMED FILAREE Annual herb. Common in disturbed areas, such as road cuts. Grows on the South Highlands along the South Access Road at about 580 meters (1,900 ft). Naturalized very early from the Mediterranean region. Feb.—May.

Erodium moschatum (L.) L Her. WHITE-STEMMED FILAREE Decumbent to ascending annual herb. According to Munz (1959) it prefers barns and heavy soils. One specimen was collected in a shady ravine on the Boronda road at approximately 520 meters (1,700 ft). Naturalized from the Mediterranean region. Feb.—May.

Geranium carolinianum L. ? CAROLINA GERANIUM Annual, branched herb. One questionable plant was found in Big Creek canyon below the confluence with Boronda Creek. April—July.

Geranium dissectum L. ? CUT—LEAVED GERANIUM Usually freely branched annual herb. One specimen was collected on the Do- lan Trail in Mixed Hardwood Forest. Naturalized from Europe. March—May.

Geranium molle L. DOVE’S FOOT GERANIUM Annual herb. Common in disturbed areas; found near the small creek which crosses the Interpretive Trail at about 180 meters (600 ft). Native of Europe. May—July.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE: Waterleaf Family

Emmenanthe penduliflora Benth. WHISPERING BELLS Erect annual herb. Infrequent on the Mining Ridge Trail in Central Coast Scrub. April—July.

Eriodictyon californicum (H. & A.) Torr. YERBA SANTA Evergreen aromatic shrub. A small population was found on Mining Ridge at about 245 meters (800 ft) in Mixed Hardwood Forest. It can be expected on dry rocky slopes and ridges in the chaparral. Its southern coastal limit is in Monterey County. “The plant has been used ... by the Indians and early settlers as a remedy for colds, grippe, asthma, etc.” (Munz 1968). May— July.

Nemophilia menziesii H. & A. ssp. menziesii BABY BLUE—EYES Diffuse, succulent annual herb. Infrequent in shaded small creeks in spring in the southern portion of the reserve. Feb.—June.

Phacelia imbricata Greene IMBRICATE PHACELIA Perennial herb. Frequent in Central Coast Scrub. Can be expected in dry rocky places, mostly in chaparral. April—June.

Phacelia malvifolia Cham. var. loasifolia (Benth.) Brand. STINGING PHACELIA Annual herb. Found scattered in Central Coast Scrub, generally in well— shaded areas. It nears its northern limit in Monterey County. April—July.

*Pholistoma auritum (Lindl.) Lilja. COMMON FIESTA—FLOWER Annual hispid herb with purple flowers. Reported by Lee Dittman in July 1980 as occurring in the woods along the east end of the Interpretive Trail. March—May.

LAMIACEAE: Mint Family

Monardella villosa Benth. ssp. villosa PENNYROYAL, var. franciscana (Elmer) Epl. COYOTE MINT Aromatic perennial herb. A common herb in semi-open woodlands, Coastal Scrub, and on the edge of grasslands. June—Aug.

Monardella villosa Benth. ssp. sheltonii (Torr.) Epi. ? Decumbent perennial herb. Infrequent in the Central Coast Scrub on the Min- ing Ridge Trail. “Dry places, often on serpentine” (Munz 1959). Reaches its southern limit in Monterey County. June—Aug.

Salvia columbariae Benth. var. columbariae CHIA Annual herb. Frequent along the North Access Road in Sage Scrub at about 490 meters (1,500 ft). It grows on slopes in areas near forests but in the grasslands. Pinole, a staple food of many Indians, was often made from chia seeds; the seeds were ground into a fine flour, which was then eaten dry or made into a mush. Both Indians and Spaniards made drinks from the seeds. March—June.

Salvia mellifera Greene BLACK SAGE Perennial openly branched shrub. Locally common in Chamise Chaparral north of 1570 Point at about 535 meters (1,750 ft).

Satureja chamissonis (Benth.) Briq. * (Satureja douglasii (Benth.) Briq.) YERBA BUENA Trailing evergreen perennial herb. Infrequent on forest floors below 915 meters (3,000 ft). April—Sept.

Scutellaria tuberosa Benth. DANNIE’S SKULLCAP Perennial with tuber-bearing rhizomes. Infrequent on grassy, open dry slopes, below 610 meters (2,000 ft). April—May.

Stachys bullata Benth. CALIFORNIA HEDGE NETTLE Perennial herb. Common in the forests and woodlands of major canyons. Occa- sional in Central Coast Scrub. April—Sept.

Trichostema lanceolatum Benth. VINEGAR WEED, CAMPHOR WEED Extremely aromatic annual herb. Frequent in the ridge meadows, especially in or along the roads. Aug.—Oct. (June—Aug.).

* Howitt & Howell 1973

LAURACEAE: Laurel Family

Umbellularia californica (H. & A.) Nutt. CALIFORNIA BAY, LAUREL Aromatic evergreen tree. A dominant in Mixed Hardwood Forests. It is most common just above the redwood trees in larger canyons. California Indians ate the parched or roasted nuts of this tree. The leaves were used to cure headaches and stomach pains. Indians also lined the floors of their houses with bay leaves to repel fleas. Dec.—May.

MALVACEAE: Mallow Family

*Malva sp. One specimen was reported by Lee Dittman in July 1980 from the parking area by the caretaker’s house. It was not identified to species.

NYCTAGINACEAE: Four-o’clock Family

Mirabilis californica Gray var. californicum (M. laevis (Benth.) Curan.) COAST FOUR—O’CLOCK Perennial suffrutescent herb. Three plants have been seen on the Dolan Ridge grasslands between 300 and 1,220 meters (1,000 and 4,000 ft). All three plants were growing near the North Access Road on exposed soil. Its northern coastal limit is probably on the reserve or very close by. Mostly Dec.—June (July)

ONAGRACEAE: Evening—primrose Family

Clarkia affinis Lewis & Lewis Annual herb. One plant was collected on the South Highlands above the south fork of Devil’s Creek, at about 730 meters (2,400 ft) from an exposed, rocky, and grassy slope. April—May.

Clarkia lewisii Raven & Parnell C. bottae (Spach.) Lewis & Lewis HILL CLARKIA Annual herb. One specimen was collected on 25 June 1978, at about 230 meters (750 ft) in a small creek west of Brunnette Creek. The substrate was very dry. Endemic to Monterey and San Benito counties. According to the CNPS, its distribution is limited. May—June.

Clarkia purpurea (Curt.) Nels. & Macbr. FOUR SPOT or WINE-CUP ssp. quadrivulnera (Dougl.) Lewis & Lewis CLARKIA Annual herb. Infrequent in the grasslands throughout the reserve, usually above 300 meters (1,000 ft) . April—July.

Clarkia unguiculata Lindl. CANYON or ELEGANT CLARKIA Annual herb. Common on the South Highlands between 460 and 610 meters (1,500 and 2,000 ft), on dry slopes in Mixed Hardwood Forest and occasionally in grasslands. May-June.

Epilobium canum (Greene) Raven ssp. angustifolium (Keck) Raven (Zauschneria californica Presl.) CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA Perennial herb. Common on dry slopes to about 610 meters (2,000 ft) in Cen- tral Coast Scrub; less common in Chamise Chaparral. The type locality is Monterey, California. Its northern limit is Monterey County. Aug.—Oct. (June— July)

Epilobium canum (Greene) Raven ssp. canum HOARY CALIFORNIA (Zauschneria cana Presl.) FUCHSIA Perennial much—fascicled herb. Frequent on dry slopes near the ocean in Coastal Scrub. Its northern limit is in Monterey County. Aug.—Oct. (July).

