PUNJAB StATES GAZETTEERS.

VOLUME VIII.

PART A. GAZETTEERS OF THE SIMLA HILL STATES.

1934.

COl!PILED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF 'l:HE PUNJAB GOVERNMENT • •

Lahore: ' ~ l'rmted by the Sapermtendcnt, Government Prmtu>g, PnnJab ~- 1935.

Price : Ra. 1·14..0 or "'· lO-t. PUNJAB STATES GAZETTEERS.

VOLUME Vill.

PART A

GAZETTEERS OF THE SIMLA HILL STATES.

1934.

COMPILED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE PUNJAB GOVERNMENT.

Labore a Printed b7 the Supermteadont, Govemmmt Pnntlajr, Panfab. l93S. R;u••J I.Jat of Aroato for t~o /i•'• vf PuaJab Govoramoat Pubhcatioaa.

Os TD CoBTI!IBNT .A5D UNITED KnranoM ~ -...... , ,. - ~Pub~oattooa oblalnable 01tbor d1rect from tho H•gh CommiSSioner for India, at ~-Iadla Houoe. Aldwyob, London, W C 2, or through any bookseller

Ill INDIA . , - ...... ,. _ 'l'be MAIU.OIIB, •• The-Qoauau D11Jer" and the Umon Pres,;, Amntsar The M.a.NAO'IB, The Mufid t·' Am Press, Lahore · · "'" _} The 'd:A "f.&.GUIO Pa.oPB.tBTO~-The Cammeroua.l Book £omps.ny, Brandreth Road, Lahore e.-J.J..,. .1!..-..... r .. .i Jdesare R.uu KBISBlfA & SoNs, Ana.rkah, Lahore. The HoNY SIIOBBTABY, PuoJn.b Rehg1ous Book Soc1ety, Lahore L. RAil LAL SURt, Propnotor,·" The Stadooll' Owa-Agonoy," Anarkab, Lahore. The PBOPBIBTOB, PunJab Law Book Mart, Mohaa Lal Road, Lahore. L. DawA!I CB.AMD, Propnotor, The .Meroanttl~ p,.,.., NISbet Road, Lahore. B S J&URA, Esq, B A., B T, •The Stadenll'' Popular Dopdt, Kaohen Road, Lahore u-n GoP.t.L Soraa SlJilJ & Co , Law Booksellers and Bmdors, Lahore Tho ~4o..B, Uruvemtyllook Agoooy Kaohen Road, Lahore- - The PaoPB!IITOB, City Book Co, Poet Box No 283, Madras < • no PBOPBJBTOB, The Book Compaoy, Ltd • College gqpare, Caloatta ·-Tho MA!140IIII, StandanU!ook Deplt, ;rho Mall, Lahore The PaoPIUBTOB, Aftab Pun.Jab General Law Book Age-;;oy, near Old C.ty Pohoe Station, Lahore • The MA!I&ODIQ P.umnm, The Bombay Book Depclt, Gll'gaoO. Bombay, !lleoaro CnTTBBn & Co, Rooksellero, 3 Bach&r~tm Chatter:JI Lane, Poet Ollioe Hatkhola, Calcutta. - Tho MaN ..OilB, The Oxford Book and Stattonery Co , The Mall, Labore u-rs TIIAOKBB SPD11< & Co , Ltd., P 0 Box No 54, Calcutta. Hosara. D B T48APOBBV.u..&, SoNs & Co, Kttah Mahal, 190, Homhy Road, Fort Bombay Heosrs. W NaWIIA!I & Co, Ltd., 3, Old Court Hoose Street, Post Box No 76, Calcutta. Tho ~.. oBB, The Now'Book Dopilt, No 79, The Mali. Sllllla. The M4NAOBB, Tho Eogll8h Book Depilt, Tal Road, Agra l'tleosro R CAIIBB&r & Co , ll·A. Ha1dar Lane, Bowbazar, Calcutta Heosra. DASB BBOTIIIIBS, Bookoellers and Pubhohers, Anarkah, Lahore. r.r Fuoz.UD Dnr & Solis, Government Pnntere and Booksellers, opp001te Tonga Stand, Loharl Gate,.Labore. l'tleosrs B P.l.Biltll & Oo., Booksellers and Pubhohero, NarsmhJI Pole, Baroda. Mr H D L....., Bm, B Com., Knohna Nagar, Lahore. (For Law pubhoahoDS only) l'tleosrs R 8 ToJWU. & Son, Pabhobero, Onontal and Fomgo Bookoellero, oppo­ lllte Fan Gate, Dellu. H...,., SAIIPSOll WILLIAK & Co, Booksellero, &o, 127-B, Tho MaD, CaWDpC>!e, F.oQIB CR.um IIIAaw.ur, Bookoeller, Peshawar Cantonment. BHAJJI STATE, 1934. CHAPTER I -Descriptive.

SECTION. A.-General.; The BhaJji State lies between 81° 7' and 81° 17' north, and 177° 23' east, on the south bank of the SutlPJ Its maximum length is CRAP_:!. A. 22 miles and Its maxrmum breadth 9 miles ; its area Is 98 square Counl. ,miles, and the population accordmg to, the census of 1931 is ,15,413. It IS bounded on the north by Suket, on the east by Sangn and Kumharsam, on the_ south by Keonthal, Madhan, Koti, Patiala and Dharm, and on the west by Baghal. The capital, Sum, IS on the SutleJ about twenty-four miles from Simla ; Its populatiOn accordmg to the census of 1931IA 692. The country IS mountainous, the elevatiOn above the sea ':rangmg from 2,000 feet m the SutleJ valley to- 9,406 feet at the :;::: ~ubmit of the Shah peak About one half of the state to the east of the Nauti khad consiSts practically of the' Shali range, which ;runs parallel t() the SutleJ, and from which numerous spurs :run down more or_less at nght angles to the fiver West of the NautJ khad the average elevatiOn of the country is lower, and the pnncipal natural feature IS the- long ndge, which, startmg at Mashobra,· enters ;the state JUst .beyond Naldera, and runs for a considerable distance almost parallel to the SntleJ, until it end11 on the nver some three miles below the suspension bndge which cames the ro'ad from Simla to Snket. - ' ' The 11verage anm.iat fucome' is Rs. ,7~,000 ~n4 Bs. 1,440 are r-. paid m tnbute. ,, . .

j j I I lj SECTION B.-History. The founder of the mhng family, accordmg to tradition, TberaiiDg was Chrrn, second son of Rampal, 24th RaJa of Kutlehr m the fauuJ,.. Kangra Distnct.* He and his younger brother Chand are stated to have left Kutlehr on therr father's death, and to have estab- hshed themselves respectively m BhaJJI and Koti The capital of.,the state was ongmally Mool BhaJJI, a village close to Moo! KotJ m the valley of the Nauti khad, below Mahasu. Nothmg certain IS known regarding the successors of Chiru but a chief named Sohan Pal, m the 29th generatiOn from Chrru, IS said to have founded the village of Sum, and to have tran•ferred his capital there from Mool BhaJji " ' The followmg IS extracted from the settlement report of 1923:- ,.. There JS no previous lnstory of the state. A memorandum con· sJStmg of a few pages m Hmdi bas been recovered from a

OSee lu.sto1y of tho rwhlg family of Kota Stat& 2 BB.AJ.JI STAT& ] (PART A.

Brahmm m village Galtham who used to be one of the spmtual CHAP. LB. leaders of the clnefs of the state It shows that the fannly Jhatorr. of the presen~ RatS traces back from Kodan Got RaJputs. They had thea estate m Nanda Ban and Katler m Kangra Dlstnct There wa.e one RaJa Susharm Chandar of Nanda Ban who, when he could ,not keep Nanda Ban m Ins control, hls brother (stc) Ude Pal left the place and came and settled in village Klan m the state on the banks of the nver SutleJ. He watched the afl'JW'S of the people With an mtelhgent eye He found that the people were turbulent a:nd recogmsed ndbody as the1r chtef They were called MaVIs Ude Pal, acquamt. mg htmself With the affJW'S of the Mavis, struck up a fnend­ iilnp with a Bra.hmm named Samoo of the village Mandhor m the state and With Ius wd obtamed sway m several villages, so much so that he brought under hts control some port10ns of the Kott and Madhan states, and also the Parganas Chandra and Pha.gu of the Keonthal State He estabhshed his capital at Mool BhaJJI Vtlla.ge After him m the twenty·nmth gene'­ mtiori Thakur Bohan Pal founded the' village Som and tra.nS- 1 ferred Ius ca.pttal to that Vlile.ge from Mool Bha.JJi. Thakur Sohan Pal's grandson Thakur Chandar Pal bestowed the Ilaqa of the State Koti on his younger brother as JBgll' and the latter estabhshed the capital of his State at Mool Kott winch IS very near to Mool Bha.JJI~ In the thllty.second generatiOn, Thakur Aiam Chanda.r conquered the Ilaqas of the, Kangal,and th~ Sangn States a.nd ama.lgama.tmg them With Ius own ~ State estabhshed Ius .capital at Khat No 1 Thakur Alam Chandar was 8occeeded by Thakur Amli.r Chana,' whd ill his tin:ie' got his Ilaqa surveyed and nwned the umt of measurement as lea.ll. ld the thirty-fourth genemtmrr Thakur Jw Chandar 'Wlth the atd of the RaJa of Bashahr mvaded the Suket State and burned several , J.lla.ces ' In the thirty·slXth generat10n Thakur Deep Chandar retgned RaJa Sahib of Btlaspur persuaded tins chief to return ~he Ilaqas of Kangal and Sangn to RaJa Man Smgb: of the Kulu State, and got watved m Ins favour the tnb'ute whtcfi the BhllJJI State used to pay to RaJa Mali Sutgh In tins' Thakur's time Chadam, Phagu and Madhan were also re­ ltnqmshed. In the forty·second generstton Thakur Amnt Pal was the chief who fought 'Wlth success 'Wlih the RaJa Salnb of Kulu. He ts satd to have mvaded also the pargana Kemh of the Keonthal State and burnt several villages It lB also BBid that he conquPred the Dhamt State whose clnef got back htB Ilaqa on sumg for mercy " The country was over-rnn by the Gurkhas from -1808 to 1815, and on thetr expuls10n Rana Rudar Pal was confirmed m, possessron of the state by a sanad dated 4th September 1815. Rana Rudar Pal, however, 14 years before hts death made over the state to hts son Ran Bahadur, and retll'9d to- Hardwar. Ran 8 BHAJJI STATE. ] [PABT A.

Bahadur ruled till 1875 when he was succeeded by Ius son Durga CHAP. I. L Smgh, hom m 1842. Durga Smgh d1ed m 1918, and was succeeded Biltorr. by h1a son Rana B1r Pal Smgh, the present chief, who was born in 1906.

SECTION C -Population.

The populatwn 18, as m the other hill states, composed chiefly Trlbeo an4 of Kanets With an, adiD.lXture of Rajputs and Brahmans. No cut.. speCial descnphon of these JB reqwred The best known place of worship m the state 18 the temple ReUgton. of Kah on the top of the Shah, a conspicuous mil oppos1te Mashobra 9,406 feet above sea level There are nme other temples elsewhere in the state. The hot sulphur spnngs m Suket State near Tatta Pam, beyond Sum, to whtch the people of BhaJJl resort, are assoCiated With the worsrup of the god Sruva One of the spnngs JS actually on the BhaJJl s1de of the nver. The descnptwns of manners, customs and occupatiOns g~ven MallDIIWIIIId in the gazetteers of ne1ghbounng states, and of the Simla D18tnct, eu.tom. apply equally to BhaJJl The two pnnClpal fairs are those held at Sum, the cap1tal J'&lm. of the state, at Ba1sakhl and Dusehra. Both of these are attended by mbab1tants of the Sllrroundmg states, and also by spectators from S1mla Small fa1rs are also held in certam v1llages durmg the month of Ba1sakh (Apnl). CHAPTER 11.-Economic.

SECTION A.-Agriculture, including Irrigation. • Agriculture is of the usuhl type in tracts lying in the Sutl~j CBAP.n.A. Yalley. The fields on the sunny plateaus overhangmg the nver Alri-;;;i;-. are extremely Jertile especially when helped by migation from the numberous s1de streams. Those higher up the s1de of the valley are less so, and there IS the usual proportion of poor stony ground whlch 11elds one crop of mfenor gram once every two or three years., r , On the llTlgated plateaus above the SutleJ, : and on other llTlgated lands adJommg the s1de streams (luar), wheat 19 ,cu)t,i­ vated at rab1 and nee at khanf-clulhes, tobacco and onioDil are also cult1vated. In the ummgatcd fields hlgher up the mdes of the valley (bakhal), wheat or barley are usually grown at rabi, and malZe, koda, bathu, etc., and potatoes, at khanf. ' A descnptwn of the method of cult1vabon m BhajJi will be in 1923. ' .founded . .chapter V of the settlement' report of

} ' SECTION C.-Forests., 1 II ' t The state forests cover some 11,500 acros of which 10,4001'--. acres are demarcated. The greater part of the demarcated forest hes on the northern slopes of the Shali ndge, above the SutleJ, and contams fir, deodar, cypress, oak and chll. El~owhere in the state there are several small forests contaming deodar, kall and chlr. Scrub forests contammg shlsham, acacias and bombax (typ1cal trees of the zone) are found along the Sutlej. Nearly all the large d~>odar and cypress trees were found to have been felled m 1907 when for the first trme the state forests were brought under Government superv1s1on and a working plan was prepared The forests afford free grazmg to a large number of cattle, sheep and goats belongmg to the state VIllages, and in add1tlon large numbers of nomadic graz1ers from the upper hllla alro pasa through each year, the state leVYlDg grazmg dues. The annual net surplus mcome from the forests between 1911 and 19SS has been on the average Rs. 7,400 per annum.

SECTION G.- Communications. There are two main roads m the state. Of these the first B.a. js the Public Works Department road runnmg from Srmla through 2 Baun SuTB. ] [ P.ABT A.

CHAP u.c.Naldera to Suni; and on to TaHa. Paiii, on •the'Sutlej, a. couple _.:.. of miles or so beyond Suni ; -below Basantpur there branches off c:.::; this rpad anotller road to .cbaba.; the Sunla. mwiioipal · electno ~ower statton on tlle_,Sutlej above ~um-tms '!:>ranch _road is 'maintaip.ed. by' the 'mumcipal' ~ommittee: I ~e' Second road Of 'importance in the state is the' Simla-Henlri' road whicli wtthm' the 'boundil.nes of BhaJJi Is mamtamed by the state forest departmenp rBoth' the- above 'roads 'are smtable ''for' horses and nckshawp. There are also lnu1e roads connectmg Suni mtb Halog, the capital 'bf' Dhami,' and Arln, the capital of Baghal A couple of miles below Sum, at Tatta Pam, the SutleJ IS spanned by an U"on bndge wmclr camel! the Sunla-Tatta Pam road mto Suket Tills bndge was' originally constructed by the BhaJJi and Suket !iltates jomtly,_ imd it is JOintly maintamed by the two states - The other unport­ .ant bridge in the1 state IS the Hailey bridge which 'cames across the Na.ati khad below Mashobra the path running from Mashobra to the Shah villages and Madhan State 'r · ' • 1 • 1 rI r I '\,- I ) I f -' '' Tliere'is a'state rest-house at Sum, and a Public Works Depart­ Blot-h.,_ ment rest-house at Basantpur. The Simla' mum01pal comnnttee also mamtain a rest-house at Cha.ba

POIMI There are post'offices~at s?m;;;:nl"Ch~b·a. f ""' I CHAPTER 111.-Ad~Qinistrative, o I ~ j I

~ r ~ l I SECnON ,A."!:>Adm.inistrative divisions. The state is divided into four :v.arganas-Barail, Chhotatl, ~f· Chautha, and SuraJ-each under a zatldar. There are in all 87 Ad - Jumberdans, ·and m each lumberdan there lS •also a.' chowktdar "::'- :who receives no pay but is exempted from begar &.,..._

I 'SECTION C.-La'nd Ff'Venm~ I ' I , The first measurement of the cultivated area 1n the state was bamed out m 1826 m the t1me of Rana Rudar Pal ; the results were, amended m: certwn respects m 1841 by Rudar Pal's son Rana Ran Bahadur-on netther occasiOn however was a record of nghts prepared Entnes m Hmdt m the baksh1 khana bah111 (books of the state agent) regardmg the land revenue to be pa1d by each propnetor were cons1dered a suffiCient record of possessiOn, and were mdeed the only revenue papers existmg at settlement 1923-:U.' The land owners as a class dtd not before 1923-24 posse~s full, propnetary nghts m the1r holdmgs whwh were hable to be taken away from them at the discretiOn of the darbar and g~ven to persons offenng a higher nazrana The urut of measure­ ment was the leah that IS to say the area whwh a certam amount of gram would suffice to sow. -

I 1 II Tbe,first regular settlement was earned out m1923-24 by Rat Samb Pandtt La.iq Ram, a Government natb-tahstldar, whose services l were lent to the state. In accordance wtth the system m adjoinmg states the karam oL54 mches was adopted as the urut of measurement, and the acre was ~ad.!! !lquaL to4'i 88 b1ghas. The total afea' 6f 'the state'was fowtd to be 59,456 acres, out of wllich 18 per cent., p& 10,532 acres, were found to be culttvated. Of the cultivated area 9 pet: cent. (or 948 acres) was 1mgated. :r'hll averag!l annual 'rainfall as shown by the muru111pal committee's nm gauge ~~ Chaba on the Sutlej IS about 40 mches, but ,In the ,pjg)lef tracts, of th~ state the ramfalL lS certainly heaVier , . " , .. ,, For assessment purposes the whole state was at settlement treated as one circle ; and arable- hind was diVIded mto etght classes, according to· quabty, 1h!,l _detatlp of --~h_tc!t are gtven m paragraph 23 of the' settlement report. The average khewat 1 Or joint boldmg IS 107' bighaS including ~oth CUltivated aDd Un· culttvated -land, out of which on the average 19 b1ghas are cwti­ vated. The average propnetor possesses 46 btghas m all out 'of 2 BHAJJI STATE. ] r t? ART A. r· ' CRAP, winch 8 are cultivated. E1ghty~one per cent. of the total cul- w.c. tivated area IS t1lled by the owners theDISelves, and 19 per cent. taaa by tenants, mcludmg tenants working on state lands-(sehal or .nweaae. basa). , The clnef was entered at settlement as the ala malik, of all lands m , the state whether cult1vated or Uncultivated.- The cult1vators were entered as adna mahks, where they were fot1nd to have g~ven nazrana for thell' Ianda, to hold pattas from the state, and to have prud land revenue. A proper record of nghts was prepared m accordance With the 11ystem m force m the PunJab, and tins IS now kept up to date by a tramed revenue staff. The ~ total land revenue of the state 1s Rs. 40,000, round, ol winch half 1s collected at each harvest-tins excludes Ri. 4680 ass1gned. The rates per b1gha on the different classes of lnd are M follows

Rs A. :11 Imgated ' - ' '' - • ' I Klar I J, s. 0 Klar II 1 s,o Kulhant 1 1,, ~ 0 Kulhant II 1 0 0 Ummqated

Bakhal I 0•11 0 Bakhal II 0 7 0 Tlkar I 0' 4' 0 Tlkar II o~ 2' o Ghasru 0 1 -0

SECTION' D.;-Miscellaneous revenue., Revenue, other than land 'reve.ime 1and cesses ' totals 'ab~tit Rs 80,000. The main Items are forests Rs 7,400, begar compen­ s~tlon' Rs 2,500, and stamps ):ts. 2,000 Contracts of vanous kmds, mcludmg exCise contracts, bnng in about Rs. 6,00 0 per annum, and there IS an mcome of about Rs. 700 ner annum from fines. ·

SECTION H:_Pohce and Jails , The state pohce force consiSts of 11 sub-mspector~ · 2 head constables, 6 constables, and a clerk... The. pohce station J.S situated at Sum. 8 BB.Un Sun. ] [P.or A.

