SDO400002
Taxonomical, AnatomicalI - and Chemotaxonomical Studhs Of 12 Mosses From Jebel Marra (Darfur State, Sudan), With Special Reference To Their Localities.
BY
1kram Madani Ahmed
B. Sc. Hon s Botany December 1994), M. Sc. Forestry (Septernber 1997)
A tesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany
Department of Botany Faculty of Science University of Khartoum
February 2003 DISCLAIMER
Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOW LEDGEM ENIS ...... i
ABSTRACT ...... ii
ARABIC ABSTRACT ...... iv
7CHAPIfER-ONE-INTRODUCTMNAND-LITERATURER-VIEW---]L The study area ...... 4 Location ...... 4 Topography ...... 4 Geology and geomorphology ...... 7 Climate ...... 9 Vegetation ...... 9 CHAPTER TWO: MATERIAL AND METHODS ...... 14 A: Taxonomical investigation ...... 4 Taxonomical procedures ...... 15 The relevant consulted floras and publications... 18 B: Anatomical investigations ...... 20 C: Chernotaxonomical. investigations ...... 22 Qualitative analysis of the cloroplast pigments..22 Quantitative analysis of the chlorophylls ...... 22 Nitrogen content ...... I...... 23 Elemental analysis ...... 25 CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS ...... 26 A: Taxonomical results ...... 26 -Sudan-bryoflor-f he-k4ist .--.--. Present study taxonomic descriptions ...... 31 Key to the studied genera ...... 61 B: Chemotaxonomical results ...... 62 Elemental analysis ...... 62 Sodium content ...... 62 Potassium content ...... 62 Zinc content ...... 65 Cobalt content ...... 65 Copper content ...... 70 Manganese content ...... 70 Iron content ...... 75 Chlorophyll concentrations ...... 84 Absorption coefficients ...... 84 Nitrogen content ...... 90 C:Numerical taxonomy ...... 93
CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION ...... 97 References ...... 102 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sncere thanks and appreciations to my supervisor Dr. S. El Tiganii for her advice and encouragement throughout this research.
I'm keenly 'indebted to Prof E. Ban', Prof W. E. El Saadawi, Prof T. Heddrson and Prof B. Osl a for their valuable help various ways in te course of this work.
I wish to thank my friends and colleagues for their support and special thanks are extended to M. Mubarak and M. Khalid for their valuable help in photo. sanning and pinting.
More thanks are also extended to my family.
i ABSTRACT
This research represents taxonomical, anatomical, and cheniotaxonomical stud-fdof mosses of Jebel Marra, Darfour State, Sudan.
This study and for the first time includes the bryoflora checklist of the Sudan which is gathered from many previous studies, in addition to te present study.
The fully identified mosses for the study area are 12 species belonging to different families and 10 different genera.. Three genera frorn the family Pottiaceae 2 from the family Bartramiaceae 2 frorn Funariaceae, and one genus recorded for each of the families: Ditrichaceae, Grinuniaceae, Bryaceae, Puidiaceae and Polytrichaceae. Key to the studied genera is constructed and full species description and illustrations of the most taxonomically inportant characters are included.
In this study, the genus Ceratodon Brid. is recorded for the first tirne in Sudan, and to the specific level, species aretheountered for the first time: Barbida ehrenberaii, Philonotis fenuis, Philonotis lonkisela, Ceratodon purpureusandThuidiumfurfurosum.
H For each species determination of the levels of the heavy metals: sodimn, potassimn, zinc, cobalt, copper, manganese and iron are studied, addition to nitrogen and chlorophyll content.
W j t S' ;A L)
L)
3 I Lp 8 12
, Ar Bartramiaceaez Wi i L)6-- j Pottiaceae zL;W L j
j Ditrichaceae J< -L- j L i Funariaceaez w L )L--"
L s- Polylrichaceae Thuidiaceae j Bryaceae Grimmiaceae
Y L) Z,2--dl Li - l Jj S' Z
Y Jj Ceratodon -,--j Z - .J olz C,Uj
Philonotis longiseta j Barbula ehrenbergii jj
Thiddium furfurosum _ Ceratodonpurpureus,. Philonotis tenuis
-Y.4jl ZJ l -, w L51
.5-S L - - 4 k--
iv CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
-B-ryophyte&-(mosse"verw-arts and hornworts) are small vxeen plants tat reproduce by means of spores (or vegetatively) instead of seeds. Most are only a few centimetres hgh, although some mosses attain a half meter or more. Although often sinall and inconspicuous, bryophytes are remarkably successful. Tey are sensitive indicators of air and water pollution, ad play important roles in te cycling of water and nutrients and in relationships with many other plants and animals. Bryophytes rank second (after the flowering plants) arnong major groups of green land plants with an estimated 15,000-18,000 species worldwide Anderson et al., 1990).
Bryophytes have successfully exploited many environinents, perhaps partly because- ey-me--Tm ect--coinpetition--vMh-highef -plants-.For--such-a---smafl-- organisms, the climate near the ground (microclimate) is often very different from conditions recorded by standard meteorolo ical methods, and shifts in temperature and humidity are often extreme. A remarkable adaptation of bryophytes is teir ability to remain alive for long periods without water, even under hgh temperatures, then resume photosynthesis within seconds after being moistened by rain or dew (Anderson, 1980). Mosses are the higher bryophytes. They reproduce trough aternating
generations, The first generation, the gametophyte, forins the green leafy structure. It produces a sperm and an egg (the gametes) which unite, when conditions are -favourable; - -to--graw-iM-o-4he-next-- generation,,- te -- sporophyte-or---sporA -,-bear'mg structure. The sporophyte contains no chlorophyll, it grows parasitically o its gainetophyte mother. As the sporophyte dries ot the capsule releases spores which will grow into a new generation of gametophytes (Ben Hl et. al
Mosses aid greatly in stabilization and strengthening of te fra 'le soil. Rhizoids of mosses have te ability to bind and adhere particles of soil together. Mosses also aid in water infiltration into the soil, and allow the other organisms in the community to collect and take up water. The mosses help creation of a roughened, microtopographic Srface that decreases water run-off by creating rain buddies wch trap and disperse precipitation through the entire area were growth is occtining --Mile--perffimiing-these-func fion-s---mosses- -aid-i"e-prevention--of- erosion caused by water, wind, animals or even people (BeInap, 1994).
Mosses are reliable indicator of soil conditions because they tend to accumulate chemical elements directly into leaves and stems (Longton, 1980).
Few researches have been published on the bryoflora of the Sdan Republic. Pettet 1967) studied mosses collected from Khartown State, between latitude 15' ION and 16' 30'N. He recorded six fully identified mosses from this area.
Imain and Ghabbour 1972) regarded four Sudanese mosses collected by Kassas in I _e__ Wtidhf ora
2 Wickens 1976) recorded another four fully identified osses or another aea: Jebel Marra wich is also studied later by Townsend 1984). He added 14 ore fully dentified mosses for th-i's area.
III 1994 Buck, the Curator of Bryophytes i New York Botanic Garden, dentified five new moss species for Sudan Tese species were collected by Bari from Ekowit area (Red Sea Hills), and kept in te Botany Department Herbarluin, University of Khartown.
---- Stiabb-a-a--e--a1-(M9) "um.-- His-- - study dealt with Khartoum State, in localities different from those eported
by Pettet ( 967).
Brain 2002), In 111's bryophyte Sub-Saharan Affican cecklist, worked out 41 taxa, sorne of which were already mentioned by other authors. He listed all fully dentified mosses for Sudan, wth their literature references. The floral elements entioned il all te previous published works are ordered and listed as a checklist for Sudan (See Chapter Tree).
Objectives:
The objectives of tis work were:
1. To collect, identify the mosses of Jebel Marr a for documentation.
3 2. To study te morphology, anatomy and chernotaxonorny of' each moss plant
3.1-o work out te updating bryoflora cecklist for Sudan.
4. To construct a taxonomic relationships betwee te identified taxa using te Chernotaxononic data
5. With special reference to the mosses localities, this Study also aimed to study mosses, each with its corresponding cheimical constituents in an attempt to construct a database for further pollution moffltorifig studies The Study Area:
1. Location:
The study area was "Jebel Marra" which is an isolated, 3042 meters high volcanic massif, located about I 00 kilornetres south- west Khartoum. It rests on a base of Archaean rocks at the summit of an upwarding between the Chad and the Nile Basins. lt lies almost in the center of the African continent, being equidistant from the Atlantic and the Indian oceans, the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. It is situated in te climatically transitional Sahelian zone between the arid Sahara desert and the seasonally-wet tropicaf Savanna (Fig. 1) (Captin, 1959).
Jebe dfibis about 100 kilometres north of Nyala town in Darfur State, which extends for more than 200 kilometres to the north. It is 80 kilometres wide at its broadest part. It os the highest massif in the Sudan. It lies at the intersection of two transcontinental tectanovolcanic zones "East North East" from Cameroon to Red
Sea and South South East" from Libya to Kenya as shown in (Fig. 2 (Vail, 1972).
2. Topopraphy:
The Marra Mountains rise steeply from the flat plains of Western Sudan at about 1000-3042 meters elevation above sea level. The highest point occurs around the serrated rm of a spectacular Caldera ,some kilometres n dameter. Wthin the floor of this basin, at an elevation of about 2000 meters, are the two Deriba lakes, the smaller of which occupies a small cone as a deep Crater Lake approximately one kilometre across. The other is a shallow, saline, 25 kilornetres in length. A number of streams have cut steep gorges down the flanks of the mountains and spectacular waterfalls and canyons have developed (Vail, 1972).
4 20 00 200 400 6.0 40* 40' -
-2 + 2,cL-
Jebel Marra mP SUDAN
-00
-20*
20' 00 2e 40' 6
Fla. Location of tile sudy area. (after Caphil, 1959). REGIONAL SETTING OF J. MARRA
0 kin
Volcanic rocks
a Fracture zones
...... International
boundaries
N '.MARRA
Regional setting of Jebel Marra in north - east Affica. (afterV 11, 1972).