Epilobium canum (Greene) Raven ssp. mexicana (Presl.) Raven (Zauschneria californica mexicana (Presl.) Raven) Perennial herb. Infrequent in Central Coast Scrub. The type locality is Monterey, California. Aug.—Oct.

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. ciliatum (E. adenocaulon Hausskin. var. parishii (Trel.) Munz) CALIFORNIA WILLOW-HERB Perennial herb. A few plants were seen in Cathedral Creek at about 430 meters (1,400 ft), where the Chamise Chaparral and Mixed Hardwood Forest meet. July-Sept.

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. watsonii (Barb.) H. & Raven (E. w. Barb. var. franciscanum) COAST COTTONWEED Perennial herb. Infrequent along Highway 1 in seeps south of Rat Creek. May-Aug.

Oenothera hookeri T. & G. ssp. montereyensis EVENING PRIMROSE Perennial herb. Several plants were seen growing along Highway 1 in seeps south of Rat Creek. June—Sept.

OXALIDACEAE: Wood—sorrel Family

Oxalis albicans H.B.K. ssp. pilosa (Nutt.) Eiten. 0. pilosa Nutt. HAIRY WOOD-SORREL Perennial herb with stout, woody taproot. Infrequent in grasslands and on bushy slopes. Most of the year.

Oxalis oregana Nutt. REDWOOD SORREL Acaulescent perennial herb. Common in moist Redwood Forests. Especially com mon in Rat Creek. Its southern limit is Monterey County. April—Sept.

Oxalis oregana (Nutt.) forma smalliana (Kunth.) Munz Just like 0. oregana, but with darker purple flowers. Found occasionally with 0. oregana in damp Redwood Forests. The type locality and southern distributional limit are the Santa Lucia Mountains. April—Sept.

PAEONIACEAE: Peony Family

Paeonia californica Nutt. ex T. & G. CALIFORNIA PEONY Perennial herb. Infrequently found in Chamise Chaparral, Mixed Hardwood Forest, and Central Coast Scrub. It is most common on the South Highlands. Reaches its northern limit just north of the reserve at Anderson Creek. Jan.—March.

PAPAVERACEAE: Poppy Family

Eschscholzia californica Cham. CALIFORNIA POPPY Annual or perennial herb. Common in grasslands. Feb.—Sept.

PLANTAGINACEAE: Plantain Family

Plantago erecta Morris ssp. erecta CALIFORNIA PLANTAIN Villous annual herb. Frequent in grasslands. March—May.

Plantago lanceolata L. RIBGRASS, ENGLISH PLANTAIN Usually a perennial herb. An infrequent weed along trails and in grasslands and Central Coast Scrub. Introduced from Europe. April—Aug.

PLATANACEAE: Sycamore Family

Platanus racemosa Nutt. SYCAMORE Large tree. Occurs in Redwood—Streamside Forest. Feb.—April.

POLEMONIACEAE: Phlox Family

Collomia heterophylla Dougl. ex Hook. VARIED—LEAVED COLLOMIA Annual herb. Found by David Melchert on 9 June 1979 in a grassy area along Cathedral Creek and near upper Gamboa Point. Reaches its southern coastal limit in Monterey County. April-June.

Gilia achilleifolia Benth. ssp. achilleifolia CALIFORNIA GILIA Erect annual herb. Frequent in grasslands in small colonies. May—June.

Gilia achilleifolia Benth. ssp. multicaulis (Benth.) V. & A. Grant Erect annual herb. Infrequent in shaded places near the grasslands as on the trail to the Redwood Camp. Nay—June.

Gilia clivorum (Jeps.) V. Grant MANY—STEMMED GILIA Erect or divaricately branched annual herb. Infrequent in meadows near woods, such as those by the Redwood Camp trail. March—May.

Linanthus androsaceus (Benth.) Greene COMMON LINANTHUS Annual herb. Reported from the South Highlands in the meadows near the ponderosa pine woodlands on 13 March 1978 by Brett Hall and Virginia Hunt. April—June (March).

Linanthus androsaceus (Benth.) Greene ssp. luteus (Benth.) Mason Annual, mostly erect herb. One specimen was collected from a meadow near a creek on the Canogas Falls Trail. April—May.

Linanthus androsaceus (Benth.) Greene ssp. micranthus (Steud.) Mason ? Erect annual herb. Infrequent in Central Coast Scrub of the Mining Ridge Trail and small grasslands of the Canogas Falls Trail. The specimens collected could be subspecies luteolus. Reaches its northern limit in Monterey County. April—May.

Linanthus bicolor (Nutt.) Greene BICOLORED LINANTHUS Annual herb. Collected on 20 April 1979 by David Nelchert. Can be expected in grassy and open wooded places. March—June.

Linanthus liniflorus (Benth.) Greene FLAX—FLOWERED LINANTHUS Annual herb. Common in a small meadow at approximately 700 meters (2,300 ft) on the Canogas Falls Trail. April—July.

Navarretia atractyloides (Benth.) H. & A. HOLLY—LEAVED NAVARRETIA Annual herb. Infrequent in Central Coast Scrub and along the South Access Road to the South Highlands grasslands found at approximately 275 meters (900 ft). May—July.

Navarretia squarrosa (Eschs.) H. & A. SKUNKWEED Very smelly annual herb. Common at about 275 meters (900 ft) on the South Access Road to the South Highlands grasslands and by the Potter Ranch Road above the University Center. It appears to occur most frequently in disturbed areas such as roads. June—Aug.

POLYGALACEAE: Milkwort Family

Polygala californica Nutt. CALIFORNIA MILKWORT Perennial herb. Infrequent along canyon banks in the Redwood and Mixed Hardwood Forests of Brunnette Creek and Devil’s Creek canyons. It has only been reported on the reserve below 180 meters (600 ft). Reaches its southern limit in northern San Luis Obispo County. March—July.

POLYGONACEAE: Buckwheat Family

Chorizanthe membranacea Benth SPINE FLOWER Erect, mostly simple below, few branched above, annual dry, rocky, sloping grasslands. April—July.

Eriogonum elongatum Benth. LONG—STEMMED ERIOGONUM Perennial herb. Frequent in the Central Coast Scrub on Dolan Ridge. Reaches its northern coastal limit in Monterey County. Aug.—Nov.

Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. CALIFORNIA BUCKWHEAT var. foliolosum (Nutt.) S. Stokes ex Jones BRUSH Evergreen sub—shrub or shrub. Common in Sage Scrub and chaparral. It has not been reported below 430 meters (1,400 ft). Reaches its northern coastal limit in Monterey County. March—Oct.

Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. var. polifolium (Benth.) T. & G. ? Evergreen sub—shrub or shrub. Found at about 490 meters (1,600 ft) on Dolan Ridge, in the North Access Road. April—Nov.

Eriogonum parvifolium Sm. in Rees. DUNE ERIOGONUM Evergreen sub—shrub or shrub. This species appears to be the most common Eriogonum from sea level to about 460 meters (1,500 ft), where it occurs in the Coastal Scrub. Reaches its northern limit in Monterey County. Mostly summer, but With some flowers throughout the year.

*Pterostegia drymarioides F. & M. PTEROSTEGIA Annual with diffusely branched slender stems. This trailing, inconspicuous herb was reported by Lee Dittman in July 1980 on the east end of the Inter- pretive Trail. March—July.

Rumex acetosella L. SHEEP SORREL Perennial herb. A minor weed of moist washes. One plant was collected from the South Highlands at about 550 meters (1,800 ft). Introduced from central Europe and Asia. March—Aug.