The state jail is also situated at Sum. It bas an establish· CRAP. ment of 1 havildar and 4 jailors ; its superintendent is the state W. Do merucal officer. Pollee- HI juJ• SECTION I.-Education and litetal'J. There is an anglo-vernacular middle school at Suni in which there are 7 teachers and about 100 students. There is also a pnmary school in each of the four parganas, 11is., at Basantpur in Barabal, at Dhaneshar in Chotabal, at Kalnol in Chautha, and at Karyah in Saraj.

SECTION J.-Medical There lB an up to date hospital at Suni under the charge of a retired Government assistant-surgeon. The hospital has accom· modation for 6 Jn-patients. The state also employs the services ()f a trained vaccmator . - BAGHAL STATE, 1934. CHAJ:;>TER t-Descriptive.

SECTION A.-General. , The State of Baghal ranks next to Keonthal among the CBAP.J,A.. Sunla Hill States. • The, ongm of the name IS doubtful Accordmg to one ac- Goaorlll. count 1t IS a perversiOn of Gabbai, meanmg the central part of the The Baglu\1 • country, that IS to say, the centre of a group of States A more ~~~oft&. plausible suggeStiOn IS that 1t 1s corrupted from Baghar, the name Name. ' off the clan to which the founder of the State belonged The satne1clan 1s supposed to have g~ven 1ts name to the neighbouring - State of Baghat whiCh was ongmally Bagharghat, and to Garhwal, an abbrev1at10n •of Bagharwal But such theones are probably based on mere conJecture

The cap1tal of the State IS Ark1, a piCturesque town twenty· Ark!. one rmles from Simla by road Its bmldmgs are clustered below the fort,' an unposing strncture on the southern slope of a pre­ CIJ)lfous hill. ' The town mcludes a small stretch of level ground, of- which 1ts 'inhabitants are proud, a number of temples and tanks, ·lind a 'garden 'noted for its almond trees : the population is 1,159 souls. • ' -, ' .,

_, The area'of the State is 124 square rmles, the larger part of Deoorlpt~oa.< whiCh 1s 'm the basin 'of one of the tnbutanes of the Gambhar. , Tlils lattet IS an exceptionally fertrle tract, sloping from the wrlder mohntamss on the north, which guard the Sutlej, southwards into the rich valleys' below Sam and Subathu To the north the State 1s bounded by the SutleJ and the towenng highlands of the small State of Mangal ; on the east 1t adJoms the States of Dharm and Kuniliar, v.hrle thoqe of Nalagarh anrl BIIaRpur com- pl~te 1ts borders on the west. r • The <'lunate lll healthy and epidermcs are rare The heat Climate. of the valleys favours the prevalence of Malana m the summer, and the cold of the moun tams that of pneumoma m the wmter ' The fauna are those of the lower Hnnalayas The KahJ FaDDL pheasant, barkmg deer and wrld pig are common Leopards are lPss so. Bears are found m the Harsony, ManJathal and Bmoh forests of the Harson Dhar on the Sunla Side of the SutleJ. Leopards occasiOnally VISit these forest!! Sambhur breed m some parts of the State, near Arki 2 BAGBAL STATE. ] LPART A. . SECTION B.-History. , •• , .s.,.. r \ - .l -! ~ J • _.. 1 t ...... , ~ ~ ~ 1 .I ~ !.: .a- 4 The rulmg fannly traces Its descent from AJe Deva Panwar, CHAP 1• 8 RaJput, who came from UJam; and carved out for hrmself this Hutorr. kmgdom m the hills His descendants, hav~. kept therr blood ~gin of tho smgularly pure, and have had consrderable difficulty at tnp.3s J'llilog family Jil findmg mves of equally untamed deqcent They have marned much With the Bilaspur fannly '' 1 ' ' . , , The Gurkhas overran the State between 1805 and 1815 :~"l!at and for seven yE>ars the then Chief, Rana Jagat Smgh, hved m, 1!1Dgli eXIIEj m Nalagarh. After the Gurkha campaign he was restored by the Bnt!llh Govemment1 and, confirmed m posse3S10n of his State by a sanad, dated Srd September 1815, whwh bound him to asSist With troops m trme of war, and to keep his roads m order Tills sauad IS still m force, mth one mod!ficatwn, by whwh an annual tnbute of Rs 3,600 (calculated at the rate of Rs. 3 per man) has been accepted m heu of begar or forced labour ' , When the Mutmy broke out; Rana Kishen Smgh helped to ::r,.Xllh• guard the road from Srmla. to Julluudur, where the ,Srd, 33rd and 31st Bengal regrments P.ad mutmied, and sent a party to Simla. under his brother Mla.n J'ai Smgh. For therr serVIces the· Rana. and h1s brother were rewarded mth handsome khlllats, and the title of RaJa was conferred upon the former , Dw;mg the 19th century, the State was ,ably and v1gorausly adnnmstered , pn ,the vhole. RaJa Krshen Smgh ;rergned till 1876, and vas succeeded by h1s son Mot1 Smgh, who, however dted Pte followmg yeat A squabble as to the successwn emued, wmch was ultimately settled by the Supreme Governm~nt 1n favour of Dh1an Smgh, son of !ban ,Ja1 Smgh , RaJa Dhian Smgh was a fine specimen of a btll Chtef He wad olle of five brothers, and at first 1t seemed as u the usual diSsensiOns were meVItable. Amrty was, however, secured by the RaJa allowmg h1S brothers the larger sh!ll'e m the a.dmmtstra­ fion, though he Wisely kept hrmself aware of all that was done Nevertheless d1saffectwn arose m 1897, abetted no doubt by the lesser Jagrrdar, but openly fostered by one Klshen Das, who, having collided With the State Courts, became a: bold and successful :free-booter: Another party of the malcontents cO'DSISted of th!i Brahmms of Badog village, who compla.nied of opptessive assess­ mefitl of land revenue and of msuffi.cient grazing land Mattera eventually became so senorut that in 1902 tlie Snpermtendertt, Hill States, had to mtervene. BAGBAL STATE.]

,-Two years later RaJa Dlnan died, lea.vmg BR hiS heir Tika CHAP r,a; Btkram Smgh, a boy of eleven yearS' of age. The management _;_ , 1 -of the State was entrusted to Mlan Man Rmgh, brother of 'the late lllltarr. RaJa, and for some years hts Waztr ' ' ' , , ' 'TheBe- ••' 1 t r I 'i . I f I geDOJ• :, In ~he next year, 1Q05, twuple bw te out Relymg on oourt ReboiUolnal -wtrigue for support, almo~t ~he eotue,Kanet populatiOn rose m 11103. rebelhon, agamst ,th~ regent and 1ns brother~. The Supermten"' dent was obhged to mterfere once n10re, and the upshot was thaft M. Sher Smgh, a Nmb-;r'a~s!ldar belpnguJg to the Kangra Dll:ltnct, -wa~ associated w1th ::\ban Man Smgh as JOmt Mana.ger,n .Tlns arrangement worked well A regular Settlemen~ was completed in 1908 under the SttperviSl(/11 rf Mum HhE'r Smgh.. I ~ I " II The above JOI!It management was superseded' m '1909 'by the appomtment,,of ,~ l.Ianager,, Rat .Sahib Halum .Smgb. !-'-The 'State contmued under management untiL 1921, when RaJ&' B1kram Singh was gtven restncted powers to,rule the State With a •Wazll' who was previOusly Manager RaJa Bikram Smgh died m 1922, leavmg Tika Sunndar Smgh, a mmor 13 years old as hiS heir; and the admmistratiOn of the State was entruted toP. Wara.t Chand,l fol1J!.~rly; ,RaJa, ~Ikram. Smgh'a, Waztr, as Manager.• He was• succeeded m 1927 by Lala Khan Chand , • " • ~. ' .. Tlka.' RaJmdar Smgh•was hom to' RaJa Surmdar Smgh. m February, 1928,. Kanwar Devmdar' Smgh 'in September 1980,' .and a third son, Kanwar Mohmdar Smgb, m December 1981' ' ' 1

'SECl:"ION C -Population.

The census figures of Baghal St.tte are as follow~ ·- 1901 23,720 1911 26,008 1921 25,099 1931 26,352 PopulatiOn IS naturally denser m the valleys than on the uplands. The leadmg tnbeR are RaJpnts, Bra.hmms Md Kaneis. ~~ All RaJ puts holdmg land are jag1rdars, imd With three excep- R&Jpate. t10ns are blood relatiOns of the Clnef As agncultunsts they are descnbed as extravagant and idle, and many of them are deeply in debt. They are stnct and orthodox m their customs, and their women observe parda ' 4 BAGBAL STATB. ] Brahmans are of two classes : Sasam and Dharebar Thtt CR.\P.I.c; Sa.nsams are generally muafidar and are of a distinctly higher P~Jialab011o class than the Dharebars. They Will not adnnt the custom Jl,.hmaua, of nt, "'· e., transference of Wives to others on payment of money , to their legttimate husbands, and do not Aell their daughters_ They are lazy and mddferent cultivators They Will marry Dharebar women, but Will not gtve their own daughters in mamage to Dharebars, not Will they eat food cooked by a Dharebar. Dharebar Brahmans practise all the customs of the Kanets, nt, Widow mamage, etc , and only differ from them m weanng the janeo or sacred thread Sasarus serve the RaJputs, and Dharebars the Kanets and lower castes A RaJput Will take water from the hand of a Dharebar, but not nee or other food of a supenor, kmd The Kanets are the most numerous tribe m the State, and hold two-thirds of the total cult1vated area Therr pnncipai sub-divisiOns are Pabarwal, Jalanu, Rehwam, and Geloti They are mdustnous cultivators, and many of them earn money m Snnla: as labourers or servants Those who remam at home are often htigiOUS and quarrelsome, and the history of the State goes to show that mtolerance of authonty Is a charactenst1o of 1ts people which IS often m eVIdence. ' Other Trtboo. Other tnbes are Kohs, Chamars and Chanals These, as elsewhere,, are hardworkmg drudges. They bold_ about three per cent. of the cultivated area and for the most part earn their' hvmg as labourers There lB a spnnkhng of the ordmary artisan classes, Lohars, Badhais, etc These reqUire no specml notice Muhammad· The only Muhammadans are Tehs, Muasis, and others of hke humble occupatiOn who hve m Ark! town. Rebglon There IS nothmg noteworthy about the rehgton of the people of Baghnl Their custom~ ate of course Hmdu , their gods are the local deities that pieside over every hill and stream Super­ stition bas a firm hold m the State, and Its rulers have long been noted fm therr subservience to Brahmans It IS estimated that one-seventh of the revenue finds 1ts way mto Brahmans' hands Pnnolpal The pnnC1pal deities worshipped are - dmuea. (1) Lachmi Naram, whose temple IS at Ark! His nnage IS supposed to have been brought from Hmdustan by AJe Dev A Jagtr worth Rs 500 lB attached to the temple (2) Bam DeVI. Her temple lB at the village of Ghamum and a farrIS held m her honour on the 1st Jeth , 6 BAGBAL STATE ] [PART A.

(8) Bara Deo, ~ho has a temple on the Ban dhar, a ndge CRAP.I,O runnmg m a north-westerly d11'6ct10n from Bahadur- - pur fort m Bllaspur to the JunctiOn of the Gambhar Popalatt.. and Jol streams The temple 18 on the highest Pnnals-J pomt of the ndge, 6,789 feet above the sea level. deilloo A fair 1s held on the 1st Asarh The god IS pro- perly Shiva, but as l'l usual he 1s generally callPd by the name of h1s place of worship. (4) Har Sang Deo, whose home is at the highest pomt of the Har Sang dhar, which runs northwards to the SutleJ on the boundary of Baghal and BhaJJI States. Tlus god's fair takes place on the 1st Sawan He too 18 Shtva

(5) Mandhor Deo H1s temple IS at the village of Mangu, where a fair IS held on 1st Ba1sal!h Th18 de1ty was ongmallv a sonless man, a class of person whose spmt the hillman often considers it adVlSable to conciliate by worship after death. Such a spmt sometrmes, a~~ m the present case, rues to the position ' of '8. god m course of trme (6) The Dubgh deota, whose temple 18 on a peak of the Darla dhar, a smaller range rnnnmg from south-east to north-weet through the centre of the State, parallel With the Bari dhar A fair is held on the 1st Asauj. Duhgli is the name of the place. The temple was erected over the tomb of an Udasi fakir of noted p1ety. It 18 a resort of Udasis, and the local people have converted the ongmal samt mto a god. All the above temples are a1ded by revenue grants by the State The only annual gathenng of any rmportance 18 held on the Fain. occasion of the Sam festival at Ark! on the 1st AsauJ Its chief charactenst1c IS buffalo fightmg A darbar IS held by the Chief on the Dashehra, and money :V.ohelua. offenngs are made by the State offiCials. .

A peculiar custom IS that there IS no offiCial observance of the The Hoi!. Hoh owma 1t IS sa1d, to a Ch1ef havmg once died dunng th18 fest1~al. B~t as TJ.ka RaJmder Smgh was hom to Raja Surmdar Smgh durmg the Hoh, the prohibition agamst observmg the festival IS now hfted. • CHAPTER 11.-Economic.

I 1 l I j l -

SECTION A.-Agriculture •.iacluding irrigation. 1 The sml of the State JS o'n -the whole of excellent quahty. ~~U,A. .A considerable, proportion ,of th~ _cultivated area is imgated, Atrlcai.. and the un-irrigated land m most parts ytelds comparatively U:.~"'.; }Ieavy crops. The pargana of Rohang is the poorest in tWs Irn,aboa. respect, qontauUng only • baram land, and that of a gritty and At!ria.d&UNt ;o.nfertue quahty.. The nchest abJ land JS that of the Dhondan SoiL ilaqa, which marqhes ~th BJ.!aspur. , The zammdars dlvtde the solis mto SIX classes as follows ·- ' - (1) Kiar, )and Wmch 1S •fully migated' 'from 'made WAter- , courses ' ' (2) SanJiar, land ll'l'lgated by water collected m pools dunng 1 1 the rains, the supply of wmch does not last lAter than the sowmg of the -wheat crop (S) Bakhala' Ktar, fields wmch are occaslOnally flooded by streams or watered by the· dnppmg from other fieldQ ' · ' ' · I I I ' I ! ,. (4) Bakhal andarh,, land situated near the homestead and heavily manured, , bearmg two crops a year,

or at l~ast three ~rop~ m ~wo·years. , " 1 (5) Bakhal baharh, land at some dlstance from the home­ stead, scantily manured, and bearmg one crop a . year of supenor gram, either wheat or maize (6) -Kulth~rm, 1and ~n wmch an mferior crop, such as , , Kulath (dohchos urufloros),, is grown every year or every other year. Thls classrlicat10n has been adopted m the regular Settlement. The first three classes have been called Kiar 1st, 2nd and Srd, and the other three Baram lst, 2nd and Srd. ,

rhe khanf crop proportiOns are as follows:- KharifOI'Dpl, - ' - MalZe 55, nee 16, koda (Eleusme coracana) or Mandwa 6 and other crops 23 per cent. Other crops mclude gmger, of which a small amount IS produced. It IS however, a valuable a11set and IS alwars sold. Rice too IS generally sold Several vaneties are grown, 'the cmef bemg ,Zlra, kashlatu and Jhin.Jan. The last-named IS supenor m quahty to the othem. , ~ BACJBAL Sum] (PABT A. € ':' "" l ,- l Maize is the staple food _gra~ m the State. CBAP.U.A. Wheat was at Settlement the pnnmpal spnng crop. A A!!ncal• certam amount of barley IS also grown. - The percentage!! are :_~ ' wheat. 92, barley 5, other crops S. ~-q I ....,_, The plantmg of potatoes and the .sowmg of kangni (penmsetum llablaropo. Itahcum) for the autumn crop commence about the 15th March. Kharif Other autumn crops, e'!:cept nee, are sown from 1st April t(} 15th ....a.p. June. The seed 18 put mto the ground by the latter date, even in the case of barani land9, l.ITespecttve of whether ram ha<> fallen or not Rtce 18 sown from 15th June to 15th August ',. Babloowing• The sowmg of the spnng crop ts earned on between 1st October and the end of December. :Ungated land ts fimshed• by the 15th November, but the baram area 1q not sown unttl ram falls Except m the ca~e of nee the method of tultlVatwn IS of the stmplest descnpt10n · ,The land 18 ploughed once or twice after havmg been watered, II: possible The seed 18 then sown broadcast (chhatta) and the smllevelled With the sohaga or clod-crusher. ' Claltttatlon ' RICe Js cultivated m two ways One 18 to soak the seeds al rioe. and then bury them m the earth until they germmate After that the shoots are planted m a field which has been ploughed, levelled, and flooded knee deep. The other IS to sow the seed thickly m a nursery, and then, after about a month, transplant the young shoots into another field, puttmg them m groups of two or three Occas10nally nee- IS sown broadcast hke other crops.. ,, , In the khan£, fields are manured betore bemg sown In the rabi, manure ~s put on. after the crop has sprouted

A.griaultur&J The whole population 18 dependent upori agr1culture, except popala~otou. the few shop-keepers, artisans, and offimals m Ark! and Dhundan. Bmhmans ttll thetr fields, and Dharebars are not exempt from begar Leadmg 'RaJputs will not touch the plough, and their land IS cultivated by tenant-;, usually of the memal castes (Kohs, etc.). ' ' !:'Priwasea Many of the zammdars are m debt, but as a 1Ule the money Indeb.:':- has been borrowed on the secunty of rmlk-lune, and only eleven per cent of the cultivated area is mortgaged ' Most of the mort­ gages are held by sahukars m Arlu, KhatriS and Bohera'l A few of the wealthier Brahmans and Kanet landowners lend money and prosper. The umversal rate of mterest IS 12 5 per cent. per annum. The period Witl!m which smts for recovery of debts c~ now be brought IS srx years $ BAoJUL.STATB.] (P.ABT A.