6 3. Geolou and Geomorpholoyy:
The following components represent the main outlines of the geology of Jebel Marra:
3. L Crystalline Basement Rocks: These rocks are exposed in the west around Zalingel and Kebkabeya bt are obscured in the east and south by a younger cover of unconsolidated alluvial silts and clays and sands.
3.2 Sedimentary cover:
Overlying the basement are a group of sediments belongngto teNi.Nan Sandstone Forination. Generally, poorly sorted, cross-bedded and flat-lying sandstone, silts and shales crop out in the north eastern part of the Marra ranges. In protected basins and troughs, they reach several hundreds of meters tick bt ae usually much thinner.
3.3 Volcanic Complex:
The volcanic rocks are in the form of a very large stratiform volcanic complex. The outpourings from several centers have coalesced to forin ranges of igneous rocks, and obviously great many flows from different eruptions have bilt up more than 2000 meters extrUSve and pyroclassic rocks which remain today. The main constituents of the volcanic rocks are: Basalts, Tuffs, and trachytes (Fig. 3 (Vail, 1972).
7 0 b
15
,0
N OEL FASHER GENEINA
lk
AL\ 0 1,Q
I NYA A 12: x
5PkT
2TE 26' 1 2?1
MVIokanic rocks plugs Nubian Sandstone Metamorphosed basement with trends
Fig. Regional geology ofthe Jebel Marra area, Darfur State, Sudan,
(Abbreviations- Zal,= Zalingel-, Keb = Kebkabeya).
(After Vail, 1972). 4. Climate: The Jebel Marra iiiassif strongly odifies te regional cmate and Increases tile aniount of precipitation- Rainfall is almost entirely dUring te period May to
September, with 60 during te 111011tilS Of Rtly and August. Te total precipitation is below 94 or above I 10 of te normal to be expected every three years. Variability of te rainfall fom year to year is shown ]II (Fig. 4) as te total rainfall in nil.) dUring te period 1960-1999.
The average temperatUre at Jebel Marra varies between 20'C in winter and 27'C a( (lie beginning of te rains n May-hine. Te average diurnal variation is
greatest dUrilIg te winter dry season (28'C) and least during tile rains August,
10T.). Te average niaminuin temperatures are lowest in te rains (ALIgUSt, 29'C), rising to WC in December and 38'C in April. Te average mininium temperatures -are--lawest-HY-December m&January-(6C)undAlighest-in--J-Lme-ancf-J-uly,-tt-9-C) .-14iglit--
fi-osts alsoOCCLII- III tle lower valleys especially In te depressions.
Mean SUrface winds are less strong within Jebel Marra than n te SUrrOUndings. Jebel Marra acts as a shield to te northern winds. Te relative humidity is gnerally low Wickens, 1976).
5. Vegetation:
The vegetation of Jebel Marra inassif is divided by Wickens( 976)
-it"u-Ce type--, --
9 "-% rn . 1000r" 1000
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 - - - 0 w (D C4 CI) t- co at m m t- t- I'. - 6 t" 0) OD w m 0) co Om 0) CD m qm
1000 1000
Boo I
600" :0000
400" roll- 400 200 200 0 I I 0 L I " el) W r.- 00 co co co 00 co co co co 00 0) Im C" a) 0) 0) a) a) C) Ca -9 Cn -4 co w m 0) a,
-FV ,.-4--TotaLraw-ULdiwing-the-period 1.-960--- fQ994 SOUrce: Nyrtete Metrological Station.
I 5. I. Hill Savanna:
The hill savanna is described as different cominunities with marked transitions: Acacia mellifiera hill thorriland occurs on the drier eastern slopes of the if and merges with the Anogeissus leiocarpus hl savanna. Elsewhere o te massif there-lis a-transition-wifl-i-inereasing---altitude-ftoin-Anogeissus-leH curpu,, -a-s-a-- dominant tree species, through Terminalia brownie to Combretum n7olle. However, zonation is so interfered by man's activities.
5.2. Gallery Forest:
There are several true gallery forest on the south western slopes of Jebel Marra massif. The larger gallery forest is at Saur, above Golol and extends for several kilometres. The main body of the forest lies in a deep precipitous-sided gorge into wich access is impossible, both the upper and the lower extremities are protected by waterfalls. There is an abrupt change in the vegetation frorn open An th ealk forest. Anogeissus leiocarpus, Combretum molle and Entada abyssinica frequently occur along the forest margin The main constituent of the forest is Terma orientalis. Ferris are also plentiffil along the stream banks in shaddy moist places. To the east of Saur, there is a minor gallery forest where Anogissus leiocarpus forms a closed canopy. The trd gallery forest is at Mortagello, by the Forest Department Rest House. The forest is in a deep bassalt gorge; protected upstream by a waterfall bt merging downstream into woodland where the gorge widens into. V -shaped valley. Combretum malle, Lannea kerstingii and Anogeissus leiocarpus border the gorge rim. .3. Montane Grassland:
The transition from hill tree savanna to montane grassland takes place between 1800-2000 ineter. An interesting feature of this upland area is te apparent absence of any altitudinal zoning of the vegetation. Two distinct corni'minities are recognized in ts grassland zone: upland grassland which occurs' on the steeper slopes and upland meadows whichstf, the flatter ash plains, sei-ni-waterlogged dring rainy season. Olea laperrinei and Acacia albida are thinly scattered troughout te two grassland communities. Fig. shows the vegetation of different geornorphic and soil combination in Jebel Marra.
2 22' 30' 13' 30' w e
'la
Al uld X/ 4",
Ze,
Z cr a 1:12, ...... Ned ratcr
k
KaJokitting w
......
Kas I 2 30' '24' 45'
8
2 9 i Acacia meIIifrr&-C&WMiOkPr,, africana on indurated soils 3 .10 2 Acacia Zero on hill soils of the basement complex 3 Acacia inelfifere-Anageissui kiocarpas mm-tic on basemcsit 4 complex soils F7777771 4 Acacia styal- Balanites aegyptiace on clay soils 1 .... 12 5 Acacia sed- Anageiismi kiwarpui mosaic on basement comph- soils 6 ---- 1 3 6 Anogeissai leiararpwi on basement complex soils
D . 7 hill soils 8 Acacia albida- Balanitej aegipliacaon alluvial soils 9 Acacia albida on ash piedmont soils to Coatbretun;Slutinasum- Terminalialaxiflora on ash picclinont -.0, i jAcacia welfifera on volcanic soils of the Jebel Marra musif 12 Anageirm kiocarpus on volcanic soils of the Jebel Marta mad 13 Upland grassland and UP12nd meadow on volcani( soils oflhr Jebel Marra massif
Sketcb map of the vegetation associations. (After Wickens, 1976).
13 CHAPTER TWO
MATERIALS AND METH
In this study, taxonomical, anatomical and chemotaxonomical investigations -were carried out.,
A) Taxonomical Investii!ation:
Study area: A general srvey was carried out in Jebel Marra area (Darftir State, Western Sudan) during the season July-August 1998 in which sites of different altitudes were h-of'-fl forAhis- dy-.-
1) Togi: on the south west slope at an average altitude of approximately 2600 meter above sea level (m.a.s.l.)
ii) Beldong: on the south west slope at an average altitude of approximately 2500 m.a.s.l.
iii) Golol: on the southwest slope at an average altitude of approximately 1500 m.a.s.l.
_iv-) \41,rtagdlG--. - wer-slope-at-an-altitude efWfom I 000 in. a. s.
14 V) Nyrtete: on the western lower slope at an altitude of approximately I 00 ni.a.s.l.
Materials: In each site the encountered mosses were collected as mats frorn dfferent locations alongside "Wadis" and depressions. They were kept in paper bags labelled for site, date of collection and collector's name. Another, collection following te same procedure was carried out in the same sites in the second season July-August I 999.
Methods:
Taxonomical rocedures:
The two field collections were then sorted out as different groups and all the
niacrotaxonoinic caracters of each group were examined sng tile binocular microscope.
For te investigations of the microtaxonomic characters, the collected inosses were prepared as whole mount specimens on slides using the following techniqUe:-
Plant materials were firstly soaked in water contained in an open Petri-dish for 23 hours so as to become turgid, then cleaned 23 times from undesired iterns, such as sands and other plants depris.
15 Fixation was carried out using formalin: acetic acid: alcohol solution whic is prepared as 5% fon-naldehyde, 5% glacial acetic acid and 90% ethyl alcohol. The materials were kept in the fixative until the chlorophyllW completely eached out.
Dehydration was carried out after stretching each plant individual between two slides before putting tem in staining jars. Pa--n--ts-wer-etliensuT3et&(]-t-6- e i&s of concentrations of ethyl alcohol (50%, 70% and 90%). Then the slides were removed and the plants were transferred to wide-mouth bottles and Sbjected to 95- 98% absolute alcohol. The last step was repeated to ensure complete dehydration. Each dehydration step was left for overnight.
Cleaning of the material was done by transferring the plants to a mixture of I 1 - xylene and cedar oil for overnight and pure xylene for half an our only. The last step was also repeated to ensure clearing.
Mounting was carried out for all plants by taking them by a dry bnish ad placing each one on a drop of Canada balsam mountant. Lastly, using a oreceps a suitable-sized glass covers were used, and all slides - placed in an oven adjusted at 60'C for 3 days as recommended by (Johansen, 1940). The whole inount slides were examined microscopically for the taxonomically valued caracters. Tile characters were then tabulated and used later for both describing the ndividual . -tks mosses and constructing identification key. Also, fully-labelled drawings of different parts for each individual plant were done using a drawing tube fixed to a microscope.
16 Photographs were taken from the whole mount slides using Leitz DalLIx 20 -Aens mici!aseope-w MFIS-H-eamem-
For presentation of the whole mount samples, enlargement modified technique was used as follows:
Using Focomat 11 enlarger, the prepared whole mount slides were situated on the negative holder and well focused. Then sensitive papers were exposed for 20 secs. and processed as usual (developed by Metol for I min., washed by water for 30 secs., fixed by 30% sodium thiosulphate for 10 min., washed by running tap water for 30 rnin. and dried) (Langford, 1975).
