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IFLA JOURNAL

Official Journal of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions Volume 32 (2006) No. 2, pp. 89–167. ISSN 0340-0352 SAGE Publications

CONTENTS

Editorial: East is East Stephen Parker ...... 91 Libraries in Korea: a general overview Hee-Yoon Yoon, Duk-Hyun Chang and Young-seok Kim ...... 93 Scholarly Communication in East and Southeast Asia: traditions and challenges Jingfeng Xia ...... 104 The Vigorous Advancement of Libraries in China The Library Society of China ...... 113 Changes in University and Public Libraries in Japan Kimio Hosono ...... 119 The Library and Information Economy in Turkmenistan John V. Richardson Jr...... 131 Sustainable Digital Library Development for Scientific Communities in China Zhang Xiaolin ...... 140 Between East and West: libraries of the Russian Far East Irina V. Filatkina ...... 147 NEWS (with separate Table of Contents) ...... 153 INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR ...... 161 SOMMAIRES 162 — ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN 163 — RESÚMENES 164 — Ρефераты статей 165 ...... 162 Notes for Contributors ...... 167

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EDITORIAL East is East

Stephen Parker countries, each of which has its own character­ istics of scholarly communication. In keeping with a recently-established tradition, this issue of IFLA Journal contains, not only a China is the focus of the next paper, ‘The keynote paper on the host country for this year’s Vigorous Advancement of Libraries in China’, World Library and Information Congress prepared by The Library Society of China, which (WLIC), the Republic of Korea, but also a outlines the development of libraries in the number of other papers on the library and infor­ country, including the National Library, uni­ mation situation in other countries of East, versity libraries, public libraries, specialized Southeast and Central Asia. libraries and other types of library, as well as the work of the Library Society of China itself. In the keynote paper, ‘Libraries in Korea: a general overview’, Hee-Yoon Yoon, Duk-Hyun Chang and Young-seok Kim provide a detailed From China we move to Japan and a review of and well-illustrated account of the current situ­ ‘Changes in University and Public Libraries in ation of libraries in this year’s WLIC host Japan’ by Professor Kimio Hosono of the School country, including the National Library of of Library and Information Science at Keio Uni­ Korea, the National Assembly Library, the versity. This paper describes the factors and Supreme Court Library, public, academic, school institutions influencing university and public and special libraries. The authors conclude with libraries in Japan, their organizational structure the observation that “Korea is a country blessed and basic characteristics and the role and activi­ with an exceptionally rich documentary ties of national level institutions, including the heritage” and that “The People of Korea and its National Institute of Informatics (NII), the government are keenly aware of the strategic National Diet Library, and the Japan Library role of libraries and information centers in a Association. University libraries face problems knowledge-driven society and have been actively related to budget cuts, journal price increases, investing in them”. While the development of insufficient shelf capacity, collection develop­ Korea’s 12,000 or so libraries has been greatly ment, interlibrary lending and staff expertise, helped by its leading position in information while public libraries face problems related to technology and the growth of its economy and the merger of local governments, the outsourc­ financial resources, in terms of the number of ing of local government management, budget public libraries for local neighborhoods and the cuts and poor staff qualifications. Despite these size of their holdings, Korea compares rather problems, public libraries are introducing new poorly to other OECD member countries. business information and consumer health infor­ However, efforts to fill this gap are already under mation services as well as IC tag systems. way, and “Informatization, balanced develop­ ment, reading promotion, legal and regulatory From East Asia to Central Asia; in his paper, changes and institutional mechanisms are the ‘The Library and Information Economy in Turk­ key components of these efforts.” menistan’ Professor John V. Richardson Jr. of the University of California at Los Angeles presents Korea is also one of the countries covered by the a report, based on a recent visit funded by the next paper, ‘Scholarly Communication in East US Department of State, on the situation of and Southeast Asia: traditions and challenges’, national, university, and school libraries situ­ by Jingfeng Xia of Rutgers University in the ation in Turkmenistan. The paper covers the United States. The paper outlines the tradition of social, political, economic, and technological scholarly communication in China, Japan, constraints in the development of Turk- Korea, and Myanmar and compares their history menistan’s information economy and includes and the current conditions of research and pub­ details of the 2000 national information policy lication practices. It highlights the challenges law and the off-the-cuff Presidential remarks of presented by advances in information and com­ April 2005 to the effect that “No one goes to munication technologies and evaluates various libraries and reads books anyway; accordingly, solutions implemented or proposed by these four they must close”. The paper concludes with a

Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 32(2): 91–92. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206066404 91 01_editorial_066404 (jk-t) 10/5/06 8:23 am Page 92

Editorial

number of recommendations for improving the of the library network in the Far East Federal state of affairs. District (FEFD) of the Russian Federation and describes the Far Eastern State Research Library We return to China for the next paper, ‘Sustain­ (FESRL), the largest library in the region with a able Digital Library Development for Scientific collection of about 3 million items. The Library’s Communities in China’, by Zhang Xiaolin, OPAC contains 500,000 bibliographic records Director of the Library of Chinese Academy of and registers around 45,000 visits by readers Sciences (LCAS) and the Chinese Science every year. The FESRL is actively involved in Digital Library. This paper analyses the digital library education and training and interlibrary library services available to China’s scientific cooperation, and has an active publications pro­ communities, explores the challenges toward gramme as well as playing an important role as sustainable digital libraries, presents a develop­ an educational, cultural and enlightenment ment strategy for digital libraries using Chinese centre for the region. Academy of Sciences as an example, and provides a layered design framework for a digital We hope that this extensive overview of the library in an e-science environment. library and information scene in East, Southeast and Central Asia will encourage readers to join The final paper in this special Asian issue takes us in Seoul in August for this year’s WLIC, or, us to the Far Eastern region of the Russian Fed­ failing that, at least give those who cannot go to eration. In her paper, ‘Between East and West: Seoul some idea of developments in our field in Libraries of the Russian Far East’, Irina V. Filatk­ this varied region, where libraries really are ina Director of the Far Eastern State Research ‘dynamic engines for the knowledge and infor­ Library in Khabarovsk, provides a brief outline mation society’.

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Libraries in Korea: a general overview

Hee-Yoon Yoon, Duk-Hyun Abstract Chang and Young-seok Kim Describes the current situation of libraries in the Republic of Korea, including the National Library of Korea, the National Assembly Library, the Supreme Court Library, public, academic, school and special libraries. Informatization, balanced development, reading promotion, legal and regulatory changes and institutional mechanisms are key components of efforts to continue library development in Korea. Keywords: Libraries; Republic of Korea

Introduction

Korea, located in Northeast Asia, faces the Japanese Archipelago to the east across the Korea Strait and China to the west across the Yellow Sea, bordering Manchuria and Siberia to the north across the Dumangang and Apnokgang Rivers (see Figure 1).

The Korean Peninsula, 222,154 km2 in total area including islands, is roughly the same size as Great Britain (241,752 km2). South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, occupies the southern half, corresponding to an approximate 45 percent of the peninsula. About 70 percent of its total 99,392 km2 area is moun­ tainous. The climate is moderate and the four seasons are distinct.

A country at a remote tip of East Asia, Korea was little known to the outside world prior to the 20th century. Even up until the early 20th century, Korea, for the greater part of the world, was scarcely more than “the Land of Morning Calm,” a poetic appel­ lation given by Rabindranath Tagore, the famous Bengali philoso­ pher. This isolation became definitively a thing of the past after

Figure 1. Korea and its neighbors.

About the authors: page 102 Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 32(2): 93–103. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206066405 93 02_yoon_066405 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:21 pm Page 94

Hee-Yoon Yoon, Duk-Hyun Chang and Young-seok Kim

the 1988 Olympics were hosted in Seoul. Subse­ mation. Its role is to build a collection of the quently, in 2002, the FIFA (The Fédération cultural and intellectual heritage of Korea, and International de Football) World Cup, held in preserve the accumulated knowledge and Korea and Japan, provided the world with an wisdom of the nation for future generations. opportunity to rediscover Korea as an emerging Compiling and distributing national bibliogra­ economic power and an information technology phies is an integral part of this activity. In its powerhouse. In 1996, it became the 19th capacity as the nation’s largest and most promi­ member to join the Organisation for Economic nent library, the NLK also has the mission to Co-operation and Development (OECD). Korea seek to increase Korea’s knowledge assets and maintains diplomatic relationships with 186 information capabilities through exchange with countries. According to the National Statistics foreign libraries and archives. Office (NSO) Social Indicators, as of July 2005, Korea’s population amounts to 48,290,000, and Since August 2000, the National Library of the average life expectancy is 77.5 years (73.9 Korea has stored its collection of rare and old years for men, 80.8 years for women). Korea’s books and manuscripts, some of which are GDP at the end of 2004 stood at USD 680 national treasures, in the Deposit Building, billion, ranking 8th among OECD member which was built for the systematic and scientific economies. With a high education enrollment preservation of national collections and has rate estimated at 71.1 percent, and advancement many state-of-the-art facilities like air controls, rate to higher education at as much as 82.1 special wooden panels in the Rare Books Stacks, percent (end of 2005), Korea is ahead of most ultra-violet blocking fluorescent lights and so on. developed countries in educational attainment. High educational investment and attainment To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of have significantly assisted Korea in achieving the the nation’s library policies, responsibility for economic growth and social progress realized formulating library policy was transferred from over the past decades. Developing quality the Ministry of Culture and Tourism to the manpower is also a high priority for the Korean National Library of Korea at the end of 2004. government, an active investor in human capital. The library has a staff of 228, and is used by Korea, one of the largest economies in the world, close to 1,340,000 people annually. In 2004, its located at one of its geopolitical centers, with an collection reached 5 million items. With a educational attainment level among the highest nationwide library and archive database and a globally, will have this year the honor of hosting computerized catalog of its holdings, it has in the IFLA World Library and Information place a full-featured e-library system covering Congress (WLIC) 2006 in its capital city, Seoul. most essential processes and services. The WLIC will have this year as its theme ‘Libraries: Dynamic Engines for the Knowledge Marking the 60th anniversary of its founding on and Information Society’. The choice of the host 15 October 2005, the library announced ‘The city could not have been more opportune or National Library of Korea 2010’, a set of strat­ appropriate, given how this year’s theme is about egies and future plans for becoming a world the need for libraries to reinvent themselves as knowledge and information centers adapted to today’s knowledge society and serving its demand for knowledge creation. This paper is intended as a presentation of general infor­ mation about libraries in Korea, this year’s host country for the WLIC, for the benefit of researchers, library practitioners and infor­ mation professionals worldwide, and will discuss their types, characteristics and functions.

The National Library of Korea

The National Library of Korea (NLK), founded in 1945, is Korea’s foremost repository of books, documents and other forms of recorded infor­ Figure 2. The National Library of Korea.