Cattle are of the ordmary hill breed and are plentiful. There CR~ u, A. 18 an average of one nnlch animal to every two of the population. ' Goats and sheep number 9,826. Horses and mules are imported, "ffcod• not bred locally. The area of grass and grazmg ground lS ghasni lud':.":ta1 21,422 acres, and banJar Qadun 40,591 acres. As the number of hnauo• stock of all kmd'l, excludmg sheep and goats, IS 41,258, there lS Llvw~~oolr. ample pasturage. Baghal and Baghat are the only two hlll state'!, winch possess hripdma. any conSiderable amount of 1mgated land._ In Baghal the lm· .gated area 1s twenty per cent;· of the total cultivated area. Im- gatwn 19 by-kuhls or, ·artifiCial streamlets, which the zamindars construct for themselves. Hence no water rate 1s charged by the State ·

, SECTION B-Rents, Wages' and Prices. C r, I I o

1 Of the total cult~vated area at Settlement one-half was cul·•Teaaoofoo ttvated by owners and one-half by tenants. Twenty-seven aod nmto. per cent was held by hereditary, llllleteen per cent. by non-here- -ditary tenan,ts, and three per cent. by .tenants. who pay no rent, e.lJ .. rp.er•tal, qervants, pnests, ete. The area cultr11ated by here- ditary tenants mcludes l11nd made over by_ the State o~ by ~he, Jagrrdars for cultiVatiOn on payment of nazrana, and , subject, to certam conditiOn~ The status of the holders of such land lS shghtly better than that of hereditary tenants, and approximates more closely to that of representatives of the owners. ' ; .. i J~ l ~ l -- .. ~ t .. ... J ... The nghts of hereditary_ tenants have been fixed jn. the Settle- =r;v ment With reference to Sectwns li,_6,_ana 8 of the PunJab Tenancy Act, XVI of 1889 .Mos~ of them pay as rent the land revenue of thetr holdmg 'With a small addttwna1 'm

SECTION G -Means of Communications The1e are only two practicable roads m the State These are.-· (1} Twenty miles of the Snnla-Bilaspur road, which enters­ the State from Pabala at Tokana and leaves 1t at Nalog on the Bilaspur boundary. (2) The Bllaspur-Subathu road, which runs through the­ , State for SIXteen miles from Sheh to Kiarevan on_ the KuDI naddi. BAGBAL BTATB.] These two roads are connected by a branch road from Arln on the CHAP Do c. Simla-Bll8$pur road, six miles long. There are a few other paths ....:... which can be tmvem!d by mules. All roads are kept up by the ~=.:!... begar system of forced labour. A good rest-house for European8 cata•" is mamtamed at Arki. ' ' ·· There is one Post Office m the State at Arlu, where a post p_.. between S1mlo. and Bi.laspur amves and is despatched every day. There are three dehvery peons, one for Arlu and two for the neigh· bourmg villages. 'CHAPTER. Ill.-Administrative. SECTION A.-Ad~inistrative Divisions. ' ' ' There are seventeen parganas m the State, and these have been cRAP. d~fined from very anment tunes. ' Formerly there was a kamdu m. A. m every pargana., who collected the revenue, and generally acted Acl..;;;;;:_ as the agent of the Clnef · RaJa Dh1an Smgh, findmg tins system Di b" mconvenzent,. abohshed .the kamdars, and ·diVIded the Stat-e YWo­ mto four ta.hsus-Ark1, Darla, Dhundan and Sarh. A tahslldar =:b.DIYI· was placed m charge of each At the present t1n1e, however, a .... Revenue Officell With headquarters at Arln 1s drrectly responsible for the Revenue Adm1n1strat10n of the State. There 'are' 425 ~Jllages, S2 forests, and 76 lumberdar1 circles and 80 lumberdars There are also 9 zaddar r1rcles and as manY. zaildars There are IS patwan cmles, with IS patwaris and i Field Kanungo ' There are 63 chaulndars - ' I In January 19S2, RaJa Surmdar Smgh was mvested w1t}l full powers, subject to the cond1t10n that he retamed as Wazrr Lala l\han Chand, retned Provincml Civd ServiCe, who had bead ¥anager of the State ~ince 1928 ' ' - SECTION B.-Civil and Criminal Justice. . RaJa Surmndar Singh exercises full powers. The law of Br1tlBh JndJa apphes · Cap1tal sentences r~qmre the confirmation of the Supermtendent, HJII States Pleaders' ' are adm1tted' m the Courts. Reg~strat10n lS now m force, SECTION C.-Lani Revenue. Theoretically all land belongs to the State, and mdlVldh~l Tm-ol -Ownership does not eXlSt Thus the holder is pos~essed ' qf a Jaad. waris1 rather than of a mahln He has a here~htary nght td cult1vate land allotted to hun or Ins ancestor by.the Raja hnnself, and alludes to Ins holdmg as his pattah or lease It follows tha• euuh possees10n lS not transferable at "''lll, and that sales and mortgages requrre the RaJa's sanction. Waste land can be acqurred and broken up, only on payment. of nazrana, though the pattaha' oonveymg a holdmg (whiCh mcludes a portiOn of grass Jand) gave an mdefinite nght of lll!er m 'adjommg unwiclosed 2 BAGBAL 8TATB. ] [PART A.

grazing lands and jungle. The right is permanent so long a~ CHAP. the holder dJSrharges the dutleR-connected With ,1.t,_ in default W. c. of wh1ch the land IS granted to the bidder of the highest nanana. Laall Rueaae. In the Settlement, the State has been entered as the absolute owner of the thllteen Villages, which are called shahl, of the Statelandl. Villages of Arlu and SuraJpur, where the Cluef has resrdences, and of a certam amount of other land, mcludmg all land whtch is • known to have escheated to the State by failure of herrs to the holder, or which has been confiscated. Such land was grvEln. out for cultrvatron on payment of nazrana, but the grantee could acqmre no permanent nght~, as he was hable to be turned out at any moment m favour of some one who offers a hrgher nazrana. These were known as Bhet lands. Rule11 have now been passed by the Government of the PunJab With oertam concessiOne undet whwh these Bhetdars can avert eJectment by obtainmg propnetary rights on payment of nazrana at mPrket pnces, or by obtammg occupancy nghts by paymg malkana m addrtron to land revenue. All forests, uneultrvated and unoulturable land are entered w-Jandl. att belonging to the State Other land. ' Wrth regard to the othet land, the Chref lS shown as 'supenor owner, and the pattah-holdez as mferior owner An inferior owner has been permrtted to mortgage hrs holdmg, but he may not sell rt Without the sanctron of the State A necessary con­ ditron of such sanctron IS that- the purchaser must pay nazrana to the State at the rate oJ.lt1f 6~4-0 per cent. on-the-purchase- money ~ ' ' - llegular ., , The fust 1egulat Settlement of land revenue was commenced 13ettlemont. under Mmn Sher Smgh m 1905 and Dlllfhed m 1908. l!'ormorrev... - Formerly revenue was asseesed m a very rough and ready auo111f!em manner The umt of land measure was based on the area which could be so'l'tn by a certam amount of seed Sueh umt was called in some VIllages taka, and m some JUn It took about six Peers of wheat tG eow 1t,•and 1t was equrvaleht fo about a bigha and a half. Revenue was_ reahsed partly ;m. cash and partly m grain at an all-round rate of about one rupee a taka. As usual less oash and more gram was taken the better the land and mce versa In villages owned by the State, and in villages possessing superior lands, the term Jun was utted to denote the umt of measure­ ment. Elsewhere taka was the name applied. Th1rty-two seer~ of nee m the khan£, and siXteen of wheat m the rab1 were the average amounts taken as revenue for each Jun, and a httle cash was al~o taken. • The revenue rate per Jun worked out at somethmg hke Rs. 2-8-0. 8 BAGBAL STATE. J [PART A.

Other multJ.fanous demands were made u1 addition tol land CHAP. revennue propet Parganas m wruch rot.ton, oll-~eeds, turmeuo, w.c. tnnger, and pomegranates were grown, had to make an extra pay­ .....- ment- of t>ertam proportiOn of these crop~ Tht> rates were the ...... followmg.-per 20 taka~ of lands ·- SPcr. Cotton • • • • • 1 ,OJlseeds Jt I... . ,.... If' t ! s•• l Turmeno • • ,, l Gmger • • •• 4 ' Pomegranates • • • • • 1i ' Fm tPe" grase field& 240 bundles of g~ass were demanded by the State .for every 20 takas Each house had to provtde a bundle of leaves of the bhewal t1ee (used as fodder fot cattle) 1 and a bundle of sel for making ropes. Each village had to supP.IY two loads of dry wood fm fuel and a certam quantlty of milk, which was supposed to be for the keep of the State horses . . . , ; There were .two cash , ceflses, hakk bhataon or lamlmrdarJ, 01111- to .defray;, the expenses of ;revenue ·collectiOn,, wruch varted from Rs. 5-8-0 to Rs. S-10-0 per cent. of the revenue, and malliar, compensatiOn for athwara. begar, levted at Rs 2-S-0 for twenty takas. - .. '• H -t -~ " I ' I l Revenue patd in gram had to be brought to the bhandar Method o1 or granary .at Arki by the zamindars themselves, except in the oo~ case of shah! villages, m each of wruch there was a branch bhandar Cash 'revenue was realiSed by kamdars •Or lambardars and paid into the treasury through the lambardars The dtEtnbuttcn of cash revpnue was made vtllage by village Ah... of lbe and not sub-dJvtded among the holdmgs Thus the larubardut old oyo~e~n. could collect tt from "hom and how he pleased The men m charge of the bhandar Ull'ed to eJ.act ovenveight of gram revenue The revenue was mcreased from timetc tm1e capm,JOu~ly. If the mhab1tants of a village oBended many way, they were pun19hed Wlth enhancement of revenue As a retmlt many villages were overburdened to a preposterous extent, and matters eventually reached a p1tch, wmch necessitated the mtervent10n of Govern- ment, and the mtrodnctton of a regular Settlement In 1864 RaJa Klsben Smgh reported his mwme from laud Revenue of revenue to be Rs S5,00Q-!-Rs 21,170-12-0 khalsa and Rs.1S,829-4-0 :t;;;!:~·· assigned. Later on m h1s reign the groPs mcome, mcludmg p

C:BAP. Land Revenue m 1930..1931 was ·- .m.c. Rs Land Revenue 55,748

Total • • 25

The matket pnce of land IS now estimated at a multiple of a hundied time~ the land revenue throughout the State, except m five parganas, where 1t IR half a!' much, OWing to the mfenonty of the soil

Period"' The sanctioned penod of Sestlement was twenty years Re­ Bo\tlomont. V1sion has been postponed owmg to lack of funds Giants of land, revenue free, are of two kmds, muafi and Jagtr. Muafis are held by (1) temples, (2) Btahmanq• (S) other castes. Muafis to temples were granted at the tune of their erection, and a1e contmued so long as they exist. - 5 BAGHAL STATE.] ( PAR'J' A.

Mnafis to Brahmans have been granted on different oooastons CRAP. as chantable gUts. F!xed condtttons attach to them, and the m.o. mnafidar who defaults m lus duty on the oocaston of deaths or r.u. marriages m thP Chtef's fanuly, or tc. diSloyal, or is outoasted, forfetts hts grant , ··- Muafis to other castes are usually g1ven as a reoog1ution of servtce to the state and· are ,mamtamed at the pleasure· of the Chtet Jag1rs are dtvided mto three classes ·- . (1} 'Grants RaJputs of the Chtef's famtly :- , to - . Each brother of a ruhng Chtef on lus commg of age and mamage IS g1ven a Jllgir on the followmg 11cale .- , ~ J ~8 Eldest brother (Dothayan Mlan), Value 1,500 Seoond'brother (Dothayan Mtan) Value 1,000 Tlnrd brother (Doth&yan Mlan) Value 700 Fourth brother (Dothayan Mlan) Value 500 if there' are more brothers each gets a jagtr two­ thirds of the value of that of his tmmedmte elder brother The rule of resumptiOn IS ~mu wnen a second son lB bom to a Chief, all Jagtrs except those of the Chief's own brothers .are subJect to reduction. In the oase of JagllB which have not preVIously been reduced, one-thtrd lB resumed ; of other one-fourth. This process continues unttl a jagtr is reduced to the annual value of Rs 10, after whtch it remams at tlus sum. (2} Grants to other RaJputs- These are few and were all gtft~ by the late RaJa Dl?an Smgh m recogmtwn of servH·e No resumptions have as yet been made (S) Grants to the Ram Ttkyah- The mothe1 of the Ttka or herr-apparent recetves a Jllgll of Rs. 1,000 for her ltfetlllle On her death tt 18 resumed. Stmtlarly the mother of the Chtef {RaJmata) enJoys the same Jaglr dnrmg her hfetlllle. If the holder of a Jagtr diils 'trithout male ISsue, the Jagir ts con· tmued to lus wtdow during her hfetrme and resumed at her death. J agtrdars have no nght to mortgage or sell thetr JagllB. 6 BAGBAL STATE J

<:HAP Thete 1\re several hE>-ads of, rmscellaneous, mcome past and !1J. c 111 esen t. Laad Water·nnlls are (,barged for at rates varymg from four annas

reveaao to three, rupees annually 1 pet :rrull. I Jagirdars 1 and muafidars llluooellauoouo are entitled to the fees for 1mllf:l m thell' own villages. - - ol rmenue. ,, , Nazrana for unclalllled or confiscated land has already' been Water mw. reftmed to. , , Lambardars used previOusly to pay an am1ual N.-r.a nazrana wh1..,h often exceeded the amount of thell' emoluments Th1s has now been stopped; and a ,lambardar only. pays, nazrana on first appomtment, and a nazran~ qf one or two_rup~es a,c,cordmg to h1s status on the ocr aswns of the Dashehra festival and the Chief's birthday • , Gab llaba ''' Forrue1lv 1f' a landhold.er d1ed without dl.l'ect hell', his land, ...w. ••& has been explamed above, lapsed to the State- Now the land devolves on the collate1al hens, provided that the distance between

the de1-eused does not exceed three generat1ons, I If 1t exceeds this degree, a fee of " Gah Bahawuh " equal ·to double the land revenue on the holdmg must be paid to obtam· poesess10n If the claunants are unable ao prov~ thel.l' ;relationsh1p to the deceased, the land escheats to the State•. A tax called hakkatrafi is leVIed on art1sam!;•such as lohars, cbamars,,naiS, dhob1s, ,etc ,,at rates,,runnmg fro,m four annas to on~ rupee annually. , ,, , -Begar or forced labour 18 , another source of mcome, though mdrrect. , In former tilDes every ·zamindar cpossessing twenty takas of land had to render begar for e~ght days m• the month to .the State Tins was called athwara begav He had also to gtve begar on other spee1al oeoaswns : RaJa K1shen Smgh commuted ath"ara begat mto 1tn 1tnmml payment of Rs 2-13-0 called nmlhar. Snbsequentlv the _bmden of service was gradually re-llllposed, the malha1 payment bemg still mamtamed, and pezsons "ho Wished to be exempted had to make a further annual payment of Rs 6 £01 every twenty takas In the Settlement the matte1 has been finally settled by the abohtion of athwara begar and the ImpositiOn of a malliar cess of 11 pe1 cent. on the revenue as commutation RaJpnts and Sasam Brahmans are exempt from the malhar cess Begar IS no" only demanded on specml occasiOns, and every one except Sa&am Brahmans and RaJputF 18 lmble to It. Such occasiOns are :- (1) Bad1-Jad1, 1..e., marrmges and funerals. (2) Tour of Chief or officmls through the StatP (S) V1s1ts of d1stmgmshed persons. > I :BAGHAL STAT!il ] ' ' (4) When road repatrs are necessary or beaters requtrecl CHAP for shootmg w. c. 1 In the case of (1) and (2) a datlv rat10n 18 18sued to the men...;:;;;;: rworkmg For (S) ana (4) there are no specm\ rules but a pooly • -who 18 l!ent outSlde the Statt;l hlUlts 18 patdr 1 The 'followmg spemal customlf mvolvmg collect10I1 or dtsposal Bpoolal of money eXlSts - 1 1 - (1) When the daughter or s18ter of the Cluet lfl mlfi'rted every man paymg revenue must furmsh a chtttaok and a l'iaJt Qj. glu j.or eV61J: ~Ul?J~ ~f such revenue (2) On the oocas10n of all matrmges every payer of revenue and shop keeper must sell graJ,n an~ ghl to the Stat11 at spec,tal rates 1Such 'rates are ~wo set;lrs f11r gram and H ohlttacks for gh1 cheaper1 than the pnoe CUljrent I t 1 I {S) On the occas10ns o,f the Chtef s karS'n)>a\ (.first ~11' cuttmg) mvesttture mth the sacred phread mamage and mstallat10n and at all funeralS m the .,. Chlef s household the folloW)ng dues must be patd - (a)' State offictals OU~l to nve"'-j rupees accordmgJ to status (b) Lambardars one ruplle' 1 1 (c) Villages from e~ht annas to two rupees accordmg tO' SlZ& r " I f {4) Ft~e _Eer' cent 1 of the State s miscellaneous mcomil r used t'o be JlM4 to tbe Tlkyah Ram ~ow the TtJt:Yah Rani recetves Rsf 700 1.11 a. lump sum a.s bhlstang mstead of the above 5 pet cent) and 'th'e RaJmata. recetves- the- sa.me sum ls:~1 Y ITJ ::::~ I SECTION D -L-MisceJianeoul Revenue The people of'Bagha1 are but httle- gtven to hquor druikmg J Bzaloo. J 1 I I Tnere 18 ;now no still m the f'~ate and no contrac~ 18 gJVen for the manuf~cture or sale of hq,uor 1 1 1 A certMD amount of poppy 18 grown m the State but export op1a.aa nd of op1Um mthout a hcense 18 forbtdden as the produce 18 mconstder ~ able 1t goes only to the State contractor No one has ever a.pphed for an export hcense and therefore no duty has ever been .fixed At present the contract for the sale of opiUm 18 gtven to a. smgle contractor who has shops a.t Arlu and m the Ilaqa for reta.ll sales under State penmss10n He purchases h18 stock from the local cultivators and from the contractors of the upper 8

BAGHAL STATIII ]

CHAP Hill States Charas IS sold under a separate contract and the­ m D contractor purchases his stock from S1mla or Hoshrnrpur contrac­ ! &!"!.,. tors under a permit counter signed by the Supenntendent Hill • States Stampo The State unpresses Its own stamps and ma k es no dIstmctwn between JUdicial and non JUdicial stamps The State treasurer at Ark! sells the stamps at a d!scowt of S p1es per rupee and their value runs from one anna to fifty rupees Recently JUdJCml paper locally unpressed and lllltialled has been mtroduced

SECTION H -Pol1ce ancl Jails Pohoe. The State Pohce force cons1sts of one Inspector two Head Constables and fifteen constables one Head Constable performmg the duties of Head Mnharnr m the Pohce StatiOn There IS a Pohce Station at Arlu Jail The State Jail Is m the same bmldmg as the Pohce StatiOn and IS under the supervisiOn of the Inspector as there IS no separate­ Jail staff

SECTION !-Education and Literacy

Eduoat There IS one Anglo Vernacular Mtddle School at Ark! with 145 pupils It has a boarding house With 20 boarders There IS a troop of boy scouts m the School There 18 also a girls school at Ark! wtth 36 pupils The male teachers are tramed but the­ State has not yet been able to secure the serviCes of tramed nus tresses There are also 4 village pnmary schools at Dhundan Basantpur Mangu and Manm and a pnvate Sansknt and Hmm School at Batal

SECTION J-Medical There 18 a hospital at Ark! under a retired nuhtary Sub­ Assistant Surgeon which 18 fairly well eqmpped A tramed local dai an!). one compounder are also on the hospital staff Government vaccmators VISit the State at mtervals or when an ep1deunc of small pox occurs and the people take to vacematwn qmte readJI.v GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE HOUSE OF BAGHAL COMPLETED UP TO THE END OF DECEMBER 1931.

bom 1770, died lid& I Raaa Sobib ~... Siogb, boro 271b ~by 1793, cliod 16\b JaniW)' 11110. l------1 1llaa Kirpi!SiDgb, 111.. Dorl8111.1b, ll~o Blr Singh, 1llao PIIMo Jnp. died 1877. died 1866. died lleplombor 11187, died IIIJI. r------~~.,------1 Rojo KiohoD Singh, Reeeind lbolille of Rojo for tho lltao Jai Singh, lOaD Bije Sioah. IliaD M~bar Bizl!b. ( ' 1 boro 2211d September 1817, ..moo. 18Dd010d through:- berm lot Aprill819, bom 2nd 1!tuob 1821, IIIIa Lllao Sinsb, II loa Do..& Slop, Jilin Rap Bl'lh, clied 11\b July 1876. died 10\b Janult)' 1873. died lllb JIUIIIII39. l died boirl ... hom 1177, born 111111. 'fib 11~ Singh, r------J bom 25th l!a,.b 1871, lOaD s-£• .:1 Bizllh, died belrleu DD 10\b B:izll:h.=:l--~~-tao-J. October 1877, . clio! hoirleu, died bolrloot. ( Rei• Dhayan lfian apur lllan Man Sizllh, l!i&n lliia Singh, !!ian Noi8Dd&r Singh, Siogb, born SiDgb, bom 14th bom 2nd Oclobor born 2nd Sop: born 4\b Aprill8511, 1 D