-Finally, -individual-samples--wer -leane"tretched-and car fatly-presstd-as- herbarium specimens kept at the Herbarium of te Botany Department, University of Khartoum. Table (1) represents the relevant consulted floras and publications.
17 Table (1): The relevant consulted floras and publications
Floras and publications References
The bryophy-ta of South Africa Sim 1926)
Illustrated moss flora of Fennoscandia Nyhlom 1969)
Bryophyte flora of the Huon Peninsula, papua New Norris avi& 1984) Guinea K, '3"P'r\
Illustrated flora of Nordic mosses Nyhlom 1987)
Mosses and other Bryophytes- An illustrated glossary Malcolm O\a 2000) N w"S!:N I.J
How to know mosses and liverworts Conard. 1956)
A preliminary account of mosses of Zambia Phirl-a-,J 1988)
Sorne mosses from Kuwait El Saadawl 1976)
Index nuscorum Van Der Wijk et al (I 969)
Contributions to the bryophyta of the United Arab Shabbara and El Saadawi Emirates (UAE) (I 999)
Identity of North African endemic bryophytes I Cano et al 2000)
18 Contribution to the bryophyte flora of Morocco: The Ros et al.(2000) Jbel Toubkal.
Three new records of Funariaceaefrom Egypt Shabbara 1999)
New Synonyms in Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) Munoz 2000)
A cladistic overview of the Byaceae (usci) based Pederson 2000) on orphological and anatomical data and with emphasis on the genus Bryurn.
Continue table (1): The relevant consulted floras and publications
19 B) Anatomical Investh!ations:
Transverse sections through the stems of the mosses under investigation were done using te following technique<;
Cleaning and fixation processes were done typically as previously described in the whole mount preparation technique.
Dehydration was carried out after washing te plant materials with distilled of the acid with the stain later. Also, all the water so as to avol dehydration steps were done as shown in te whole mount preparation technique but, in thiscase the plants were not pressed between two slides. Also, te sarne ;clearing steps were followed.
Waxing was done in an oven adjusted at 600 C using 60' m.p. parafin wax. This process was carried out as follows: after clearing the plant materials wth xylene, they were transferred to bottles containing 1:1 melting wax ad xylene mixture for 25 minutes then to new bottles containing pure melted wax for alf an hour. The last step was repeated. The melted wax containing the plant materials was poured into molds, cooled and trimmed into blocks. The wax blocks were then attached to wooden blocks as mechanical support for sectioning.
Sectioning was carried out using a rotatory microtorne (Leitz 1512 West Germany), adjusted at 68 micrones. Using a brush, the ribbons of sections were collected on glass slides which had been wetted with egg albumin to keep the sections attached to the slides. The slides were left overnight on a hot plate to give
20 maximum expansion of the tissues. After that, dewaxing was done by iminersing -tlieslid-esin fn-ire xylene-foirone -i-inu-te-.
Staining was done by i-nmersing the slides in series of solutions as follows- Xylene I for five ininutes, xylene 2 for three ininutes, 95% alcohol for two minutes, 90% alcohol for two minutes, 70% alcohol for one and a half minute, Haematoxilin mier's stain which is prepared according to Mahoney(1973) for seven ininutes, ninning water for ten minutes and arnmonified water for one minute. Then a back dehydration was carried out and the slides were washed by xylene for two minutes. This last step was repeated twice.
--Mo-untmg-ww-&ne-u&MA: -P-X--mountant--ne-slide -were--phwed-4ito-a- warm plate for five minutes and were left at roorn temperature overnight. After tat the slides were transferred to an oven adjusted at 60' C for one hour (Johansen, 1940).
The pen-nanent slides were examined microscopically, illustrations were done using the drawing tube, and photographs were also taken for the best sections as shown in the whole mount preparation technique.
21 C) Chemotaxonomical Investip-ations:
For the chernotaxonomy of the studied mosses, the following analyses were done:-
1. Oualitative analysis of the chloroplast i-ments:
I. I. Extraction:
The plant tissue was ground in a mortar in the presence of excess acetone until all the pigment was released from the tissue. Few amounts of calcium carbonate were added to prevent pheophytin fori-nation. Te extract was centriffiged and made up to a known volume (Harborne, 1973).
1 2 Separation of pigments:
Paper chromatography: Chromatography was carried ot on Whatmari filter paper No. I in the dark sing petrolew-n ether (B.P.60 - 80' Q - acetone -- n-propanol 90: 0: 0.45 v/v). The chromatograms were developed for 30 minutes as recommended by Amon, 1949). The chromatograms were examined both in daylight and U.V. light. Also, for each sample the chromatograrn was documented.
Z. Ouantitative analysis of the chlorophylls:
2.1. Estimation of the concentrations of the chlorophylls: Measurements of concentrations of both chlorophyll a and b were made by direct determination of the-absorbances at different wavelengths using
22 standard spectrophotorneter (Jennay 6300). In this method, the absorbance was measured at 663 and 645 nrn in I cm cells. The concentrations were calculated from the following fon-nula according to Harborne 1973):
a) Total Chlorophyll (mg/1 = 20.2A645+ 8.02A663
b) Chlorophyll a (mg/1) 12.7A663 - 2.69A645
b) Chlorophyll b (mg/1) 22.9A645- 4.68A663
2.2. Absorption coefficients:
Scanning at spectral region 400 nin - 700 mn was made and the absorption spectrum of each sample was read using UV. spectrophotometer. The maximum Lambda for each sample was detected and compared with the absorption coefficients of both chlorophylls a ad b (Stryer, 1992).
3. Niti-wen Content: Nitrogen contents of the studied mosses were estimated using Kjeldahal procedure according to (Ryan et al., 1996):
1. Sample preparation:
Plant tissue was firstly ground to a powder which passed trough 0.2nu-n sieve before digestion.
11. Sample digestion:
0.2-Uams of goun grams of a catalyst mxture (96%- anhydrous sodium sulphate 035% copper 23 SUlphate and 0.5% selenium dioxide) and 3ml of sulphuric acid were added and digestion was proceeded for two hours. The mixture was allowed to cool before addition of 300ml water to the digest and the mixture was allowed to cool again.
Ill. Distillation and titration The content of the digestion flask was transferred to te distillation apparatus. Another, 50ml conical flask in wch 15ml 42% boric acid ad 2 drops of bromocresol green methyl red mixed indicator were added, . placed tinder te condenser of the distillation apparatus with the tip of the delivery tbe below the level of the liquid. 20ml of 40% sodium ydroxide were added careftilly down the neck of the distillation apparatus. Moderate heat was applied first, and then increased gently for about 7 minutes. The delivery tube was washed down and the ami-nonlum. ion was titrated with 0.02N hydrochloric acid to the neutral point of the blue colour just disappeared (one drop in excess will turn the solution pink).
IV. Analysis: A ftill analysis was carried out without the plant tissue and the volume of the standard acid consumed by the traces of nitrogen in the reagent was measured. The nitrogen content of each sample then was calculated using the following formula:-
Nitrogen percentage = A - x 14 x I 0 x N -4-OOGA-W4--
Where: A the volume of hydrochloric acid equivalent to the sai-nple titration.
B the volui-ne of the hydrochloric acid equivalent to the blank titration. 24 N = te Non-nality of te used ydrochloric acid.
Wt = the weigh of the sample
4) Elemental Analysis:
Sodiuin, potassium, zc, calciw-n, cobalt, copper, manganese and iron -- -f - - -- -W -d-asing/1--foreach-- a-i-p -- For-these- conce-nTraians were e nne s II le detenrlinations te dry ashiig procedure was used Perkin Elmer, 1994).
Method:
a) Sample Preparation:
One grain of dried plant tissue was weighed ad placed 'Hi a porcelain crucible ad then placed I a cool uffle furnace ad ashed at 500'C for overnight. Te ash was cooled and dissolved n of 20% hydrochloric acid. The solution was filtered tough a acid- washed
filter paper into 50nil volumetric flask and diluted to the volume with
deioiuzed water.
b) Measurement:
The quantitative estimation was determined by the atoinic
absorption spectrophotometer (A. A. S. 3 10) .5. Statistical anal in ysis: Cluster analysis was done accord' g to Sokal ad Sneath 1963) using the statistical package SPSS.
0 CHAPTER THREE RESULTS
A. Taxonomical Results
1. Sudan bryoflora (mosses) checklist:
In this study the actual number of mosses recorded for Sudan Republic was worked out from different literature sources, and moss specieswe sumi-narized as a checklist of the bryoflora of Sudan, because it is the only country Affica that hasn't been covered by a proper checklist.
Table 2 covers all the mosses species with their literature references gving the source, addition to the present study check.
Taxonomic investigations of the studied specimens showed 12 different species belonging to different families and 10 different genera. Compared to the previous studies, 7 of the identified species were already reported for Sudan by different authors. However, still all the studied genera are known for Sudan except one (Ceratodon Bird.). Refer to (Table 3.
26 Table 2): Sudan bryoflora checklist.
Present Literature reference Species list study check Anacolia laevisphaeraTaylor. Townsend 1984) Anoectangium aestimm (Hedw.) Mitt Anomobryum julaceum var. julaceum (Bird.)
Schimp.
Bryum pseudotriquetrum var. bimum (Bird.) Lilij. Bryum torquescens Bruch ex de Not. Didymodon rigidulus var. gracilis Schleich. Fabroniaabyssinica Muell. Hal. Grimmia laevigata Bird. + Mielichhoferia clavata Buch&Schimp. Philonolis marchica var marchicaHedw. Psedocrossidium replicatum var.replicatum F. Weber& 0. Mohr Torfula bogosica Muell. Hal. Tortula sabinae C.C. Towns Syntrichia ruralis subsp. Ruralis (Hedw. F Weber&O. Mohr.