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library. The plan laid out the roadmap toward has equipped the library with a full-text database four goals: with close to 71 million full-text images (equiv­ alent to 600,000 volumes of books), a size so far 1. Pride and repository of Korean knowledge unprecedented in Korea. The database, accessed heritage by as many as 706 universities, public insti­ 2. Distribution and provision center of national tutions and research institutes nationwide, has knowledge and information resources transformed it into a full-fledged national digital 3. Library policy and research hub library. 4. Global portal and gateway for library and information centers The National Assembly Library’s plans for coming years include harnessing ubiquitous The NLK is currently at work on a project to technologies for improvement of its programs, build an information-age library, tentatively processes and system capabilities to better fulfill named ‘the National Digital Library’, to open its role as the information gateway, connecting sometime during 2008. Meanwhile, it expects citizens and the legislative branch, on the one the new National Library for Children and hand, and the legislative branch and the execu­ Young Adults, scheduled to open in June 2006, tive body, on the other. to serve as a central institute among public libraries which offer services to children and young adults. The Supreme Court Library

The Supreme Court Library of Korea, as a The National Assembly Library library serving the judicial branch, is located within the Supreme Court, the highest judicial The National Assembly Library was established body in Korea. The library was formally estab­ in 1952 during the Korean War. Serving the lished in 1989. With a dedicated 75-strong staff, National Assembly as its primary source of infor­ the library has recently given itself the means to mation and supporting its legislative activities, better meet information needs in legal fields the library has made major contributions to the through a project to build an integrated infor­ promotion of democracy in Korea over the mation system. Based on cross-linked databases years. This library, with a collection of 2,450,000 of precedents from 1996 to the present, legal volumes, has a staff of 275 as of the end of 2005, literature and information, the system has and is visited by 500,000 users annually. brought about a major improvement in infor­ mation accessibility and usability. More recently, Its most important function is gathering, organ­ the completion of an inter-court library network izing and analyzing information, of both has enabled the Supreme Court Library to domestic and foreign origin, needed by the provide guidance to lower court libraries in a legislative body. In its role as a national library, more efficient manner and serve a broader it also carries out activities like compiling bibli­ public with their information needs. ographies of dissertations and theses, and of periodicals, to facilitate public access to infor­ mation. A digital library project begun in 1998

Figure 3. The National Assembly Library. Figure 4. The Supreme Court Library. 95 02_yoon_066405 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:21 pm Page 96

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Public Libraries and 0.79 volumes per capita. Average staff size (full-time employees only) is 12. An estimated 2,000 librarians serve in public libraries, corre­ One of the sources of lingering admiration about sponding to 4.1 per library and 38 percent of the Korea’s economic progress is the speed at which total library workforce. Annual operating costs such a metamorphosis was achieved. The public amount to KRW 710 million (USD 887,500) on library service sector in Korea has been no average, 12 percent of which (KRW 91 million; exception to this rule. Over the past 40 years, the USD 113,750) is accounted for by acquisition of sector grew 27-fold with the quality of service library materials. undergoing a commensurate enhancement. The number of librarians in public libraries across the country has massively surged over a relatively Modern public library services began in Korea in short period, and public library collections have the early 1900s. The Japanese occupation which continuously increased. In recent years, their shortly followed, succeeded by the United States operations and services were overhauled, equip­ military government and the Korean War, put ping them with a digital library system and the development of public libraries on hold until enabling them to provide library services via the the end of the 1950s. In 1963, the Libraries Act, Internet. Public libraries in Korea are generally Korea’s first library law, was enacted. The 1970s rather large in size, but do not have many branch and 1980s, two decades of accelerated economic libraries. As can be seen in Table 1, at the end of growth, saw scores of new public libraries spring 2004, the number of public libraries in Korea up across the country. In 1990, a Division of was at 487 (including 39 branch libraries). Of Libraries and Museums was created within the these, 250 were owned and operated by local Ministry of Culture (the present-day Ministry of governments, 223 by local educational authori­ Culture and Tourism). Following the introduc­ ties and 14 by individuals or private organiz­ tion of a local self-government system in 1995, ations. All public libraries in Korea are members Korea’s public libraries enjoyed a period of rapid of a nationwide cooperative network, as growth. The first half of the 2000s witnessed a required by the Libraries and Reading notable progress in library informatization and Promotion Act. With the National Library of substantial improvements in children’s service. Korea at its center, the network comprises 35 headquarters libraries at 16 metropolitan cities The informatization process kicked in signifi­ and provinces, and 436 local libraries and cantly later in public libraries than in university branch libraries. or special libraries. The distribution of the Korean Library Automation System (KOLAS) The aggregate holdings amount to 38,400,000 by the National Library of Korea in the early books, representing 78,000 volumes per library 1990s marked the beginning of the automation

Year Public libraries Academic libraries School libraries Special libraries 1995 304 385 7,656 438 1996 319 388 8,140 443 1997 330 399 8,140 491 1998 370 408 8,716 542 1999 400 416 8,060 591 2000 420 420 7,918 578 2001 437 436 8,426 572 2002 462 438 9,080 562 2003 471 435 9,649 548

2004 487 438 10,297 570

Table 1. Number of libraries in Korea, 1995–2004.

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mation technologies and improve the quality of services. • Fifth, enhance children’s services in public libraries by linking children’s libraries with the National Library for Children and Youth, scheduled to open in 2006.

Academic Libraries

A deep respect for learning and scholarship has been a defining characteristic of Korean culture throughout its history. The history of universities Figure 5. Seoksu Public Library. in Korea goes back to the Goguryeo Period. ‘Taehak’, the oldest documented state-operated process for public libraries, and heralded an educational institution dating back to 372 BC, extensive transformation of classification appears to have provided instruction to children processes in particular. By the end of 2005, and young adults of ruling-class families. automation was completed at nearly all public ‘Taehak’ is believed to have owned a collection libraries across the country, now equipped with of materials necessary for learning and a fully integrated system. Under an e-library education, fulfilling the basic functions of project by the central government launched in today’s university libraries, although no evidence 1996, all public libraries nationwide became has survived to support this conjecture. linked to the National Library of Korea through broadband network connections. By the early The earliest known reference to a library 2000s, a great majority of public libraries with concerns ‘Jongyeongak’, established within automation systems had also readied a digital Sungkyunkwan, the Joseon-dynasty royal library environment. Some of them even inte­ academy. Sungkyunkwan, founded in 1398 (7th grated advanced technologies like RFID into year of King Taejo’s rule), was a higher their services, while e-books and e-journals, education institution that produced Confucian provided over the Internet, became basic scholars and members of Joseon’s political and services for most of them. In some instances, cultural elite. Jongyeongak, created in 1475, users are enabled to search through the library’s maintained a collection of books and manu­ databases using their cell phones, with quite a scripts for consultation by educators and few libraries also providing Short Message scholars and provided patron services. Its collec­ Service (SMS) to their patrons. tion was populated by complimentary copies donated by the government publisher and acqui­ In 2002, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism sitions made through government procurement. unveiled its ‘Library Development Roadmap’, a The collection is currently located in policy blueprint for the development of public Sungkyunkwan University’s Seoul campus. library service in Korea in upcoming years. The essential content of this plan is as follows: Modern university education was introduced in Korea toward the late 19th century. Yonhi • First, increase the number of public libraries College (1885, present-day Yonsei University) from 471 (as of 2003) to 750 by the year 2011. and Ewha College (1886, present-day Ewha • Second, establish small branch libraries Women’s University), both private schools linked to the regional central library in founded by American missionaries, were the densely-populated areas or highly-frequented oldest higher educational institutions in Korea. locations such as residential neighborhoods, In the aftermath of the Japanese occupation in shopping malls, apartment complexes and 1945, a host of new universities cropped up. By areas near the subway, to enhance accessi­ 1948, the year of the constitution of the Republic bility. of Korea, the country counted 42 total • Third, enact a new library law in 2006, universities; the list has continuously expanded through a wholesale overhaul of the current since then. Libraries and Reading Promotion Act. • Fourth, introduce a greater variety of digital The Framework Act on Education, governing library services based on the latest infor­ higher education in Korea, provides for two 97 02_yoon_066405 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:21 pm Page 98

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types of undergraduate college: 4-year colleges to enhance their capabilities in collecting and and 2-year colleges (junior colleges). Four-year providing academic and research information colleges may in turn be national or municipal the better to fulfill their roles as the foremost colleges (colleges of education, industrial repositories of knowledge and the prime colleges and polytechnic colleges) or private supporters of educational and research activities colleges. Two-year colleges may be distinguished in the higher education field. Also, automation likewise. There exist other accredited insti­ has quickly become a norm among university tutions offering college equivalent curricula. libraries. For the time being, the challenge faced by them is to ensure a successful transition from As of the end of 2004, the total number of traditional print-based resources to digital universities and colleges in Korea was 438, formats by updating their methods for collecting, comprising 61 national and municipal managing, organizing and preserving infor­ universities and colleges, 200 private universities mation resources and by more fully integrating and colleges and 157 junior colleges offering two information technology in their service opera­ to three-year programs (see Table 1). Fourteen of tions. One of the most notable changes in these institutions, including the Seoul National Korea’s university libraries concerns the compo­ University, Yonsei University, the Korea sition of the collections. The dwindling import­ University, Ewha Women’s University, Pusan ance of humanities and social sciences in higher National University and Kyungpook National education in favor of scientific and technological University, own libraries with collections of 1 fields has led to a diminishing share of printed million volumes or more. The Seoul National books, eroded by academic journals, online University Library has the largest collection, databases and multimedia materials. including close to 2,500,000 volumes, main­ tained by a staff of 107 (76 librarians). The next This change, coupled with the progress in largest collection is 1,600,000 volumes at Kyung­ society-wide informatization, is also driving up pook National University in Daegu. the demand for online database retrieval via the Internet. Offering e-learning and lifelong Among private schools, the Korea University education, both in and outside the campus, is boasts the largest collection (1,700,000), closely soon to become a standard. Some universities trailed by Yonsei University (1,600,000). In spite with mobile campuses, for instance, are known of the rather large sizes of holdings among to be preparing downloadable e-books for cell university libraries in the top tier, the average phones or PDAs in the context of Wireless number of volumes per library amounts to a Digital Library (WDL) service. Quite a few mere 216,000, and the average number of staff universities have already introduced RFID to 8.7, indicating that university libraries in (Radio Frequency Identification) to manage Korea are overall both undersized and under­ their academic and student affairs data. All this staffed. points to the need for continued efforts to develop services adapted to learning in an Meanwhile, in recent years, many Korean increasingly ubiquitous network environment. university libraries have been launching efforts

Figure 7. Central Library, Ewha Women’s Uni- Figure 6. Central Library, the Korea University. versity.

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The environmental change is not the only chal­ into consortia for academic resource sharing lenge universities in Korea are lately confronted with peers in Japan, China and Russia. with. A wave of restructuring and reengineering in campuses across the country has undermined Rare book collections, incunabula and manu­ the status of libraries in these institutions. scripts make up an area which has been rela­ Libraries have not come away unscathed from tively neglected by Korea’s university libraries in mounting pressures towards downsizing and their collection development efforts; a rather reengineering in deficit-ridden universities. surprising detail in a country with thousands of Even in the cases of libraries that are compara­ years of history. In more recent times, however, tively less severely affected by this phenomenon, this oversight has been actively addressed many of them are subjected to a variety of through projects to digitize catalogs and create streamlining measures, including reorganization full-text images of ancient documents and manu­ of jobs and processes, introduction of project­ scripts, coinciding with a keen interest among or task-based teams and consolidation of units libraries in building a national-level academic and sections. It is not infrequent to see some information sharing system. The diffusion of the libraries merged with computer centers. An dCollection Project, an academic information increasing number of jobs are outsourced as distribution system for gray literature like statis­ well. Renaming university libraries – done by tics and survey data, numerical data, disser­ several private schools – ‘Academic Information tations and theses proceedings and papers Center’, for instance, is highly indicative of this presented in academic conferences, carried out trend. by KERIS (Korea Education and Research Information Service), is a good example of Korea’s university libraries rely heavily on progress made in this direction. foreign materials for information resources. The severe disparity between schools in Seoul and surrounding areas and their counterparts else­ School Libraries where in the country, and between universities and junior colleges, has been another problem Schooling in elementary and secondary hindering the balanced development of education in Korea is organized into 6 years of university libraries. These libraries further have elementary school, 3 years of lower secondary to cope with an ever-diminishing budget, amid school (mandatory curriculum) and 3 years of ever-rising prices. One solution which may be a higher secondary school (with optional curricu­ remedy to all of these problems is creating a lum). Elementary and secondary schools are consortium for academic resource sharing such distinguished into public schools run by local as the Center for Research Libraries. Duplicate educational authorities, national schools run by materials of lesser importance will have to be the central government and private schools. As discarded or relegated for the sake of the of the end of 2004, there are a total of 10,650 creation of a national-level repository of knowl­ schools in Korea, including 5,541 elementary edge resources. schools, 2,888 middle schools and 2,221 high schools. To effectively support research activities, university libraries must increase the number of The Libraries and Reading Promotion Act of national licenses on overseas electronic 1994 regulates all libraries in Korea and their resources and open a center for online access duties and functions. Article 2–6 of this Act and consultation of foreign academic journals. stipulates, “the role of school libraries in elemen­ Joint subscriptions with other libraries can help tary and secondary schools, and institutions reduce the cost, and inter-library loans are a equivalent thereto, is to support teaching and great means to tap into larger pools of resources. learning activities taking place within respective As a matter of fact, a growing number of organizations”. The same Act also makes it university libraries are entering into cooperation mandatory for all schools to have a school arrangements with their peers. Under these library. There are 10,297 school libraries (see arrangements, they share both the library infra­ Table 1) in operation in Korea as of the end of structure and the collection, making them avail­ 2004. More than 90 percent of all Korean able to patrons of member institutions. Sharing schools are provided with a library, which breaks agreements are becoming especially frequent down by grade level to 86.2 percent for elemen­ concerning academic journals. Many Korean tary schools, 91.8 percent for lower secondary universities have already entered or are entering schools and 99.9 percent for higher secondary