SECTION 'A .~.c..General. •.. ( "f f ~7 I If I£ "' DHAMI hes some 16 nules west of Shnla between 81° 7' and CBAP.foA S19.1S' N., and 77'~8~ and 7'1' 11~ E.;and'bounded on th~ ~ort~ c... -te by BhaJJl on t:tv) f'A\S~ a:qd SO'\l~h. by' Pa,tial~, and on the' west b~ u Baghal. '( Its area 19 '28 square rmles; J StatiStics of .p,b~ulatiOJl o-1. are as follows.- · ' ''' Aores \ 1901 4,50~ 1911 4,484 l921 •• ...... ! . 4,786 1981~ , ..] 5,289 .(l ~'' 187 persons per square Dllles) , - The. (,alntal,' Hdlog, 19 :{>I~tur~s~qe}:r, ijit,ua,tJ 'o.n. a pl~teau, oveilooking the Kha,l~ or D~w. Na~ oq the, ,s~u~IJ.. and ~Iw, ~~tleJ, valley on the north The oulk o't the State !J.~s ~n the eae~~m slopes of the Kamthu Dhar, a ndge runnmg north-west from Jutogh , ' ' The 1nhng Chiefs are chowhan RaJpnts, descend~nts of the Hloto.,- great an~ !l~ustnous wamor, PrithwrraJ Chow~~n, and the ~nuly • suffix, once Pal, IS now Smgh The Rani!J ~. J'nqestQrs ,1 were dnve~ fx9ip the nezghbourhood of Delhi to Rawu~ in th~ Ambala Dtetnqt by; t},l.e mvas10n of Shahabuddin Ghon m Uta J~th ceDtury, and then<;e qame to DhalDl The State was forme~:ly .a feudatory of Bilaspur, but became mdependent in 1815 on the expulsiOn of ~ Gurkhasr A sanad was granted m that year to, the chief, Rana, Goberdhan Smgh, who, as a boy of twelve, had borne ariDJ and fought With General Ochterlony against the Gur'khas. ' Rana Goperdhan Stpghi~eha.ved )pyally m the mntmy, and RaoaOo"­ hiS sel'(Ices w,~re, ~;ewarded. by remiSSions, :fo~: hiS lifetime, of half clhaa 8Jaab. I,.IS trlbu~e H;e died, in 1867 and: Wlijl succeeded. by lns son Fatteh Smgh, to whom the same pnVIlege- wss accorded in 1880. Ran~ J;hra Smgh, C I.E., succeeded at the death of hiS father llaba .w.a. in 1894 He was also granted a remission of baH hiS ~bote in 8Jaab. 1901. In 1920 he was succeeded by the present Ran~~, Palip Smgh, )fhO was mvested With full ruhpg ~w.el'll lij. WSO. ,. • The propnetary classes are Brahmans and Kanets in about 1'be People.. equal nnmbers, and there are pract1cally no Multammadans in the State. 2 :QBAlfl STATl!l. ]

CHAP r, A. Dhami State has 2,855 acres of demarcated forests of wlnch _:_ 846 acres is chil forest, and 2,009 acres oak. • The oak forest is c ... oraL worked lor fuel and charcoal by the system bf " Coppice ", Wlth .Foroot. standards m accordance with-the- workmg plan drawn up in 1916. The annual income from the foreqts IS Rs 8,500. Game in, the forests 1s carefully preserved. I 1 I i ) - f j J .- 1 f I Communtca- A fair road runs through the State from Jutogh to Halog &~ou , ~ through Ghana-ki-Hath and contmues down to the BhaJJl border , , and so on to Sun1 m that State. There IS also a drrect road from Halog which JOIDs the Jutogh-Arh road 6 miles from Arh. The Rana conducts the whole admmiStratiOn hunself assiSted by one MagiStrate and a forest officer. The State contams seven parganaa :- (1) -Damher, m which Halog IS Yltuated, (2) Ban, (S) Parhech, (4) Kamrehr, (5) Nerwa, (6) Seon, (7) Neol. There are 7 parganas m the State and 118 vtllages. The first regular settlement was completed m 1916. The sanqt10ned period of Settlement IS SO years The Settlement soli rates are as follows per highs :- , '

Rs A, P, !Uar, 1st class ...... 1 4 0 IUar, 2nd class ...... 0 14 0 Kalabu, 1st class ...... 0 1S 0 Ka!abu, 2nd class ...... 0 12 0 Bakhal, 1st class ...... 0 11 0 Bakhal, 2nd class ...... 0 8 0 Bakhal, Srd class ...... 0 4 0 Ghasm' · .. 0 2 0} •• •• •• { 0 1 s B&nJar Ka!hm • • •'• •'· 0 0 6 The land revenue accordmg to Settlement of 191618 Ra 15,000 and ceases Rs. 8,750: total Rs 18,750 · Tbe land revenue at present is Rs. 15,574 and ceases Rs 8,898' total Rs 19,467 The detail of ceases .IS as follows ·- ' Per cent Lambardari 2 Patwan 5 Commutation fee for begar 18 • Total 25 8 '[PuT AJ

f. • T 1 -. j ' .. r The Khan£ orop percentages are as Iollows :-;.. CBAP.I,- A. •Dhan 7; Maize 61,•Koda 14 and other 'props 18 per cent. Counl. cOther crops include gmger,) potatoes, onions, mash and kulth. =Kbarif . .:: Wheat aecounts fox •87 'per oent: of the Rabl orops, barley Chlel Babl ·12 and other crops 1' per cent. · oropo. Bepr. The begar IS taken on the followmg oocaston~. - ._. l 11 I -· (1) Athwara begar.-ThiS ·has now ,been .commuted and a commutation cess at 18 per cent. is charged. (2) Hela begar.-This IS exacted for specml reasons suoh as on marrmge and funeral oeremon1es, etc. (3) Tour of the Cluef and other State offiOJals mthin the State {4) Tour of the Bnt1sh Officers and others (5} R!Jparrs of t)le roads and help m the game known as ha.hrr shlkar (6) Begars of mules, or commutation fee of Rs. 5 per mule per annum. The beganes get free ratiOns from the State m case of bela .-~nd rl coohes be sent outstde the hmlts of the State, they are paid at Re. 0-3-0 or Re 0-4-0 per dtem Shopkeepers and traders of the State pay atrafi taxes and -11.rttzans who hold land for cultlvabon are required to gtve begar m keeping mth ~herr professtons.

Formerly rl a landholder dted mthout collateral&, hiS land N­ lapsed to the State and the State was at hberty to give it to the highest tenderer of nazrana But now the land passes to collater- al& up to the Srd degree mthout nazrana. More remote collater- als have to pay nazrana equal to 4 tunes the land revenue. Failing collaternls the State may succeed to the land.

On the first appomtment, a Lambardar IS requrred to pay nazrans and a!Fo on the occanons of Dushehra and Dewali. There are 7 Lambardars and 7 chaukldars in the State. EsDioo. The present Rana has aboliShed the sale of liquor and has -ordered total prohlb1t10n The contracts for chams and opium bring m an annual income of about Rs. 700. 1_ D}.LH!l ~TJA.TE. ] - [ p .ART A. I fjj. i~ T•'.!;fTii On the three years' average, the total revenue of t.he ~tate- 111 -50000 l J..,.~ .J •• ~ _;. flh)tlt 1 111 {11 tr ~.,~~ r u j ..... amonn t s t o R s. , • 1 ' ' rM ~tate Police I force conslStS of one Suo-Inspector, one­ 'Sergeant, aD.d eight foot' constables.'•''! There is a Jail at Halog~ ,.' r There' is a: primary school, at. ,H.alo~ attE)nded ~y; ~OlUe 25· boys only, as Simla and Jutogh are nearer ~or ,the yill!lg~ PWP]~- 1 to send the1r boys. 1fodlaal Theta is no hospttal iD. the State: ' ' ' Pooto. There is a Post Office at Halog, the capttal. .NALAGARH· STATE; 1934.

. . . CHAPTER J.:.-Descriptive.

• I SECTION A.-General.• , j I 1 f ' 0 liiNDUR IS said to have been the ori,ainal name, homHandu, CIIAP.J,A. -a Brahman, who established hiS power ovE>r the lo<..al chiefs and made c--;. Hmdur, m pargana Gullarwala, hiS capital. Nalagath, the present .,. capital, was not founded nntli the 15th century, and was so called 'because the site of part of the town was a dry torrent bed. 1 , , The State hes between SO 54 and 31 14' N , bud 76 89' and Sl&aat.loa ud 76 56~ E., With an area of 256 square miles , It IS bonnded on the boDDd&rleo north by Brlaspur State and Hoshiarpur dtstnct (tahsil Una). on the east by Mahlog and Baghal States, on the south by Patmla and the Kharar tahsil of Ambala dtstrrct, -and on the west by the Rupar tahsil of Ambala Two Isolated villages lie m the Imddle -of Mahlog State Nalagaih' IS dlVlded fairly equally mto two tracts Pahar; the hills, and Des, the plams The Pahar has three parganas, Chamba (or Knndlu), 1\falaon, and Ramgarh, and the Des four, Dhannpur, Nalagarh, Palas1, and Gullarwala. The Des tract hes m the Dun between the Siwahk range and the hills' proper, and parts of It 'ate extremely fertile The Pahar tract IS of the usual character of the lower Snnla lulls t I I I ,The mam stream IS the Sn'Sa, which bas Its sources in the hills su.ma. above Kalka, and runs north-west along the base of the Siwahks, eventually JOmmg the SutleJ at Awankot m ,the Rupar tahsil. It IS fed along its course by other streamlets descendmg from the hills, the prmmJ>al of which m Nalagarh are from east to west the Ballad, the Pah, the Khan, the Khokra, the ,Chrlmi and the Kundlu. naddw, and alw by the Kanahan nadd~, whu:.h riSes m the S1wahks and JOms the Srrsa on its left bank m the v1miuty of Palasi fort. t I f I I I ~ , , The nngat10n denved from these streams ,1s nnoertam, de- Irrfgat.loa. pendmg almost entirely on the rainfall m the Inlls, and they are as a rule at thmr lowest ebb when water IS most needed. An rrngat10n work of former r6Ilown and htstono mterest IS the Kala Knnd reservon•, fonned by a barner across the Kala Kund valley, some fifteen miles to the north-west of Nalagarh. - It IS said to .have been origmally constructed by the Pandavas,· was restored by RaJa Sansar Chand m 1618 A.D , and Imgated the lands of some thirty villages. The hamer eventually burst after heavy rams, and unfortnnately has never been repBlred. Kuhls and wells are the only means of rrngation in the Des. Pacoa wells are only fonnd in orchards and vegetable-gardenq Ka<'hB wells are fou.nd in two or three villa~es inhab1ted by Harmp. Every_ zamindar j. " ' I 2 NALAGARH STATE. ] [ P.AI!T A.

CHAP. I, A. has a. well on hlB holdwg to l.lTlga.te Ius own :fields, they-are worked c_;;;aL wtth dh~nglu- to imga.te tobacco-crop!!! • A kacha welf only costs, from Rs. SO to 40, as the spnng level1s only 2 or 3 feet below the­ surface. An average area. :of l!72 ,b1ghas !8-ll'rigated by wells. Ktthls are by far the best means of n;r~gat10n, and an average area. • of 17,199 b1ghas is so irrigated. ' In the Paha.r tahsil only 1,797 acres, 'or 8 per cent ,of the total cultivated area., !'s irrigated lllllo. r~e hJllS lll the ~tate COnSISt of two W/:lll defined ridgeS, runnmg from south-east to north-west OI;J. either s1de of the Gam.. bhar nver On the n01 them and eastern most of these a,re the rums of the Sura.jgarll and Ma.laon' forts, and on the' other the: Ramgarh and Cha.mba. forts. On neither ridge does the "\:~Igl}est pomt' r1se 'tq m01e than 4,466 feet above sea level ' . . , •" SECTION B.-History. ' ' CHAP LB. , Tlje h1,story of the rulfi!g. faffilly of the State of Hmdur o~

&11torr Nala.garh IS mcJude~ m that of Bda.spur ~tate, whence the Raja~ ofllmdur, descendant~ of the elder br~nc~, opgmally l!ame Ajal Chand, the eldest son of Kahan Chand, Raja of Bdaspur, lost h18 birth-r1ght on th~ succeAsion of h1s young~r brothel, A.jlt Chand,, to that State m 4- D 1100, and resolved to cat ve ~mt a prmmpahty for h1mself Ha.vmg 1a1sed a f,orce m ws father's kmgdom, h~ mvaded the temt01y of J;Iandl!, the Brahman Thakur of Hmdur Handu's cruel and 'tlttjust rule had alienated the affectiOns of hlB &upjects, ~nd they welC)omed Ajai Chand as a deliverer Seemg­ tha.t a host!.)e force was collected on h18 flontier, Handu did not Walt to be attacked, but With supeoOJ: numbers fell upon the small and badly eqmpped, a.rl:ny 'of Ajai Chand ' llandu, h,owever, was completely defeated and lost h18 hfe m the encotinter. ' ,. 1 \ I < I I Raj& Aj&i AJal Cha.nq thus esta.phi\h,eq the ~~ate o~ Hmdur. He ma.g­ Chand, na.nrmously pelfo1med the funeta.lt'l.tes of the fallen Tha.knr, and 1100-1111 .,)) l proVIded for the ma.mtena.nce of his children, whose descendants are still headmen of Chlrauh m the pargana of Na.wa.n Nagar But Aja.I Chand did not rema.m m undisturbed possessiOn of his newly aoqutred kmdgom, for AJlt Chand, who appears to have claimed suzeta.mty over It,'mvaded 1t several trmes; •but, though wtth hi~ supeuor forces he was able to prevent Aja.i Chand from regammg his nghtful kmgdom of Bda.spur, he was not able to oust him from Hmdur, and AJal Chand, by his firm and just rule, succeeded m_ consolidating his power m that kingdom, which he ruled nntll hts death m A. n 1171. ' ' ' Raja BiJu BiJai Chand, \tis only 'son,' suoceeded wl;ten o~ly four month\ ~~ 201 old, and the admmistrat10n of th~ ~gdoni was ca.med on by hl8 • D, mother She had to cope With a. revolt of' the Ka.nets, who' had! [PART A. gtown turbulent under :HanJu,' but were' 1.ept under subJa<'tion e.uJ.ti. by' the' vigorous 1 ule bt AJai Chand ' At first the ahlkar's of the m.-;;;; State inded mth the reb,els, but the Rani called them before her, ' and by an'ml.passw:ded appeal to thetr loya\ty induced them to aid her m suppressmg the rebelhoh ,Th~ Kanets were defeated in several engagements, and did' noi a gam' venture on o'pen disaffec- twn, but. BiJai Chand,toh assttrumg power, had to complete their su bJugatidn ' He greatly mcrea!fed •the mterrtal prosperity' of hill State, and h1s,name lS still chenshed m the hihe !or h1s charities. • 1 t f 1 I • I \J I I J I J ,On hiB death at the age of SO in A. D )201 he was Pucceeded Raja Dbaa by hiS son DHam Cha!,ld. alsq a rumor, whose reign was on, the w.b.ol~ f:r·lll36 peaceful, thougli, the' Kanets were still turbulent and d1Rioyal at .. D - ' heartf J·Dhatn• Chahd suppresseif the1r gathenngs, his obJect bemg to put a stoi(to cattle rliidmg 'In tills he succeeded,' and his rote' I lh gence,' ' even'-J as" a youth ; ma' d e h'1m I an e ffi Cient 'an d popu Ia.r ' tul~r He diell1nfj;ei a reign Of S5 years' tn 1236 A D. ' ' 'I Raj~ Bil.'irang Chand subc~ed'ed, '~nd Ins ~e~gn wa'l ~eventful: 1~:'J:a~ 123-1278 I.D " ' · 'RaJa Laehnian; a minor, who followed, had to contend With Raja Lao• ~-- 1 1 1 7 mtemaJ ' l" reb e IIi on, ' whi~h c h e suppresse d Wit ' h firmness wh en he1ao6 man ...• D.- -kme of ag'e He was a sympathetic ruler and eamed the grahtuda of h!.S subJects. 1 I ,.- J I I l RaJa Utal Chab.d re~gned ten years and ~as:succ~eded l>y bu! ~~uta! ' ' ) J j 't ' ' ' ' I .... ' • I' ,. - ' .. ' taoo--!1318 so1f, RaJ~ ',}rumal I Chand, •whose Judgment commanded , 1 tbe .. D. 1 , ' ' .1 , t ; Raja J&lm&l rt>spect of all parties m a d1spu e. Chand, ' . . . . -131-1838

RaJa Amar Chand was an active adm!mstrator, who often ~:,tu- mo'ved among hlP subJect~u}

CBAP.J,B. Ills son and successor Udham Chand had a peaceful reign and But .,., ' 0 held aloof from the dissensiOnS, wluch then prevailed among the • Hill States, devotillg Jus energies to the amehoratwn of the lot ~!:.Pelham of h1s subJects H1s younger son Kotak Chand tecetved Chandon_ 1.os-=1421 in pargana Palas1 for h1s mailltenance, and his descendants still ._ D hve there and bear the t1tle of Mlan. RaJa Blkram RaJ& B1kiam Chand, the eldm son of Udhaill Chand, succeeded Chand, ill 1421 A. D. Ills three younger sons ill turn tece1ved Jag~rs m 1'-21- 1438 pargarw. Palas1, whwh were exchanged for 3ag~rs m pargarw. NaJa­ ... D. garh, when the town of Nalagarh was founded and became the capital of the State, their residence beillg ttansferred nom Maill­ puna ill the former pargarw. to Ba1h ill that of Nalagarh. RaJa Kldar Kidar Chand, the eldest son, succeeded to the gadd~ ill 1435, ~I"s and was a mtld and Just ruler, who suppressed some feeble revolts I.D ·with clemem.y He also reheved famme wtth hberahty He RaJaJal A D Chand, d1ed ill 1448 Ills son Jai Chand was even more famed than. 1«8-I.,7, his father had been for the justice and the mddness of his rule. I..D He died ill 1477 A D RaJa Naram RaJ& Naraill Chand succeeded h1s fathet, Ja1 Chand, while Chand, 1477-I622 still a mmor, and the kmgdom was admmtstered by the Ram, his I.D mother Durmg her reg~me, the RaJ& of Nmpur halted near the. ca.pttal of the State on his way to Hard war, and was so pleasedwtth the arrangements made for hu1 entertaillment that he proposed an alliance between the young RaJa and his daughter Hls offer was accepted by the Ram, but opposed by the WaZir on the ground that the status of the RaJa of Nurpur was not euffi01ently high. Upon this the Nurpur RaJa roamed hlB daughter to the RaJa of Bilaspur, and m01ted that Prmce to attack Nalagarh, which he successfully dtd. Nalagarh was compelled to purchase peace by surrendermg the fort of Satgarha, which IS still held by Bilaspur.