PORTULACACEAE: Purslane Family

Calandrinia breweri Wats. BREWER’S REDMAID Glabrous annual herb. Reported by Paul Rich. March—June.

Calandrinia ciliata (R. & P.) DC. var. menziesii (Hook.) Macbr. REDMAIDS Annual herb with simple or spreading stems from base. Frequent in the grasslands. “Variable” (Nunz 1974). Mostly Feb.—May.

Claytonia perfoliata Donn. ex Willd. var. perfoliata MINER’S LETTUCE Glabrous green annual herb; branched from the base. Common during the spring in shaded, moist places in Central Coast Scrub, Chamise Chaparral, Mixed Hardwood Forest, and Redwood—Streamside Forest. “Exceedingly variable and in need of study” (Munz 1959). Feb.—May.

PRIMULACEAE: Primrose Family

Anagallis arvensis L. SCARLET PIMPERNEL Glabrous diffusely branched annual herb. Infrequently found along trails in woods. A minor weed, naturalized from Europe. Mostly March-July.

Dodecatheon clevelandii Greene ssp. sanctarum (Greene) Abrams SHOOTING STAR Low perennial herb. Frequent in grasslands. Jan.—April.

Trientalis latifolia Hook. STAR FLOWER Low glabrous perennial herb. Common in the Redwood Forest. April—July.

RANUNCULACEAE: Buttercup Family

Anemone quinquefolia L. var. grayi (Behr. & Ken.) Jeps. WIND FLOWER Delicate perennial herb. A small population was found in the Redwood Forest at the confluence of Big and Devil’s creeks. Reaches its southern limit in Monterey County. April-May.

Aquilegia formosa Fisch. in DC. var. truncata (F. & M.) Baker CRIMSON COLUMBINE Perennial herb. Common along Big Creek and Devil’s Creek canyons; occasionally seen in Mixed Hardwood Forest and Coastal Scrub. April—Aug.

Clematis lasiantha Nutt. in T. & G. PIPE STEM, VIRGIN’S BOWER Deciduous woody vine. Frequently found in chaparral and sometimes found in Sage Scrub. March—June.

Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. in T. & G. WESTERN VIRGIN’S var. ligusticifolia BOWER, YERBA DE CHIVATO Deciduous woody vine. Infrequent in Big Creek canyon to about 30 meters (100 ft), climbing over shrubs, etc. This species is found mostly by streams and in moist places. “Infusions of this vine were used by early settlers for sores and cuts on horses and by Indians for colds and sore throats” (Munz 1959). March—Aug.

Delphinium cardinale Hook. SCARLET LARKSPUR Erect perennial herb. Reported on the Canogas Falls Trail by David Mel- chert—“just below the yucca hill”— 9 Sept. 1979. Reaches its northern limit in Monterey County. May-July.

Delphinium nudicaule T. & G. RED LARKSPUR Perennial herb. Reported on the South Highlands in the meadows by the ponderosa pine woodlands. Reaches its southern coastal limit in Monterey County. March—June.

Delphinium variegatum T. & G. ROYAL LARKSPUR Perennial, erect, branching herb. One population was found on the Mining Ridge Trail near the trail’s highest point in an open, west—facing area. April—May.

Ranunculus californicus Benth. CALIFORNIA BUTTERCUP Perennial herb. Common in the spring in moist ridge grasslands. Feb.-May.

Thalictrum fendleri Engelm. ex Gray FENDLER’S MEADOW RUE Perennial herb. Infrequent on the Mining Ridge Trail as well as on the Do- lan Trail. Grows in partial sun in Mixed Hardwood Forest. The specimen collected is similar to T. polycarpum.

RHAMNACEAE: Buckthorn Family

Ceanothus griseus (Trel.) McMinn. CARMEL CEANOTHUS Large, sometimes arborescent shrub. Grows near the coast in Ceanothus Shrub and Coastal Scrub. Hybridizes with C. thrysiflorus (?). Reaches its northern limit in Monterey County. March—May.

Ceanothus oliganthus Nutt. in T. & G. HAIRY CEANOTHUS Often arborescent shrub. Infrequent in Mixed Hardwood Forest and Central Coast Scrub. Nears its northern limit in Monterey County. Feb.—April.

Ceanothus papillosus T. & G. WARTY—LEAVED ssp. roweanus (McMinn.) Munz CEANOTHUS Aromatic evergreen shrub. One specimen was collected from the Mining Ridge Trail within Central Coast Scrub. Its northern coastal limit is within Mon- terey County. Feb.—June.

Ceanothus sorediatus H. & A. JIM BRUSH Evergreen shrub. Frequent in the Chamise Chaparral and brushy forests of the north side between 520 and 550 meters (1,700 and 1,800 ft); probably occurs at higher elevations. It hybridizes with other Ceanothus species. According to Hoover (1970) it is not distinct from C. oliganthus. Feb.—May.

Ceanothus thrysiflorus Esch. BLUE BRUSH, CALIFORNIA LILAC Large sometimes arborescent shrub. The most common Ceanothus on the reserve; found primarily in Coastal Scrub, Ceanothus Shrub, and in dry, open Mixed Hardwood Forest. March-June.

Rhamnus californica Esch. COFFEEBERRY Large evergreen shrub. Very common in Central Coast Scrub and in Chamise Chaparral. Common in the understory of some Mixed Hardwood Forest areas. May—July.

Rhamnus crocea Nutt. ssp. illicifolia (Kell.) C.B. Wolf (R. illicifolia Kell.) BUCKTHORN, REDBERRY Large evergreen shrub. Infrequent in Chamise Chaparral on the northern portion of the reserve above 490 meters (1,600 ft), and on steep banks of Big Creek canyon at approximately 250 meters (800 ft). March—June.

ROSACEAE: Rose Family

Adenostoma fasciculatum H. & A. CHAMISE, GREASEWOOD Evergreen, burl—forming shrub. A dominant in Chamise Chaparral on the northern portion of the reserve. May—June.

Fragaria vesca L. ssp. californica (C. & S.) Staudt. CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRY Perennial herb. Frequent in Mixed Hardwood Forest, Redwood Forest, and Cen- tral Coast Scrub. It usually grows where it is shaded by other plants. March—June.

Heteromeles arbutifolia M. Roem. TOYON, CHRISTMAS BERRY Evergreen shrub or small tree. Common in canyons where there is a lot of brush. Both California Indians and early Spaniards cooked and ate the berries. June—July.

Holodiscus discolor (Pursh.) Maxim. var. discolor CREAM BUSH, OCEAN SPRAY Small to arborescent shrub. Frequent in Big Creek canyon to about 120 meters (400 ft); occurs less commonly elsewhere, as in the Mixed Hardwood Forest. Prefers shaded woods. May—Aug.

Horkelia frondosa (Greene) Rybd. ? LEAFY HORKELIA Perennial herb. Frequent in the brushy Coastal Scrub at approximately 275 meters (900 ft), where the South Access Road meets the grasslands on the South Highlands. It generally occurs on dry hills below 300 meters (1,000 ft) Reaches its southern limit in Monterey County. May—Sept.

Oemleria cerasiformis (T. & G. ex H. & A.) Landon OSO BERRY, (Osmaronia c. (T. & G.) Greene) INDIAN PLUM Arborescent shrub. Infrequent in dense, brushy Central Coast Scrub and Mixed Hardwood Forest. Feb.—April.

Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. ssp. glandulosa STICKY CINQUEFOIL Perennial herb. One population was found at about 430 meters (1,400 ft) on Cathedral Creek where Chamise Chaparral meets the woods. May—June.

Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. WOOD ROSE Erect prickly shrub. Frequent in Redwood Forest; occasional in the understory of Mixed Hardwood Forest. Its southern coastal limit is Monterey County. May-June.

Rosa pinetorum Heller ? PINE ROSE Erect prickly shrub. Only one large plant was found on the reserve; it was growing at about 245 meters (800 ft) in a Mixed Hardwood Forest in Devil’s Canyon, just off to the side of the South Access Road. Reaches its southern coastal limit in Monterey County. May—July.

Rubus parviflorus Nutt. THIMBLEBERRY Deciduous shrub. Common along Big Creek and Devil’s Creek. March—Aug.

Rubus ursinus C. & S. CALIFORNIA BLACKBERRY Evergreen woody vine. Frequent in Big Creek canyon in the understory of the Redwood Forest near the road. March—July.

Rubus vitifolius C. & S. CALIFORNIA BLACKBERRY Evergreen woody vine. Frequent in Big Creek canyon. March—July.

RUBIACEAE: Madder Family

Galium angustifolium Nutt. ssp. angustifolium NARROW-LEAVED BEOSTRAW Erect suffrutescent perennial. One specimen was found on Dolan Ridge at about 460 meters (1,500 ft) in Central Coast Scrub. Another was found on Mining Ridge in chaparral. Reaches its northern limit in Monterey County. April-June.

Galium asparine L. GOOSE GRASS Annual herb. Frequent on the floor of Mixed Hardwood Forests. Introduced from Europe. March-July.

Galium californicum H. & A. ssp. flaccidum (Greene) Demp. & Stebb. CALIFORNIA BEDSTRAW Perennial herb. Found on the South Highlands at about 550 meters (1,800 ft), under Pinus ponderosa and Quercus agrifolia. March—July.

Galium californicum H. & A. ssp. maritimum Demp. & Stebb. * Perennial herb. One specimen was collected from Big Creek Canyon along the road; another was found on Mining Ridge under a Quercus agrifolia, at about 670 meters (2,200 ft).

* L. Dempster 1979: personal communication. Lauramay Dernpster is a botanist at the Jepson Herbarium, UC Berkeley.

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Galium californicum H. & A. ssp. maritimum Demp. & Stebb. (toward ssp. flaccidum (Greene) Demp. & Stebb)* Perennial herb. Collected from Big Creek canyon along the road. March—July (July—Aug.).

SALICACEAE: Willow Family

Salix lasiolepis Benth. var. lasiolepis ARROYO WILLOW Erect shrub or small tree. Common at the mouth of Big Creek canyon and along Highway 1 where there are springs. Feb.-April.

Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong. S. coulteri Anderss. COULTER WILLOW Shrub or small tree. Common in Big Creek and Devil’s Creek canyons to about 150 meters (500 ft); higher in Section 28. Feb.—April.

SAXIFRAGACEAE: Saxifrage Family

Boykinia elata (Nutt.) Greene COAST BOYKINIA Perennial herb. Common in very wet places as along creeks and springs. It always grows where there is deep shade most of the time. June—July.

Heuchera micrantha Dougl. ex Lindl. ALUM ROOT, SMALL—FLOWERED var. pacifica Rosend., Butt., and Lak. HEUCHERA Perennial herb. Frequent in Big Creek and Devil’s Creek canyons to about 120 meters (400 ft). It usually grows on shady banks. May—July.

Heuchera pilosissima F. & M. SEASIDE HEUCHERA Perennial herb. Common in Big Creek canyon to about 60 meters (200 ft). Much confusion exists with the Big Creek heucheras, probably due to hy- bridization between H. micrantha, H. pilosissima, and H. pilosissima var. hemisphaerica. April—June.

Heuchera pilosissima F. & M. var. hemisphaerica (Rydb.) Rosend. Perennial herb. Occurring with the species. April—June.

Lithophragma heterophyllum (H. & A.) T. & G. HILL STAR Perennial herb. Frequent in semi—open woodlands and on the edge of meadows. March—June.

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Ribes amarum McClat. ? BITTER GOOSEBERRY Erect, deciduous, loosely—branched shrub. Possibly occurs in the chaparral by the South Access Road up to Highlands Camp. Reaches its northern limit in Monterey County. March—April.

Ribes menziesii Pursh. CANYON GOOSEBERRY Spiny shrub. Frequent in Redwood Forest, especially in Big Creek and Devil’s Creek canyons; also found in Mixed Hardwood Forest and sometimes in dense Coastal Scrub. March—April.

Ribes menziesii Pursh. var. hystrix (Eastw.) Jeps. PORCUPINE GOOSEBERRY Loosely—branched shrub. Frequent in Redwood Forest and Mixed Hardwood For- est. It is endemic to the Santa Lucia Mountains. Feb.—March.

Ribes sanguineum Pursh. var. glutinosum (Benth.) Loud. RED—FLOWERING CURRANT Unarmed shrub. Frequent in the lower—elevation Mixed Hardwood Forest and occasionally in Redwood Forest. One tree—like plant, 4 meters tall, grows at the mouth of Rat Creek. March—April.

Ribes sericeum Eastw. ? SANTA LUCIA GOOSEBERRY Spiny shrub. One questionable specimen was collected on the South Highlands from Mixed Hardwood Forest at about 300 meters (1,000 ft). It is a Santa Lucia Mountains endemic, reaching its northern limit in Monterey County. According to the CNPS, its range is limited. Feb.—April.

Saxifraga californica Greene CALIFORNIA SAXIFRAGE Perennial herb. It can be expected on shaded, often grassy banks, mostly below 760 meters (2,500 ft). It has been found in Big Creek canyon and off the Canogas Falls Trail. Feb.—June.

Whipplei modesta Torr. MODESTY, YERBA DE SELVA Trailing slightly woody herb. Frequent in some redwood canyons and Mixed Hardwood Forests. Reaches its southern limit in Monterey County. April-June (Aug.).

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SCROPHULARIACEAE: Figwort Family

Antirrhinum multiflorum Penn. STICKY SNAPDRAGON Tall short—lived perennial. One huge plant, approximately 2 meters tall, was seen on the trail to Section 28, at approximately 730 meters (2,400 ft). It was growing on a dry, steep, rocky slope. May—July.

Castilleja affinis H. & A. var. affinis INDIAN PAINTBRUSH Perennial herb. Frequent in Central Coast Scrub and Chamise Chaparral along with other Castilleja species. There are probably numerous other species on the reserve, but I could not key them to satisfaction; most plants appear to be C. affinis. March—May.

Collinsia heterohylla Buist ex Grab. var. heterophylla CHINESE HOUSES, INNOCENCE Annual herb. Reported by Brett Hall and Virginia Hunt in the meadows of the poriderosa pine woodlands at about 610 meters (2,000 ft) on the South High- lands. March—June.

Linaria canadenis (L.) Dum.—Cours. var. texana (Scheele) Penn. TOAD—FLAX Slender annual or biennial herb. Infrequent on the Mining Ridge Trail in Central Coast Scrub. March—May.

Mimulus aurantiacus Curt. STICKY MONKEY FLOWER Small evergreen shrub. Common in Central Coast Scrub, Chamise Chaparral, and Mixed Hardwood Forest; occasional in the Redwood Forest. March—Aug.

Mimulus bifidus Penn. SANTA LUCIA ssp. fasciculatus Penn. STICKY MONKEY FLOWER Small evergreen shrub. A small population grows at about 760 meters (2,500 ft) in a small marshy meadow at the top of the Canogas Falls Trail. It is endemic to the Santa Lucia Mountains. April—July.