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schools. The average size of holdings per library library information system operated at the level stands at 5,169 books for elementary schools, of local educational authorities. By the end of 4,557 books for lower secondary schools, and 2004, 5,504 school libraries within 15 regional 5,987 books for higher secondary schools, equiv­ school districts in Korea were equipped with alent to 7.4 books per pupil. DLS, corresponding to 57 percent of 9,649 schools with a library. Although the history of modern school libraries in Korea is relatively short, starting in the 1950s, In Korea of late, demand for a wider variety of it has undergone rapid progress. Various library- instructional and learning materials has been related training programs provided the needed surging, as a consequence of dramatic changes in numbers of librarians, and school libraries learning methods and environments, brought quickly emerged as the centerpiece to learning in about among others by the introduction of the the perception of educators and educational new national educational curriculum. Students administrators both inside and outside the are increasingly proficient at using school school walls, spurring their growth and develop­ libraries, turning them into effective learning ment. Interest in school libraries, once into the resources for themselves. In 2002, the Ministry 1960s, grew into a national movement, tremen­ of Education and Human Resources Develop­ dously benefiting their cause. The 1970s and ment responded to the evolving education 1980s, however, were a period of stagnation for environment by issuing another plan, this time school libraries, which bore the brunt of an baptized ‘The Roadmap to the Improvement of unstable education system. The 1990s had a School Libraries’, aiming at redesigning libraries more upbeat period in store. The ‘Real in a manner conducive to self-directed explo­ Education Movement’ by teachers’ unions and rative learning. Included in it was a plan to the ‘Giving Our Children Libraries They Deserve provide a library to all Korean schools over a Movement’ by citizens’ organizations signaled a period between 2003 and 2007, setting aside positive turning point, and major changes like KRW 60 billion (USD 75 million) of the national national-level efforts to improve teaching and education budget for this purpose. Its four key learning methods and the university/college missions are: entrance examination reform followed, reignit­ ing interest in school libraries. 1. expanding basic infrastructure for school libraries and their collections The Master Plan for Library Informatization of 2. beefing up programs for broadening their use March 2000 by the Ministry of Education and by students Human Resources Development provides a 3. task and area-specific allocation of mana­ good measure of the vested interest Korean gerial manpower society had in school libraries. In accordance 4. building a public/private-sector cooperation with this plan, in 2001, an application hosting system to support school libraries. system (AHS)-based digital library system (DLS) was developed. Digital libraries were set up in 96 Meanwhile, library professionals from both schools in two regions, and a pilot DLS was inside and outside school walls joined hands in launched. The DLS is a standardized school an effort to pass a new law regulating specifically the roles and functions of school libraries.

Special Libraries

The earliest Korean prototype of a modern special library, according to a widely held view, is the railway library opened in 1920 by the Southern Manchuria Railway Company. No other libraries worthy of this name appeared in Korea thereafter until 1953. As the signing of the cease-fire agreement in July of 1953 brought the Korean War to an end, government started to Figure 8. Sinsung High School Dong-Chun invest in education, science and technology as Library. part of its postwar economic recovery efforts.

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Scores of research institutes were created along mation Center (284,867 volumes), the Academy with libraries to support research activities. of Korean Studies (422,194 volumes), the Bank of Korea Library, and the Korea Institute of In 1959, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Science and Technology Information (KISTI). Institute was established, and in 1962, the Korean Scientific and Technological Infor­ With the average size of holdings per library at mation Center (KORSTIC) opened, with help 23,000 volumes, special libraries, owing to their from UNESCO, offering Korea’s first public special characteristics, hold quite a large collec­ information service. Once into the 1970s, with tion of non-book materials, estimated at about the creation of the Science Complex in Seoul, a 12,210,000 volumes in aggregate size. Two thirds series of new special libraries were introduced to of all special libraries (391) are concentrated in serve research institutions operating out of it. Seoul and its immediately surrounding areas, which, combined with Daedeok Science Valley In the 1980s, economic growth further spawned in Daejeon, are home to as much as 77.5 percent a host of new special libraries. With corporate (442) of them. research centers adding on to the expanding list of research facilities, the number of special The level of informatization and automation is libraries steadily increased in Korea. These very high among these libraries, which are most libraries, whose chief function is providing infor­ often research libraries for technology-intensive mation services to researchers, are specialized in sectors. Digitization of information resources is wide-ranging fields, from science and technology making rapid progress among them, and online to culture, history and economics. Special service capability is increasing rapidly. With the libraries in Korea generally cooperate closely gradual decline in acquisition of print-based with others in the same or similar fields. The materials in favor of digital content, a pressing Korea Information Resources Sharing Associ­ issue for these libraries is finding efficient solu­ ation, the Science and Technology Information tions for organizing and managing electronic Management Association and the Korean materials, and resource sharing is a concept Medical Library Association are some of the quickly gaining importance among them. The better-known examples of special library associ­ trend among Korea’s special libraries is therefore ations in Korea, that are research information unambiguously toward being digital. sharing platforms for librarians. Profound changes are occurring also to the role According to the 2005 Yearbook of Korean of librarians. Their duties now extend beyond Libraries, the number of special libraries in the traditional boundaries, to include comput­ Korea climbed from a mere 360 in 1990 to 570 ing, knowledge management, records manage­ by the end of 2004 (see Table 1), bringing the ment, public relations and training and number of employees on their payrolls to 2,317 education, as required by the increasingly multi­ (1,015 librarians). Of these, 14 own a collection task environment. This is one reason why job of 100,000 volumes or more, including the skills training and workshops account for an Ministry of Unification North Korean Infor­ important agenda of the programs of special

Figure 9. The Academy of Korean Studies Library. Figure 10. KISTI, Daejeon, Korea.

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Hee-Yoon Yoon, Duk-Hyun Chang and Young-seok Kim

library associations in recent times. At the same this gap are already under way. Informatization, time, subject specialization of librarians is grow­ balanced development, reading promotion, legal ingly perceived as an urgent requirement for the and regulatory changes and institutional mech­ sector. The widely shared view is that subject anisms are the key components of these efforts. specialist librarians with expertise in a given subject field will be in a better position to The authors of this paper believe that the WLIC provide patrons with customized services. The 2006 Seoul will be a rare and valuable oppor­ Korean Medical Library Association, for tunity for the Korean people to broaden and instance, created a special committee in 2004, to deepen their understanding of libraries and perform research on a subject specialist librarian information services. Insights gained through system. However, for such a system to success­ this opportunity will help Korean libraries with fully take hold, related rules and procedures their efforts to reach the next level in their need to be documented, and research must be development. Meanwhile, for visiting inter­ conducted also in the areas of human resources national library and information professionals development strategies and educational and experts, this will be a chance for reflection programs in the discipline of library and infor­ and debate on the very important question of mation science. how libraries and information centers can drive and propel the society and economy in the age of information through the Korean example. Conclusion

Korea is a country blessed with an exceptionally Sources rich documentary heritage. This country is home Korea Culture and Tourism Policy Institute (KCTPI). to treasures of world printing history such as Medium and long-term development strategies for Mu-gu-jeong-gwang-dae-da-ra-ni-gyeong (the Korean libraries. Seoul: KCTPI, 2002. Pure Light Dharani Sutra) the world’s oldest Korean Library Association. Yearbook of Korean surviving example of woodblock printing, and libraries. Seoul: Korean Library Association , 2005. Jik-ji-sim-che-yo-jeol or Jikji, the world’s oldest Ministry of Culture and Tourism. 2004 Cultural Policy White Paper. Seoul: Ministry of Culture and specimen of movable metal type printing. The Tourism, 2004. th Dharani Sutra, dated to the early 8 century, is Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Library development registered as a national treasure. Of the two roadmap: 2003–2011. Seoul: Ministry of Culture and volumes making up Jikji, found inside a pagoda Tourism, 2002. at Heungdeoksa Temple of Cheongju in July Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Master plan for library 1377, only one has survived. The surviving informatization. Seoul: Ministry of Culture and volume, currently held at the Bibliothèque Tourism, 2000. Ministry of Education and Human Resources Develop­ Nationale of France, was registered on the ment. Roadmap to the improvement of school UNESCO World Heritage List in September libraries. Seoul: Ministry of Education and Human 2001. Resources Development, 2002. National Library of Korea. The National Library of The People of Korea and its government are Korea 2010. Seoul: National Library of Korea, 2005. keenly aware of the strategic role of libraries and National Library of Korea. Toward a standardized model information centers in a knowledge-driven for library cooperative networks and activities. Seoul: National Library of Korea, 2001. society and have been actively investing in them. Yoon, Hee-yoon. Latest library policy trends and their Harnessing its leading information technologies implications. National Assembly Library Newsletter, and helped by the growing size of its economy Vol. 34, No. 4 (Jan 2004), pp. 16–30. and financial resources, Korea has stepped up Yoon, Hee-yoon. The spectrum of Korean library and initiatives toward the advancement and growth information policies and their tendencies. Journal of of libraries especially since 2000. As of the end the Korea Library and Information Science Society, of 2004, Korea counts a total of 11,792 libraries Vol. 33, No. 3 (Sep 2002), pp. 41–60. (487 public libraries, 438 university libraries, 10,297 school libraries and 570 special libraries) About the Authors under its two national-level libraries (the National Library of Korea and the National Hee-Yoon Yoon is Professor at the Department of Assembly Library). In terms of the number of Library and Information Science at Daegu University, public libraries for local neighborhoods and the Daegu, Korea. He obtained a bachelor of library size of holdings, Korea compares rather poorly science and a master of library science degree from to other OECD member countries. Efforts to fill Kyungpook National University. He earned his PhD

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in library and information science from Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, South Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. He may be Korea. E-mail: [email protected]. contacted at Department of Library & Information Science, Daegu University, Daegu 712–714, South Young-seok Kim obtained BA and MA degrees in Korea. E-mail: [email protected]. Library and Information Science in Korea. He gained a PhD degree in librarianship at the Department of Duk-Hyun Chang is an assistant professor at the Information Studies in the University of Sheffield, UK Department of Library, Archive and Information in July 2004. He worked in the Constitutional Studies at Pusan National University, Busan, South Court Library in Korea. He also worked in Sheffield Korea. He obtained a bachelor of library science and University Library from August 1995 to August 1998 a master of library science degree from Pusan as a Korean Studies Librarian and from January National University. He earned his PhD in library and 1999 to July 2004 as a Korean Cataloguer. Now, he information science in May 2000 from the University is Assistant Professor at the Department of Library of Texas at Austin. He has been teaching at Pusan and Information Science in Myongji University in National University since March 2001. His research Seoul, Korea. His interests include: a Friends of the and teaching interests include Collection Develop- Library, library marketing, and public library ment/Information Resources Management, Social services and operation. He may be contacted at Informatics, Historical and Theoretical Development the Department of Library and Information of library and information science discipline, and Scinece, Myongji University, 50–3 Namgajwa-dong, Research Methods. He may be contacted at Depart­ Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–728, Korea. E-mail: ment of Library, Archive & Information Studies, [email protected].

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Scholarly Communication in East and Southeast Asia: traditions and challenges

Jingfeng Xia Abstract Outlines the tradition of scholarly communication in four East and Southeast Asian countries. Compares the similarities and differences in history and current conditions of research and publication practices in China, Japan, Korea, and Myanmar. Highlights challenges brought up by the advances of information and communication technologies. By analyzing existing imbalances in the development, the paper evaluates various solutions implemented or proposed by these countries. It discovers that each country has its own characteristics of scholarly communication, making the world diverse and colorful. Keywords: Scholarly communication; China; Japan; Korea; Myanmar

Introduction

Jingfeng Xia is a Reference/ ‘Scholarly communication’ is a term that defines a process of Instruction Librarian (Social knowledge delivery practiced by members of the academic Sciences) at Rutgers University. community. A vital part of this process is the broadest possible Previously, he worked at the sharing of academic publications among scholars and students. University of Florida and several According to the American Library Association (ALA), scholarly museums. He received his PhD communication is and MLS degrees from the University of Arizona. His current the system through which research and other scholarly research interests include writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to applying geographic information the scholarly community, and preserved for future use.1 systems technologies to library management and scholarly Although scholarly communication is a new concept, its practice communication, particularly has a long history. Because of the dissimilarities of political and digital repositories. He can be economic situations in different countries and regions across the reached at: Dana Library, Rutgers world, scholarly communication has developed into diverse University, 185 University Avenue, systems. The uniqueness of cultural practices in individual Newark, NJ 07102, USA. E-mail: countries also plays an important role in the shaping of the [email protected] systems.