RaJa Ram The next RaJa, Ram Chandar, was a gteat budder He con­ Ch&Ddar. structed the fort of Ramgarh, and also built the town of Ram­ 1622-1668 ._D, shahr, which he made his summer capttal It 11111111d that he u11ed to exact half the gross produce of the land as revenue, and, though thlS demand may appear excessive wtth regard to the Circumstances of the trme, It was apparently realised Without hardship Hls Raja llanaar successor, Sansar Chand, who succeeded, bmlt the handsome Chand, I668-16I8 Dtwankhana at Nalagarh, and restored the Kala. Kw1d reservorr, to which allusiOn has been made above

A D RaJa Dbarm In 1618 Sansar Chand was suc<.eeded by Dharm Chand • Chand, the eldest of hlB mght sons, whose chief measure was a reductiOn. 1618-1'101 of the State's revenue to one SIXth of the produce An able and ... D. JUSt ruler, Dharm Chand reigned for no less than 83 years, dymg 5

~ALAGARH STATE.] [PART A.

m 1701 A D. He was succeeded by Ills eldest sonlfunmat Chand, CIIAP,J.B. during whose short reign of three years the Pathans began to make Bla-;:;,. inroads on the Hill States and attacked' Hmdur three times m Ra Hlmma& rapid succession Himmat Chand fell, fightmg gallantly against oh!:d, the invaders, m a battle m which the Hmdus made a desperate 1701-1701 reslStance and were defeated With great loss Bhup Chand sue- ~b!p ceeded ms father Thmmat Chand and was followed by hlS son f~1161 Man Chand. , , .. D The State was now divided by factwns, the Mattmna Knuets RaJ• II... &Idmg With Man Chand, and the Thuanu Kanets With Padam Chand Chand, younger brother of the late RaJa Bhup Chand. Padam Chand assassmated Ills nephew 1\Ian Chand and obtamed the throne, but was m turn killed by the Mattmnas Bhai Kharak Smgh of Har1pur m 1\Iahlog effe<,ted a r(J(,oncflla- :alab Gal• t10n between the f.lct10ns, and mduced GaJe Smgh, a distant col- "" lateral and refugee, to acc,ept the gadch He IS the founder of the present dynasty and, though a JUSt ruler, was not on good terms with Ills son Ram Saran The latte1 w1th a band of retamers occupied the f01 t at Palas1, and hvecl <\S a free-booter. Ram Saran Smgh bec,ame RaJa m 1788, and d1ed at the age Raja Ram of eighty-siX afte1 a reign of Sixty years In the early part of Ills BanD Biacb­ reign he had so extended h1s donnmons, that his authonty was paramount from Palasi to Mattmna, snd eastwards as far as AJmrrgarh on the Jumna , and though he d)(l not <·onquer Smnur, Dharma Neg~. held the Subathu fort for him In 1803 the Gurkhas, 1t IS sa1d at the mv1tatwn of Bilaapur, Tbe o..­ came from Nepal through the mils, and broke the power of Ram_,, Saran Smgh and all the Hill Ch1efs. The famoua fort of Ram- ahahr, wmch had been conatructed by the Chandels before they separated and Nalagarh was founded, waa besieged by Gurkhas, and though proVIded with tanks fo1 ramv.ater and enormous grananes, the gaiTISOn was obhged to tap1tulate after three years' siege Ram Saran fled to Basah m Hosluarpur for three or four montha, and then returned to Palas1 for ten years, which With Badd1 and Gullarwala were the only forts left to hlm. In 1814 Srr D Ochterlony brought an u.uuy dgam11t the Gurkhas mto the State , a battle was fought at the pass of Ramshahr and another at Lohar Ghat1 near Malaun The Bnt18h force, Enghsh and Purbmh, was encamped for some months near Ramgarh, and eventually, when guns were brought to bear on the fort, the defenders capitulated. In the deciSIVe battle near Malaun Bhagta Thappa, the Gurkha leader, was slam An Enghsh officer, Lieutenant Williams, was killed at Ramsharu, and his tomb 1s well preserved to this day. ' 6 NALAGARH STATK.] ' [ PA.at·.K~

'JJ,.)' rl I { ~ CBAP.t.B Rl\m Saran. omgli thie'v in his lot with the Brit sh, auli by his Jii;- exertions mented restoration to .all his former, possession~ He ~"IT· 'refused, It IS Said, to accept hiS fresh conquests, and contented ~i:~m hunself mth his ancestral possessiOn of Nalagarh, ali it stands now &r&DS10gh The revenue to Hmdur froni the hill tracts' under'tlie Gurkha Government amounted'td about Rs ,15,000, but' m consequence of the struggles agamst the Gurkhas it had suffeted much d~vasta; t10n, and manv .fanuhes wete mdu<,ed to move to Palast' m• the plams In. 1815 the total revenue amounted to Rs 45,000 In that year the 11etty district of Bharauh, nea1 Kotkhai; was gtanted to RaJa Ram Saran Stngh as a reward for hts serviCes, but ttsdts­ tanhe from ·Nalagaih, the turbulance of the j)eople, and hls own unpopularity m that quartet led him to agree to tts transfe1 to 1\nother Ch1ef, the R.1na of Balsan, for the sum of Rs S,500 The RaJa was confirmed by a Yanad, dated the 20th 09tobe1, 1815, He pa1d an annual tubute of Rs 5,000 and .was bound "t,q a1jl the But1sh Government w1th troops m time of war S!lnte~ces of death passed by h1m requued the confumat10n of the ;J;>ohtwal Officer m charge, now known as the Supermtendent, Ihll States, After the Nepalese war RaJa Ram Saran recetved an mdemruty ' of one Ialli of 1upees, when he 1etnrne(i the Satg~rha forts to the RaJa of Btlasput· from whom I1e had taken them ThiS suul. 'he' expended Ill rmprovmg and strengthepmg the fmt of Palast m. the plaUIS. , · · 1 t~'h~~i· RaJa BIJe Smgh succeeded,· and' on hts death m :18S7- tM UgarSmgli,: State lapsed to the Butish Government, 1t was at first.:_dectded that the three sons' of Raja Ram Saran Smgh by hls Brahm,a.m wue sht:.uld be giVen the JUCJ'Ir of the value of.Rs. 10,000 'a. year held, bY. the' Ram. 'In 1860, 'howe>er, the Home authorities de<,Ided tn restore the State to Ugar- Smgh, and he beca.me.: RaJa wtth ,ful~ pow~rs. He was the mo'!t mtelhgent of Raja 'Ra.m ,Sa1an's .sons,. havmg acted as WaZir durmg luS father's later years The BrttiS!JJ Gmrerument guaranteed the 1agws of his hrothets Fateh Smgh andr B'rr Smgh, whose descendants m consequence 'enJOY the prtvtlege; of cvllecting thetr own tevenues Fateh Smgh was of. unsottnd, mmd Ugar Smgh was mstalled m 1860 He received a khtlla~ o~ R~ '1,120 and pa1d a par7mash of Rs 1,120 and seveu' gold_

mohars · ' ' , t I .1.. •J In thP earli!lr pal~ of lus le~ he adnnhlstered the' State Oil' sound hnPs, but, when' Ius eldest son, Isr1 .Smgh, attained lnli' IDaJOl'Ity, {}ISSPnSIOnS arose. ThP latter's motJfar WaS the daugthet1 of a ~Imn 9f Jaswal m the Hosluarpur dtstnct, and' wa~ roamed( when Uga1 Smgh hllllself was a Mmn After he became Raja,I he marned the daughter of a Chandel Mran, whose ancestors had! 7

NALAGARH STATE.] (PART A. come from Kahlur m RaJa Ram Saran's tune. She restded at CHAP.r.B .... Palast and was known 'as the Palast Ram. Her only survivmg Hu- • son was Kanwar Jagmdar Smgh, whom Ra1a Ugar Sin~h appomted ·~· as hts suc('essor d1sregardmg the claims of the elder Isn Smgh. But on the Raja's death in. December, 1876, it was decided ~~b~' that !sri Smgh was the rightful heir, and he was mstalled in June 1877. He was allied by marriage wtth the houses of Goler, Kangra, and Kuthar He- •had been restdmg at Garkhal near Kasauh durmg the last years of his father's retgn, and was thus handi­ capped by a lnmted knowledge of the affairs of the State All the pnsoners were released on Ugar Singh's death, and all the State offictals disillll'sed, but Ghulam Kad1r, the former Wam, was re-appointed. M1an Jagmdar· Smgh was awarded a pt~nsion of Rs 2,060 a year, and his mother swtably provided for. Ghulam Kad1r as Wam unposed new taxes and enhanced the land revt~nue, thereby causmg dl8turbances, which ,were only quelled by the, Supenntendent, Ihll States,, proceedmg to the spot ~th a force of Bnttsh pollee. Ghulam KadJ.r was nbsequently dlSUilSSed ~ and. banl8hed, from the State. A comrmttee of the old officmls ' was then. apJJOtnted, and It 'worked satisfactorily for thirteen years, until dl8senstons unpelled its abolit10n m 1893, and Jowahir 1 Lal, an offictal of Nabha, State, was appomted Manager. He' effected a summary Settlement of the State, but his position soon became untenable and,m' 1895 Bhagwan'Singh was appomted G~ J I j ' J .. ( 1 , I .. I WQZU'. r f 1 1 u J l J t 1 1 ' f • '- 1 OJ o) J j I ~ 1 ,. .. ,, He ~vas a capable man and acted m the best mterests of the State, but ·eventually, he too was dl8Inlssed. Kanwar Jagmdar Smgh and liari Smgh subsequently', occupied 'the dl.fhcult post~ and then a Counct} was appomted wtth Babu Sundar Smgh as president._ On completion of hu! term of office, his servtces were d18pensed )'l>th, and ,Mmn Indar Smgh wa& appomted. RaJa !sri Smgh d1ed 'm 1911, without . leavmg any 18Sue ; Kanwar Jogmdar Smgh,. his step-brother, succeeded hun I.ri January 1912. The Council, 'nth Dtwan Indar·Singh as president, con­ tmued for three years more Then Chaudhri RamJI Lal, 'Natb­ Tahsildar, Snnla, was deputed io' the State as Wam. In 1918 there was a nsmg m the Pahari tahsil due to gnevances regardmg grazmg lands and forest regulations. The mutiny was put down with the help of British troops ; the ring leaders were sentenced to varymg terms of impnsonment, and grievances were redressed, the powers of the RaJa bemg at the same tune curtailed. Chaudhn RamJI Lal dted in 1919, and Lala RaghubJ.r Smgh,. Na•h-Tahsildar, succeeded him. " In 1925 Ra1 Sahib Pandit Laiq • Ram, Naib~ Tahsildar, was posted as Wam in place of Lala· ~ghubir Smgh. 8! NALAOARH STATE.]

CHAP.I,B._ and the re-settlement of the State was completed. In cons1dera-' lllofor,. t10n of the general unprovement m the administration of the Stat~ full powers were restored to the RaJa m 1930, With the reservatiOn. that the Supenntendent, Srmla Hill States, retams ,the r~ght to­ scrutinise the State budget.

, SECTIJN C.-Population. l'vplolaUon. The State IS spanely populated, the density being 195, per squ'are mile. The census figures are aF fpllows :- - 1901 " -· ~ .' 52,551 I o 1911 • • • • • 49,280 ' ' 11\21 '.. • ., -·. .. 46,868

1981 . . • • I ~·, I I[ • • • • 50,0lf:! r In fo1mer days .~ost o'f the State was W.lste, the vtllages bemg confined to the valleys, and to the tract south of the SlrSa a way from the mam routes Gullarwala pargana, was a desert The only­ habttatiOns were thatched' huts,' and the people con(,ealed theli< valuable property:m caves,' RaJa 'Ram Saran Smgh 'colowsed the tract I afresh '\Vlth settlerS 'frO:nJ. the Ambala and Ho!lhtarpur CbstnCts ~ ; ' , ' ~ ... I.!. ~ " • r J 1 { :Ralaprb. . , There ar~ p~ to~s The papital has 'a _p1ctW:esque posttiOn' Palulaad P,.mebabr at the foot of ~ hill. , ...A.,road wmds up to 'the Ealace, whiCh over­ looks the hazar from a. prempitohs spur ' The RaJa has two' other reSldences, one at Palast, and the other at Ramshahr m the hll!s ' 1 Tnbooand ,' The' pruiclpal tr1bes in !>rder rof' numer1cal 'I.IIlportance are Kanets, GuJars, BrahmahF, SaliDS, RaJputs; Jats' and Labanas. ·- In the plams villages t;here are a good many Dhumars. There "lS" a sprinkhng of the ordmary tradmg and menial classes throughout the State. A certain 'number ot Muhammadans are settled in· Nalagarh town The Gujars, 1la1IDS and Jats hve along the Amballl and Hoshlarpur borders 'They are immigrants from these d111! ~cts brought in by Raja 'Ram Saran Smgh. Some of the Sami& 1 came O!Igllally ~om the J~un1ur dlStri~t. ' , • • '~ " 1;he Jats and Samis are some "Stkh and the others Hmdor They are .mdustnous and quiet: The ~aims 'especially excel as agmcultlll'lll.ts. Theu holdings are small, and they devote them~ selves successfully to the more val!Jable crops such' as tobacco;, ~llseeds, cotton, ,an~ sugarcane, the produce of whiCh thev ex~ port., There •is nothmg speotally npt_eworthy abl)ut the B!1'hman. or the trading and memal cla.sses. These latter are •represent.~ ·by the followmg oastes,.KhatrlS,)l~ll, SolliU'lJ.,Jlhl!>bras, Bhat~ 9 NALAGARH STATE.] [PART A. Grrths, Jhmwars, Lohars, BarhaiS, Kohs, Chauala, Chamars, CBAP.r.c. BhanJraa, Chuhras, Dumnas, Kumhars, Clumbas and Tali. By Pop~u. far the most numerous are the Chamars, who are the drudges of the Des VIllages Nor is there anythmg specml to note about the rehg10n of the .....,...., State. At Ramshahr below Ramga.rh fort IS a tank bmlt by RaJa Ram Saran Smgh and called Rawalsar. LJ.ke the Rawalsar m Mandt 1t conta.ms fioatmg Islands. A temple of Ka.h IS close by. On the first Fnday m Jeth a fair 1s held, attended olnetly by women who gather m from all parts of the netghbourmg States. The fioatmg ISlands are wot'Slnpped as well as the goddess. Lakhdata (Sa.kln Sarwar Sultan) has a p1-rthan in the village -of Dehd1, and a. fair takes place here m the month of Magh to winch GnJars mostly resort. The clnef temple in Nalagarh Itself IS that of DeVI. Guga Pir has shrlnfls at M1mpur and Nalagarh, -where falr& are held m the month of T' 1 ~>\don ·CHAPTER II.-Economic.;

SECTION ~::...:.Agri~ulture; 'including Irrigation. > f I I J,. ...'he last reVISIOn of'the Settlement of Nalagarh State was CIIAP.If.A ~ompleted m 1927, and the revenue system lB modelled on that~-· -of the PunJab. Theie are two tahsds, Des and Pahar, wtth Tahsil· dars workmg under the supervision ,ot the WaZlr, who exer01ses ooura~ • . the powers of a Qollector m the PunJab. - • - · In well-nianured and Imgated land 'tofte:d a 10tat10n of PriDol~: tobacco, maize, wheat. and gram at the rate of 8 crOJll! a year 18 oropo. .found. Sugar and paddy are largely grown m Dubbar Kullisnt• •On Talla II and Changat I 1and gr11m, chari, rooth, mash, 'oilseed& , and JOWar are generally sown. In the Pahar, the chtef crops in ,khanf are paddy, maize~ Wll$h and kulth, and ill rabi wheat and gram. In 'the .Ues, the percentages of the cultivated area possesser cent. of the total cultivated area, whtle Brahmans own 10 per cent. Kolis, Chanab, ·and Chamars own 2, S and 5 'Per cent., respectively: .. they e1thm become servants m S.unla, Sabathu, ot Kasauh, or.carry on some trade or craft. In pomt of -mcome they surpaqs all the other tnbes, and therr standar4 , of 1Ivmg •19 -gener.11ly supenor Ten _per cent. ot the cnlbvated area 1£1 own~, by templet!,_ gurdwaras, .and other tnbes · "'""' , 'Transfers of 'land between'State suLJect~·18 p-ernutted ~n pay· ~.....terof ment of nazranu: · ado. · In the Des tahsil b pel\- cent. -of the, ~ultlvdted 'area 111-mortg· !:""::­ -aged for an average consideiatlOn of Rs. 40 pm acre. , .The pro-&~ portion of land ,possessed' by -zammdars an.I non-zammdars, 18 7 to s, • In the Pahsr tahsil 4 per cent. of •he cuUavated area is mortgaged for an aveiage consideration of R11 40 per sere, agsmst an average sale pnce of Rs. 83 per acre. Indebtedness is chtetly due to ht~gat10n and the purchaEe of wtves .md 'marriage and funeral expenses The unsecured debt IS reckoned as Rs. 8,07 ,715,., which IS balanced by miScellaneous income from the sale of ghi. eattle-carrytng aud; ~~~e ' · 1 2 NALAGARH STATE.= rpA.RT A. cBAP.D,A, CattlQ are plentiful arld o(good qUiihty. People from neigh· A,.lcalau•· bouring States come to Nalagarh m large numbers to buy b?llocks, buffaloes, etc , m March, when an rmportant cattle-fair IB held. CM&~o. The GUJJars trade m buffaloes and have also a considerable trade in milk and gill. Sheep and goats are prmcipally kl'lpt to sell to butchers m the vanous hlll-cantonmentA. Horses are not bred. Grazmg.. is generally sufficient ' " SECTION B.-Rents, Wages and Prices. Most of the Des, as well as the Pahar, IS cultivated by the pro­ prietora themselves : there are no occupancy tenants The tenants­ at-Will cultiVate 2 per cent of the culttvated area at owners' rates. The owners ha~e the right of substitutmg another m place of a tenant who ceases to cultivate the land . the tenants cannot ,transfer the land to others, no1 can they be eJected as long as they cultivate properly Tenants holdmg 1 per cent of the total cultivated land pay rash-rents. Tenants cult1vatmg unclarmed land pay fixed cash-rents The land tilled by tenants-at-will pavmg kmd H'nts constitutes 90 pe1 cent of the cult1vated area • A true tenant-at-Will without any land of his own l8 rare Half bata~ l8 the general custom In the Pahar tahsil the total a1ea cultivated by tenants 1~ 22 per cent , of whwh 11 per cent. 1s held by oceupancy tenants, while 11 per cent. 1s held by the tenants­ at-Will. Every tenant pays revenue m proportiOn to his share of land, and the responaibihty of rendermg begar on behalf of the owner rests on the shoulders of the tenant

SECTION C.-Forests. Fo-. The State has 59 forests, 5 reserved, SO demarcated, and 24 !ffidemsrcated, none contammg explOitable trmber, though there l8 a certam amount of chU (Pmus Longlfoha). Most of the forests are scrub and bamboo. A workmg plan was drawn up m 1915 and lB still m force. ReVl8IOn of the Forest Settlement has just • been fimshed, and a report bas been subrmtted to the Government -rur approval and sanctiOn. The State msintams a Ranger, two Foresters, a clerk, three cbaprasi& and a staff of 22 forest guards. In 19SO the total mcome from forests amounted to Rs 14,011. ' SECTION D -Mines and Mineral Resources. CBAP.n.c, There are valuable quarries near Nalaga.rh whiCh were used liU..IDd for the constructiOn of the headv.orks of the SutleJ Valley PI.oJect. 11._.._ In 1931 the permanent v.ay for carnage of thlB metal was dis· mantled between Nalagarh and Rupar, and a good chance of 8 NALAGARR STATE.] [PART A. linking Nalagarh With the North-Western Railway system has CBAP.a,~ been lost for the present. There are no other minerals of com- Ml ~ mer01al unportance m the State. ..:=n...... SECTION E.-Arts an:l Manufactures. There are no arts or manufactures, and no trade worth the Jlallaflo. name Cotton and any surplus grain avallable are exported to•..-aao~ Rupar, Kalka or Ludluana, and metals, salt, cloth, etc., brought.._. back.