*Mimulus cardinalis Dougl. ex Benth. SCARLET MONKEY FLOWER Freely branched viscid—villous perennial with large orange—red flowers. Re- ported by Ed Landels. April—Oct.

Mimulus floribundus Dougl. ex Lind. FL0RIFEROUS MONKEY FLOWER Small annual herb. A small population was found at about 430 meters (1,400 ft) on Cathedral Creek where the Chamise Chaparral meets the woods. April— Aug.

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Mimulus guttatus Fisch. ex DC. ssp. guttatus SEEP—SPRING MONKEY FLOWER Annual or perennial herb. Frequent where there are seeps and springs, as along Highway 1 and upper Cathedral Creek. March—Aug.

*Mimulus subsecundus Gray ONE—SIDED MONKEY FLOWER Small annual herb. Collected by Ken Norris in the spring of 1982 in a grassland near the edge of the Hardwood Forest between Gamboa Point and Highland Camp. Keyed by Eric Engles. Grows only in the Santa Lucia Moun- tains and the Diablo Range; classified as having a limited distribution by the CNPS. May—July (March—April).

Neogaerrhinum kellogii (Greene) Thieret (Antirrhinum k. Greene) LAX SNAPDRAGON Usually vinelike annual herb. Infrequent in Central Coast Scrub on the Min- ing Ridge Trail. March-May.

Orthocarpus attenuatus Gray NARROW—LEAVED ORTHOCARPUS Erect, simple or few—branched annual herb. Frequent in grasslands around Highlands Camp. March—May.

Orthocarpus purpurascens Benth. var. purpurascens OWL’S CLOVER, ESCOBITA Slender, erect herb. The common owl’s clover in grasslands during spring. March—May.

Orthocarpus pusillus Benth. DWARF ORTHOCARPUS Slender—stemmed small annual herb. Common (but often overlooked) in grasslands; forms large colonies. Grows below 610 meters (2,000 ft). April—May.

Pedicularis densiflora Benth. ex Hook INDIAN WARRIOR Perennial herb. Reported by Brett Hall and Virginia Hunt in the meadows near the ponderosa pine woodlands on the South Highlands, 30 January 1978. I have seen this species on the adjacent Gamboa Property in ponderosa pine woodlands but never on the reserve. Jan.—June.

Scrophularia californica Cham. & Schlecht. CALIFORNIA BEE PLANT, COAST FIGWORT Coarse perennial herb. Frequent in Coastal Scrub and the lower, more open portion of Big creek canyon. Feb.—July.

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*Veronica persica Poir var. persica PERSIAN SPEEDWELL Annual herb. One plant was reported by Lee Dittman in July 1980 on the In- terpretive Trail near the junction with the trail to Dolan Ridge, at approximately 210 meters (700 ft). Introduced from Eurasia. Feb.—May.

SOLANACEAE: Nightshade Family

Datura inoxia Miller or D. meteloides A.DC. TOLGUACHA Perennial, coarse, rank—smelling herb. Two plants grow in a meadow on the South Highlands at about 610 meters (2,000 ft) next to ponderosa pine woodlands. Some California Indians made preparations of different parts of this plant to induce dreams. The crushed plant was used to bind on bruises and swellings, and also as a cure for rattlesnake and tarantula bites. The dried leaves were sometimes smoked as a cure for asthma. It is considered a poisonous plant. Probably introduced from Mexico. April—Oct.

Datura sanguinea Shrub, becoming arborescent. One plant was apparently planted at the Uni- versity Center; several smaller plants are now appearing. Native of Peru. July—Aug.

Solanum douglasii Dunal in D.C. DOUGLAS’S NIGHTSHADE Perennial, woody shrub. Frequent in Chamise Chaparral and Central Coast Scrub. Most of the year.

URTICACEAE: Nettle Family

Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Alt.) Selarid. (U. h. Nutt.) Tall perennial herb. Common in Central Coast Scrub through which the South Access Road passes to the South Highlands grasslands. June—Sept.

VALERIANACEAE: Valerian Family

Plectritis ciliosa (Greene) Jeps. ssp. insignis (Suksd.) Morey LONG—SPURRED PLECTRITUS Subglabrous annual herb. Infrequent in the moist meadows on the Canogas Falls Trail. March-May.

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VERBENACEAE: Vervain Family

Verbena lasiostachys Link. CALIFORNIA VERVAIN Perennial herb. Common in Central Coast Scrub through which the South Ac- cess Road passes to the South Highlands grasslands. May—Sept.

Verbena robusta Greene ROBUST VERVAIN Perennial herb. Reported “between Big Creek and Vicente Creek on Highway 1” (Howitt and Howell 1964).

VIOLACEAE: Violet Family

Viola pedunculata T. & G. JOHNNY JUMP—UP, WILD PANSY Perennial herb. Common in the spring in the large ridge grasslands. They have also been found near Canogas Falls. (March-May).

Viola quercetorum Baker & Clausen ? OAK VIOLET Perennial herb from a woody taproot. One questionable specimen was collected from a South Highlands meadow under some trees. March—June.

Viola sempervirens Greene EVERGREEN VIOLET, REDWOOD VIOLET Evergreen subglabrous perennial. Frequent in Big Creek canyon on the forest floor. Reaches its southern limit in Monterey County. (April—May).

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Subdivision PTEROPSIDA Class ANGIOSPERMAE Subclass MONOCOTYLEDONES

AGAVACEAE: Agave Family

Yucca whipplei Torr. ssp. percursa Haines OUR LORD’S CANDLE, QUIXOTE PLANT Acaulescent shrub. Frequently growing on steep canyon walls on the south fork of Devil’s Creek. It is generally found in chaparral or Sage Scrub. Reaches its northern limit in central Monterey County. Indians extracted a fine white fiber from the leaves to make thread for many articles. They also collected the seeds to grind into flour, and ate the young flowers (either raw or cooked). May—June (July).

AMARYLLIDACEAE: Amaryllis Family

Dichelostemma pulchellum (Salisb.) Heller var. pauciflora (Torr.) Hoover BLUE DICKS, (Brodiaea pulchella (Salisb.) Greene) WILD HYACINTH Perennial herb from underground corm. Frequently found in meadows or the edges of Mixed Hardwood Forest. Usually found above 300 meters (1,000 ft). Mostly March—May.

Triteleia ixioides (Ait. f.) Greene (Brodiaea lutea (Lindl.) Mort.) GOLDEN BRODIAEA Perennial herb from underground corm. Common in Mixed Hardwood Forests and in oak woodlands. It grows on dry, well—drained soils in semi—open areas between 180 and 610 meters (600 and 2,000 ft). May—Aug.

CYPERACEAE: Sedge Family

Carex spp. Several specimens were collectd on the reserve, principally from semi— shaded areas in the Mixed Hardwood Forest. None of these were keyed to species.

*Cyperus eragrostis Lam. Perennial herb with short thick rhizomes and coarse fibrous roots. Reported by Lee Dittman in July 1980 growing along a streamlet near the Interpretive Trail at approximately 210 meters (700 ft). Identified by Helen Lind. May— Nov.

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IRIDACEAE: Iris Family

Iris douglasiana Herb. DOUGLAS’S IRIS Perennial herb with creeping rhizomes or bulblike base. Common in several communities, especially in the Redwood and.Mixed Hardwood Forests. It prefers semi—open woods and grassy slopes. Northwest California Indians used the fibers from this plant to make threads, cords, and ropes for their fishing nets and camping bags. March—May.