With rich histories and vast cultural heritages, many countries in East and Southeast Asia have their own scholarly communication traditions distinct from other countries. Such traditions may differ in the way knowledge is accumulated, evaluated, and conveyed. For example, peer review may not be the only standard in the evaluation of scholarly research. Alternatives may exist and be proven to work effectively and efficiently in the academic field in some countries.

However, as part of the international community in the infor­ mation era, East and Southeast Asian countries share many common characteristics in scholarly communication with the rest of the world. Knowledge exchange is no longer undertaken within the limits of country boundaries. Rather, communication at the international level is facilitated by the advances in modern tech­ nologies. Similarly, all of these countries now face the same chal­ lenge as countries outside the region: an increasing reliance on information and communication technology (ICT).

Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 32(2): 104–112. 104 ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206066407 03_xia_066407 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:23 pm Page 105

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Undeniably, the development of ICT has dramat­ the West. Journals, books, and newspapers ically altered the landscape of scholarly became the major vehicles for exchanging communication in recent years. Now, not only scholarly ideas, results, and activities. Western print publications serve as vehicles to convey publishing systems were integrated into this information, but electronic resources have also region. Nonetheless, the localization of the become increasingly popular in preserving and systems created a great deal of diversity in delivering research ideas and results. However, scholarly communication. because ICT infrastructure has been developed unevenly among countries and regions, the elec­ China tronic revolution has brought varied results to scholarly communication in different areas. A In China, peer review is a standard model in the digital divide has unfortunately limited the capa­ evaluation of research publications. This is in bility of some scholars and students to distribute conjunction with editorial review that is mainly and access research information across country for non-research related papers such as reports boundaries. and research news.5 Publications are primarily in the forms of books, periodicals, and research Many East and Southeast Asian countries have reports. Research journals are based on either already made great efforts to boost their ICT disciplines or institutions and books are enterprises as the necessary step to improve published by over 560 publishing houses and their own scholarly communication. Inter­ university presses.6 national efforts to narrow the gap between developed and developing countries in access to By 2001, there were as many as 8,725 periodicals and use of ICT may also be observed.2 A nation- in China, with a total impression of 2.9 billion to-nation comparison will help demonstrate the copies, and 6.35 billion books nationwide. It is accomplishments and the trends of such interesting to compare these figures to the statis­ developments in this region. tics of 1949: 257 periodicals, with a total impression of 20 million copies.

Traditions Recently, China has experienced remarkable economic reform. For a period of more than 20 There are many countries in East and Southeast years, its economy has grown at a double-digit Asia.3 This article, however, will only concen­ rate annually.7 The increase has brought trate on four of them, namely, China, Korea, economic prosperity to the Chinese people, but Japan, and Myanmar. These countries share on the other hand has produced serious impacts lengthy historical relations with some or all of on scholarly publications. One of the issues is the others. Korea, China and Japan are that publishers are eager to make commercial geographically close; China and Myanmar share profits and disregard the peer review process a common border. They share many similarities, when publication quality and financial earnings as well as some differences, in the practices of conflict. A ‘pay-to-publish’ style has regrettably scholarly communication. lowered the quality of many scholarly publi­ cations. Currently, the ‘pay-to-publish’ model is East Asia has one of the earliest civilizations in limited to book publishing, and journals still give the world. China invented the printing press remuneration to authors rather than charging for about 1,000 years ago and thus had the capabil­ publishing. ity to develop one of the earliest scholarly publishing systems.4 The printing press and Research institutes and universities have set publishing system were soon introduced into harsh rules to put pressure on researchers. The neighboring countries. For a long time, both regulations for researchers to get promoted favor Korea and Japan adopted Chinese publishing as the quantity of publications, whereas their the model to develop their own systems. Even quality is not a big concern. To provide adequate the Chinese language was borrowed in their places for researchers to publish their articles, languages and was used in communication as almost every university in China publishes its the symbol of prestigious education. own journal that solely accommodates the articles of its employees. Some universities even The situation changed dramatically about a publish different versions by discipline. It is esti­ century ago under the strong influence of mated that a total of 1,075 universities and modern publishing and scientific research from colleges are producing more than 2,000

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journals.8 Unfortunately, most of the university million people in Japan, second only to the journals are too broad in scope and too undis­ United States in ranking.11 At the same time, criminating in article selection, making them scientists also prefer to publish articles in academically worthless. English in non-Japanese journals abroad.

Another threat to scholarly communication in Due to the economic recession since 1997, China is disrespect of intellectual property and Japan’s publishing industry has been shrinking copyright by some researchers. The intense nationwide.12 To respond to this unpleasant situ­ competition has pressured some to publish ation, many universities strove to secure their articles and books without making necessary own presses and add more Daigaku Kiyo to research efforts. The ‘pay-to-publish’ practice Japan’s scholarly community.13 Though not makes stealing others’ work possible. There are being able to solve all problems caused by the no official statistics to indicate how widespread economic depression, such efforts have at least such cheating has been in the scholarly helped ease its threats to research activities in community in China. However, several Japan. occasions of cross-publishing by professors at top-ranked universities point to the seriousness Myanmar of the problem. In Myanmar, scholarly publications are scarce. The leading publishers include a handful of Japan government ministries and commissions.14 For Unlike China, Japan has a very different example, the Myanmar Historical Commission tradition of scholarly communication. Peer frequently publishes scholarly material, the review is not the only way of controlling the Ministry of Religious Affairs is relatively prolific quality of scholarly publications. This is especi­ in publishing religious-related materials and ally common in the humanities and social various dictionaries, and the Ministry of Culture sciences, where scholars publish their articles in publishes several titles a year both from the an institutional or association journal with Department of Fine Arts and the Department of which they are affiliated.9 Such a journal is Archaeology. Myanmar is proud of both its normally called Kiyo or Daigaku Kiyo traditional performing arts and ancient civiliz­ (university journal). “It is a means through ation, which the Ministry staunchly protects which affiliated faculty members publish their from outside influence. Most publications in scholarly works.”10 In particular, junior these areas seek to notate music and dance as researchers find a perfect place where their well as document ancient architecture and art. articles can be published. In other words, most scholarly publications are related to very safe topics: history, religion, art, Quality control of publications in Daigaku Kiyo music, archeology, etc.15 is carried out by senior professors in a university, who are familiar with contemporary research Book production amounted to only 227 titles in conditions and future research trends. This Myanmar in 1999. Less than 10 scientific and tradition is the product of a popular trainer- technical journal articles per million people (the apprentice system in Japan within which an total population is about 43 million) appeared in entire program at any university consists of a print. Instead, many Myanmar-based scholars professor and his former students. The system have managed to publish articles abroad. has been utilized for more than 100 years and has helped Japanese articles get recognized Censorship is carried out by the central govern­ internationally. Its extensive use has continued ment in Yangon, Myanmar. However, in the along the lines in which it was designed origi­ periphery of the country there are isolated and nally, although there have been increased thriving publishing industries that operate concerns recently about the quality and usability outside of the central government’s control. of articles in Daigaku Kiyo. Scholars have Many ethnic groups in these areas have formed started to question their acceptance standards. independent cultural and literary commissions to publish alternative histories. Political wings of Outside the domain of the social sciences and opposition groups have also produced publi­ humanities, peer review universally exists. Scien­ cations. This situation reflects a relatively weak tific and technological journal articles have been military and political control over its remote published at a rate of as many as 57,240 per areas by the Myanmar government.

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South Korea Asia are not an exception. Similar to the West, e-books, e-journals, digital libraries, and other In South Korea, censorship of print and media electronic publications have become the new was traditionally controlled by the government. forms of information gathering, storage, and Political liberalization in the 1980s brought a distribution. Technology has played a key role in loosening of press restraints and a rapid growth the transition. The statistics may help highlight of scholarly publication.16 Now, the government the significance of ICT in scholarly communi­ controls only a few publications (for political cation in these countries: purposes). Scholarly journals and books are mostly published by publishing houses and In mainland China, there are 36 electronic research organizations. • publishing units operating with the permission of the Press and Publications Administration, It is interesting that the majority of publishing putting out more than 200 electronic publi­ houses in South Korea are operated by scholars cations in 2002.21 China’s electronic publish­ as well as those who do not have financial ing draws on enormous markets and well pursuits as their primary purpose. Rather, established entrepreneurial skills.22 The publishing is regarded as a way of facilitating Internet-using population in the mainland scholarly communication, or as the vocation of reached 45.8 million in 2002, making China the publishers.17 Although publications are the second largest in the world.23 primarily in the Korean language, English is also Scholarly publication in electronic format is a popular language in print. International • relatively scarce in Japan. The shortage is collaboration is very popular.18 Recently, foreign especially obvious if it is compared to the publishers, especially those from the United advances of ICT infrastructure in the States and European countries, became visible country.24 For example, among its 1,700 in the Korean market and brought tremendous academic societies, only a few have their own competition to local publishing houses.19 web publications. Although some ‘electronic libraries’ have been created to disseminate Figure 1 provides an overview of the numbers of research information in digitized form, such science and technological articles published in attempts are limited to only a few major 2005.20 This visual comparison can help illustrate university libraries.25 the status of current scholarly research in the four Korea has enjoyed a rapid development in countries. It is apparent that, compared to the • scholarly communication in electronic format other three countries, Myanmar’s figure is too low in recent years.26 Universities have played an to be displayed in the chart, and that Japan has important role in the movement. E-databases the most published articles. Yet, this comparison and e-journals are the major types of elec­ does not reflect how scholarly communication tronic publication.27 The Korean government has been structured traditionally in each country. is strongly supportive of higher education and Nor does it tell how the development of ICT has academic research. Since 1996, it has offered influenced scientific research in this region. an extra USD 20–30 million annually “to universities to finance expansion.”28 ICT Challenges The development has unfortunately been uneven across countries and regions. Like any other new In the past decades, the rapid development of technology, ICT has exacerbated the existing ICT has brought a revolution to scholarly divide between the rich and the poor. The communication in the world. East and Southeast disparities in people’s capability to use infor­ mation to their advantage have unfortunately 70,000 60,000 been widened as a result of the progress. Some 50,000 countries have an inadequate development in 40,000 ICT infrastructure so that their scientific activi­ 30,000 ties and publishing have suffered dramatically. In 20,000 10,000 contrast, scholarly communication in other 0 countries has greatly developed due to the Japan China Korea Burma advent of new technologies.29 Figure 1. Comparison of the numbers of science and technology articles among the four Such impacts are visible in several aspects of countries. scientific research in the developing countries.30

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First, information accessibility is severely countries may have to create their own little restricted. The lack of Internet connectivity in impromptu collections of out-of-print scholarly many areas, especially rural areas, limits people’s materials. capability to read the most recent research online. Digital resources are largely unavailable, Within China, regional imbalance in ICT not only because of the low buying power in development is apparent. Communication facili­ many developing countries, but also because of ties are conveniently available in big cities, major the lack of necessary facilities. Even CD-ROM industrial centers, and most maritime provinces. files are in short supply. Figure 2 provides a Remote areas, mostly in the western part of the quick look at the differences in Internet accessi­ country, have difficulty in getting access.32 For bility in these countries. It is apparent that these areas, the ICT revolution in scholarly Myanmar has a significant lower rate of Internet communication is still a dream. use.31 Both the Myanmar and Chinese governments, Secondly, information dissemination has hardly however, have noticed the problems and been possible through the new means of ICT in proposed, or actually worked on, improving this some areas. Scientific activities in some develop­ situation. The central and regional governments ing countries have been isolated from the in China have recently launched a series of infor­ outside world, and research results have been mation digitization initiatives in western China invisible to the exterior. Scholars have found as a way of preserving cultural heritage and themselves unable to join and contribute to the disseminating information in electronic forms. international community. Very few papers According to China’s statistics, by the end of published in developing countries have become 2001 in China, there were altogether 2,689 citation classics or found a place in the list of key public libraries above the county level, of which papers in an emerging research front. 963 were in western China. They held 136.8 million of the around 400 million books in the The isolation has been further observable in entire country. However, in the year 2000, 27.6 essential communications among scholars in percent of the libraries in China did not different areas. Not only has their research been purchase even one new book during the whole unknown to their colleagues in the industrial year; 70 percent of these libraries were located countries, but their personal participation in in western China.33 Recently, the Chinese scholarly activities has also been narrowed. government has been emphasizing the import­ Without an easy way to access e-mail and other ance and urgency of speeding up information types of electronic communication, they have system construction to raise China’s comprehen­ not even been able to accept invitations to be sive competitiveness. The government has on lists of research referees and on advisory started to realize that digital libraries are a key boards. to the construction of the digitized China. Western China is on the priority list. Compared to some developed countries in East Asia like Japan and South Korea, Myanmar has As the initiatives go on, a main communication significantly lagged behind in the construction of network has been established, including the data ICT infrastructure and thus in the new way of network, the optical fiber trunk network, the scholarly communication. Media are notably ATM network, the SHD synchronous digital limited. Scholars visiting Myanmar from other serial network, and the optical fiber linkage network. The wideband networks under construction in some large and medium-sized 80 cities in western China would provide the 70 necessary communication platform to carry out 60 western China’s literature resource digitization. 50 % It is expected that more ICT infrastructures will 40 be created in the disadvantaged areas in the 30

20 future.

