X Window System User's Guide
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X Window System User’s Guide OPEN LOOK Edition Final Draft Ian Darwin, Valerie Quercia and Tim O’Reilly Disclaimer This book was written under a contract to O’Reilly & Associates. Due to the announcement of the Common Desktop Environment (CDE) by Sun, HP, IBM, Novell, and others, and the planned phaseout OPEN LOOK by Sun, O’Reilly decided not to publish the book. Accordingly, it is being released as an unpublished work. It is not being published by O’Reilly & Associates. This means that this ver- sion has not been subjected to O’Reilly & Associates’ usual detailed editing and quality-assurance process. Accordingly, neither O’Reilly & Associates, nor the author, nor Darwin Open Systems assumes any liability for the accuracy of this book, nor for errors & omissions. Since the book is being distributed on CD-ROM, the manual pages referred to throughout as being “in Section Three of this Guide” are in fact stored in the man subdirectory of the CD-ROM instead. In addition, work on this book was suspended for parts of 1993 and 1994, during a time when it appeared that the work would never see the light of day. Some parts have been updated for 1995, but other sections of the material will not refer to the very latest versions of the software. Finally, since there are so many versions of OpenWindows in circulation, we can’t say everything about all of them, so we try to take a middle ground between the very latest and the older ones.We apologize for any discrepancies, but wanted to bring the book to you in the most timely and cost- effective way possible; this has meant sacrificing the task of updating all the screen- shots and descriptions of the menu items in order to bring you a low-cost product during a time when the OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface is still widely used in the Sun and Linux user communities. Ian F. Darwin March, 1995 For my best friend and wife Betty, whose time at my side has vastly enriched my life , and who fed the children and washed the dishes while I was writing this book. For Benjamin, Andy and Margartet who brought snacks and smiles. Trademarks Apple, Apple LaserWriter, Apple LaserWriter Plus, MacIntosh (sp?) of Apple Computer... Bembo and Gill Sans are trademarks of the Monotype Corporation Plc. Helvetica is a trademark of Linotype AG and/or its subsidiaries. ITC Avant Garde Gothic, ITC Bookman, ITC Zapf Chancery, and ITC and Zapf Dingbats are registered trademarks of International Typeface Corporation. Lucida is a registered trademark of Bigelow & Holmes. New Century Schoolbook, Palatino , and Times are trademarks of Linotype AG and/or its subsid- iaries. OPEN LOOK was a trademeark of AT&T and is now a trademark of Novell Inc. OSF/Motif is a trademark of the Open Software Foundation PostIt (3M?) PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Rockwell is a trademark of The Monotype Corporation Plc. Sun Workstation, OpenWindows, Sun-3, Sun-4, NeWS, X/NeWS, NeWSprint, AnswerBook, SunPC are trademarks of Sun Microsystems Inc SPARC is a trademark of SPARC International Tek and Tektronix are trademarks Tektronic Incorporated. UNIX has been a trademark of Bell Laboratories, AT&T, Western Electric, Unix System Labora- tories Inc., Novell Inc., and others, and is now a trademark of X/Copen Co. Ltd.. X Window System is a trademark of either MIT or The X Consortium Any other capitalizaed tradename should be presumed to be a trademark of the owner of that product. CHAPTER : 5 Preface............................................................................................................... xxvii Historical Update ........................................................................................................xxviii Assumptions .......................................................................................................................xxviii Organization ......................................................................................................................... xxix Historical Note .............................................................................................................. xxxi On the Complexity of X ...................................................................................................... xxxii xshowfonts.c and Other Free Programs .............................................................................xxxiii X Window System Administrator’s Guide, with CD-ROM ....................................... xxxiv Other Books in this series .................................................................................................... xxxv Bulk Sales Information ........................................................................................................ xxxv Request for Comments ....................................................................................................... xxxvi Font and Character Conventions ........................................................................................ xxxvi Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. xxxvii PART ONE: Using X with OpenWindows ..............................................................1 Chapter 1: An Introduction to OPEN LOOK and X Windows................................3 Anatomy of an X Display .......................................................................................................... 5 Standard X Clients, OPEN LOOK Clients and Motif Clients ................................................ 15 X Architecture Overview ........................................................................................................ 20 The X Display Server .............................................................................................................. 21 Clients ...................................................................................................................................... 22 The ShellTool terminal emulator ..................................................................................... 23 The xterm Terminal Emulator .......................................................................................... 24 Other X Clients ................................................................................................................ 24 Customizing Clients ....................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 2: Working in the OPEN LOOK Environment ........................................29 Getting Started with X and OPEN LOOK .............................................................................. 29 Logging In via the Special xdm Window ........................................................................ 30 Logging In at a Full Screen Prompt: Starting OpenWindows or X ................................. 31 Starting on a 386 with SVR4 ........................................................................................... 34 Starting with an X Terminal ............................................................................................. 34 Selecting and Using a Window ............................................................................................... 35 Creating Additional Windows ................................................................................................. 36 6 X USER’S GUIDE: OPEN LOOK EDITION Using the Pointer .....................................................................................................................36 Selecting Text ...................................................................................................................37 Menu Choices ...................................................................................................................38 Pushing Buttons and Menu Buttons .................................................................................40 Other Controls ..................................................................................................................41 Choice Items .....................................................................................................................42 Exclusives and Non-Exclusives ................................................................................42 Checkbox ...................................................................................................................44 Abbreviated Choice ...................................................................................................45 Sliding items .....................................................................................................................45 Text Scrollbar ............................................................................................................45 Scrolling List ............................................................................................................46 Slider .........................................................................................................................47 Gauge ................................................................................................................................48 Text Fields ........................................................................................................................48 Help Me ............................................................................................................................50 Moving, Resizing, and Iconifying Windows ...........................................................................51