27 Continue table 2): Funaria hygrometrica var. calvescens + Wickens 1976) &Pettet (Schwaegr.) Kindb. (1967) Lepiobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wilson W ickens(1976) -L, do nnum viti ulosoides var timlosoides (P. Beauv.) Wijk&Margad PolytrichumjuniperinumHedw. + Tortula khartoumensis A.Pettet - Pettet 1967) Barbula unguiculata Hedw. - Micropoma nilotica (Del.) Lindb. - Funarianutans Mitt. - Bryum kilinggraeffii Schimp. - Campylopusflaccidus Renauld&Cardot Frahm ( 199 5) Brachymenium exile (Dozy&Molk.) Ochi 1972) Bosh&Sandelac. -- Bryun7 capillarevar. capillare Hedw. Fissidens crispulus Brid. - Pursel ei al (I 992)
Molendoe sendinerianavar. marchicaHedw. - Sollman 1998)
Thuidium varians We1w. &Duby - Touw 1976) Thuidium gratum (P. Beauv.) A. Taeger - cc Bryum cellulare Hook - Abou Salama 1998)
28 Continue Table 2 Entosthodon muhlenbergii (Turner) Fife. Abou Salaina 1998) Hyophda laxitexta J. Frochl. Ex - Imam&Ghabbour Bryum valparalsense Ther - Arts et al (I 995) Fissidenspellucidus var. pellucidus Hornsch. - Bruggeinan 1993)
Fissidens intramarginalus(Hampe) Mitt. - Bruggeman 1997)
Fissidens sciophyllus Fo. Ulna(Muell. Hal.) - C
Trachyphllum inflexum (Harv.) A. Gepp. - Buck(1979) Henicodium geniculatum (Mitt.) W. R. Buck - Buck(1989)
Philonotis dregeana(Mull. Hal.) A. Jaeger - Ghanern et al ( 999)
PhilonotisfiontanaHedw. - 4 4 Pilonotis hastate (Duby) Wijk& Margad - cc
Gymnostonium aeruginosum Sm. var. - cc cochlearifolium Karczmarz Pleurochaelesquarossa (Bn'd.) Lindb. + K.U. Herbanwn Crossidium davidai Catcheside 66 Funarianubica C. Mull + Gigaspermum mouretii Corb. Tortella humilis (Hedw.) Jenn. +
29 Table (3)- Present study list: Species Families 1. Barbula ehrenbergii (Lor.) Fleisch Pottiaceae 2. Peurochaetesquarossa (B'd.) Lmidb. cc 3. Tortella humilis (Hedw.) Jenn. cc 4. Pholonotis longisela Bartraini'aceae 5. Philonotis tenuis (Hedw.) B'd. C -&.--Fiinari-a-hygrome-tr-ica-ffew. ------F-un
7. Funarianubica C. Mull. 4 4 8. Ceratodon purpureus(Hedw.) Brid. Diffichaceae 9. Grimmia leavigata (Bri'd.) Bnid. Grfimniaceae 10. Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Brid.) Shwaegr Bryaceae I 1. Thuidiumfurfurosum (Broth.) Broth Thuidiaceae 12. Poly1richumjuniperinumHedw. Polytrichaceae
30 2. Present study taxonomic descriptions: The followings are the detailed descriptions of the studied speci I I u-nens, 4-iff -aspe-ai-alrefe-refi-ce t-o-ilye--t-a-co-n-o--ica-Iy- important-characters-wh-icIr- are also illustrated figures 6-26).
2.1. Genus: Funaria Hedw., Sp. Muse., 01 Species autoicous. Leaves lanceolate, concave, crowded at' top of the stein, erect or erect-spreading, margin plane or ncurved, denticulate or entire, bordered, cells large and thin-walled; capsule on an elongated seta, asymi-netrical pyriform, gibbous; neck conspicuous; calyptra flated, cucullate, long-beaked; peristome double. * Most species are cosmopolitan.
-4,-Funaria-hygrometrica-Redw-S p.- Muse-: 172 18R Plants in dense tufts, often large patches, light green to pale yellowish green, 310 mm high. Shoot is bulbiforin. Leaf narrow, chlorophyllose and with entired bordered margin; costa extends clearly to the tip of the leaf, leaf cells are long hexagonal and papillose- alar cells are like the rest leaf cells. Capsules: inclined, fijrrowed and smooth; Seta is long, smooth and dark brown colour; Pen'stomes contiguous (touching but not overlappi or fused) and with cancellate (resembling a net work) apical disk; Teeth are entire, sigmold, regular and with hyallne tips. (Figs6&7).
3 1 C)
6. Funariahygrometrica Hedw. a) Whole plant b) Leaf apical cells (x IC) c) Rhizoids at the base of the stem (x4)
32 b)
a)
c
F 7: Funariahygrometri
I:m ca Hedw. a) Closed capsule (x IO) b) Closed capsule (x4) c) Opened capsule showing teeth (x IO)
-33 H Funarianubica-C. Mull. -Plants---m--loos-e---tuff-a,-pate green-4-5-nu-n--hWh-Shoot&-,are-- prostrate with erect branches; Leaf: broad and rolled upward; leaf marg n: smooth and thin-walled; Costa absent; leaf cells are spid e- shaped; Alar cells are like the rest leaf cells. Capsules: short and 111clined; Seta are short and brown-, Peristome is single; Teeth are entire (Fig. 89).
2.2. Genus: Ceratodon Brid., Br. Univ., 1826 Species dioecious. Leaves lanceolate, with revolute margins; cells on the whole leaf homogenous, regularly quadrate above, shortly rectangular below, nerve strongly excurrent or ending just below the apex. Capsules on a _ptupke or_yelb wish ed seta, erect or inclied, when dry sulcate and furrowed. Peristome with basal membrane. Teeth papillose, deeply divided.
Ceratodonpurpure (Hedw.) Brid., Br. Univ., 1826.
Plant is erect (1-5) mm. high, green. Leaf. lanceolate and plane; Leaf margin is toothed and thin walled; costa is present, ending below the apex; leaf cells are elongated; Alar cells are swollen and transparent. Capsule: erect smooth and strumulose (having a small swelling on one side); Seta is long, erect and purpureous to red-purple; Calyptra is smooth and mitrate; Teeth are papillose. (Figs: 10, II, 12).
34 --k
ONUS
AA
a
C
b
d
I o, 8: Funarianubic C Mull. a) Reproductive buds and adventitious rhizolds (x4) c) li%) Whole plant >( e) Leaf apical cells (x4O) d) Vegetative buds (x IO) 35 0
0
b) C)
Fig. 9'Fitnarianubica C. Mull. a) Inclined capsule (x4). b) Teeth and spores (x IO) c) Teeth and spores (x IO)
36 I a) i I I , I
II I
II
I
j.''pIIn l-Ceratodonpurpureus(Hedw.)Brid. a) Leaf apical cells (x4O prn) b) Whole plant
37 a)
V, Ceratodonpurpureits(Hedw-) Brid. a) Opened capsule (x IO) b) Opened capsule (x4) c) M itrate calyptra (x IO)
C)
38 mal
a)
b)
C)
HP 12:Ceratodonpurpureza(Hedw.)Brid. a) Reproductive bd WO) -A b) Vegctati ve bud (x I ) go O Actinomorphic sem (XI )
39 Syn. Dicranumpurpure um e'cie arecosinopontan.
2.1Genus:,Tortella Lim'ber., Laubm., 1888 Species dioicous; Stem erect. simple or branched. Leaves erect. erect spreading or patulous and often recurved when moist, sually crisped and curled or incurved and contorted Wn dry. linear- lanceolate, acurninate or mucronate; margins plane or incurved, below bordered of a row sinooth, elongate cells; niic stow, cii(III i the apex or excurrent; cells in upper part of leaf rounded-quadrate or hexagonal, strongly papillose. Capsule erect, straight or slightly curved-, Calyptra cucullate or mtrate; Peristorne teeth from a very low bsal tube, filiform, pupillose. Plants small or up to cm high drk, iht- green or often yellowish green.
Tortella humifiv. (Hedw.) Jcnn,
Plant is erect, in loose green wfis, 3 cm. high. Lcaf narrow ad rolled upward; in is entire and thin-walled; Ca ta is present and stop clearly near the tip of leaf, leaf cells are smooth and isodiameffic; Alar cells are small rectangular. Capsule: erect and smooth Seta is long, smooth and brown; Calytptra is smooth and mitrate; Peristome is single; Teeth are entire, irregular and ciliate. (Figs 3 4.
40 a)
RP
Fi R. I 3 Tortella humilis (Hedw.) Jenn. a) Leaf apicai cells (x4O) b) Zygom orgp ic stem x I ) c) Whole plant
4 e im-AOM,, d)
4 el
a')
all
C),
F 14: Toriella humilis (Hedw.) Jenn. a) Opened capsule (x IO) b) Whole capsule (x3.2) c) C apsul e teeth (x I d) Mitrate calyptra (x4) e) Opened capsule (x4)
42 2.4. Genus: Pleurocliaete Lindb. In M. K. V. A. Forch., 1864
Species dioicous;j florescence allary. Leaves from sheathing base,_, lihceplAte" serrate. at a6ex squarrose; nerve strong, excurrent or percurredt; cells in the upper pt of leaf small', strongly papi to t t border of several rows of thin-walled, yaline cells. Stems ith w central strand. Seta elongate; Capsules erect, cylindrical; Calyptra cucullate Peristome with low membrane,, Teeth long filiforin, papillose.
Pleuroehoetesquarros (Brid.)Lindb.InOfv.K.V.A.Forch,1824. Plant is green, prostrate or decumbent with erect branches. Leaf lanceolate and rolled upward, serrate at apex; Leaf margin is entire, smooth and thin-walled; Costa is present; Leaf cells are swollen and transparent (Fig. 5).