10

0 One of the improvements that many of these Japan Korea China Myanmar countries have made is in the construction of e- Figure 2. Internet penetration percentage of dissertation databases. Asian countries have population in the four countries (2005). become active in joining international efforts for

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enhancing a new form of scholarly communi- The publishing of English-language journals is cation.34 For example, the National Library of implemented at the institutional level. Top Korea set up a digital library of PhD disser­ universities may have their own journals in tations in 1997, which now contains more than English such as Tsinghua Science and Tech­ 7,000 dissertations in the humanities for the nology published by Tsinghua University in public to use. China.37 Similarly, professional associations and research institutes have produced many such journals. Figure 3 shows how four major types of Globalization Efforts organizations have made their contributions to the globalization efforts. Globalization is one of the efforts by East and Southeast Asian countries to share research In the overall market, there are several publish­ information with and disseminate scholarship to ing models for English-language journals in the international community. The relaxation of some East Asian countries.38 The major ones political barriers to access and relations between include: colleagues after the Cold War made possible the efforts. A rapid development of ICT in recent • those that are controlled by US or European decades has helped facilitate the sharing of ideas companies in an Asian country and results across national and geographic • those that are managed by local companies, boundaries. The globalization trend in scholarly universities, research institutes, or pro­ communication can be understood at three fessional associations different levels: governmental, institutional, and • those that are co-operated by a local and an individual. overseas company • Kiyo type journals that are designed to be Government has played an important role in vehicles for scholarly exchange with libraries promoting globalization by promulgating and schools abroad. beneficial policies and providing financial spon­ sorship to research activities. An example is the In addition to English-language journals, major ‘Center of Excellence Program’ introduced by scholarly journals published in local languages the Japanese government to support Japan’s also have an English abstract for each article as research institutions in international competi­ a globalization effort to attract international tion. Researchers are encouraged to apply for attention. financial assistance from the program and publish scholarly monographs in English in 35 It is unfortunate that the globalization efforts of order to receive international recognition. these countries have not been very successful in reaching the goal of exchanging scholarly infor­ The Chinese government endorses a campaign mation with the rest of the world. On the one of scholarship internationalization by encourag­ hand, the number of publications in English is ing the publication of English-language journals. still small.39 On the other, the quality of research Through the National Science Foundation of papers in English is still regarded very skepti- China, the government has allocated millions of cally.40 Few of the English-language journals are dollars to journals that are published in English rated as world-class journals by scholars. As a in the fields of the sciences, medical science, and result, their international visibility is still very engineering. For the period of 2003–2004, for example, “32 journals received support and 20 of these are published in English.”36 50 Because English is the language most commonly 40 used and recognized by researchers around the 30 world, publishing English-language journals is 20 considered to be one of the major efforts toward globalization in scholarly communication. It is 10 worth noting that none of these four countries 0 uses English as its official language, even in the Gov. depts Institutes Universities Associations scholarly communities. Publications in their own Figure 3. Sponsoring organization of English- languages lack necessary international visibility language Chinese journals (from Ren and and are thought to be academically restricted. Rousseau 2004, Figure 2). 109 03_xia_066407 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:23 pm Page 110

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low, which can be judged by the citation indexes Globalization efforts at the individual level are and the journal subscription rate. not only rewarded in China, but are also popular in South Korea and Myanmar. Scholars in both The causes are multifold. First, many scholars in countries have striven to bring their research these countries are not able to utilize the English results to the attention of an international language efficiently. Secondly, editorial staff of audience. the journals may lack necessary language skills. Thirdly, there is a lack of internationalization of International collaborations are common authors and editorial board members; many of practice in East and Southeast Asian countries. these English-language journals are merely They can be at the levels of the individual, different language versions of local journals. organization, or government, and in the forms of Most importantly, it is the attitude of scholars in research cooperation, scholar visiting, confer­ these countries that has made the locally ence holding, and the like. The internationaliza­ published English-language journals non­ tion process is not limited to the involvement of competitive. the English language. Collaborations can take place between any two countries, including Naturally, in any of these countries there are countries inside this particular region. For some researchers who are carrying out cutting- example, there is an active program aiming to edge projects and who are able to utilize the facilitate scholarly exchange between Korea and English language well. The question is, however, Japan. On the whole, globalization efforts have where and how do they publish their research made the world closer together. results? It is interesting to find that Japan and China have contrasting environments that drive Conclusion scholars in selecting their means of communi­ cation. Yet, scholars in both countries all disregard locally published English-language The imbalances in the use of ICT and in the journals. extent of scholarly communication in these four countries have many causes. Barriers can be technical, economic, political, legal, cultural, In Japan, publishing articles in English is not and social. In general, each country has its own very much encouraged, especially in the humani­ system, and thus has varied solutions for schol­ ties and social sciences. Scholars usually work in arly communication. As part of the international the same institution where they received their community, East and Southeast Asian countries degrees. Being faithful to their former academic have made great endeavors in scholarly contri­ supervisor (hence current boss) and responsible butions. to their own program are the big priorities. Credits are given first to articles published in the Although ICT has been unequally developed, Japanese language, although an English abstract each country has a commitment to improving its is considered to be important. systems of information exchange. This paper has listed some examples to explain what these Chinese institutions, in contrast, put too much countries have done for improvement. The pressure on scholars to publish their research in encouraging thing is that each country has its own the English language. Quite normally, these characteristics of scholarly communication. All institutions will set promotion criteria to require together, they make a diverse and colorful world. publications in journals outside the country. Some even provide monetary awards for those researchers whose publications appear in top- Acknowledgements ranked international journals like Nature and Science. Such a system has resulted in an The author is grateful to Julia Gelfand at the increasing number of articles published in University of California, Irvine, for her generous overseas English journals by the Chinese.41 encouragement and suggestions to the first From this viewpoint, the Chinese efforts toward drafts. The author wants to thank Hikaru a globalization of scholarly communication have Nakano, Bruce Fulton, and Jacqui Millburg for been successful at the individual level, but their help providing useful sources. He also unsuccessful at the institutional level. thanks Gerald Langford for his suggestions and the final editing.

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Scholarly Communication in East and Southeast Asia

References edu.mm/; (3) Union of Myanmar Ministry of Education: Education updates. http://www. 1. American Library Association, Scholarly myanmar-education.edu.mm/ communication toolkit. http://www.ala.org/ala/ 15. Fink, Christina. (2001) Living silence: Burma under acrl/acrlissues/scholarlycomm/scholarlycommunica military rule. London: Zed Books. tiontoolkit/toolkit.htm 16. Library of Congress. (2006) South Korea: the 2. Ornager, Susanne. (2003) Developing of ICT for media. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/ library and information professionals: a training cstdy:@field(DOCID+kr0143; Oakeshott, Priscilla. package for developing countries in Asia and Pacific (1986) The market for scholarly publications in from Unesco. Program: Electronic Library and Japan and Korea. Scholarly Publishing, 17 (2), Information Systems, 37 (2), 109–112. 155–164. 3. Central Intelligence Agency. (2006) The world 17. Special Report. (1993) Scholarly houses: clearing factbook. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/ the way. Publishers Weekly, 240 (38), 28–29; Yang, factbook/ Eric. (2004) The trade book publishing industry in 4. Wikipedia. (2006) Printing press. http://en.wiki South Korea. Publishing Research Quarterly, pedia.org/wiki/Printing_press Winter, 37–44. 5. Zhang, Yuehong; Yuan, Yachun and Jiang, Yufei. 18. Arunachalam, Subbiah and Doss, M. Jinandra. (2003) An international peer review system for a (2000) Mapping international collaboration in Chinese scientific journal. Learned Publishing, 16 science in Asia through coauthorship analysis. (2), 91–94. Current Science, 79 (5), 621–628. 6. China.org.cn. (2006) Publishing. http://www.china. 19. Talor, S. (1993) South Korea: chasing American org.cn/english/features/38320.htm books and rights. Publishers Weekly, 38, 3–17. 7. CIA. The world factbook; InfoPlease. (2006) China. 20. World Bank. World development indicator, op. cit. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107411.html 21. China.org.cn. op.cit. 8. Wang, Shuhua and Wang, Hengjun. (2004) 22. Montagnes, Ian. (1997) Education for publishing: Challenges and strategies for Chinese university the needs of the Global South. Journal of Scholarly journals. Learned Publishing, 17 (4), 326–330. Publishing, July, 246–256. 9. Akazawa, Hisaya. (2005) A way to acquire 23. Lin, Jing. (2003) Digital libraries in China. Journal scholarly monographs: collection development of of East Asian Libraries, 129, 11–17. periodicals in university libraries, focusing on ‘kiyo’. 24. Kimoto, S. (1996) Present position and future North American Coordinating Council on Japanese trends of electronic publishing. Pharmaceutical Library Resources. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/ Library Bulletin, 41 (3), 245–249; Kubota, Teruzo. ~ncc/JSIST2004/041216a_Re%20Issues%20on%20 (2001) How are electronic journals and CD-ROMs acquiring%20Schl%20Mono.html; Kamada, being accepted in Japan? Learned Publishing, 14 Hitoshi. (2005) Evolution of ‘kiyo’ journals in (2), 139–143. Japanese academia. http://www.library.arizona. 25. Akazawa, op.cit. edu/library/lfa/min2004files/kiyo.ppt 26. Wu, Irene. (2003) Canada, South Korea, 10. Akazawa, op. cit. Netherlands and Sweden: regulatory implications of 11. Schiffrin, Andre. (2004) In Japan, books are the convergence of telecommunications, windows to the world. Publishing Research broadcasting and Internet zervices. Quarterly, Summer, 40–43; Tanaka, Takuji. (2000) Telecommunications Policy, 28, 79–96. The economic of the Asian market for publications. 27. Library of Congress, op. cit. Publishing Research Quarterly, Fall, 70–78; World 28. Clarke, Malcolm. (1997) Marketing to the Pacific Bank. (2006) World development indicator, Table Rim: opportunities and obstacles. Learned 5.12 science and technology. http://www.world Publishing, 10 (2), 114. bank.org/data/wdi2005/wditext/home.htm 29. Digital Divide. (2005) Asia Pacific. http://www. 12. Hanajiri, Madoka. (2003) The challenge of a bridgethedigitaldivide.com/dd_asia.htm; ICT. (2005) saturated book market in Japan. Publishing Homeworkers and ICTs in South-East Asia. Research Quarterly, Fall, 52–59; Kirota, Yoshiaki. http://web.idrc.ca/panasia/ev-67367-201-1- (2001) Japan’s publishing distribution in the DO_TOPIC.html Internet age. Publishing Research Quarterly, 30. Arunachalam, Subbiah. (2003) Information for Summer, 43–47. research in developing countries: information 13. Suzuki, Tetsuya. (2005) The change in scholarly technology – friend or foe? Bulletin of the communication and university presses. North American Society for Information Science and American Coordinating Council on Japanese Technology, June/July, 16–21. Library Resources. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/ 31. Internet World Stats. (2005) Usage and population ~ncc/JSIST2004/041216a_Re%20Issues%20on%20 statistics. http://www.internetworldstats.com/ acquiring%20Schl%20Mono.html stats3.htm 14. Myanmar Government. (2005) (1) Union of 32. Liu, Ji. (2003) Creating special literature resource Myanmar Ministry of Communications, Posts, and databases in Western China under a digital Telegraphs. http://www.mcpt.gov.mm/ptd/index. environment. Bulletin of the American Society for htm; (2) Union of Myanmar Ministry of Education. Information Science and Technology, February/ Education updates. http://www.myanmar-education. March, 14–20.