SECTION G.-Means of Communications. There are four mam roads: (1) from Nalagarh to Bilaspur, Oommmdoe.t Suket, Mand1, and Kulu With a halting stage and rest-house at tioaa. Kundlu, 13 mlles from Nalagarh-; (2) from Nalagarh to Rupar, 14 miles ; (3) from Nalagarh to Baddi (10 mlles), where there is a haltmg stage and rest-house ; from Badd1 the road contmues through Patmla terntory to Kalka; (4) from Badd1 to Patta m Mahlog State, and thence to SIWla ma Kakarhatt1 and the old Kalka-SIWla road The first three mentiOned ere generally fit for country carts. Beyond Baddt the Kalka road 18 very bad. The Badd1-Patta road is rough and only fit for mule traffic. There 1s an Impenal post office at Nalagarh, and a telegraph PootaL office was opened at the same place m 1908. 1 CHAPTER III.- Administrative:

' ' . . SECTION A.-Administrative Divisions. Theo Des and Po.har to.hsus form administrative divisfona for • CRAP. :Revenue and; Police purposes. The Raja has full powers exoepi W. "­ that the .State Budget 19 open to inspection by the Superintendent, .Uml...­ Sunla BJ.ll States The WaZll' exerclSeB the powers of a Collector, m.':a~ District -MagiStrate, and SessiOns and DlStnct Judge, and im- GeaenJ medmtely subordmate to him area Judge, and Inspector of Police~ .and two Tahslldars. The law of the PunJab 1S enforced wherever .applicable, and the Stat~ has n~ pect~lmr law of Its own. The Indian Registration Act is m force Without modification, ~ the Reg~strar bemg the Council Court About Rs. 12,000 are paid m fees yearly ·

SECTION B:-i.a~d Revenue The State IS dlVldea into two tah~Ils, which also compos~ L.ad assessment crrcles-the Des and the Pahar. In both tahsus land NYeDoo, revenue "'as assessed durmg Settlement operations commencmg 1924 and endmg 1927, on a basiS of classificatiOn of soils as fol. lows- ' (A)-pes Tahsil.

Class of sod. Area Rate ' m per Totalclemud. aoroo acre. '

Ra .. p Ra ... , - ' *Chain •• •• 89 8 0 0 .. , 0 0 *Lahn Kulhant 648 8 0 0 3,288 0 0 •Talla Kulhant ••1 •• •• - __1,218 II 0 0 t-- 8,080 0 0 "Dahbar Kulhant •• •• 1,117 - ·a-o· o-· &,6811 0 0 *Changar Kulhant - 247 211 0 883 13 0 Lahn Baraoo •• •• -4,2R7 3 8 0 111,004 8 0 ·3 8 11,239 2 Talla I, Bara01 •• •• - 8,628 ' 0 0 Dabhar I, B&raDI 106 2 13 0 ' .:16 16 0 Talla n, Banuu 3,679 Ill 0 8,089 9 0 ()hangar I, Baraoi •• •• 14,782 111 0 - .24,944 10 0 ()hangar n, Baram- 3978 0 13 6 3,364 1.2 0 •• •• ' ' ' 'lotal ' 77,049 II 0 or I 77,000 0 0 2 NALAC!~. ~-T~~-1- - The detail of oesses is as follaws :- ::ns2 "· P. 8,898 8 0 ,Patwar at IS per cent. r 1 Lambardar at 6 per ,oent. 8,898 8 0 'Bchoo1 at I per oent. ' ' 1 77!111' 0 Hospital at 1 per cent.' 779 11 a Roads at ~ per oent > 2,889 1 (), ! Tota11o.. per' oent, u ,695-> 7 0 '

' (B)-Pa~dr' Tahsil. ' ' ' - Claaoofood Rate per aore Arealnao"'" Revenwr ' ' ' ' - - f.- •Rs..... p , Re •Kuhll I •• •• •• 5 6 I !•-416 2,238 I f ' ,, I ' I •• ' ' ' •.KDhll n •• •• 4 ~I 7 1,881 5,575 r - ' I I Bakhlli Klar • • •• •• ' 3 r6 10 ~ r ' 1,800 6,056- ' I Bakhaii •• •• • • 2 f2 10 I '3,698 " I ' ' ! 10,170. Bakhaln •• •• •• 2 10 2 11,452 14,369 \' I' ' \ Tibri •• •• •• 1 10 11 . 2,883 4,850 TibrU •• •• •• ---o 13 lit - - 6,656-- 5,696 llanJarQuhm •• •• •" 0 13 lil 1,598 'I 1,344 Gumn •• •• • • ' 0 6 9 11,045 4,660 -· - - -

Total' 34,929 54,853 •• or 54860 I ' . - . . . - • ' I :•Imgatod. I The oesses are as follows :- Rs A. ' p ' Begm- '1 per cent.' •• •• 8,889 8 0 Patwar IS per cent •• •• 2,748" 0 1 0 Lambardar 4 per oent •• •• 2,194 0 0 Zatldar 1 per cent .. .. 548 8 0 DISpensary 1 per cent •• •• IS48 8 0 School 1 per cent. •• •• 548 8 0

Total 19 per oent 10,422 0 (). B NALAGABH BTATB.) {PA'R'I" ].,

Thus the"'tola.f revenue lif thA Rt~tA ii- - - ' ' ' ' Tahod. Re~ue c-' Total. ' . . • ' ' ' . - - I t

'Be•• ,'""'' ~. ~. Rl I •••• .. .. ' Deo •• .. .. ?7,000' 11,693 • ., .0 66,6911 7 0 ' ' .I Pahar~ ...... 54,86() 10,422 0 0 6LS,28! 0 0 ' • •' - -' Totai ' '' 1,31,860 22,lli 1 0 1,631r77 7 0> ' The shove assessments assumed , that the State's share of 'agncultural •Produce ·was. 20 per cent.... ,So far these Settlements have worked satisfactorily. Full descriptions of each class ,of 11o:t1_ are -to be found in the assessment reports,. ' 1 • , • 1 ,. (! ,,~~. l .. ,, J No water-mills are allowed to· work w1thont permission, lmd wa&or....m,. for startmg ~new water-lmlla nazrana :u; taken bf Rs. 5 ' Rents for 'working woter-Iiulls "are Rs 1-8-0 per month m the Des tahs:t1, and Re. 0-8-0 in the Pahar tahs:t1 ' Ownel'll of water-m:t1ls supply the Durba.r gratiS Begar has- bee~ generally commuted -and) IS DOW limited a.- to-- ....,. .,. .... _.,.._;~~

• . ' I • ( (a)· Begar £01 large camps and for the RaJa's tounng (b) Begar' on the occasion ·of deaths and marriages in the , RaJa's fanuly · , ' · . (c) In the Pahar tahsil' only, beqar for the·repair of the roads ' ' ' It has been ruled, ~hst --Jagrrtlars are entitled only to assign- Ji14fn ment of the land-revenue of therr jagirs: and that the jagirdar- • nght cames With it no p10pnetary right or claim to rollect nazrana on fresh land broken up for cultivatiOn m the fagir's area. jagirdars, however, collect g.azing-tax fees and certain other fees in respect of therr Ja{flr areas The nazrana charged by the State for_ acqumng possel!eion of N-.. State lands varies from Rs 18 to Rs 5 per acre. . It IS a poll-tax 'realised by the Stllte from sbopkeeperP and llelala • .._ cl8ftsmen ; it varies from Re. 0-8-0 to Re. 0-2-0 per annum. 14 NALAGARH STATE.]

SECTION D.-Miscellane.-us ~evenue. ' - '"' 'CHAP - Opmm II! pmchssed from Bsshshr, Balssn and other_ hill 111, o: States. The poppy IS not eultivated m the State. The lease for Mu eU vend of opmm IS sold by suctiOn annually, and the contractor hu .~aoan- agents for cetad vend at Nalagarh, Barun. and Ramshahr The Rovoaao. hcenses for Optum and drug~ are sold together, but SPpsrateJy nom Drug. that for country hquor The average fee 111 Bs. 7,000. _ I Exou.. Country spirit IS manufactured in the sadr di~tillecy at Nala- garh, the lease of whlch carrymg With It the moLOpoly for wholesale and retrul vend m the State, IS put np to auction every year. The hcensee has retail shops at Nalaga.rh, Jagat Khana, Baddi, Barun and Ramqhaht In add1t10n to the hcense fee, a ~till-head duty of S ptes m the rupee Is m1posPd, The total exciSe mcome IS Rs 4,500 a year. ___ _

SIAmpo The Bt'lttsh Stamp and Court Fees Acts are m fotce. Stamps are made at Nsla.gath, and ISsued from the State treasury to an agPnt at Nalagarh, who IS m the service of the State. Judirial and non-JudiCJSl etamps ate diStmgmslied. The values of each , · descnpt10n are anna 1, snnss 2, 4 and 8, R~ 2, S, 4, 5, 10, 25, 50, .100 and 500 ;rile stamp revenue IS about , (?). Total The total mcome of the State averages about Rs. two lakhs "'vunao a year, mcludmg assigned revenue, which IS first brought mto the treasury, and then paid out agsm to the assignees. SECTION F.-Public Works. Pnbbo A regular Pubhc Works Department IS msmtsmed to look Worb sftet the State bmldmgs and roads ' The Palace at Nslagarh is an rmposmg bulldmg overlooking the town, and includes a Diwsn­ khans bmlt about 1570 A D. There ~re ~ome .interestmg old forts, m the State., Palasi m the Des1 and Ramgarh, Chamba and Malson m the hllls. ' ' · . SECTION G -Army. , There ate no reguhll' State, forces The RaJa has a body­ guard of ten or eleven h01semen, ,and a few sepoys These are anned "Ith S\\crQ. ang l.. mrP In addition there are some palace guardq ' ''

SECTION H.-Police and )ails., 1 Polloo. The State has 2 pollee-stations, at Nalagsrh and Rswslsar, ~ land c1wubs a.t Baddt, Kundlu and Gullarwsla, At Nalaaarh there are one mspector, one sub-mspectol!,,' ~ S head-colllitables,' 0 5 lliALAGARR STATE.] [PART A. and 27 constables, wlule one sub-mspeotor, one head-constable CHAP. and 10 constables are stationed at Rawalsar. There are two m, u. constables attached to each chaub. The Wamr acts a!! Supenn· Poh.. tendent of the force JuJo. There is a Jail at Nalagarh With accommodation for fifty JtJJo. pnsoners, and undei the charge of a Jailor With a staff of ward ere There are no JBII mdustnes. ConviCts are employed on out-door labour

SECTION I.-Education and L.iteracy The State runs a" ell-e.qUipped High School With an attendance lloboolo. roll of 200, and mamtams 8 Pnmary Schools at Nalagarh, Manpura, Gullarwala, Bhatmn, Bruna and Goha Des m the Des, and at Nalbhasra and RaJawaha m the Pahar taheii Eduoat10n m all departments is free

SECTION }.-Medical. • There IS a "ell-eqUipped hospital at Naraga'rh and a dispensary Booplta~a at Rawalsar, m the Pahar tah11Il. The people of the adJoining • terntones also make u~e of the diSpensaries. There is also a~ Nalagarh a vetennary hospital.

SECTION K.-Co-operation. The State started a Central Co-operat1ve Bank at Nalagarh Bub. in 1924. Its working capital on 31st July, 1931, was Rs. 71,420. There are 50 credit someties dealmg With the Bank. In ad· dition to an honorary secretary, the State employs a tr~~med sub· inspector, a clerk, and a serretary for the inspectiOn of the work of the societies. THEOG STATE, 1934. CHAPTER. 1.---.:-0ESCRIPTIVE:. SECTION A. -GeneraL ' .. • ~ • l 1 I r , ;rHm Theog State; which lB tr1butary to 'Keonthal, lies CRAP. I.A. ~ome 17 nules from S1mla between'31," 21 1 and 31"' 9'' north, c.. raJ ana. 77" ~V.and _'l7,"'3l~,'ea~t. Six 'anfa quarter miles m length,' ' ' and with an average' breadth' of , about' five and a quarter mJ.]es, its area is 32·8 square· miles It IS bounded on the north by Madhan and the Matt1ana pargana of Keonthal;on the east by 'Kumarsaui and Ghund, on• the south • by Balsan and Keonthal and ·on the west by .Keonthal and Madhanl The •G1ri riVer forms lt!f soutb•eastern· boundary for, some.• dtatance.· Th State consists of the Girl, Chikhar and Palana valleys· Pbyatoal

THEOG STATE) (PART A, SECTION'C::::!.PO}uia~:O!'!J J. H O CHAP. L c. The popula t10n ~E1the 'State, faoooidlng to the census. of G.- , 1!13~, ~~ 4i.9~~' w1;l.,iph gr'les ~. ~('~Sit:f. ~fr 2.~~ per SQUar~ ~IIe. aorat. 'Th6rfl(, Q.r& ~1 ~luh;l~IDI\d~ys 1~ ~A~ ~~,te, _and_ zj S~hs.:} r T~e !::/: IIJ>dl re~awdf\' 9~ t~e.· ~9.J!IV,atwp''~op.$I~ts, ~o.f rE~~ut ::.~o11-~s~' · III:n.du,s th,e w,~JO~~t:y qf ~p~ p.f!OP1€! ar~.~an"'ai~s._,~u~ ther,e;, are;· 11 1 also. I;\rabn~s,1 n~Jnut!l, ann the- u,suht D)e:p.tal class~s. '.A)f th ,b'7 1 ' lti'.,,t ~IT yl'L n-1 <'J1J~ ,,,., ~ , ;.:1 • .C,l, j.. .i ..-u,r.rr 1 17, a, 8'\~. ~~:o; V,lf, ~

Rebgto11• ' 'l'he best knowitseat of wovshlp:m tb& ~ta.t~•I.&tbe le.DillP.Jt'h' of Cblkbar w.hlch JS•ls1tuateQ: •Deal' Shali.J .'Ib~~ "\ne ~. ~q~ Q&lir of other•small01l •temples;>~ and • rebg1ou r mela&- a:re l!!!J,d ·~J several VIllages. The Thakur IS the bead of the StQ,~e :f&Ji.-r, glOJ).,.

MaDD.ers J ' Tlle descl!iptwruu •Jf ruiullle.11s and· custo.msr, gi:.y~n; ~ 'thEt1 and OOitoiDll. gazetleers oii neJghbonriil!.!< states.,. anlt m.Jtbel SJml~.c d.Js~]fqt­ gazetteer, apply equalliy· to: 'l'Mpg>.',.; .: ~l/.,~;r~ ·ll

The State contam.. 11830 acrPs of demarcated forests Jrorest& There are also some 1 HOO atres of undemarrated forests but these at present consist mamly of open graBR lands, large arr·as bavwg be~n, d1sforested m the past ~he demarcatPd forests he between b 00·1 and 8,50ll feet on Pither s1ue of the Indus­ Ganges '1\ ater-shed and include blue pme, mohru and ban oak, poplar, deodat, sprucP and yew The long-leaved 1•ine (pinus longofoha) IS found below 6,000 feet Ill the undemarcated forPsts, and alder and willow occur in the mPtster locallttes. Wild aprtcot, fig and pear are common throughout rite State. fhe working acbemP now m force prescrtbes an ann!Lll area for thmnmg, and also the replacement of the blue pme forests, wh1ch are mostly dJseased, by valuable m1xed forrsts 2

TBEOG STATE ] (PAIIT A.

CHAP u. c. of deodar and • oak / ThE~J aupual · rPvPnUP 1 frrm the state forE'sts bas been' much reduced in consequence Of extenSIVe damage by fire 10 1921, but, w1th gradual re~t9cking and the mtrod uctwn of deodar on 'a large scale, a greater surplus m~ty be lookc d form' future. The prl'sent ( 1434) net annualm· come-Is about Rs. 1,000. j, ~- .SECTION .D. -Mines and Minerals ..

- 1\1)~1 I ThArA are no mmes OJ; mwerah 111 'l'heog. .SECUON E.~ ,Art~ a~d'~anufactures. ' ' 'There are alq~ no art~ or, rnan.uractures of :m.Po~tance: f I Jil S~~TION: ;F-...!,~omm~rce ~nd '~a~e'.' ,· The potatoes grown m t)le St~te enJ()y; an ex~~llent repu· tat10n; in ,,the, Snnla DJI!ofket!,a~d ',~he area ,under,, th1s 1 cr<.Jp hail increased frum ,:!,525 ,b1gba;s m .• l90~ to 5,591 b1ghas at the settlement of 1 •31 The Yt£>ld IS f'ro~ 8 to, 1,0 maun~s per b1gha, and the crop, 1s sold at about 2Q seera tq tb~ .rupee or Rs. )pe~ maund.' Tlie t11lagers also'make a small' income from 'the sale of grass 1 for' hor~es aDd 1 pack 'animals on 'thJ Hindustan~Tibet road'. '1 lhe nu'mber Ot,mules m'the Sta.t~ a~ settlrment 1931 1 W!LS 183.' ~nd. these ar~' Worked :it COli Sider· able profl.t'on' tbe Hmdustm-Ttb~~ r\nd -,many of the'ownt-rs are, however, shopl.cepl·rs! 11 .! ' ' ' 'lhe'most in1pott11.n~ b~zar 'in the State 1s that aF3hah on' tbe' Uindustan-T1bet road,' There"ar'e' also' bazars of lesser m\portance' at Bekalh and' Bam on tM' ~ltme' road. The shopkeepers belong mostij:'to,Kangra and Hosht::trpur. Cc:.-• --} "" ..... v~l~ ' !SECTION G -·Means'of communication.' I ~ I I 1 , I I , I T THE Bmdustan-T1bet road, (mamtamed"by the Public Worl's Departm1-nt) 'passes througli tlie upper yortwn of the State,; ',an4 there •s a 11\alting ~ st1ge at t5hah. ' \ nother ro_ad, mamta1,ned by th;e Stat~, descenfls, from Fagu to the Gm ~md tons alohg tbe valley-to Kotkhai through SamJ· and P ara 1 ~· n~~ t b,lr d . road, also mamt,amed' by the State, leaves the Hmdustan T1bet: road a mlle beyond Shalt and jo:ns the Kotkbat road at Parala. ' ' ' ' Poet&l There is a post office at Shali Dak bungalows There 1s a Government dak bun"'alow at Shah, J.nd the Stat(' ruamtams a rest house at SamJ."' '. CHAPTER TTT-ADMINI~TRATIVE. ' . . ~ I ~~ ,,---- . SECTION A."""7Administi'ative Divisions., THE State contams 178 Vlllages, each under tts Inn• ber1 ·CRAP; dar, and tbesf\, for .adminl!ltrative, purposl)s, ara dtytded mto DL "· 11 parganas., 1 Ther& are three zaildars,. , Adm.iaJ•tn· 11 l · The capital• of the 'State': IB • Para! a, •a· iVdlage 1a the Gtri .... valley, where th~ Thakur has h1s palace, and perman(>ntlv res1de$. .. ·

/, s'E:C)lON B.-Civil and:Criminal j~sti~e, ' ' I I The court,s of ongmal JunsdlCtiOn are thq~e of the T1ka and the Waztr. The prmCJpal court 1s that of the Thakur but thts deals, ch1efly wtth appellate work p1v1l, a~d Cn­ mmalla.w i'Lro adrmms(ercd, as nearly as may be, in 1 accor dance wtth the Br1t1sh codes !'hera IS no tahs1ldar o~ na1b· tabslldar in t.he State. · r- • SECTION C. ..:. Land Revenue · , ,.,'.~;he th:;st r~gular settlement 'm The~g was came4; o~f by a Government offiCialtn 1902 when the land revenue ,demand was ~xed at Rs 6,800 pe~; annum whtle 1 ceases were, put "at Rs. 1,58!). ,The S,tate ,was again settled in J 1131,' by Lala ,S~Iig Ram, of the office oC tb e Sup(>rintendent, Hill ~tates, , 7 The karam of 54 mcbeE< was adol!!i~d as the umt of rneasarem1 nt, and the acre '!as, made equal to ,5 S8 b1ghas. The total area of the State was foun