Syn.: Barbula squarossa Brid., Br Univ., 1826 TorfulasquarrosaD. Not. In Mem. Accad 138 Parbbulaiorfulosa Br. Ew-., 1842 Torlellasquarossa_Llmpr.,Laubrn.. 1888
43 A
d)
--'w77W7
ho. 15: Plettrochaetesuarossa (BrId.) Lindb. a) Leaf apical cells (x4O) b) Reproductive bud xlO) c) Whole plant d) Adventitious rhizolds (0)
44 2.5. Genus: Barbuld fedw., Sp. Musc. 115, 1801
Plant: dioicous or,! possibly sometimes rhizautoicous forining dense.,. cushions' elowish brown o dark green. Stem short to elongate, 23.5 c; hyaline. Leaves incurved to weekly spreading, oen contorted 6r7I"iSted` about stem, occasionally catenulate when dry, spreading when moist; igulte' or broadly lanceolate to long-triangular, adaxial surface usually deeply grooved along costa,; margins sometimes narrowly decurrent, occasionally plane throughout entire or weakly denticukite ear apex, ,apex rounded to obtusely acute, usually mucronate. Costa percurrent to shortly excurrent. Perichaetia terminal. Seta 05-2.5 cm.Capsule: stegocarpus. Peristome teeth filamentous to narrowly triangular, usually strongly twisted. Calyptr cucullate.
Barbuld erenh (Lor.) Fleisch.
Plant is prostrate with erect branches, 1-3) cm. igh in dense dark green cushions. Leaf broad and slightly curved; leaf margin is smooth and thm'-walled; leaf cells are isodiametric; alar cells are swollen and transparent; Costa is present and stops clearly near the leaf tip. (Fig: 16).
45 Ar j
C)
Fig. 16: Barbulaehrenbergii (Lor.) Fleisch() a) Whole plant b) Leaf apical cells (x4O). c) Comites (stiffeners) support the stern (x25) d) Adventitious rhizolds (x4). '16 2.6.Genus: Philonotiv Brid.
Plant dioicous usully,.,erect, sometimes densely caespitose and rhizoid- tomentose-below, Leaveserect secund, ovate-lanceolate, blunt] toothed, papillose; nervc strong, often ek ii&Rf, ven 1-nicular towards the leaf apex, gradually shorter and wider downward,,'at' the base loosely rectangular. Capsule globose striate, when dry furrowed, with long seta. Calyptra, mitrate. Peristorne double and badly developed
I Yhilonods longiye (Michx.) Britt. Plant is prostrate with erect branches, 12.5 cm. high in dense dark green tufts. Leaf narrow and rolled upward; leaf margin is smooth and thin-walled; leaf cells are elongated; alar cells are small and rectangular; leaf base stops at the stem; Cost is present (Fig: 17).
11. Philonotiv tenuiv (Hedw.) Bird. Plant is prostrate with erect branches, 1-1.5 cm. igh in loose tufts. Stem is brown. Leaf. narrow and rolled upward; leaf margin is tin- walled; leaf cells are elongated; alar cells are swollen and transparent; Costa is present and stops clearly near the tip (Fig: 18).
2. 7. Genus: Polytrichum Hedw.,Sy. Musc. 1801 Species dioicous. Leaves from broad, erect, sheathing gradually narrowed into a linear or narrowly ovate-lanceolate, erect spreading; margin
47 a
! A, A A-
all
d) C) XN
A."
1:j.IT Pholonotislongisela a) Whole plant b) Lal'apical cells (x4O) c) Transverse section through stem (x25) d) Young sporophyte covered by perichaetium (x IO)
49 ; 7
b)
C) 4'
Ilk
v
g:P
Philonolislennis (-ledw.) Brid. a) Whole plant h) Leaf apical cells (x4O') c) Transverse section showing stern and alar cells (.x25, d) Adventitious rhizolds (x4)
4 9 in.upper part of the leaf narrowly or broadly incurved, dentate or etire; nerve
4;;DAUTQW4AUqI=IV' 1USIM Seta smooth, strong, engate- Capsule erect or.inclined, short or elongate,,-. Calatra large, strongly hairyihr6bghput;.Peristome single. Pol um iumperinum Hed 1801 ytrich W. . Muse. Plant is erect, 0.5-1.0 cm. high in loose pale reen mats. Leaf- filiform and plane; leaf margin is smooth; and thin-walled; leaf cells are elongated and smooth; Costa is present; alar cells are swollen and transparent. (Fig: 19).
2. 8. Genus Bryum Hedw., So. Muse., 1801 Species dioicous, or synoicous; inflorescence terminal, bud-like or dish-shaped. Leaves lanceolate, often smaller and distant below, larger and crowded in stem apex; margin smooth or denticulate in upper part, border usually distinct, but sometimes indistinct or nearly absent, cells in tipper part of leaf hexagonal to rhomboidal. Seta mostly reddish, elongate; Capsule erect or horizontal to pendulous; Calyptra mitrate; Peristome double
Bryum pseudo2iquetrum (Hedw.) Shwaegr. Plant is prostate with erect branches, 15-2.5 cm. high in dense green tufts. Leaf broadly lanceolate and rolled upward; leaf margin is bordered; Costa is present; leaf cells are smooth and spindle shaped; alar cells
50 71 C)
d)
1-.,o. 9. PolytrichumftiniperinumHedw. a) Whole plant (x4) b) Whole plant c) Leaf apical cells (x4O) d) Transverse section through the stem (x25) are greatly swollen and transparent. Capsule: smooth, erect with brown, seta;
2j GrimmiaHedw., Sp., Musc..1801.. P Species autoicous or dioicous, acrocarptis. Leaves lanceolate. mostly acunninate and with a long hyaline hair-point, rarely otti§ ad without hair-point nerve round or flat at back, percurren; cells in tipper part of leaf rounded-quadrate, stnooth or slightly sinose, at margin oen a border of hyaline cells. Seta sort or clongatc, straight or arcuate; Capsules sually symmetrical, rarely gibbous at base, sometti-nes sulcate when dry and cmptl; Peristorne single. Teeth reddish, entire or nTegularly divided and perforated to about te iniddle; Calyptra smooth, itrate or calculate, usually long-beaked.
Grininiia laevigah .(Brid) Brid., Br. Univ.,1826. Plant is prostrate with erect branches, 1-1.5 cin igh in loose dark green tufts. Leaf broadly lanceolate and rolled pward; leaf argi is toothed; leaf cells are isodirnetric; alar cells are like te rest cells, Costa is extends clearly beyond te leaf tip as an awn. (Fig. 23&24).
Syn.: Grinnnia campewris Burcb. In Hook, Muse. Exot., 1820
G. leucophaea-Grev. In Wern. Trans., 1822 Campylopus laevigaluv Brid., Mant. Muse., 1819.
52 JW
A"
V
(Brid.) Shwacgr
Fig. 20: BryumpseudoiriquetrumI I a) Teeth (x4O) b) Whole plant c) Capsule 0) 53 b)
44
C)
4
2 i3ri-ton seudotriquetrum aegr a) Vegctative and reproductive buds (x4), b) Vegetative bud (x I0) c) Adventitious rhizoids (x IO)
54 At
a) b)
7777777rrrM1""'11
C)
d)
F Ig. M-yunt pseudotriquetrum (Brid.) Shwaegr a) Alar cells (00) b) Alar cells WO) c) Transverse section through the stern (x25) d) Leaf apical cells (00)
55 a)
Grimmia kj',"- ',igata (Brid.) Brid. Fig. 23: a) Whole plant showing adventitious rhizolds (0) b) Whole plant
56 4,14
"W"
C)
Fig. 24: Grimmia leavigata (Brid.) Brid.
I - I I a) Awn and apical leaf cells (x4O) b) Rolled leaves (x4) c) Transverse section through the stern (x2.5)
57 2. 10. Genus: 7tidium P Bru h t al, Bryol. Eur. 5Fasc. 51) 1852. gre brown nats. Stems creeping,--to arclied-ascending, lanceolate or filifon , !V -leaves, are more or, less tan lar with a heart-sha e base ad long, acetlI I 11 strong midrib ends in ti Ft"I 6- I " minate P Ali e, 1as' exadt e e e because.!,-,Io one papilla. leaf margin usually revolute, papillos , s rrate abov the projecting cell ends. Costa: short, weak, ending below apex. Cells Uniform throughout, rounded to oblong, exagonal tick- walled. Capsule inclined to horizontal, crved, cylindrical, asymnictrici], sooth. Calyptra: cticidlate, Peristorne single.
77tui(fium furfurosum (Broth.) Broth. Plant prostrate with erect branches 15-2 cm. ig i loose pale green 1nats. Leaf broad. and plane; leaf inargin is toothed ad thin-walled; leaf cells are elongated; afar cells are greatly swollen and transparent; Costa is present. (Fig.25&26).