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33. Ibid. 38. Zhang, Lijun; Fu, Xizhan and Shi, Bin. (1998) 34. Gelfand, Julia. (2001) ETD 2001. Library Hi Tech Investigation of the circulation of the scientific News, 18 (5), 34–36. journals. Chinese Journal of Scientific and Technical 35. Suzuki, op. cit. Periodicals, 9 (4), 226–227. 36. Ren, Shengli and Rousseau, Ronald. (2004) The role 39. Suzuki, op. cit. of China’s English-language scientific journals in 40. Li, Li. (2004) Analysis of factors restricting the scientific communication. Learned Publishing, 17 development of science and technology journals in (2), 99. China. Publishing Research Quarterly, Winter, 37. Zhang, Fenglian and Li, Li. (2003) Improving the 45–53; Zhang, Yuehong; Wang, Sen and Li, Jiang. international influence of Chinese academic (2002) The English-language academic journals of journals. Journal of Scholarly Publishing, January, Chinese trends and developments. Learned 101–107. Publishing, 15 (2), 149–151; Zhang, Fenglian, op. cit. 41. Arunachalam, op. cit.

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The Vigorous Advancement of Libraries in China

The Library Society of China

Abstract Outlines the development of libraries in China, including the National Library, university libraries, public libraries, specialized libraries and other types of library, and the work of the Library Society of China. Keywords: Libraries; Library development; China

Introduction

China is an old country and its librarianship has developed with a long and brilliant history. The initial period of the 20th century, the important period of China’s librarianship, witnessed an evolution from the old ‘house for storing books’ to the contemporary library. According to the survey and statistics of 1936, China then had Figure 1. National Library of China. 2,520 libraries and educational centres for the masses, among which there were 2,005 public libraries and 515 private libraries. seats in all, and the library opens to public on 363 days of the year. The founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 represented a new era for the develop­ The National Library of China is a comprehen­ ment of China’s librarianship. Under the leader­ sive research library, a repository of publi­ ship of the Chinese Government, especially cations, a national center of bibliographies, a under the guidance of the reform and opening- center of library information and a research up policies, China’s librarianship, which used to centre of librarianship development, and is feature a weak basis, imbalance in development responsible for collecting, processing, storing, and irrational distribution, has been built into a utilizing and disseminating information. The librarianship system with features of Chinese National Library of China studies and adopts socialism including the national library, public modern technology, and plays the leading role in libraries, university libraries, specialized standardization and digitization of libraries. The libraries, primary and middle school libraries, Library serves the central legislature, the govern- enterprise libraries, etc., which together have large collections, and provide various services. Remarkable achievements have been made in this regard. And we will keep the developing trend going steadily and continually.

The National Library of China

The predecessor of the National Library of China, the Capital Library, was established on 9 September 1909, and so has a history of 97 years. The area of the building is 170,000 square meters. Over 1,300 full time staff members and about 600 part time staff work for the library. Figure 2. The Readers of National Library of There are 47 reading rooms and 3,600 reader China.

Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 32(2): 113–118. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206066408 113 04_LSC_066408 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:23 pm Page 114

Library Society of China

ment, key research institutions, academies, The new library building (the National Library education, business and the general public. The of China Phase II Project and National Digital National Library is also responsible for training Library of China Project) is now under construc­ librarians in China and developing the study of tion. The new library is designed to serve library science. On behalf of China, the National 6,000–8,000 readers per day, with a collection Library enters into cultural agreements and capacity of 12–14 million volumes and a develops cooperation and communication with construction area of about 80,000 square meters. libraries both at home and abroad. The National Digital Library of China Project will develop more models of service, and will At the end of 2005, the National Library had a become a center of Internet knowledge and a rich collection of more than 25 million items. In base for information service without limitations that year, the total collections amounted to of space and time. The project is expected to be 224,471 titles and 636,063 items. completed in October 2007, and will come into operation in 2008. Then, the total area of the Also in 2005, the National Library received National Library including both old and new 4,586,564 readers, and issued 195,300 reader buildings will be 250,000 square meters, ranking cards, while 189,094,000 visits to the library’s it third among the world’s national libraries. website were recorded. More than 20 million loans recorded and 280,500 reference enquiries were answered. In addition, the National Library Public Libraries of China organizes lectures and exhibitions. In 2005, the library held 392 lectures with a total of Public libraries in China are an important part 94,000 attendances being recorded. Now the of mass cultural services. They play an import­ library makes efforts to provide online services, ant role for the citizens, who have the basic right such as online retrieval of bibliography, digital of getting cultural information and education. By document delivery, information delivery, online 2004, China had 2,719 public libraries at and lectures and training, resource guidance, etc. above county level with 47,727 staff members. They had a total of floor space of 6.087 million square meters, including 1.534 million square meters for book storage and 1.385 million square meters for reading rooms. The total collections of these public libraries amounted to 437 million items. The libraries received 216 million readers and 181 million loans were recorded in 2004.

The public libraries organized various programs, such as information literacy training, lectures, exhibitions, readers salon, etc., for the readers. In 2004, they held 153,000 programs with a total of 25.5 million attendances.

Figure 3. The National Library of China, Phase II Project. Figure 4. Capital Library I.

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Advancement of Libraries in China

Figure 6. Library Building of Beijing University Library.

means that the government will invest in the development of 100 A-level universities in the 21st century. There were also about 700 ordinary university libraries and more than 600 libraries of Higher Technical and Vocational Education Institutes. In addition, there were a total of 193 universities in Hong Kong (22), Macao (12) and Figure 5. Capital Library II. Taiwan (159).

Local authorities are responsible for the public According to the statistics, there are more than libraries. All public libraries above the county 55,000 staff members in the university libraries level plan reading spaces or reading-rooms for in mainland China, including more than 11,000 children. In addition, there are over 80 separate in the libraries of ‘211’ universities and about children’s libraries in China. Both public 30,000 in ordinary university libraries. The rest, libraries and the children’s libraries offer loan about 15,000, are working in libraries of Higher service and Internet service to children. The Technical and Vocational Education Institutes. public libraries and some children’s libraries regularly hold activities for children, such as In 2004, about 80 million readers were received family reading campaign, foreign language by university libraries in the mainland, including training, art courses and children’s summer around 23 million readers in ‘211’ university camps, etc. Some public libraries also plan some libraries and about 45 million readers in special seating, special spaces and reading rooms ordinary university libraries. The rest, about 12 and offer loan services for the elderly, the hand­ million readers, were in higher technical and icapped and the blind, and hold some activities vocational education institutes. such as computer training and reading parties for the blind. In addition, some public libraries provide the blind with braille reading devices.

University Libraries

According to the ‘Chinese Academic Library and Information System’ statistics reported in 2004, there were approximately 1,450 universities (including Higher Technical and Vocational Education Institutes) in mainland China. They included 150 universities affiliated to Ministry of Education and more than 100 ‘211’ university libraries. ‘211’ is a code for the project, and Figure 7. Library of Beijing University.

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Library Society of China

Figure 8. Library of Tsinghua University I. Figure 10. Library of Chinese Academy Sciences I.

Figure 9. Library of Tsinghua Unversity II. Figure 11. Library of Chinese Academy Sciences II. It is estimated that university libraries have total collections of about 976 million volumes (only printed materials are included). The ‘211’ university libraries provide on average 86 volumes Specialized libraries are widely spread in every per student, while ordinary university libraries industry and throughout the country. In general, provide on average 95 volumes per student. The industrial libraries regard the national-level libraries in Beijing, Tianjin and Hubei have specialized libraries as the central libraries for average collections of more than 1 million items, certain industries. The specialized library system while libraries in Shanghai, Sichuan Province, is mainly formed by the libraries of the Acade­ Heilongjiang Province, Shanxi Province, mies of Sciences, libraries of industrial institutes, Chongqing, Shandong Province and Liaoning national defense technology and all levels of Province each have more than 800,000 items. government, enterprise libraries, hospital libraries and mass media libraries. These libraries mainly collect documents of different Specialized Libraries types relating to a certain discipline or a specific field of knowledge. They provide the industry or Among Chinese library systems, the specialized organization with document delivery services library system has the biggest number and most and information services. Most of them also types of library of the most varied sizes, and the serve the general public and are staffed by most staff. Their levels of development are also professional librarians with specialized very different. academic backgrounds.

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Advancement of Libraries in China

There are about 8,000 to 9,000 specialized standards and cooperated with many libraries in libraries, with a total collection of about 1,060 creating a national union catalog. million volumes and a total number of employees of about 890,000. The Chinese Academy of Sciences System has 96 libraries, The Library Society of China collections of over 35 million volumes and about 1400 employees, while the Chinese Academy of The Library Society of China (LSC), which was Social Sciences System has 20 libraries, collec­ established in 1979, consists of staff members tions of 5 million volumes and about 300 from libraries and relevant trade and scientific employees. organizations. It is a national non-governmental non-profit academic organization. The mission of the Society can be outlined as: to guide the Other Libraries scientific management of the library and to advance the development of science and tech­ There are 600,000 school libraries with collec­ nology. The LSC is an important non­ tions totalling 2,765 million volumes and a total governmental force to improve the library floor space of some 29 million square meters. undertaking. It is a member of the China Associ­ There are 60,000 enterprise libraries in China, ation for Science and Technology, and is a global including 12,000 trade union libraries with total academic organization for the study of library collections of 191 million volumes. science, an A level consultative body of UNESCO and a National Association Member of IFLA. There are nineteen professional Other Aspects librarians from China currently serving as members of Standing Committees of the The Legislation Institute of China is now professional Sections of IFLA. drawing up the draft of a China Library Law, so there is no library law in China so far. But some The predecessor of the LSC was the the Chinese local governments and universities have Library Association, which was established in published regulations on the construction of 1925. Its mission was to study library science libraries, the architecture of libraries, library and to develop Chinese library undertakings. It evaluation and the professional management of was one of the founders of IFLA in 1927. libraries. The Eleventh Five-year Plan of the Library All libraries in China make efforts to improve Society of China outlines the following key information literacy education for the public and objectives for the next 5 years: professional training for the librarians. Accord­ ing to the regulations, every librarian must take 1. Lead, organize, coordinate the relative at least 40 hours training or workshops per year. professionals and institutes for making This is an important means of evaluating investigations of the theory and practice that librarians, and also a necessary qualification for influence the overall development of librari­ the librarians to keep their positions and get anship; Promote the organic integration of promotion. theory and practice; Pay attention to the development of academic morals and styles of Libraries in China pay much attention to library study, and make great efforts to build a cooperation. Interlibrary lending and sharing of healthy, harmonious academic environment; documents are important for most libraries. The Establish and perfect the mechanism of Consortium of National Information Resource investigation and research on the annual plan, Sharing and the China Academic Library and medium-term plans and long-term plans; Information System (CALIS) are two national Enhance its influence on decision making and programs for sharing information and docu­ policy. ments. Programs of cooperation have also been 2. Actively promote the building and perfection developed in some regions and systems, while of the legal environment, in which librarian­ some libraries establish alliances in their special­ ship develops healthily and orderly; ized fields. strengthen the professional norms and self- discipline. In 1997, the Online Catalog Center was estab­ 3. Make great efforts to promote and improve lished in China which published cataloging the balance of librarianship development in

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Library Society of China

different areas and in different systems; cohesive force, centripetal force and influenc­ Encourage and support cooperation among ing power of society. libraries in different areas and different systems; Implement the ‘Socialism New Village Policy’ of the central government, and Conclusion assist the development and construction of basic libraries in the depressed areas and, to Libraries, as dynamic engines for knowledge and the maximum extent, guarantee the basic right the information society, are facing the impact of of the public to access information and docu­ the digital era, and taking on significant respon­ ments freely and equally. sibilities. Chinese librarians therefore expect to 4. Through various methods and approaches, enhance their cooperation with colleagues from build the cultural infrastructure of the library, all over the world, to face the challenges, and to and advertise and expand the influence and contribute to the development of civilization. function of the library; Encourage the public to read; Launch popular science educational activities, promote the innovation and spread Note of knowledge, and improve public literacy. This article was compiled and translated by Library 5. Actively develop research into the public Society of China. All photos were provided by Library relations of libraries, and establish procedures Society of China. for the public relations of libraries in order to deal with crises such as terrorism, accidents and natural disasters including flood, fire, and Sources earthquake, and create a good external 1. Wu Weici, Bao Zhenxi, et al., eds. (1996) The environment for librarianship. vigorous advancement of libraries in China. Beijing, 6. Enhance the LSC’s abilities in respect of Bibliography & Document Publishing House. self-determination, independence, self- 2. The General Survey of the China Society for Library improvement and self-discipline; Innovate Science. (1996) Beijing, Bibliography & Document Publishing House. organizational mechanisms, operating mech­ 3. Ministry of Culture. Project and Finance Bureau. anisms and activity methods to meet the needs (2006) Annual report of culture and cultural relic of the socialist market economy and the statistics in China. Beijing, National Library development rule of society; Strengthen the Publisher.