Sisyrinchium bellum Wats. BLUE—EYED GRASS Tufted perennial herb from short rootstocks. Common in spring in grasslands and in open woods below 915 meters (3,000 ft). March—May. (July — one plant was found flowering at the edge of a meadow under an Umbellularia californica near the University Center.)

JUNCACEAE: Rush Family

Juncus sp. One specimen was collected but not identified to species.

*Luzula subsessilis (Wats.) Buch. COMMON WOOD—RUSH Tufted perennial. Reported by Lee Dittman in July 1990 growing in several places along the west side of the Interpretive Trail at approximately 210 meters (700 ft). March—May.

LILIACEAE: Lily Family

Calochortus albus Dougl. ex Benth. FAIRY LANTERN, GLOBE LILY Glabrous perennial herb from tunicated bulbs. Very common in the major canyons on slopes in semi—shaded woods or brush. Seen from 10 to 670 meters (30 to 2,200 ft). California Indians ate the cooked or raw bulbs. April- June.

Calochortus albus Dougl. ex Benth. var. rubellus Greene Glabrous perennial herb from tunicated bulbs. Grows with the species. The flowers tend to have a rose—purple tinge. Reaches its southern limit in the Santa Lucia Mountains. April—June.

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Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth. SOAP PLANT, ANGLE Perennial herb with coated bulbs. Infrequent in grasslands and in Mixed Hardwood Forest on both ridges. The bulb of this plant was used by the In- dians and early Spanish and American settlers as a soap and shampoo. Some California Indians also cooked the bulbs to destroy the plants’ soapy char- acter and provided themselves with a nourishing food. The bulbs could also be prepared as poultices for sores and to cure rheumatic pain and cramps. Indians would also dam a stream and throw these plants into it to stupefy fish. May—Aug.

Clintonia andrewsiana Torr. RED CLINTONIA Scapose perennial herb. Several colonies occur in Big Creek canyon near the confluence with Devil’s Creek, between 30 and 45 meters (100 and 150 ft). It likes well—shaded, moist areas. Reaches its southern limit in Monterey County. May—July.

Disporum hookeri (Torr.) Nichols. FAIRY BELLS Perennial herb. Frequent in shaded canyons, especially in the Redwood For- est. Its southern range limit is near the southern border of Monterey County. March—May.

Lilium pardalinum Kell. LEOPARD LILY, PANTHER LILY Perennial herb with scaly bulbs. Frequent in Big Creek canyon between 30 and 120 meters (100 and 400 ft). Less frequent in Devil’s Creek canyon. Can be found along the stream banks in mid summer, growing up to 2 meters (6 ft) tall. May—July.

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. var. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) WESTERN SOLOMON’S SEAL Perennial herb. Common in shaded, generally moist woods. Grows mainly in Redwood Forests, but can be found in Mixed Hardwood Forests that have a rich understory. March—May (July)

Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. var. sessilifolia (Baker) Henders. SLIM SOLOMON’S SEAL Erect perennial herb with creeping rootstocks. Infrequent in Redwood Forest and dense Mixed Hardwood Forest in the larger canyons. Grows on moist slopes and stream banks and is much less common than western solomon’s seal. March— May.

Trillium ovatum Pursh. WESTERN WAKE ROBIN, TRILLIUM Erect glabrous unbranched perennial herb. Infrequent in Big Creek and Devil’s Creek canyons between 30 and 120 meters (100 and 400 ft), but probably occurs at higher elevations. Reaches its southern limit in Mon- terey County. Feb.—April

109

Zigadenus fremontii Torr. var. fremontii STAR LILY Perennial herb with tunicated bulbs. Frequent in ridge grasslands. March- May.

ORCHIDACEAE: Orchid Family

Corallorhiza maculata Raf. SPOTTED CORAL—ROOT Saprophytic scapose herb. One plant was found under a huge Lithocarpus densiflorus by the Boronda Homestead. Two days after this plant was discovered it had disappeared—-probably eaten by an animal. May-July.

Epipactis gigantea Dougl. ex Hook. STREAM ORCHIS, HELLEBORINE Perennial herb. Common in Devil’s Creek canyon, above about 90 meters (300 ft), next to the water. May—Aug.

Piperia elegans (Lindl.) Rybd. (Habenaria elegans (Lindl.) Boland.) REIN ORCHID Perennial terrestrial herb with fleshy tuber—like roots. Common in dry woods and brush, especially on the South Highlands. Also found near the mouth of Big Creek canyon. May—Sept.

POACEAE: Grass Family

Agropyron parishii Scribn. & Sm. var. laeve Scribn. & Sm. CALIFORNIA WHEAT GRASS Mostly perennial grass. A specimen was collected in Coastal Scrub above the North Gate. Reaches its northern coastal limit in the Santa Lucia Moun- tains. June-July.

Aira caryophylla L.. HAIR GRASS, SILVER GRASS Slender, erect, rather delicate annual grass. Infrequent in the Highlands Camp grasslands. Introduced from Europe. April—June.

Avena barbata Brot. SLENDER WILD OAT Annual grass. Very common grass in grasslands. Native of the Old World. March-June.

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Avena fatua L. WILD OAT Annual grass. Infrequent grass in grasslands. Introduced from Europe. April—June.

Briza maxima L. RATTLESNAKE GRASS Annual grass. Common along Highway 1. Native of Europe. April—July.

Bromus carinatus H. & A. CALIFORNIA BROME Erect annual or biennial grass. Frequent in Central Coast Scrub and probably elsewhere in dry and open areas. April—Aug.

Bromus diandrus Roth. RIPGUT BROME, BRONCO GRASS Annual grass. A very common grass in grasslands. Introduced from Europe. April—June.

Bromus hordeaceus L. ssp. hordeaceus (B. mollis L.) SOFT CHESS Annual grass. Very common in grasslands and disturbed places. Native of Europe. April—Ju1y.

Bromus rubens L. FOXTAIL CHESS, RED BROME Annual grass. A very common weedy grass in grasslands and dsturbed areas such as along Highway 1; also common in Central Coast Scrub and chaparral. Introduced from southern Europe. March—June.

Elymus glaucus Buckl. var. glaucus WESTERN RYEGRASS Tufted perennial grass. Common in Central Coast Scrub; less common in grasslands. June—Aug.

Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz. & Thell. NIT GRASS Annual grass. A common weedy grass of the grasslands in the southern portion of the reserve. Introduced from Europe. May—Sept.

Hierchloe occidentalis Buckl. VANILLA GRASS Perennial erect sweet—smelling herb. Common in Redwood—Streamside Forest and Mixed Hardwood Forest of the major canyons. Reaches its southern limit in Monterey County. Jan.—July.

Hordeum leporinum Link. BARNYARD FOXTAIL Annual grass. Frequent grass of ridge grasslands. Native of Europe. April— June.

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Hordeum vulgare L. COMMON BARLEY Erect annual grass. One plant was found near Highlands Camp. Native of the Old World. April—July.

Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. JUNE GRASS Tufted perennial bunchgrass. Reported by Doug Stone on 26 June 1980 on a serpentine outcrop in the grassland community near the Brunnette Cabin, growing at approximately 220 meters (720 ft) on a west—facing slope. May— July.

Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench. GOLDENTOP Low annual grass. Frequent in grasslands. Introduced from the Mediterranean region. Feb.—May.

Lolium multiflorum Lam. (L. perenne L. ssp. m. (Lam.) Husnot.) ITALIAN RYEGRASS Simple erect stemmed perennial grass. Infrequent near the road in the grasslands and scrubby areas. Native of Europe. May—Sept.