Syn.: 7huidiopsis carralensis Herzog &Schwabe 1939,T fuifurosuln Herzog &Schwabe 1939, T. masqfuerae Brotherus 1924 and Thuidit1117 corralensis Dusen 1903
58 C)
X J:ie. 25 Thuidiumfirfurosum (Broth.) Broth, ) a) Whole plant b) Leaf apical cells (x4O) c) Transverse section through the stem (x25)
59 proIth oliwi I -Iq IVTW III rV:'flj-
A NO
r
a) O
Ae,
4L W
b)
F 6:Thuidit(m furfurosum (Broth.) Broth a) Young sporophyte covered by perichaetlum (x4) b) adventitious rhizoids (x4)
60 Key to the studied genera:
A. Capsule with double Penstomes% 5. QaJyptra -infl BB, Calyptra mitrateo C. Capsule globose, striate, finTowed when &y.....Philonottv CC. Capsule erect or horizontal to pendulous ...... Bryum AA. Capsule with single penistome - D. Teeth strongly twisted, flamentous and entit'e....Barbilla DID. Teeth erectfiliform and papillose- E. Leaves lanceolate, serrate at apex ...... Pleurochaete EE. leaves lanceolate, entire at apex , F. Seta purple or yellowish red ...... Ceratodon FF. Seta brown G. Capsule asymmetrical ...... Auidium GG. Capsule symmetrical H. Calyptra large elongate, strongly hairy throughotit... okiricum HH.Calyptra itrate and entire,; 1. Leaves mostly acun-linate with long hyaline hair-point, often u -'-4k sinose margin ... Grimmia 11. Leaves linear-lanceolate with si-nooth margins ...... Tortella
61 B. Chemotaxonomical Results
LI Elemental analysis
The following are the results of the e'leme 'Ianaysmb:"t:6.I studied mosses with special reference to their localities:
1. Sodium content:
The results of this analysis show that, the studied mosses are approximately similar in their sodium content. The recorded data we fe, show the content range (I 2-18.5 mg/l ) where 12 mg/l,,recorded for Polytricum junip&rnum collected from Togi and 18.5 mO, recorded for Philonotistenuis collected from Golol (Table 4 and Fig.27
2. Potassium content:
The potassium content of the studied mosses reflects a relatively homogenous entity: Barbula ehrenbergii, Pleurochae-le squarossa and Tortella humilis which are grouped as Nyrtete collection. However, minimum and maximum contents (I 700 and
62 vmm, Ot M,." 411-I& 17,1e (O co --j 0cn J l ...... cr 0 CD
CZ Ccw a) ol C/) c) CO
CD 0 co 5 CO) CD C,) Cl Z CD Cl) CDC/)M Z 0 Z cu :3 CD Z C') CD CA Q) Z
CD G) G) G) ZZZ 0 0 0 M CD 0 0 0 12.(2.12. 0 0 0 CD CD 0 0 M = Z co CDMM CD CO CO CD CL 0 N) Jl wCA) CTI (in 0) co Lrl CD K) '"6 6 ch cn cri (.n
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 C) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 h Ol - 1 4 CA) 4 h- -4 -P6 (A) N 00 CA) CD -4 CO OD OD U7 CA) CO OD M
63 CD W -4 Cn 4,-W
co CL) C) Z). (D M S ku 0 Q) CD CD CX cu. Cl)Oa a)" cl) 0 Z --r0 -,-: 0-,- Zzr CD CD iBZ Z CD zr---N Z cl) CO 3 -., CD
to C/) o) C-r CD Q) CD -0CDZ CD Z3 CD r- a 012),
sodium content ng/l
To f i -4
CA
6 4 57.25 mg/l) were recorded for two different species from one gi-'(Tabid-5-arid rg -6oI'1[6&fom'groap,'*t ans'To Ti 2S)
in t eir "Zirit
The studied mosses are extremely valn'abl h contents. The results show maximum zinc content of about 30.175 mg/l. recorded for Tortella humilis collected from Nyrtete, and minimum zinc content of about 4975 mg/l recorded for Girimmia laavigata collected from Beldong. Also, wit',in the same collection group there are clear variations between different species (Table 6 and Fig. 29)
4. Cobalt content:
cobalt content show the range between 0.000 and 0.050 rngA which is recorded for four different species fi-om two different collection groups: Grimmia lewvigata collected fi-om Beldong and Bryum psedotriquetrum, huidium fitrfurosum and Polytricum juniperinum collected from Togi, and 0.050 mg/] recorded for Philonotis longiseta collected from Golol. However,
65 N) C) CO 001 --4 ) n w N) crCD lo, i co 0 p n -n CD al IC.. Q) 51.1 OL CL) C) 3 tr CD CD Z Z Z Q) tr (D Z:P' cf) z i a. C: - a iD "a CZ (Q Z CD cn w r-r 0. E eh (1) Cl) -0 CD CD CD. c.,) Q) CZ 'W CD Z Ca 3 a 0 CD IZ O 0 =3 Q) CDr-q-
0
z z z P-1. 0 0 0 m m C 0 0 0 CD=r p. 57 ZY U C) 0 0 w - - - CD (D CD 0 C/) (D (D 0 CD CL
-AW Cil4 ODN) CDCJ' Ww tow CO(-A) 0)Lrl CO-t - 00-ts' -J-N0 0 0 03 (n cr U Crl VI 0 cn M U) w =3 (D C 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 C) CL Cn 0 r3_, 66 CD I< p o -n -n CD Q) cn Z w 0 U CD QL SZ CD C) C.), Cb (D Z 'n'Z Cl) r, C: ci) C) rx COZ "CD cb-S -A d-, s, Z C), Cz to' CO)cn CD C) (D CZ O Q)W Potassium contcnt mg/] tlj w .11, -A \ C:) C: c c c c) 41- in tn. 3 c o 3 0 0 tn 0 M M 0 00 tn c C M 6 7 171, -.1 1. 7w (O OD -4 0) (31 PO 0 CD ...... R,RQ) 8 C'lC co zr R -:3. C,) CD z :31 z Q) C3 cr CD CD lz z O ig, JD cn Zr CD CZ CD Cn 0 z iD CD C4 Q) Q) (D C CL CD -- 4 03 00 C) G)Z CL 0 0 0 CDM 0 0 o ...... 3 5: EL 67 0 0 0 - - - CD CDm cn CD co CD CD CD 0 N) w CD CC) (O N) C) co N) C) C', -4 J -4 --4 --4 CO cri cn -4 --4 cri cn 0 C) C)0C) C) C)00 C) C) pa.... 0 0C) 0 C) 0 C) C)oC)OO0 C)o W 4 --0 4 L Cn CnWCn LnWUlC) CY) CD (C)O0) -4 00 (O (O N3 ...... 68 . . . CD C) CD OD 0) Y -06 CA) N) 0 r-4- 0 S - l OCD CO :r (D CD CD E C: CD (1) Z :A CL Z :3 cb CDZ3 (D CD z CD (D CZ O' Q) 8CU C/) a) 0) Zinc content mg/I. 0 Cn C> Ln 10, --4 co co fffi C m 0. 69 Variation within the species from the same collection group is ver 5.-Conver content: I Copper content show the range between 0044 mo as minimum record and 0 109 mg/] as maximum records for the two species.- Grimmia laevigata and Tortella humilis respectively. Also, the analysis shows the maximum records for Togi group compared to the others (Table and Fig. 3 6.-Manganese content: Manganese content of the studied mosses rangeA between 0637 mg/I recorded for Tortella humilis and 217 mg/I recorded for Bryum psedoriquetrum which are different species from different localities. Also, it is observed that the three different species: Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Thuidium furfurosum and Polytricumjuniperinumwhich are grouped as Togi collection group 70 co 00 -4 0) (31 4 6 Cj N) N) CD o 00 (7) -n -10 ---i Y CD Z Z:r (D' Q ) Q ) ...... cj) (b CD Z zr 0 Q CD co CD C) Z Z3 to co O CD CA) C4 CO) -Q (D CO) Z CD (D Z rZ CZ PD CL) 0 CD Z C), -h O ...... cn CD CD ...... O CO 03 Q G Z Z Z 0 0 0 M c 0 0 0 0 0 - - - CD CD CD =3 -n co r-1- -.I. P-0. 0 CD CD CD CD CD CD cn ...... CDcn ...... cn 0 0 O O O O 00: N. .0, O O 6 (O N) CV - 0 w w ...... ...... C C) io io O O O C C C) C) C) C) C) ...... C) Pi N) 06 -Pk NO w O -Al N) 00 AL " N) N) CO -4 -4 C.P tQ -4 - W -N -4 0 0 N) (3) co -4 7 - N) CI 0 Ln Z6 w m CD J. 5. 0 --c') CZ C) CD CD HBO ,CV !R (D t. CO CD O z C) a -'3 m CD 0 CZ Q 7-- 1 :3 , CD, Q) C- Er, a CZCO) CD (D -0Iz CD CD CAsz CD ZZ: Cobalt content mg/I O 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 Ln 0 U 0 0 Q1 M :3 CO rq. m M (D 0 FDN W co (O CL 72 10 00 -4 0) (it ok0 M cr CD 01i sign CD Z C.) 0 r3 Q) 0 Z3 Z31 zirIz CD Cb z Z ..:z Z3, CD Z Q) 01 Q CD CZ o)- Zz. C) Z3 C.) Z3ZD 0 CD (D (D CZC. PD CD rurz CD (D CZ C) Q) CD ...... CD co C) C) G) z z z ...... 0 0 0 CD CD a 0 0 0 cl 12. 2. (iC-?. 57 U 57 ... FD 0 0 cu - - - (D CD (D CL co CD CD CD U:) CD 3 0 0 ...... CD C) C) C) C) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C) 'C)b 'O 6 'O 00 OD ) 4 6 (D CD a) 00 0( 0 4 OD ..... 0 w -Oh -oh (D (D N) (3) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) O C) 0 )L C) C) C) 0 0 0 C) 0 C) 0 0 0 0 C) ...Djibouti W -t , -4 -40 W 0 M -4 En o K) 00 C" Ul 00 CA) -4 73 CD 0 4 ) CTI J k W N) CD Z3IZ t:-,,. --.z, , 4.1-(D, .1e 0-0 I:Z. a)'.%0.1, I D1. 0; - CZ C), -4) 0 :3 :rR R Q) (D CD CT) CZ CZ CD Zr Cr co Co Z C)0., S :3 ZCD CD co Z Co in,0 Cu CD cl,.0, CD CD CZ CD ?D- CZ Q) CD Z3 CD lz O Z C/) Q) 0) CO) Copper content mg/l 0 0 0 0 0 9 Ca I-j 0 0 0 VIco 'o CL 74 show the maximum records compared to the other four groups -Conte:t.- The iron content of the studied mosses shows minimum content of a about 18.525 m/l recorded for Tortella humilis collected from Nvrtete and maximum content of about 46.575 m/l recorded for Thuidium fitrfurosum collected from Tog]. GenerallyI the studied mosses are extremely variable in teir iron content even those collected from the sanne localit,%.. (Table I and FP-33). 11. Qualitative analysis of the chloroplast pigments: Acetone extracts of' chloroplast pigimnts were separated on Whatman filter paper no. I using petroleurn ether-acetone-n- propanol solvent system resulted in a number of spots. Table (I I) and Fig. 34) show the chromatographic properties of the separated compounds. 