J • • , • 'l ' 1 r . I l I I I ' I I ' T For assessm(>nt purpose!! the whole State was at settlem<>nt treated as one cucle1 !!oDd arab'e,Jand Jwas-dtv•ded mto class(>s accordmg to qilality the details ofwbJch are kiven in paragraph 7 'lf the setr lement' report , The -averag(> kbewat or Jmnt holding of cultivated land" 1s' 1 1 big bas.' S1xty seven · pe.r cent. of the' total CUltiVated area IS tilled by the OWners themselves and thirty-three per cent by tenants, incladmg tenants working on State lands (basa1. The cluef was entered at settlement 1931 &s ,the ala_ malik o! all lands m the state whether culttvated or uncultivated. 'l'he culttva­ tors were entered as adna maUks where they were found to .have given nazrana for thetr lands, to hold pattas from the ~tate and to have paid land revenue. A proper record of 2

THEOG STATF.] [PART Aa

cHAP. rights was ~1repared In accordance Witll ~e- system· in -Iorce Ill c m the PunJab, and .this 1s now keplj. up tu date., ·y '£he total Adm-;;;tra· land revenue uf 'the state is Rs 9,444 round,- 'of which half tave 1 111 collected at eacb harvest-this excludes IRs. ~ .2e'J.' flll UnJ 1 and there fs 'Fn lnCOtne_ Of' LbOUt 1:'s: 70(1 ubr annum ftomr' fines. l" -. ~1 .. • ~ • 11 L ''Sl:CTION, 'U . ..:,'Police'hnci'Jail~ Pollee I• ,· . The ~tate pollc~ fo~~; c~n~i~ts:p.f ~a; au~:insp~y~or_·:.a·od about )l,al( ~ , dozen- cousta.bles, together , Wlth,, a, muharrtr. 1'he pollee stadon' IS at Sbali. · ' • '"' j' ' ' ' ' ' ' Jail, A j1•1l is mamtamed. by the State at Parala. JH IJ J..-

. ' l SECTION t.t~Educ~tiori and Literacy. J_J 't. I j iJJf 'I I I(\ \f fJ 1 ,. ,Th~ arya.. ~amaJ ,of, ,Stmla ~a'mtain I a l>~ya·,_schoot at Shah towards the expenses,, wh1ch ~he State make~ a grant. ,.The V1llage,s of DbamadhrJ anjl Cbkh!Lli main~ain ,t~e1r .owi;I $Chools t,o wh1ch als~ thQ state makes a.1Fan.t.1 , ';P~e ,lJ!ajor,ity ,of ,th~ za.mt~d~rs are ,1\b~er~te.: · .. ,SECTION 1:--;-,M~cli-;al; col L•Jllere 1s no hospttal or dtspensary m.the State. .• Na<>cina­ ·tton Is ~ar11ed out by. Govl.'tllment agenc~,. the, .state 1 _payw~ >the CQ~,t of the lymph used. • >

'RAWINGARH STATE, 1934. • • CHAPTER .!.~Descriptive ' SECTION A. General. J I ' I ' Rawmgar.ll State, wluch IS tnbutary to Jubbal, lies some 48 CHAP. LA. nnles frozq Simla between 31' 7' north and 77° 48' east. Eight - nnles. m length 'and -with' an ave~age breadth of two nu.Ies, Ita CeauaL area IS Sixteen square Illlles ··• It IS separated on the north from the Rawin Ilaqa of Keonthal by •the- Shiiantl khad and Pabar nver ; and on 'the east IS bounded by 'village Sansog of the Debra. Dun distnct ; on the south It 'IS bounded by Tharoch, and on the west by Jubbal It bas 'one Isolated village named Salna, With some forests attached, wluch IS bounded on the north by Dhadi, on the south,by,Tharoch and Debra Dun diStnct, and on the east :by Teh,n-,Qarhwal., ,Much of, the state is covered by fine forests ' ' The bighest pomt m the state IS the Chhachpur Danda ndge Phyoiaal '(11,000 feet) which, forming the southern boundary of .the state, foaturoo. separates Rawm from Tharoch" From ilus ndge the country, wluch IS heavily forested; falls steeply towards the Slulanti khad (4,000 feet}, With. cultivatiOn on the lower slopes. . ' '· The average annual mcome 1s R9 9,000. .A. musk pod was Inoom• 'formerly pr~sented' annually to Jubbal as tnbute, but tlus has 'now been changed mto im annual payment of twelve rupees. J. I II )1 I ! I f 1

) ' ' I I , SECTION: B.-,-history. The •state 'of· Rawm once" mcluded a considerable tract of CHAP. I B­ rcountry on thef banks ,of the -Pabar and ' the Tons ' It was s;.;, ongmally 'a: fief of Garhwal1 but 1!ome years before the Gurkha mvaswn tlie "easternmost ·or• trans-Pabar portiOn was overrun by the Bashahrisi who seiZed• the fort of Raiengarh. ' The chief of the time, 1Rana Hunmat Smgh1 seems to have been helped •by' Jubbal' 'to retam' ·Ius hold on the CIS-Pabar •portwn of the state; he died, however, before· the Gurkha mvasiOn.' The Gur- khas m 'their advent 'took possesSion of the country mclud!ng Ramngarh fort, and IDStallmg Runa, a brother of HJmmat Smgh, on the gad1, placed hrm m charge of the state subordmate to themselves • •(Uchba, a •son of .Hmunat Smgh, IS said to have accompamed ' the Gurkha General,• .A.mai: Smgh, to Kangra, wh'ere he died) ' In• 1815 on the expulsiOn of the Gurkhas by General Ochterlony a portiOn of the ·state on the east of the Pabar 'Was handed over to Garhwal, and thiS IS now known as Garhwal Rawam.' There. l:emamed (1) the Sarachh pargana, 2

RAWINGARH STATE J [PART A.

on the east of Pabar, .cqqt~Irnng· the R~~.tengarh:- for4, (2) the villages of Batar and KataSU'; westi of tbe Pabaf 'anil >north of the Slnlantt khad, and (S) the area-of the present TQ.akurai. Sarachh, Batar and Katasu 1 we~e .r~tamed,fOl' the,ttme bemg as Bntish temtory, but were bubsequ!mt!fn~·rssb~trafisferred to Keonthal m exchange forT,!\; port1011 of,;the J)re~en~. tQwn -<>f, Simla., ,J The 1-emamder .of rthe:area· )nentiQned was, re1>tpred •,to Runa- by:. a. huktllnn&m3j I dated r J.6th ,1\Iarch; ,J.Sl6u ,sign.ed by Lie\Itenant .Ross, .Assistant .Agent to ~he Go'lernor-General, The hukumnama t"eeited that Jubbal. had, suceoured, :!;tuna tn•.,thE~ days, q:( the Bashahr mvasion1 granted,Runa. three wtllages, on. tins stde of the Paba.r wtth five .or seven Jarg.e atid jlruall, iVIllages attached J;heret~ ·11ud enJomed lnm to relllaln subject to, Jub\>aJ1 ,, . in '1S2S Bmragl, whh ~hthn~d-~q 1 be' a legtt4nate son' of ;R'!I.Ira 'Htmmat Smgh~ dtsputed Rlina's ngl\.'t'to 'be~the1 litter'li'successol' The matter was enqUired mtJ'by 'Captaill-Gerard;' tlte' 'p1olitical o.gent1 and. he gave: a· decree m Ba~,ragJ.'s favour. , B~:~uagt then ' became Thakur, and Runa havmg m_ the ,meanhme rued his spp.s were granted · certam ·villages as .m11.1ntenance ,, , r:!'herr, descen- dants are'now Jagtrdars of the,vtllage'of Nandpur _ Status of Thereafter 1t re\nanied doubtful •for many •years whether : he RBWJn ftlt'ed Thakurs .'of .Rawtn •were mdepondent , chiefs,, or_ ,mere Jagtrdars by ~overn· -of Bntish tlerntory1 In' 1844 l\h1 Erskm!l; 8upenntenden11, Hill men States, mad6'•M Stunmary· 1lettlement ,of th~ trjj,ct ~rid .ur 1879 the Rawm forests were leas~d_tQ_Government m the name of Dhmn Smgh, "JagJrdar of Rawm, ;'~tf.e.-~on, of Batragt, the rent bemg made payable ·to~ him ..:'Coloirel ~wa'Ce dtd not mclude

J •Rawm1n the Slmla -district• settlemen,t, of 1884_ ron the1 othet hand mo~t 1 Deputy l Corrinnss10ners of l Smtla seell}! ;to 1 have .considered that Rawm was Bnt!Sh temtory,. and 1the• ehmfs were 1 usually descnbed as JRgtrdars In official I records., , 1In 1891, under,, the orders•.of Government an elabotate enqUiry, ~nto. the. ~tatus of Rawm,,,and also tire -adJOillllig, tract o£ Dhadt,., :was".made, by Mr f\V ''Coldstream, Supenntendent, ,full States. 1 ,. \!'he, rque1>t10n proved' to be e.n. mtncate• one;. the Xbakqr or Jagtrdl1.r of Rawin, Han 'Chand, •Ron of Dinan Smgh, clatmed to be an mdependent .eluef; or, lf feudatory to any one, tQ Garhwal. at the aame tune Jubbal and Keonthal entered clanns of silpenonty over Rawtn and Dhadt whiCh both \l'hakurs resisted, Eventually, m 1896, the ·Government ·of India. ruled. that .Rawm and: Dha,dt were states, 'and not 1Bnt1Sh. temtoty, that -1jhey were ,tmdependent of one another,' that therr rulers should, be styled. Thakurs and enrolled, among· the· · SliDla' lull cluefs, a.nd that they were to recogmse :the fo:tmal·supenonty of Jubbal~ Thakur llan .Chand s

RAWINGARH STATE ] [PART A. -resented the tatter portion ot toe decision, and appealed against It but Without success to the Queen Empress. He died m 1904 -and was succeeded by hrs brother, Thakur Krdar Smgh, the present ruler ,

' SECTION C.-Population. The populatron of the state according to the census of 1981 CHAP I, a. is 939, and IS wholly Hmdu. Kanaits number 51 per cent., Raj puts Popalalio• 10 per cent., Brahmms 8 per cent. and other castes (chiefly Kohs and Tuns) SO per cent The RaJ puts are relatives of the Thakur,:.:!!: ODd and belong to the Rattan Bhardwaj got The Kanarts are all of the Chohan got, and the Brahmms of the BhardwaJ got. The best known seats. of worshrp m the state are the temples Rougtou. of the Mahasu deota at Malog and Sar. There is also a locally -eelebrated temple of Kah at Dhanda where husks of nee whrch have been mrraculously produced by the goddess are supposed to be found at mtervals around the Jdol The descnption of manners and customs grven m the gazetteer HIIDIIon ODd -of Jubbal apphes equally to Rawmgarh. oalltoma. There are no Important fallS in the state but small gathenngs Fain. .:are held at Sar and Darkoti durmg the month of Asarh (July). Cl:{AJeTER .JI!-j. Economic SECTION A.-,Agriculture including Irrigation. Agnculture IS of the usual type m the hill states. Wheat, CHAP.ILA. ehma, masoor, gala and kulth together- with ,some, tobacco and A r1It · opmm, are grown-at rabt; -with' koda, ba'thu, mhsh and gm~er at .~J:d,:~ 1 khanf.· • These, With the exceptiOn of opmm, tobacco and gtnger, lrn•• ",.'' .are• the pnnmpal food-grains • of the zammdars, and are grown for domestic consumptiOn and not for sale In some of the lower villages nee IS also grown for domestic consumptiOn. The total ClJlt!va,te(l.-,w:ea,._(1_,9_?5) !} 4,95l!;'bJghM, 92 per cent. of, which IS baram or dependent fm; mOisture upon ramfall. , The small 'unga,ted ,ar~a II, mostly- ,alon!!' the banks of the Shi!antt 'd A t kh' d ' ~~ l q J ... ~ r ' ' .an n~c as. 1 \ ,I 1 1 /P\ • The average annual ratl).fall IS 45 mches , 1t IS a~ a rule well Ramlall 1 -ws;J: t n b u t e d a~,d regul::tr ~ " J ' I <

I ' ~ r SECT)ON C.-Forests.. ~ > l • '"" I ) The state contams 5,829 acres of demarcated forests., There CHAP 11, c .are also 1,500 acres of undemarcated forests which, however, Forttto. consist mostly of open grass lands The demarcated forests vary m altitude between 4,500 and 11,000 feet, and can be dlVlded mto three zones. Of these the lowest, extendmg up to about 6,§00 feet, contams mamly chir (pmus longtfoha) on the hot exposed slopes, whtle m the cooler valleys many speCies of ever green are found From 6,500 to about 9,000 feet IS the deodar- kau zone With some adnnxture of oak, ~pruce, and stlver fir at the higher levels. Above 9,000 feet deodar disappears, and oak, spruce and silver fir alone are found The forests are managed under a workmg scheme prepared by Mr Harmlton of the Indtan Forest ServiCe for the penod of 30 years, 1930 to 1960. The scheme prescnbes selectiOn ielhngs every thtrd year; certam annual thimungs, and the re-afforestatwn of areas destroyed by fires m 1921, the obJe'-'t bemg to Improve the forests and mcrease the proportiOn of valuable spertes such as deodar The present average annual surplus from the forests 18 about Rs 8,000 SECTION D.-Mines and Minerals. CHAP IJ,D There are no mmes or mmerals m RaWingarh. 2

RAWINGARH STATE. J [PART A. SECTION E.-Arts and manufacture. · CHAP.U,E. There are also no arts or manufactures of importance. Arlo and maDufac .. ture. SECTION F.-Commerce and Trade. CHAP.n.F. There is no commerce or trade other than that of opium. Co - rce Some quantity of this is grown at the higher levels, and is sold t() aotrU::de. dealers in the surrounding states......

SECTION G.-communications.· CHAP.II,G. · The· Hatkoti-Chakrata Road skirts the eastern edge of the c •.;.;;:.;. state but does n~t ben~fit it. A bridle path branches off this caliooo. road through Rawm terntory to Chhachpur, and on to Tharoch. Roads. There is no post office in Rawingarh, and the inhabitants Post&!. use that at Sawara in neighbouring Keonthal territory. Dak There is a camping ground at Rajpura, the capital of the state~ bungalows. The dar bar maintain a rest house at Chhachpur -which is .about S miles from Rajpura. · CHAPTER III.--· Administrative. SECTION A.-Administrative divisions. The_ state c~mtaiu~ ~1 villug':" with five luudwnlur,;. Orw CHAP.IIJ.A of the villages, Salna, 1s rsolatPd from the remunult•r of tlrt• ~lntn and ha~ its own lum Lerdar-see in this eonnecl iou Hl't"tiun A in ~~::i,•t chapter 1. The remaining 10 villages are dividt>d for ndrninr,;- trative purposes into two parganas, Shulgauu aud Hnlhur. Shalgaon has one Iumberda.r, nnd Rathar ha~ three. · The capital of the state is Rajpurn, a village about u milt• away from the .Machi Gad which is the boundary with JulJbul.

SECTION B.-civil and Criminal Justice, The principal court is that of the 'l'halwr whieh 11omudly CHAP. m,B: deals both with original and appellate worlc l\Ii11or ("HHP~ un;, . -.- h owever, some t,mJes. h ear d Ly tlre wnzrr.. c·rvr 'I anr I Cnnuuu · · I Criminolc .•. J.nd Law are administered, as nearly as may be, inaccordauce with tho Juatico. British codes, There is no tahHildur or naih-tah~ildur in the state.

SECTION C.-Land revenue. 'l'he first settlement was a smunuuy one coucluded in Hl.J4 CHAP.III,C by Mr.. Erskine, Superintendent, Hill States, who iHJ)lO~Pd a eush Lend payment at an all-round rate of Rs. 2 per maund of produce. rovtnao. In 1886, however, the Thakur restored tire ancient system of realization partly in cash and partly in kind, a system under wlril'h the annual collections amounted to about Rs. 360 in eaijlr, 1iiHI Rs. 125 in kind, on lands other than jagirH and state lands. In 1907 difficulties arose between the darbar and the zumiwlar~, and a regular settlement was made. At this the total revenue was fixed at Rs. 1,297-7-0 which included cesses ul. twenty-five per cent. Out of this, however, Rs. 524-13-0 represented reveuue on state and jagir lands so that the amount recovered by tlw darbar was only Rs. 772-10-0. _Su~~equently tl1is amount was further reduced on account of the liab1hty of the people to atbwaru begar, a liability on the part. of each land-o'Yner to render Ur!rty days service to the darbar m each y~ar wi_tlrout remunerutrou. The present (1935) cash land rev~nue, mcludmg cesses, on lunds other than jagirs and state lands 1s Rs. 650. According to measurements taken at the s~ttlemeut of 1!~07 (which is still in force) demarcated forests total <>,829 ac~es. 'lire remainder of the state measures 4,803 acres out of whrch al10ut 2

RAWINGARH STATE ] [PART A.

926 acres are' cultivated.:: ~Otthe cUft!va!ed"lt~a !eJgJit j)~ cent. 1s rrngated by lull streams, and the remamder IS baram or depen­ dent for moisture on ramfall· ' For assessment I purposes~ the' whole state was- ul ' 1907 treated as one cJrrcle, and arable· land was divided ":In~o classes accordmg to quahty the details of which' are gJ.ven In= paragraph 54 of the settlement report.- 1·The lower• castes do not fOT the most part own land themselves though they sometimes lease It, and also frequently work as agncultural labourers I !l• Of the cultivated _area fiftJ-,two' pel, 'c~nt,l IS ·owned by ~Kana1ts, •forty­ three per cent by RaJ pUtS m'dl.udmg the Thakur and· hu! . fannlyl and five per cent by Brahnnns The average size of holdmgs, excludmg, JagrrB 'aud stat~ l~nds, ps , twQ. acr~s,-- r Of; ~he total cultivated area fifteen per cent. IS m the bands of -tlie1 tenants, th~ remamdei; bemg tilled by ,the OwllerS themselveS •! ' '[ ';I 1 r ! I I hI 1 \ ! ) I It .If 1 H 1 , ..- J I I The Qhief was entered .at .~fltt)em~nt 1907 ,as. ,the,al~ ,¥J.a~ 1 or oveD lord, of all land~ m the state whether cult~v~tted or un­ cultivated, ·the occupants bemg entered.' as adn~ mahks',or mfenor owners. A proper record of nghts was prepared, and thiS I§! kept up-to-date As stated, the total revenue mcludmg cesses 1s now Rs 650 per annum of wlllcli half IS collected at each harvest The rates per b1ghii. on th& diffefent ofassEfs(of lalid are as follows - Irrtgated-' . ' •• •• Rs -A. l Pl • Kiar'I .. •• •• •• •• 0 14"'0 K1ar i'r •• o1I2'''6 1 •• •• Kalahp I , .. •• !ilo 0 J{alahu II• •• •• .. ' ' •• ~ ,.s ;Qr Ummgted- •• •• •• •• Bakhal I " •• •• .. •• 0· 610 'Balihalll •• •• •• •• 0 4 0 Karah I b' 3" 0 •• •• •• ' J ff I Karah II, •• 0,, 2 0 •• •• •• ' BanJar •• 0 1, 6 BanJar or Ghasm • ., .Q 1 0 ' ' . SECTION D.-Miscellaneous . revenue. , {;HAP m 0 Revenue other than land revenue and cesses totals about - ' Rs 8,350. The roam Items are forests Rs 8,000, stamps Rs 100, M•••oll•n•· and contracts of vanous kmds jlllcludmg excise contracts Rs 100 <4)Us revenue Th ere IS an mcome of about Rs 50 per annum from fines and other IDIScellaneous mcome of Rs 100 - ' 8

RAWINGARH STATB.] [PART A. SECTION IL-Police and jail. The police station is at Rajpura, and the force consists of CHAP. m,R two constables under the charge of the Thakur's reader. Polk.'...• Pnsoners also are confined at Rajpura. ,....