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Changes in University and Public Libraries in Japan

Kimio Hosono Abstract Describes the factors and institutions influencing university and public libraries in Japan, the organizational structure and basic characteristics of both types of libraries. The role and activities of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the National Institute of Informatics (NII), the National Diet Library, and the Japan Library Association are outlined. University libraries face problems related to budget cuts, journal price increases, insufficient shelf capacity, collection development, interlibrary lending and staff expertise. Public libraries face problems related to the merger of local governments, the Shitei Kanrisha System (outsourcing of local government manage­ ment), budget cuts and poor staff qualifications. Public libraries are introducing business information and consumer health information services as well as IC tag systems. Keywords: University libraries; Public libraries; Japan

Introduction

Kimio Hosono, formerly Director, Today libraries of all kinds are in a state of flux. They are Keio University Library, is Professor struggling to find a new and powerful paradigm, policies, strat­ Emeritus, School of Library and egies, and tools in order to retain their longstanding roles as infor­ Information Science, Keio mation providers. This situation is also applicable to libraries in University, Japan, President of the Japan. The effects of social changes and the economic situation Japan Society of Information and are outstanding and libraries have to deal properly with the Knowledge and the Mita Society problems arising from these changes. The impacts of budget cuts for Library and Information and information technology are particularly predominant in Science, and Vice President, university and public libraries in Japan. Information Systems Society of Japan. His fields of specialization Since the environment surrounding libraries is variable and and interest are: information complicated and the same applies to the institutions whose activi­ retrieval theories and practices; ties are closely related to libraries, it is difficult to present a clear university libraries; information picture of all aspects of Japanese libraries today. Information on systems, and terminology. E-mail: their general characteristics can be acquired from several articles [email protected] and books, some of which are available on the Internet. For example, Koizumi and others outlined library history, the general characteristics of public, university, school and special libraries, the National Diet Library (which is the only national library), and the Japan Library Association (JLA) and also described education and training for librarianship.1 Brief statistics on university and public libraries as of 1 April 1997 are shown on the JLA home page.2 Information and data from these sources will give the basic conditions and some images of the uniqueness of libraries in Japan.

It is not too much to say that university and public libraries are typical representatives to indicate how today’s libraries are changing drastically. This paper will try to show how these libraries are facing the changes in the environment in Japan and how they are adapting to it. In particular, attention will be focused on recent phenomena which will shape the future of libraries.

Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 32(2): 119–130. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206066409 119 05_hosono_066409 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:23 pm Page 120

Kimio Hosono

Factors and Institutions Influencing occurring at university libraries and to find Libraries in Japan possible solutions for them.3 MEXT has for a long time taken action to Before describing the present state of university promote public libraries. It has compiled guide­ and public libraries in Japan it is necessary to lines, offered opinions and suggestions, and mention an inherent factor, namely the organiz­ carried out research on matters closely related to ational structure, which shapes library services public library services. Financial support for as well as the institutions which play an import­ developing libraries is given to local govern­ ant role in the library arena. University and ments when their actions for promoting libraries public libraries are serving distinct users in fit in with the plans prepared by MEXT. In different ways, and there are few cooperative addition, MEXT organizes training sessions for activities between them in terms of offering public library staff at a national level. library services so far because of the lack of flexi­ bility in the structure. As the result the volume Some other ministries and agencies sometimes and quality of services provided by both types of take part in promoting libraries. In most cases, libraries are limited. Sometimes the effectiveness however, their involvement is not steady. There of the services is impaired. is no bureau or department in the national government which deals exclusively with library Nationwide organizations which have close affairs, thus it is hard to say that there is a robust relations with and influence on the activities of library policy in Japan. such libraries are the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), The NII, an interuniversity research institute, the National Institute of Informatics (NII), the was called the National Center for Science National Diet Library, and the Japan Library Information Systems (NACSIS) until 2000. The Association. The most influential from the point institute is quite unique in the sense that it plays of view of daily library services is the NII. an important role in the distribution of academic and scholarly information nationally and inter­ MEXT has been taking initiatives to promote nationally as well as building the infrastructure activities and services in university libraries in for processing such information. NII functions many ways. It has allocated some of its budget as the bibliographic utility for university libraries to national universities and financially in Japan. It does not offer many benefits to supported the purchase of e-journals by public public libraries since its main target is the university libraries. It has developed a variety of university libraries. More details of the services policies, plans, and recommendations under of the NII are provided below. which substantial amounts of money have been allocated to promote libraries, both directly and The National Diet Library (NDL) has a close indirectly. A typical example is the establishment relationship with public libraries. Its response to by MEXT of the NII. requests from public libraries to provide backup support for their services to local communities is MEXT has also organized an ad hoc working faster than it was before. On the other hand, it section in the Subdivision on Science of the does not have much to do with university Council for Science and Technology in which libraries so far. Recently there is an indication policies for promoting academic information that it intends to modify its policy in order to infrastructures are comprehensively deliberated. strengthen relations with the academic world. The Council carries out research and deliber­ The activities and services of the NDL are ation on important matters relating to the described on its home page.4 promotion of science and technology in response to requests from the Minister and Although the mission of the Japan Library provides its opinions to the Minister, thus it is Association is to promote all kinds of libraries in not an internal organization. The Council has six Japan, the emphasis of its activities is on public subdivisions and the Subdivision on Science is libraries and it has few connections with one of them. A working group has been set up university libraries at present. Its brief history, in the above mentioned ad hoc working organization chart, publications, library statistics section to exclusively study the tough problems of public and university libraries, library

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directory, and library laws and statements are the library are shown on its home page.5 The shown on its home page.2 building of the old library, shown in Figure 1, is an important cultural property and a symbolic representation of the university libraries in University Libraries Japan.

A dramatic and memorable event which may Organizational Structure hold sway over the destinies of the national There are three types of universities in Japan; university libraries is the reorganization and national universities, local public universities, consolidation of the national universities them­ and private universities. National universities selves. From April 2004 they have been redesig­ are now called ‘national university corporations’, nated as national university corporations. The which are independent organizations. Local public universities are established and funded by local governments. These three types of library have formed different associations, namely, the Association of National University Libraries, the Public University Library Association, and the Japan Association of Private University Libraries.

The numbers of national, local public, and private universities and their respective libraries are shown in Table 1.

The table shows that users at national universities are, on average, in a more favorable environment in terms of library provision than those at other kinds of university. In fact, Figure 1. Keio University: the old library. national university libraries are the most promi­ nent institutions and only a very few private university libraries enjoy comparable status. The libraries of many private universities are not well equipped and their services are not necessarily good. The same goes for the libraries of local public universities. Thus there is a big gap with regard to both quantity and quality between rich and poor libraries. As a result, productive co­ operative activities among university libraries are not necessarily easy and effective.

Figures 1 and 2 show the Keio University Library on the Mita campus, which is a representative private university library. In fact it has taken the lead in all aspects of library activities and services for a long time. The services provided by Figure 2. Keio University: the new library.

Type Universities Libraries Libraries/university National 87 296 3.4 Local 77 118 1.5 Private 544 927 1.7

Total 708 1314 1.9

Table 1. Universities and their libraries in Japan, 2004.

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Kimio Hosono

main aim of changing the structure and estab­ is a relatively simple format used by most lishing such corporations is to make the academic libraries. Japan MARC is a university managements more autonomous, for UNIMARC-like format used for domestic publi­ example in respect of personnel affairs and cations, while MARC21 is used for foreign publi­ budgets. Thus each national university requires cations. more managerial ability than before. As a natural consequence, their libraries must also clearly University libraries in Japan began developing justify their existence. This means they should do mechanized housekeeping systems in the 1980s. their best to function more effectively in the new The 1990s saw increased standardization of environment. library operations with the establishment of cataloging and interlibrary lending (ILL) systems under the auspices of NII, as well as the market­ Basic Features of University Libraries ing of various library system packages. Most The basic features of university libraries have library package vendors are Japanese since been described by Hosono.6 He mentions topics Japanese language processing is considerably such as background, current conditions, biblio­ complicated. graphic control and related topics, consortia, library housekeeping systems, cooperative Comprehensive statistics concerning university activities, digitization projects, research and libraries are compiled every year by MEXT7. development activities, and international activi­ These include data with respect to library staff, ties. library buildings and facilities, library holdings, acquisition of materials, expenditures, services, Almost all university libraries in Japan maintain outsourcing library operations, service to the local catalog databases, taking advantage of public, and digital library functions. Averaged shared cataloging using NACSIS-CAT, which is data for each of the three types of university operated by NII (see below). A new trend in library for 2004 are shown in Table 2. current cataloging practice is outsourcing, either hiring contract catalogers or purchasing The services and activities of university libraries complete catalog records from outside organiz­ fall into two groups. The first group comprises ations. services carried out independently by each insti­ tution based on its purposes and policies. The More than 60 percent of holdings in university second comprises activities carried out through libraries, on average, are materials published in cooperation among libraries. Since the three the Japanese language, while the rest are in types of libraries are differently established and Western and other languages. The two types of funded, they have, until recently, rendered materials are cataloged differently. Most libraries services to users independently without substan­ are using the Nippon Cataloging Rules, main­ tial cooperation among them. Under the finan­ tained by the Committee of Cataloging of JLA, cial pressures of severe budget cuts and demands for descriptive cataloging of materials in for more cost-effective work, libraries have to Japanese and several Asian languages, while the seek legitimate actions to cope with the pres­ Anglo-American Cataloging Rules are used by sures and demands. Thus, cooperative activities 71 percent of the libraries for publications in are becoming more important. Now it is imposs­ Western languages.6 The most frequently used ible for a library to survive without working classification scheme is the Nippon Decimal together with others. This is the main reason Classification maintained by JLA. Subject why the three types of university libraries have headings are rarely used so far because of the established a joint committee. Now it functions unavailability of a good subject headings list in as the place where they exchange more precise Japan. information about these problems and discuss countermeasures to deal with them. There are several kinds of MARC products in use in Japan. Typical examples are Japan MARC, The Environment of University Libraries created by the National Diet Library; NS­ MARC, developed by Nippan Toshokan Service; Without doubt the services provided by NII, and TRC MARC, created by Thokan Ryutsu electronic journals, digitization projects, and the Center. Commonly used MARC formats in Japan Internet have had a tremendous impact on the are NC/MARC, Japan MARC, and MARC21. activities and services of today’s Japanese NC/MARC, a format specific to NACSIS-CAT, academic libraries. The NII functions not only as

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Item Type of university National Local Private No. of staff 44 11 16

Total floor space (m2) 10,633 3,580 4,339 Shelf capacity (vols) 976,859 273,750 378,304 Holdings Books (vols) 1,052,924 235,763 304,192 Serials (vols) 18,098 3,114 3,401 Annual acquisitions (purchases) Volumes added 10,529 4,708 7,154 Current serials 2,640 556 820

Annual expenditure on library 272,711 51,885 90,838 materials (JPY 1000s)