75 ...... (O 0 4 ) Cn 4 , CA) N) cr CD CD ZY Q) CZ 3 .13 8 :r_ K. Z. 'In M, C) Z a) CL) CL) "OC.,) CD CZ %.< =3 C CL) CY CD CD Z 0cx Z Z CDcn 2 cn oil CD (D ID C/) ... CA) ...... CD cnZ a)0 ... CD ...... 0 ...... CD C13 co G) C) G) Z Z Z ...... 0 0 0 CD CD 0 0 0 %< cn 0 0 2 - - - CD CD CD ...... =3 =3 co CD CD CD .... CD (a (C) CD CL 0 ...... 03 N) N) 0 C) - - i V) C) 6 6 bo OD ,4 :b, 6) 6) :1 , (D W 0 -4 0 0 0 O N W 4 6 cn 0) 00 00 --4 -06 N) -4 W 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C)=";,: - N) CA) 4 -A 0 0) co -06 (A 0) CO 00 N) -AL (A) W 0 W C?I -0 00 ionic 76 4 q:q l it, 1-1.0 0 Cil 0 O n CD 4-4 cv - V"K, O' CZ O -6, C) Z3 Zr Q) CD iD :3 Z %< CD :3 CD CZ Q)O : 0 r CO)TrZ 0CD CD 0 CD (T) C-- (D CZ CD Z t;l O Q) C/) CO) Manganese content mg/l p 0 cm n rl) O In 0 to m O M is. 'A m m 77 C) (O 0 4 ) Cy - (A) cr ,--n -n 55 --,-i 5: CD T:tr-; 4 Ci)Z CL Q)CL) C) :3 zr (D CD Z ( Q< 0 0 CL S :5 Z3 =3 7r3 to Q) Z C/) CD a co =3 CD CO (D CD Z CD Z 0 0) Q) CD CL M co G) G G Z Z Z CD 0 0 CD CD a 0 0 0 OL (2 C2. U 57 6 0 0 0 =3 CD CD CD CD (D CD CD cn w -A, rQ N) j w w w r1i w w ..... --4 0) Cn C.0 CO --4 CD CD CD CO cn ij ul 6 io 6 j -4 ij r.) Lin 0) (n N) -4 0 Cn Cn -4 Ln rQ N) 0 Lrl VI (P C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) 40 6 iD 6 6 6 6 6 6 iD in io iD W - 01 0 -- 0 .46 W N) - N) Cn (A 0 C> 0) 4s- N) 0 0 CC) 4" -4 0) a) Ul co Crl w W Cil 7 8 co 00 -4 0) 0 w N) ui4 a CD CZ Z Z: ZY' 0 Q CD -. 0 C), cL CD CD C-) Z Co 0 :a Z CO)Zt C:tCO) zr Z M CD :3 CZ %.< -.0 Cr co 67 -,CD Z3--% Cn :A Z3 :3 3 CD -0 Z3 CD Z Z C) "CZ co- (n CrO C5 (n 0 'Q CD CD 0 CD CZ (D 4 (n CD Z Q) Cn CD(n Iron content mg/l 8 EN 8 dn 8 b, w 0 Z 0 03 0 -4 O 0 co m co (a C 0 CL j 79 Table I : Chromatographic properties of the separated compounds .0i Plant species compoun value J.Bai-hula ehrenbergii 1 0.16 2 0.36; 3 0.77 2. Plew-ocheatesquarossa 1 0.22 2 0.44 3 0.79 3. Toriella humilis 1 0.14 2 0.28 Philonotis longiew 1 0.64 2 0.86 Philonolis lenuis 1 0.31 2 0.53 3 0.73 4 0.86 80 4&iZ winwo, ,,,fable VT, Separated Rf. Plant species compound value Grimmia leavigata 1 0.52 2 0.74 Bryum pseudofriquetruin 71iuidiwnfiu furosum 1 0.43 2 0.84 Poly1ricunijuniperinum 1 0.35 2 0.57 3 0.74 4 0.98 8 1 ------ J 1. Barbu thmememrr-'i 2.Pleurochaele 5Mqr-rO.3a 3. Torlella limits AP 4.,,PhilonotisloupLse 5. hilonotis_Lenuis ometrica 6 Funariahy& -.. Fig. 34- Paper chromatograrns of acetone extracts. Solvent systern: petroleurn ether acetone n-propanol ( 90 : 10 45, v/v).Viewed in day light. 82 Finaria nubica 8. Ceralodon purpureus 9. Grimmia laevigata IO. Bryum pseudotriquetrum IL Thuidiumfurfurosum 12.Polytrichumfitniperinum Contlnu'c Fg. 34 83 M. Quantitative analysis of the chlorophylls: ,A). Chlorophyll con&ntrations: The chlorophyll contents of the studied mosses sh6w;' difY&dAfI. concentrations for both chlorophylls a and b. Studied mosses are greatly varied in their chlorophylls which record maxin-iUrn total content of about 40.815 rng/l for the species Philonotis lenuis and minimum total content of about 6822 mg/I for the species Funaria hygrometrica. Table(12) and Fig. 35) show the concentrations of the total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b for each species. B). Absorption coefficients: Absorption spectra of acetone extracts for te studied species are demonstrated in Fig. 36). 94 INSmliy, is, cont e'n't-,,ofthcstttdie&m'(S vs. Cincinnati, Total' h`y,14iN0cmO* chlo h' 11 a mz4 m mg/I 1. Barbula ehrenbergii 14.228 9.215 5.016 2. Pleurochaetesquarossa 25.229 16.897 8.408 3. Tortella humilis 11.168 7.282 3.880 4. Philonotis longesita 24.353 16.069 8.330 5. Philonotis tenuis 40,815 15.808 25.020 6 unariahygrometrica 6.882 4.005 2.517 7. Funarianubica 19.567 12.745 6.826 8. Ceratodonpurpureus 10.862 7.143 3.720 9. Grimmia laevigata 13.315 8.170 5.118 10. Bryum pseudotiquetrum 10.638 6.581 4.058 11. Thuidimfurfurosum 18.742 11.891 6.497 12. Polytricumjuniperinum 12.829 11.646 j1.185 85 chloroohylls contents W 0 Cn Lon J-:1f ehrembergil 2.Pleurochaets squarossa 3.Tortella humilis 4.Philonotis longesb C.2 5. Philonotis tenuis. 6.Funaria hygrometrica =r 7.FunaHa nubica m B.Ceratodon 0 purpureus m 9.Gdmmia aevigata m CL =1 pseu tum 0 m CA II.Thuidim furfurosum ... 12.Polytdcum jumpennum 0 0 --I O :r 0 3 3 WAV al &Orhl la 2.Pleurochaele,Mgr-Osa 3. Torfello, humilis 14NI 7c- 4. Philonotis Ion i-sela 36.0-12) QN. Absorption spectra ofchlorophylls a and b. X- xis Wvelength (nm) Yaxis- Absorpt'on oell"cients (m l) 8.7 6 tMaria h e lnca I 5. Philontfi-S Initially . O 14 Saint v 4.00 50. 6oo 700 8. Ceratodon purpureus see 7.fv! aria 17"hica 4 9. Grimmia leoxigala 0- 600 300 1100 500 colitilILIC 36. 88 W14, ,l ONI lon 660 10. Bryumpseudotriquetrum 3- II. AuidiumArfurosum 3 too* 12.Polyfrichumjuniperinun? Contillue Fig. 36- 89 IV. NitroLyen content The minimum and, the maxim .um. percentage nitrogen wore en 7Zorte 1(L&-v x d' ,' "hiii)iiftswte Th6 ' nitrogen content range; to k"U dte d moSse 3.22%.Gololl, Beldong and Togi collection groups show the low est variation within species in their nitrogen content,- Beldong collection group shows the lowest record compared to the two other groups. Table 13) and Fig. 37) show the percentage nitrogen for the studied mosses. 90 co 00 -4 0) Cil 0h CA) N) cr CD Book, zlli 70Y -o :Y -a-1 v IRWIN rl) CIL) C.), CL 0 a w (D CD Z Ci) =r CD Z =3 Cj) nCD CO CD c/) CD CO CDCO -0CZ CD CD CD C-- C/) CO CD 0 03 03 C) G) G) Z Z Z 0 0 0 m CD C 0 0 0 l< l< co.. co.. (a.. 6 E57 a - CD 0 0 a) - - - CD CD r-q- (C) CD CD CD (D (C) CD OL 0 CD ...... O CA) N) N) .0, CO Crl N) CO 0 co N) C) (Yi -N N) CF) cp cn CD 91 (D OD -4 a) Cri W N) pot it ii4i 0 0 4 Z3 CD Z Zk a (b z -'j T--- zz: ZL CD (b -Q) CJ) 0 0 CD 0' CD =r CD CD Z CDa) Zr (D IZ Z). (C) (n r_r (D -6 2) a) 'b , . CD (n -*- z C 3 V5. -Q (D - S- Q) D CD C-' CD (D 23 U) Nitrogen 7L (A CA) (n CL 0 -4 m CD 92 C. Numerical taxonomy The data of the previous quantitative investigations of sodiukn,. m- t6w t COPMr"i1----rnR71gvffeSe!I C Mvp nitrogen which is computed for area under curve and tonIP16fe' linkage dendrogram. resulted into 10 different groups. The following is the arrangement of the groups starting firom the group that includes the most closely related individuals (Fig.38)- Group ()- a) Barbidaehrenberg,, b) Thwdiumfitrfitrosuni c) Grimmia lbwi qata Group (2)- a) Funaria nubica b) Polytricumjuniperinum Group 3): a) Tortella humilis b) Ceratodonpurpureus 93 Group 4): a) Thuidiumfurfurosuni O"Philonotis longiseta Group (5): a) Funarianubica b) Polyti-icunijuniperinum c).fftnaria hygrometrica Group (6): a) Pleurochaelesquarossa b) Philonotis tenuis Group (7): a) Pleurochautesquarossa b) Philonotistenuis c) Grimmia Imvigata Group (8)- a) Philonotislongiseta b) PleurochaWe squarossa 94 c) Philonolis lenuis --d --Fitnaria-mtbica- 01 tricumjuniperinum Group (9)' a) Tortella humilis b) CeralodonFurpo-rens c) Brytim psedotriquetrum Group 10)- a) Ph4lonotis tenitis b) Funarianubica c) Polytricumjuniperinum d) Funariahygrometi-ica c) Tortella humilis f) Ceratodonpc4rvc-lreus 95 A. pip T - ...... O post F. t.W A 4.?hi-1jr_nod.v Ion isela -Ihdonofi- mis 6. Funariahygome -Yrica 7. rinqrLy mibica 8. Ceralodon urpurens 9. Grimmia7aevigala Ak "NJA IO. Brympseudwriepielnim 1. 7huidiumfurfurosum Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine C A 0 5 10 15 20 25 Label Num ------ 9 4 2 5 12 T 3 PI 10 Area Linder CUrve and complete linkage dendrop-rarn Co r 111C StUdled mosses. 96 CHAPTER FOUR ffiscu-SSION" the .M.Wial-rimpmUnce of JebehiMarraas-i habitat --for-btybph Iftsildy! Darfiir State stems from the fact that this high volcanic massif gives rise.t6:.. better soils, lower temperatures, and higher rainfall tan the rest of the region of west Darfur. Moreover, the degree of slopes. soil characteristics. rainfall conditions, and the nature of erosion arc closcIv related to te requirements of these plants. The selected sites of te studN.