SECTION 1-Education and literacy. The people are almost entU'ely illiterate. There is no CHAP.ID,L school in the state but a few clnldren attend the school at Sawara Edacalloa in Keonthal territory or the Jubbal school. aaclbteracr.

SECTION J.-MedicaL There is no hospital or dispensary in the state. Vaccina- CBAP.mJ tion is carried out by Government agency, the state paymg the Mdi:'.J. cost of the lymph used. l'3IB'l'BJ) BY Ta• SOPBBIIITIIlmBliT, GOVliBlniiiNT l'antTIIIo, Pln!l.., L&BoBa. 1998, 2000, 2001, 866 and 2039 CS-315o-17·6 85-SGPP Lahore. THE KHANETI STATE. CHAPTER 1.-,Descriptive.

' ' SECTION A.-General. 'the Khaneti State IS a small one consistmg of two isolated CRAP. LA.£ ~7POrtions, Sadhoch and SuaJ.' They are s1tuated on either side of c;;;. the ndge runrung be~ween B'aghi and Narkanda. This ridge is part of a transverse tange wruch starts from the central Hlmo.layas .and runs south-west of the S1mla H1ll States SuaJ IS on the southern slopes facmg the Gm and Is bounded on the north-east by Bashahr terntory, on the south by Bnt1sh Kotkhm and on the west by Kotkhai and Kumarsam. Sadhoch, which 18 shghtly smaller than SuaJ, 1s on the northern slopes facmg the SutleJ, and 1s bounded on the north by Bnt1sh Kotgarh, on the east by Basho.hr State, on the south by the Bashahr and Kumarsam States, and on the west by Kumarsam. The cap1taLJs Deon some 4 Jlllles from Kotkhai proper. The area of the State IS 21 square rmles. The country Is mountamous, the elevatwn rangmg from 5,500 Ph~'­ feet at the lowest level to 11,000 feet at the sumrmt of the Hattoo peak Other promment peaks are Chachel, Chambi and Nan 'Tibas The Hattoo peak founs the tnJunctwn of the Khaneti, the Bashabr and the Kumarsam States There u;ed, to be two 1ron nnnes I~ Sheeh and Allowng Hu­ 'VIllagesbf the Suaj llaqa, but they have not been worked smce 1886. l The averageI! annual revenue dunng the last five years has loome.0 been Rs 10,600,',out of whiCh Rs 900 are paid m tnbute to Bashahr State For detailed Items, see Chaptei II-C (Forests), Chapter III-C. (Land Revenue), and Chapter lii-D. (}:bscellaneous Revenue). ·

SECTION B.'-History . • The origm of the rulmg fam1ly IB the same as that of the Kumar­ sam Rana, but a somewhat dJ!Ierent versiOn to that recorded m the Kumarsam Gazetteer IS told regardmg ,the foundation of the two States. It IS as follows :- 1 A thousand years ago, the whole country between Kotkhai &..KlrU and Kumarsam and the Nogri Khad m Bashahr was under the smg~~. ' sway of a ch1ef named Bhambu Rai, whose fort was on a high run some two rmles to the north of Bagru. Bhambu Rai, it 18 said, • would get up m the mornmg and go twenty rmles over rull and dale to bathe m the SutleJ near' Ram pur. He would then go fortY. illnles, as the crow fhes, to Hatkoti on the Pabar to say his prayers, \ 1 • l ~ , 2

KHANETI STATE. ] (PART A~

CHAP. L s. and get baek to ills fort, another twenty rmles,- for breakfast. a.. ;:;: Some tune m the eleventh century -Rana Krrat Smgh amved from Gya dnven thence by Mahmud oi Ghazm- He acqmred some land at ~arangla, now m Bashahr, from Bhambii Rat and settled there. In course of time he dted, leavmg ills Ram With chlid, but she too '

qteerpetwty,' generation after generation, the RaJ of Hlotorr

Rampur Bashahr and Thakura.Js of Dhnlettoo, Karangal and ~L:'~"i'0 to W{anethoo, w1th all 'therr revenue and mternal ' and external lsi&. rights." '' ' Fzom the date of th1s sanad to 1859 constderable confuswn eXIsted regardmg the relatwnsmp of Khanetl to Bashahr. At first ~:~ry /ro:811 the Thakur ruled ove;r_h}s_temtory~ btl! ~than agent of the RaJa to ' of Bashahr- at h1s side He patd Rs. 900 a year as tnbute to Bashahr, and furnished a complement of sometm1es ten and some- tliDes twenty foot sold1ers to wa1t on the Ra;a When brrths, marnages or deaths occurred m the .RaJa's family, the Thakur and h1s subJects were called upon to contnbute at the same rate as the people of Bashahr proper, and extraordmary demands for money or labour were leVled on Khaneti as well as on the rest of the Bashahr possesswns. ' ' r ' 1 I ~' f I o r Later on, however, affa1rs m Bashahr fellmto confuswn during the early years of the present RaJa, and Khanetl bega~ to grow ~mP::w!," mdepe;_.dent , 'The' Thakur refused to pay hts trtbute throug~ pond':.:,"" t Bashahr, 'the Ra;a retahated by mfilctmg heavy fines on th~ Baahahr Thakur and fomentmg disputes between hun and hts sub;ects,' the result was a cond1t10n bf chaos whiCh called for the mtervent10n of Government. ' ' ' In January, 1860, It was arranged that, m consequence of the Govornmeol'& chrome disorders of Bashahr and the mcompetence of the Ra;a, de~;o of the Thakur of Khaneti should be pernntted to exerc1se soveretgn junsdictwn m hiS State, free of all mterference from Bashahr, on conditiOn of bJs makmg the followmg payments to that State ·- .... , 1 r 1. Rs. 500 on the accessiOn of a Raja of B.1shahr 2. Rs. 900 on the marnage of a RaJa. S. Rs. 300 on the mvestiture of the Tlka mth the sacred thread. The subsequent history of the State has been by no means happy The mcapaCity of the Thakurs and the naturallY: turbu- !7!:, ~17 lent dispositiOn of the people provoked a successiOn of mternal disorders, Thakur Saran Chand, who succeeded In 1858, was unable to mamtam more than a semblance of order dunng the thrrty years of hts rule. H1s son, Lal Chand, who became Thakur m 1888, was msane and for some years the admlDlstratiOn was camed on by h1s brother Zahm Smgh mth the worst results. In 1898 ZalliD Smgh was removed by Government and a man named 4 - Klr.ANETI STATE. ]

ClllAP.L B. S1ta Ram appomted manager Neither S1ta Ram nor Gobmd. Blat- Ram, who.took lus place m 1899, were able to keep things qmet ..,, for very long but the manager, Gurdluan Sillgh, camed on more­ successfully. The present Thakur, Amog Chand,, havmg been-,&! found illcapable of runnmg the adnnmstrat1on of the State a Gov­ ernment Wazrr was appoillted m 1927. ' - SECTION C.-Population. Tbe population a~c,ordillg to the 193l census was 2,797.­ It rs, as ill the other Hlll States, composed chiefly of Kanaits mth an adnuxture of RaJputs, Brahmills and Kohs No spemal des-- onptiOn of th~se IS ,requrred , The best known place of w01ship ill the State IS the temple of- Kah on the top of the ,Hattoo peak, a conspicuous lull between Narkanda and Baglu and 11,000 feet above the sea level. ~here are two other temples elsewhere ill the State-one Is at Deon, the capital of the State, arid the other at }lui Khaneti ' :=::: ""d The descriptiOn of manners, customs and occupatiOns g~ven rh the gazetteers of neighbourmg States and of the Kotkhai and Kot­ garh llaqas apply equally to Khanet~ Practrcally no faus of note are held m the state. There are only two fairs deservillg any descnptron at all both held m the SiraJ daqa ; one of these Is the Bishu farr whiCh takes place annu­ ally at Tateen village near Deon, on the 6th and 7th Besakh (about the 20th Apnl) and the other wmch IS also an annual occurrence takillg place about the 6th and 7th of Sawan (corres-­ pondillg to beginnillg of September) IS known as the Riliah fan-· of Shrrgal Dhar of the l'rah vtllage. For the last 8 years, however,. the cluef has held the fan at the Deon Darbar, much agaillst the­ wrshes of the people. CHAPTER 11.-Economics.

SECTION A.-Agriculture. including irrigation. Agnculture IS of the usual type m tracts situated on the lmH•r CHAP .Jr. A­ plateaus. The fields on the sunny plateaus over-hangmg the A r~tar.... .vanous khads and nallas are fertile, espeCially when helped by 1 rmgatwn from the numerous Side-streams Those higher up nre less so, and only y:reld one crop of Bathu In a year On the ungated lands (Klar), wheat 18 cultivat~d at RabJ and nee at Khanj. In the ummgated fields (Bakhal) wheat, barley, poppy are usually grown at Rain, and bathu, maize koda, kangn, chma, ogla, phapra, kulth, kachalu, mash and potatoes at Khar~J. t A 'descnptwn of the method of cultiva Ion m Khaneti State Will be found m Chapter V of the Settlement .Report• of 1929. SECTION C.-Forests. The forests of SuaJ Ilaqa of Khaneti State' are Situated on the ll'oroot.. western slopes of the Gm-Pabar divided between Kalala and Bagh1o and those of the Sadhoch Ilaqa m the SutleJ Valley between Kot- garh, Gahan, Baghi and Narkanda The total acreage of denllll· ca ted f01ests IS 5,236 of wllich more than half consists of hlgh levt~l fir, unprofitable as regards trmber qut used extensively for grazmg. The SrraJ Ilaqa (3,471 acres) havmg a general westerly aspect collSists largely of ptedommately kat! forest between 7,000 feet and 8,500 feet mergmg mto spruce, silver fir and broad leaf forest at rugher elevatiOnS With a few belts of Kharsu _oak at elevations of 9,500 feet. , Occaswnalscattered deodar are found throughout the kall and well mto the fir zone Deodar woods occupy about 50 acres mamly m Kalala forest. - The Sadhoch Ilaqa (1, 765 acres) havmg a general northerly aspect consists mamly of spruce, silver fir and broad-leaf forest With Isolated kail or some groups of kall on spurs and an under­ growth of mrgals and yew on steep ground. Stands of Kharsu oak occur below Hatu above 10,000 feet, but the typical miXed spruce ~and broad-leaf forest extends on a cold aspect near Gahan do'll

KlrANETI STATE. ] [PART A

-- • ... 'II .... , .... CBAP.JLC, The total dehat forest for both llaqas IS SOII!e, 5,000 acres~ Arr~r.. and mcludes less fir, lar more katl and a httle cmr forest Deodar and mohru oak itp•nneys arecommon !!ear Vlll!J:ge~. Xhe. :fire of 1921 dtd great damage to spruce and miXea;-spruce and kall forest resultmg m large blanks These blanks are now bemg fenced an

SECTION G.-Communications. The Hmdustan Ttbet Road, wh1~h IS under the charge of the Pub he Worhs Department, ProvmCial DiviSIOn, Stmla, passes tl;lrough Sadhoch for some 8 IDJles between Narkanda and Thanedar. The old road "as not properly ahgned m places, and has smce been re-ahgned Tbts road 1s blocked on account of s~bw dunng '\\'mter and the traffic between Narkarida and Kotgarh passes along the lower path which IS also situated m Sadhoch In SrraJ there are two roads between Kotkhat and Bagm, but these are not m good cond1t10n This year (1934) a brtdge has been constructed on Chanot Khad at the JOmt expense of Khanet1 and Bashahr. The other Important bndge m the State 1s the one across Deon Kbad below Deon Darbar. There JS no rest-house m the State. l!tat-ho,_ There IS no post office m the State, but 1t IS served by the. Poatai netghbourmg post offices of Kotkha1, Kotgarl;l and Narkanda ' CHAPTER ·111.-Administrative.; ' SECTION A.-Administrative Divisions. _ )ut of the two rsolated portwns, Sadhoch forms one separate cRAP m. pargana whiCh consrsts of three estates each bemg m charge of a A. lambardar. The SrraJ portron consrsts of five parganas, Ba~aul, Adm'i,;hlft­ ·Govmdpur, Prah, Alawng and Shrh There are eJght lambardars ,, ... . and a zaildar m thrs portron, the former bemg responsrble for the~~~:~ collectiOn of demand and rmposrtron of begar. olona. '

SECTION C.-Land Revenue. Pnor to 1886 the State had enforced rts nght of ownership of all lands to such extent that a zannndar could be ousted from his holdmg at the chref's pleasure to make room for others offenng to pay higher nazranas Sales and mortgages were not recogruzed. ,Smce the tenure of the zannndars was entrrely unsafe, no Improve- ments of the land were attempted In 1886 a summary settle­ ment necessitated, by financral drfficultres took place m whwh the Kotkhar rates were apphed to SrraJ and Kotgarh rates to Sadhoch tracts. This drd not satrsfy the people and complamts contmued to pour m The :first regular settlement was earned out m 1904 by M. Gobmd Ram under the general supervrsron of the Supenntendent, Hrll States The sanctroned Jama was Rs 4,572-15-6 The total cultrvated area m that settlement was 15,578 brghas Its term exprred m 1924 Owmg to the mal-admrmstratron of the present Thakur the subJects broke mto rebellion m 1928 Thrs state of affarrs coupled wrth the exprry of the sett'ement term necessrtated the recommencement of the settlement operatrons m 1927; they were completed m 1929, and Government sanctiOn was recerved m December last (1984). Lala Kah Ram conducted the opera trona from therr mceptron to the 14th of September, 1928. After that L Amrn Clland, Narb-Tahsrldar, Kotkhar, was put m charge In addrtwn to hrs own dutres as Na~b-Tahsrldar, and completed the \settlement m October, 1929. In accordance wrth the system m the adJomma States the Ka•ma of 54wches was adopted a9 the urut -of measure a~d the acre was made equal to 5 38 brghas. The total area of the State was fohnd to be 76,095 big has - Erghteen per cent• . or 13,655 brghas w re found to be cultivated, of which area 40 bighas were rrrrgated Seven 'per cent was classed as banJar and _ghasnr, and 75 per cent. as charand, forest and ghatrmumkm. 2

:KlrANETI STATE. J [PART A.

-..cHAP. m. There IS no ramga.uge m the State, but takmg the figures of Kotkhai ~ and Kotgarh, the- average annual ramfall' IS· probably about 40 mches ; m the higher tracts 1n the State, however, the rainfall IS certamly heavier. - - F01 assessment purposes tpe whole State was at settlemen~ treated as one crrcle and arable land was divided mto five classeS""" accordmg to quahty, the detarls are given m paragraph 19 of chap­ ter II of the Settlement Report The average Khewat or JOint holdmg 1s 13 to 15 b1ghas per owner Seventy per cent of the total cult1vated area IS tilled by the owners themselves and 30 per cent by tenants, mcludmg tenants workmg on State lands. The ch1ef was entered at settlement as the ala-mahk of all lands m the State whether cultivated or uncultiVated The cul­ tivators were entered as adna-mahks where they were found to have g~ven nazrana for the1r lands, to hold pattas from the State and to have pa1d land revenue A proper record-of-nght has been prepared m accordance With the system m force m the PunJab, and this IS now kept up to date by a tramed revenue staff The total land revenue of the State IS Rs 5,115 of whiCh half IS collected at each harvest Rs 922 as cesses are also recovered m two In­ stalments hke the revenue The rates per b1gha on different clasqes <>f land are as follows

IRRIGATED UNmRIGATED

Ktnr ll B'khal I Ba!JJal U Karah I Karal\ II ------___ _....._ ___ Rs • p Rs • p Rs .. p Rs .. p Rs A r 0 I~ 0 0 8 0 0 5 6 0 3 9 0 2 0

SECTION D.-Miscellaneous revenue. Revenue other than land revenue and cesses totals about Rs 5,200 The mam Items a1e forestq Rs 1,500, fines Rs 200, naz1ana Rs 200, exCise cont1acts Rs 600, stamps Rs 640, old debts and mterest, mutatiOn fees and other nnscellaneous mcome bungmg m about Rs 2,060

SECTION H.-Police and Jails. The Pohce strength consists of one Sub-Inspector one Head. ·Constable and three Constables The pohce stat10n 1s ~Ituated at Deon. . KHANETI STATE. ] [PART A.

There IS no proper State Jau, but a part of the pollee office 18 CBAP.m... ut!)Ized as a jail. The regular pollee force 18 responsible for its A. superv181on.

SECTION I.-Education and Literacy. The State does not mamtam any school at all, and the only educatiOnalmstitutiOn which eXIsts Within the State temtory 18 a lower pnmary school opened m 1929 by the ChnstiSn M18SIOD SoCiety, Kotgarh, at Kawannn m the Sadhoch 1laqa. Children of State subJects can go to the schools at neighbonnng Kotkhai and Kotgarh. SECTION J.-MedicaL There iS no dispensary m the State, and the people who are­ unable to take advantage of the dispensaries m Kotkha1 and Kot­ garh have to depend upon local quacks: 'Vaccmation 18 earned out by the Government Vaccmat10n Staff, and the cost of lymph. is recovered from the State., /~B~ ~uR Su.n::B~Jft'DDDT, GOYEB!IIIWM' PBDTua. PullJ.4L • 84G 0 8-85o-7 9 86-SGPP Lahore. Gazetteers of the Simla Hill States, 1934. PART A.

CORRIGENDUJ\f No. 1. In line 3 of paragraph 1 of section A-General-of Chap­ ter !-Descriptive-of the Gazetteer of the Bhajji State, 1934, for the figure " 93 " suostitute the fi!!Hre '' 94 ''. Dated the 8th June, 1936. K. V. F. MORTON, Under-Secretary to Government, Pttr;jab, Political and Horne Depa1·tments.

CORRIGENDUM No. 2. In line 1 of paragraph 4 of section A-General-of Chap· ter !-Descriptive-of the Gazetteer of the Bagbal State, 1934, for the figure '' 124" substitute the figure " 120",

Dated the 8th June, 1936. K. V. F. ~lORTON, U nder-Secrelary to Government, Punjab, Political and Home Departments.

CORRIGENDUM No.3. in line 2 of par;;,graph 2 of seetion A-General-of Chap­ ter I -Deseriptive-of the Gazetteer of the N alagarh State, 1934, for the figure " 256 '' substitute the figure " 276". Dated the 8th June, 1!136. K. V. F. MORTON, Under-SecretaJ'y to Government, P·unjab, Political and Home Departments.

CORRIGENDUM' No. 4. 1n line 5 of paragraph J. of section A-General-of Chap­ ter I Descriptive -nf the Gazetteer of the Theog State for the figure" 32·8 ''substitute the tigure" 31." Dated the 8th June, 1936. K. V. F. MORTON, Under-Secretary to Government, Punjab, Political and Home Departments. Price : 6 pies. -ton CS--35~5-6· 11>-SG P P Iahore. PUNJAB STATES GAZETTEERS.

VOLUME VIII.

PART A.

GAZETTEERS OF THE SIMLA HILL STATES.

1934.

COMPILED ANO PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORifi OF THE PUNJAB GOVERNMENT.

Lahore • Prmted b:y the Sapermleudent, Governmen' Prmt.ulg, Pen1•b. 1935. tJrtce : Ri. 1-u .. o or 2a.-1oct.