Lolium perenne L. var. perenne PERENNIAL or ENGLISH RYEGRASS Perennial grass. Found in dense scrub by the road just inside the North Gate. Native of Europe. May—Sept.

Phalaris californica H. & A. CANARY GRASS Perennial, densely tufted grass. Frequent in major canyons in Redwood— Streamside Forest and Mixed Hardwood Forest; also found in Central Coast Scrub near the North Gate. May—Nov.

Poa annua L. WINTERGRASS, ANNUAL BLUEGRASS Tufted winter annual grass. Common grass of the grasslands; less common in Central Coast Scrub. Introduced from Europe. Jan.—July.

Poa scabrella (Thurb.) Benth. ex Vasey MALPAIS BLUEGRASS Small to moderately tufted perennial grass. Common grass in the grasslands; also found on the Mining Ridge Trail in scrub. “A highly variable species” (Munz 1959). Feb.—June.

Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. RABBITFOOT GRASS Erect annual or decumbent (at base) grass. One specimen was found in a meadow on Mining Ridge. Introduced from Europe. April—Aug.

Stipa lepida Hitch. SMALL-FLOWERED STIPA Slender, tufted perennial grass. Infrequent in the grassy areas of Mining Ridge. March—May.

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Stipa pulchra Hitch. NODDING STIPA Tufted perennial grass. Several plants were found in the northern portion of the reserve. March—May.

Vulpia myuros Rydb. var. hirsuta Hack (Festuca megalura Nutt.) FOXTAIL FESCUE Simple or tufted annual grass. Infrequent in grasslands and Central Coast Scrub. April—June.

Vulpia myuros (L.) K. C. Gmel. var. myuros (Festuca myuros L.) Annual grass. A common grass in grasslands. Introduced from Europe. March— May.

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114

APPENDIX

Plants of the Gamboa Point Properties Which May Occur on the Landels—Hill Big Creek Reserve

The plants listed below were not discovered in the Landels—Hill Big Creek Reserve, but were found within about four kilometers of its borders on the Gamboa Point Ranch and/or the Gamboa Property by Genetti and Engles (1984). Because suitable habitats for each plant exist in the reserve, it is likely that many of these plants actually grow in the reserve but were missed during the survey by Bickford and Rich. As in the list of vascular plants, parentheses enclose the most widely used synonyms, and scientific nomenclature conforms to A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland (Kartesz and Kartesz 1980).

Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. CALIFORNIA HORSETAIL Cheilanthes intertexta (Maxon) Max. in Abrams COASTAL LIP FERN Anthriscus caucalis Bieb. BUR—CHERVIL (A. neglecta B. & R. var. scandix) Apiastrum angustifolium Nutt. in T. & G. WILD CELERY Ciclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague MARSH—PARSLEY (Apium L. (Pers.) F. Muell. ex B. & M.) Lomatium dasycarpum (T. & G.) Coult. & Rose. WOOLLY—FRUITED LOMATIUM Asclepias eriocarpa Bentham INDIAN MILKWEED Aster chilensis Nees var. chilensis COMMON CALIFORNIA ASTER Calycadenia truncata DC. ROSIN WEED Cirsium californicum Gray BIGELOW THISTLE Erigeron foliosus Nutt. LEAFY DAISY var. stenophyllus (Nutt.) Gray towards hartwegii * Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. STICKY EUPATORIUM Madia elegans D. Don. ssp. vernalis Keck. COMMON MADIA Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter PINEAPPLE WEED Picris echioides L. BRISTLY OX-TONGUE Psilocarpus tenellus Nutt. SLENDER WOOLLY-HEADS Rigiopappus leptocladus Gray RIGIOPAPPUS Solidago californica Nutt. CALIFORNIA GOLDENROD Soliva sessilis R. & P. COMMON SOLIVA Mahonia pinnata (Lag.) Fedde CALIFORNIA BARBERRY (Berberis p. Lag.) Amsinckia intermedia F. & M. COMMON FIDDLENECK Cryptantha clevelandii Greene CLEVELAND’S CRYPTANTHA var. florosa Jtn.

*Alva Day 1982: personal communication. Dr. Day is Associate Curator at the California Academy of Sciences Herbarium.

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Cryptantha muricata (H. & A.) Nels. & Macbr. PRICKLY CRYPTANTHA var. muricata Cryptantha micromeres (Gray) Greene MINUTE-FLOWERED CRYPTANTHA Arabis breweri Wats. var. breweri BREWER’S ROCK—CRESS Githopsis specularioides Nutt. BLUE CUP var. specularioides Heterocodon rariflorum Nutt. HETEROCODON Minuartia douglasii Fenzl. ex T. & G. DOUGLAS ‘S SANDWORT var. douglasii Silene antirrhina L. STICKY CATCHFLY Spergularia bocconii (Scheele) Foucaud. BOCCONE’S SAND SPURREY Spergularia villosa (Pers.) Camb. VILLOUS SAND SPURREY Stelleria nitens Nutt. SHINING CHICKWEED Atriplex leucophylla (Moq.) D. Dietr. BEACH SALTBUSH, SEA SCALE Cuscuta californica H. & A. var. californica CALIFORNIA DODDER Dudleya cymosa (Lem.) Britt & Rose. ssp. cymosa Crassula erecta Hook. & Am. SAND PYGMY (Tillaea e. H. & A.) Dipsacus fullonum L. FULLER’S TEASEL Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastwood EASTWOOD MANZANITA var. glandulosa Euphorbia crenulata Engelm. CHINESE CAPS Astragalus nuttalli (T. & G.) J.T. Howell GRAY LOCO var. nuttalli Lotus argophyllus (Gray) Greene SILVER—LEAVED LOTUS var. argophyllus (L. a. var. fremontii) Lotus micranthus Benth. SMALL—FLOWERED LOTUS, HILL LOTUS Lotus purshianus (Benth.) Clem. & Clem. SPANISH CLOVER Lupinus concinnus ssp. concinnus J.G. Agardh BAJADA LUPINE Lupinus succulentus Dougl. ex Koch SUCCULENT ANNUAL LUPINE Trifolium hirtum All. Trifolium incarnatum L. CRIMSON, FRENCH, or ITALIAN CLOVER Trifolium subterraneum L. Trifolium variegatum Nutt. WHITE-TIPPED CLOVER Vicia nigricans H. & A. ssp. gigantea (Hook.) L. & G. GIANT (V. gigantea Hook.) VETCH Quercus X moreha Kell. ORACLE OAK Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. CALIFORNIA BUCKEYE Nemophila parviflora Dougl. ex Benth. SMALL-FLOWERED NEMOPHILA Phacelia douglasii (Benth.) Torr. DOUGLAS‘S PHACELIA Phacelia egena (Greene ex Brand) Const. Marrubium vulgare L. HOREHOUND Arceuthobium campylopodum Eng. in Gray. WESTERN DWARF MISTLETOE Phoradendron villosum (Nutt.) Nutt. ssp. villosum MISTLETOE (P. flavescens (Pursh.) Nutt. var. v.) Malva nicaeensis All. BULL MALLOW Myrica californica C. & S. WAX MYRTLE Camissonia hirtella (Greene) Raven. SMALL PRIMROSE Camissonia intermedia Raven. Clarkia purpurea (Curt.) Nels. & Macbr. PURPLE CLARKIA Epilobium minutum Lindl. ex Hook. MINUTE WILLOW HERB Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. ex T. & G. SUMMER COTTONWEED