- in Jebel Marra are verv rich in mosses ill terms of densitv., he fijlly dentified entities are 12 7 of which are already In Sudan by other athors. And for Jebel Marra only 4 species are quoted in the previous studies, these are: Funaria hygrometrica, Grimmia leavigara, Bryum pseudotriquelruni, and folytrichwn juniperininn. This foundation is probably possible because both of t precious authors: (Wickens, 1976) and (Townsend, 1984) did ot qote te sarne taxa ad Townsend, 1984) stated that, there will be further species to be od in Jebel Marra. The rest 3 species: Pleurochaele squarrosa, Torlella humilis, and Funaria nubica were reported for Erkowit which of slightly sli-nilar environment to Jebel Marra. 97 The genus Funaria wich is recorded for Jbel Marra, Erkowit, .'..Khattoum.,.,and-iebeT..T$ - seems to.-Ibe--the most;- idelv-distributed-Ionei Xkas;; remark confirins the description of many consulted floras for this genus*sd widespread. (;igwspermium sp. which is identified for Erkowit in 1994 bv WtliAfn R.Buck, the curator of bophytes of the New York Botanic Garden is reported as of a particularly interest since it is a rare Mediterranean species known from Morocco. Palestine, Spain, and te Canary islands. The newlv recorded species: Barbula eherenhergii, Philonoliv lenuis, Philonolis longiseta, Ceratodonpurpureus and Auidiumfiu furoswn are from the alreadv known genera except Ceraiodon which is reported for Sudan for the first time. More four entities which were collected by Wickens 1976 bt not identified to the specific level can be regarded for Sudan tese are: Brachymenium sp, Bryumsp, Derpanocladussp ad Physcomitriumsp. It can be concluded tat, in addition to the newlv identified entities, this research gathers the scattered information about the bryoflora checklist of Sudan Republic in an easy followed foundation giving a base to which researchers can add or subtract as required. 98 .Mosse s-:17-v-es-tig-aEcT,1'6r- eir.-eleffiFifa ..-coiistituents..,were..,wiaimtediia&4-';1 the dorninant species in pach study site, and as it is followed in this stud TrIost..,,,methods n heavy 'metals monitoring employ bryophyte§ as bioaccumLilators and invol%--e sample collection followed by laboratory analysis technique to detect actual levels. Piipo 1982) employed epiphytic bryophytes as climatic indicators in Eastern Fennoscandia. Also, Kansanen and Venetvaara 1991) compared the capability of two mosses, an epiphytic lichen, pine bark samples, pine necdle litters, earthworins, and moths in assessing airborne chromium and nickel dust near a ferrochrome and stainless steel works in Finland. The two mosses and the lichens were the most effective biornonitors at low and moderate depositions Part of the result of this study also agrees with that of Mukhe 'ee and Nuorteva. 1994) who found that the best indicators for zinc and aluminum are mosses and epiphytic lichens. The records of the levels of te investigated elements will bettbase for future comparisons so as to estimate the atmospheric pollution degree in Jebel Marra as it is followed now in many countries such as the Republic of Karelia (Fedorets, 1998). The statistical analysis for all chemical investigations grouped different species from different localities as closely related individuals. This important 99 result confirms the fact tat mosses are good bioaccumulators particularly for retil cono ntrations-! refiect.-- -deposit.-i-on46witlmiv44.t4v*.v- complication of additional-!uptake via root system. (Longton, 1980). Then th&,- chemical constituents of the ddibihant species in each site reflect the chemical,, constituents of the soil and air in Jebel Marra. However, within the studie'd sites, Golol shows two chemically related individuals: Philonotis 'Ienu'is"a'6d Funaria hygromeirica coming in one group. Also, tis study grouped (Funaria nubica and 1"unaria hygroinefrica) and (Philonolis Winds and Philonotis longisela) each two in one group wich is taxonomically tnie. As a conclusion: since Philonotis tenuis and Peurochealesquarossa) were grouped together 3 tirries and (7"huidium fiu furosurn and Grimmia leavigata) were grouped together 2 tirries then (Nyrtete and Golol) ad (Togi and Beldong) are of relatively the same chemical constituents ptting i 1-nind that Togi and Beldong are the highest study sites whereas Nyrtete and Golol are the lowest study sites. The chloroplast pigments. specially the clorophyll content of the studied mosses, reflect considerable variations that can partly help in describing them. Taxonomically the studied mosses were described either as light or dark green in most of the consulted relevant floras and chemically, mosses described as light green recorded the low chlorophyll content and tat described as dark green recorded the high clorophyll content. So it can be concluded that this part of te chernical analysis not only on line with but. 100 also confirms morphological descriptions and also agrees with authors of the t6yf9dw Iota, 101 RVFVRFNCFS Abu:Salaina, U. -Y. 1998. Mosses'of Egyptian Conservation Areas: I - Gebel Elba Protectorate. Pvtomorphology 50: 47-58 Anderson, L. E. 1980. Cytology and reproductive biology of mosses. Pacific DiNrision of the American Association for tile Advancement of Science. San Francisco. H. A. Grom, and W.R. Buck. 1990. List of te mosses of North America north of %lexico. 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Chaphen nd Hall, London. pp. 66-81 104 Imam. M. and S.I. Ghabbour. 1972 A contribution to the moss flora of Eg ypt. Johansen D.A.' 1940, Plant mkrotechnique. Frst edition. Mc. Graw.. Hill Book Company. New York and London. Kansanen. P. H. and Venetvaara. J. 1991. Biological collectors of arborne heavv metals near ferrochrorne and steel works. Water, air ad soil pollution. 60.3-4, 337-360 Langford, M. J. 1975, Advanced Photography, A gramer of technique. Royal college of art, London, England. PP175-192. Longton, R.E. 1980. Physiological ecology of mosses. in R. J. Taylor and A. E. Leviton, eds. The mosses of North America Symposium. Pacific Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science Sn Francisco. pp77- 113 Mahoney, R. 1973. Laboratory Techniques. Butteroth and Co. (Publishers). London, England. Malcolm, B. and Nancy, M. 2000. Mosses and other bryophytes An Illustrated Glossary. Micro-Optics press. Nelson, New Zealand. 105 and.-NU6rtell ;i,--...F...,:15094.. IoXIC-..MeIars,,r.I5-res the steel works of eutaruukki Oy, Raahe. Finland. Science te total. .,environment' 151,3, 9i. Munoz, J. 2000. New SNnonvms in Grinimia (Grimmiaceae). Journal '6T Bryology. Vol. 22. No. 2 PP. 99-102. Norris, D. H. and Koponen. T. 1984. Bryophyte flora of the Htion Peninsula, Papua, New Guinea. VIT. Trachypodaceae. Thuidiaceae, and Aeleoriaceae (Musci) Acta Bot. Fennica 131: 1-5 1. Nvholm, E. 1969 Iustrated moss flora of Fennoscandia. Vol. IL Muscl. Fascs 16. Swedish Natural Science research Cuncil. Stockholm. Sweden. 1987. Ilustrated flora of Nordic mosses. Fasc 2 llottiaceae- . plachnaceae. Lund. Nor. Brvol. Soc. Ochi. H. 1972 A revision of the African Brvoideae, Musci (First part). J. Fac. Educ Tottori Univ.. Nat. Sci. 23 1126. Perkin E.... -. 994. Analytical methods for atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Manual part No. 0303-0152. PP 138-140.. 106 N., morphological,) and anatomical-data, and with emphasis on the gentis Bminn. Joumal of Bry6logy. 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A. and Elsaadawi, W. 1999. New recorus to ine brvoflora of the Sudan Republic. Taeckholt-nia 19(1): 7-25. Shabbara, H. M. and Esaadawi. W. 1999. Contributions to the boflora of the Arab Emirates (UAE). Taeckholmia 19(2): 183-192. Sim, T. R. 1926. The bryophyta of South Africa. Te Royal Society of the South Africa. Cape Town. Sollman, P. 1998, Several mosses (Polliales) ew or rarely collected in Africa. Tropical Bryology 14: 21-24 Strver, L. 1993. Biochemistry. Third edition. \.N'. H. Freeman Company, New York, USA. Touw, A. 1976 A taxonomic revision of Thuidium, Pelekium and Rauiella (Muscl: Thuidiaceae) in Africa south of the Sahara. Lndbergia 3 135-195. .108 Townsend, C. C. 1984. A sall collection of mosses from Jebel Marra, Sdan Vail, J. R. 1972. Jebel Marra, a don-nant volcano in Darfur Provincq,,. Noitern' Sudan. Bulletin Volcanologique. Tome XXXVI-I: 251-265. Van Der Wijk, R., W. D. Margadand and V. A. Florschutz. 1969. Index Musconji-n. Vol. V (T- Z, Appendix). International Association for plant taxonorriv. Netherlands. Wickens. G. E. 1976. The flora of Jebel Marra (Sudan Republic) and its gaphical affinities. Kem; Bulletin Additional series. 5 1368 109