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Orobanche bulbosa (Gray) G. Beck CHAPARRAL BROOMRAPE Orobanche californica Cham. & Schlecht. CALIFORNIA BROOMRAPE var. californica Orobanche fasciculata Mutt. CLUSTERED BROOMRAPE var. franciscana Achey. Orobanche uniflora L. NAKED BROOMRAPE var. minuta (Suks.) G. Beck (0. u. L. ssp. occidentalis (Greene) Abrams ex Ferris) Eschscholzia caespitosa Benth. TUFTED ESCHSCHOLZIA ssp. caespitosa Plantago australis Lam. MEXICAN PLANTAIN ssp. hirtella (HBK.) Rahn. (P. H. HBK. var. galeottiana (Dcne.) Pilg.) Allophyllum divaricatum (Nutt.) A. & V. Grant. STRAGGLING GILIA Gilia splendens Dougl. ex Lindl. SPLENDID GILIA ssp. splendens Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene ANNUAL PHLOX ssp. gracilis Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene ssp. humilis (Greene) V. Grant Chorizanthe douglasii Benth. DOUGLAS’S SPINE FLOWER Chorizanthe staticoides Benth. TURKISH RUGGING var. staticoides Polygonum aviculare L. var. aviculare COMMON KNOTWEED Delphinium hutchinsonae Ewan. HUTCHINSON’S DELPHINIUM Delphinium parryi Gray ssp. parryi PARRY Thalictrum polycarpum (Torr.) Wats. MEADOW RUE Ceanothus foliosus Parry WAVY—LEAF CEANOTHUS var. medius McMinn. Ceanothus papillosus T. & G. WARTY—LEAVED CEANOTHUS var. papillosus ? Ruta chalepensis L. RUE Castilleja foliolosa H. & A. WOOLLY PAINTED CUP Cordylanthus rigidus (Benth.) Jeps. STIFFLY—BRANCHED BIRD’S BEAK ssp. rigidus Keckiella breviflora (Lindl.) Straw. GAPING PENSTEMON (Penstemon breviflorus Lindl.) Keckiella corymbosa (Benth.) Straw. REDWOOD PENSTEMON (Penstemon corymbosus (Benth) Penstemon centranthifolius Benth. SCARLET BUGLER Penstemon heterophyllus Lindl. FOOTHILL PENSTEMON ssp. australis (M. & J.) Keck Allium unifolium Kell. ONE—LEAVED ONION Brodiaea elegans Hoover HARVEST BRODIAEA Triteleia hyacinthina (Lindl.) Greene WHITE BRODIAEA (Brodiaea hyacinthina (Lindl.) Baker) Carex bolanderi BOLANDER’S SEDGE Carex globosa Boott. Cyperus alternifolius L. UMBRELLA PLANT Scirpus cernuus Vahl. LOW CLUB—RUSH ssp. californicus (Torr.) Beetle. Juncus bufonius L. COMMON TOAD RUSH Juncus xiphioides E. Mey. ? IRIS-LEAVED RUSH

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Fritillaria lanceolata Pursh. CHECKER-LILY Cephalanthera austinae (Gray) Heller PHANTOM ORCHID (Eburophyton a. (Gray) Heller) Bromus grandis (Shear) Hithch. in Jeps. TALL BROME Bromus madritensis L. ? SPANISH BROME Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.F. Hubbard ex Dony (Scleropoa rigida (L.) Griseb.) Cortaderia jubata PAMPAS GRASS Cynodon cactylon BERMUDA GRASS Dactylis glomerata L. ORCHARD GRASS Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro ex Benth. SLENDER HAIR-GRASS Melica californica Scribn. CALIFORNIA MELICA Melica harfordii Bol. HARFORD’S MELICA Melica imperfecta Trin. SMALL—FLOWERED MELICA Poa bolanderi Vasey HOWELL’S BLUEGRASS ssp. howellii (Vasey and Scribn.) Keck. Polypogon interruptus HBK. BEARD GRASS Sitanoin jubatum J. G. sm. BIG SQUIRREL TAIL Stipa coronata Thurb. GIANT STIPA Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray (Festuca dertonensis) Vulpia microstachys (Nutt.) Benth. var. ciliata (Beal) Lonard & Gould (Festuca microstachys, Festuca pacifica) Vulpia microstachys (Nutt.) Benth. var. pauciflora (Beal) Lonard & Gould (Festuca reflexa) Typha sp. CAT-TAIL

118 LITERATURE CITED

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Carpenter, J. 1984. “The flora and vegetation of the Cone Peak——South Fork Devil’s Canyon study area, Monterey County, California. Part one: flora.” Unpublished senior thesis on file at the Environmental Field Program office, University of California, Santa Cruz.

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Howard, D. M. 1973. The Gamboa site (Mnt—480): an Esselen village, with a review of Esselen ethnography. Monterey County Archaeological Society Quarterly 3: 1—11.

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Kirkpatrick, J. B. and C. F. Hutchinson. 1977. The community composition of California coastal sage scrub. Vegetation 35: 21—33.

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______. 1976. “The role of fire within montane pine forests, Junipero Serra Peak, Los Padres National Forest.” Consultant report for the draft environmental impact report on the proposed dark sky optical observatory at Junipero Serra Peak. Lick Observatory, University of Califor- nia, Santa Cruz.

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Other publications by the Environmental Field Program:

Granite Mountains Resource Survey: the Natural and Cultural Values of the Granite Mountains, Eastern Mojave Desert, California. 1979. No. 1. Edited by B. A. Stein and S. F. Warrick.

Vegetation and Flora of the Landels—Hill Big Creek Reserve, Monterey County, California. 1979. No. 2. By C. Bickford and P. Rich.

Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Landels—Hill Big Creek Reserve, Monterey County, California. 1980. No. 3. By J. Carothers, H. Cull, L. Daniel, D. Melcflert, and R. White.

Local Influence and the National Interest: Ten Years of National Park Ser- vice Administration in the Stehekn Valley, Washington. 1980. No. 4. By S. E. Georgette and A. H. Harvey.

In the Rough Land to the South: an Oral History of the Lives and Events at Big Creek, Big Sur, California. 1980. No. 5. By S. E. Georgette.

Big River: the Natural History of an Endangered Northern California Estu- ary. 1981. No. 6. Edited by S. F. Warrick and E. C. Wilcox.

The Relocation of Bighorn Sheep in the Sierra Nevada of California. 1981. No. 7. By L. Andalaro and H. R. Ramey II.

One Long Summer Day in Alaska: a Documentation of Perspectives in the Wran- gell Mountains. 1981. No. 8. By D. C. Defenderfer and H. B. Walkin- shaw.

San Sebastian Marsh: a Resource Survey and Management Plan, Imperial County, California. 1982. No. 9. Edited by A. Lebo, L. Nitikinan, and C. Salmen.

The Kingston Range of California: a Resource Survey Natural and Cultural Values of Kingston Range, Eastern Mojave Desert, California. 1983. No. 10. Edited by H. D. Stone and V. A. Sumida.

The Natural History of the UC Santa Cruz Campus. 1982. No. 11. Edited by S. F. Warrick.

A Plan for a Natural Areas Reserve on the CC Santa Cruz Campus. 1983. No. 12. Edited by R. Weiner and K. Norris.

The Natural Features of the Gamboa Point Properties, Monterey County, Cali- fornia. 1984. No. 13. Edited by E. Engles.

Intertidal Plants and Animals of the Landels—Hill Big Creek Reserve, Mon- terey County, California. 1984. No. 14. Edited by A. Ferguson.

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