Table 2. Selected statistics for Japanese university libraries, 2004 (averages).

a service agency but also as a leading research advantage, while the total number of trans­ and educational institute for information science actions in 2004 was about 1.2 million11. Now and computer science. The activities and NII also provides NACSIS-ILL services to services of the NII are described on its home libraries in the United States and Korea. page,8 which clearly shows the aims of the high­ level research and services as well as the GeNii (Global Environment for Networked coverage of the NII. Its service aspect is closely Intellectual Information)12 related to the activities and services of university libraries, although some of the products of its GeNii is the academic content portal, providing research are applied to its own services. The search systems by which users can get access to services outlined below, among others, are rela­ several databases. The available databases are tively more influential for libraries. CiNii (papers, theses, etc.), Webcat Plus (books, magazines, etc.) Kaken (research subjects), and NII-DBR (specialized academic information). NACSIS-CAT/ILL (Cataloging Information Service) NII-REO (NII Repository of Electronic Journals NACSIS-CAT began service in 1984 and and Online Publications) provides a shared cataloging facility and as the result a union catalog. These services are avail­ This provides universities and other institutions able free of charge. A total of 1,139 organiz­ with a reliable, uninterrupted supply of elec­ ations, mostly university libraries and including tronic journal content. This service is offered in 72 foreign organizations, were participating in response to requests from universities, libraries, the service as of 28 February 2005.9 NACSIS­ and consortia in accordance with licensing CAT has about 8 million catalog records and agreements with participating publishers.13 more than 82 million location records for books as well as nearly 300,000 bibliographic records E-journals and Digitization and more than 4 million location records for serials as of 25 February 2006.10 In addition, it The environment surrounding university has more than 1 million authority records. libraries is changing drastically. The number of libraries which subscribe to electronic journals NACSIS-ILL supports interlibrary lending. As of has increased rapidly since 2002. Total subscrip­ August 2005, 967 institutions were taking tions to e-journals in university libraries

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amounted to 850,000 titles in 2003.3 National project to offer information by using such tech­ university libraries subscribe to an average of nology was timely. Tokyo University Library has 4,900 titles each. Some universities buy about also offered i-mode OPAC since May 2001. 14,000 titles. From April through November of 2005, the service was accessed 8,526 times.17 Approxi­ Digitizing projects are flourishing for rare books, mately 90 libraries have embarked on similar old maps, and documents owned by academic service as of February 2006. However, since institutions. A link list created and maintained users seeking information via mobile phones by the Ryukyu University Library provides infor­ must cope with the small screen and the input mation on the current extent of digitization process with the ten-key pad,16 it is difficult for efforts as well as digital content produced at them to get detailed cataloging information in national and other university libraries.6,14 The this way. Thus many libraries offer only news list shows some valuable cultural assets which and general information concerning library are usually difficult to see in their original forms. services via i-mode instead of full cataloging An example from the collection at Kyoto information from OPAC. University Library15 is shown in Figure 3. At present these digital documents are accessible to the public in a variety of ways, but they may be Problems and Issues for University reorganized into an institutional repository in Libraries the near future. Decrease in Budgets The Internet The most influential factor on the future of The popularity of the Internet has formidable university libraries in Japan is the general impacts, not only on library services but also on decrease in library budgets. For example, Keio the behavior of users in accessing information. University Library, one of the leading libraries, The behavior of users changes in the sense that has suffered from pressure of budget cuts. The many of them seek information, not by going to budget for books, periodicals, online journals, physical libraries, but by operating mice and databases, and other library materials was JPY keyboards at their homes or laboratories. 1,708,349,413 in the fiscal year 2004,18 but will Libraries seem to be losing their important role be reduced by about 4 percent in 2006. The as the information source of last resort. budget for personnel will be also cut. No university library can get avoid such pressures. The i-mode, which began in 1999, is a new Consequently, the situation with regard to the means whereby Japanese users can get access to number of professional staff is getting worse and the Internet from mobile phones. A number of many university libraries are obliged to libraries have introduced such technology to outsource some of their work.6 their OPAC systems so that users can access them from their mobile phones. The first appli­ Price Rises of Academic Journals cation of i-mode to OPAC systems was at Toyama University Library in 2000. A survey in The phenomenon of steady rises in the price of 1999 showed more than 90 percent of users scholarly journals is well known internationally. owned mobile phones.16 This shows that the University libraries in Japan have suffered considerably. In particular, the price of foreign journals is estimated to go up by nearly 10 percent every year.3 Budget cuts have worsened the situation. As a result a number of libraries have had to cancel their subscriptions. In order to deal with this journal crisis, national university libraries and private university libraries respectively have formed consortia6. However, since Japanese consortia are weak in cohesive nature, their negotiating powers with publishers are limited.

Figure 3. A digital image of old material (Edoe­ mazehari) in Kyoto University Library. 124 05_hosono_066409 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:24 pm Page 125

Changes in University and Public Libraries in Japan

Shelf Capacity Issues A variety of bibliographic, numeric, and full-text databases in many subjects have been produced It is said that shelving of new books is hindered if by scholars and researchers in academic insti­ more than 70 percent of the shelves are already tutions for several decades but the systems and occupied by existing library materials, yet on procedures for maintaining them properly and average 90 percent of shelf space in all university efficiently were not developed. The reorganiza­ libraries is already filled. The condition is worse tion or integration of such valuable resources by in national university libraries and there are libraries will be meaningful as part of collection libraries whose collections amount to nearly 110 development plans since these resources can the percent of available shelf space.3 Many books are become more accessible to library patrons. kept in corrugated boxes without any means to get access to them. This means that average collection size at many university libraries Cooperation through NACSIS-CAT/ILL exceeds shelf capacity or is close to capacity. These libraries are compelled to adopt a variety of The NACSIS-CAT/ILL service provided by strategies to cope with the shortage of shelf space. NII is said nowadays to be somehow fragile and unstable in the sense that service quality is Solutions include repositories of overflow decreasing. Some cataloging data provided by materials at off-campus sites, deposit libraries or member libraries are not good in quality. In stacks, shared storage, and automatically terms of ILL procedures, some libraries refuse operated compact shelving. Figure 4 shows the services for requesting libraries. These will deposit stack with automatically operating impede the sound operation of the service and compact shelving at the Tokyo University in the worst case will bring about its malfunc­ Library in Kashiwa campus. It can store 500,000 tioning. Though several reasons for the items for the present and there is a plan to troubles can be suggested, the most probable enlarge its capacity to store 1 million items in one is cuts in personnel budgets. Decreases in the future.19 Automatically operating compact the number of professional staff have led to shelving has been introduced in several libraries. outsourcing of cataloging work and also On the other hand, shared storage programs in encourage a decline in the morale of staff the strict sense are not seen so far. because of the increased workload. In order to cope with this problem a project team was set up with members from NII and the joint Collection Development committee of three types of university library. The popularity of e-journals and e-books (e.g. An action plan prepared in 2005 sets up a netLibrary) as well as the Internet will deprive training session to raise the morale of staff and us of the concept of collection development qualifies outsourcers for cataloging work to which libraries have cherished for a long time. maintain its quality. Systematic and seamless combinations of traditional printed materials and digital ones are needed for the new collection development Expertise of Staff policies. This means that some printed materials Library staff need to have much more expertise will be replaced by digital ones. Today, collection or knowledge than before since library environ­ development and the means to solve shelf ments have changed extremely. The range of capacity issues are closely related. topics they need to cover has been extended from traditional technical and public services to advanced information technologies and contracts or laws related to the production and use of digital materials. The needs are usually not fulfilled completely, but some actions are being taken to meet these challenges. For example, the School of Library and Information Science of Keio University has opened a special graduate Figure 4. Automated compact shelving in the level course to provide library staff with recent Kashiwa Library, University of Tokyo. theories, knowledge, and skills.

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Functions to be Upgraded in University Libraries There are many university library functions which need to be reinforced; institutional reposi­ tories and information literacy education are typical examples.

The concept of the institutional repository is well known and its necessity will be supported by many people. However, few universities have established such repositories, while the kinds of roles their libraries will take are not clear. There is an urgent need for the library world to develop policies with regard to setting up institutional Figure 5. Central Library of Yokohama City. repositories. NII is in a position to promote plans to build institutional repositories and to give information like metadata to concerned tors among libraries in the region. A few of these universities. libraries act as research libraries. The two levels of libraries are organizationally independent. As born digital materials spread widely and the number of digital materials in the library Statistics published annually by the JLA show increases, user behaviors for accessing infor­ several important aspects of public libraries. mation have changed significantly. Search skills They indicate the numbers of libraries (at both and skills to evaluate information resources are levels), staff (full-time and part-time), holdings, more important today than when substantially acquisitions, loans, sum of settled accounts in all materials were in printed form. New previous year, and budget in the current year.20 programs to educate users in the digital age are The latest data from JLA show that there were therefore necessary. A number of universities are 2,951 public libraries in 2005 – an increase of providing users with the courses or tools to more than 300 from 2000. However, the number make them information literate. Examples of staff in 2005 was 14,302 – a decrease of nearly include KITIE, a web tutorial system for students 1,000 from 2000. This means that the working at Hiyoshi Media Center at Keio University and conditions of staff are worse in 2005 in the sense a pathfinder at Nagoya University Library. that they are required to work more efficiently. As a matter of course, holdings and loans both increased in number from 2000 to 2005. Public Libraries Almost all books purchased by public libraries are in the Japanese language. In most cases the Organizational Structure demands by users to study new knowledge, get The public library system in Japan operates on information, and solve problems are only satis­ two levels. The first is the so-called ‘forefront fied by accessing Japanese materials and thus it library’, which provides library services directly is not necessary for libraries to have materials in to the local community in the towns, villages, foreign languages. and cities. There were about 2,900 such libraries as of 2005.20 Figure 5 shows the exterior of the Parker described her impression of public Central Library of Yokohama City, which is one libraries in Japan.22 She indicates that compara­ of the leading libraries of this kind.21 The second tive data from G7 countries put Japan slightly level, called ‘backup library’, is established by below average for the number of items borrowed prefectural governments. There were 64 such per 100,000 people, but at the top of the scale in libraries as of 2005.20 The Tokyo Metropolitan terms of books issued per library. In addition she Government has three libraries of this kind. This mentions several differences between the public type of library plays a role in supporting the libraries of Japan and the United Kingdom in ‘forefront libraries’ and itself functions as the terms of use of libraries as a place, holdings of ‘forefront library’ in some rural areas where newspapers and magazines, reference libraries, there is no such library or where only primitive fund raising, public lending right, volunteers, services are provided. They also act as coordina- and information technology. Many things are the

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same but several things are different in Japan The concept of the Shitei Kanrisha System is to and the UK. It can be said that public libraries relax the conditions and regulations and make it are a microcosm of the world to which they possible for many outsiders to find a way to be belong. They represent a variety of aspects involved in the business of managing public peculiar to individual countries or communities. institutions, with the aim of reducing public spending. The system has already been intro­ There are no ministries or central government duced to manage community centers, concert agencies which exclusively take care of public halls, gymnasiums, etc. in several local govern­ libraries in Japan. Instead several government ments. Public libraries are not exempted from organizations participate in activities to support this course of events. A very complicated issue them. MEXT is the most important among them. in the public library situation is whether libraries The Small and Medium Enterprise Agency and operated under the Shitei Kanrisha System can the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare help function properly and provide professional public libraries by giving opportunities for them services to the public. to get knowledge and information about business activities and consumer health respec­ Information technologies tively. In terms of national legislation, the Library Law was enacted in 1950 but no A variety of information technologies have national policies were established as laws. permeated deeply into the public library world. Newly built libraries are usually equipped with facilities by which users can take advantage of The Environment of Public Libraries advanced information technologies. Figure 6 shows an example. Local government mergers At present a number of local governments are The homepage of the new Nara Prefectural being merged to become larger units. As a result, Library, opened in 2005, gives interesting towns, villages, and cities which are merged lose pictures as well as basic information for using their status as independent administrative the library.23 bodies. It is widely recognized that every town, city, etc. should build at least one library to give Several libraries have undertaken a variety of services to the people of the community, but the digital projects. Yokohama’s ‘Memory of the number of libraries and how these will be Central Library of Yokohama City’ is one of operated are determined by each local govern­ them. Since Yokohama has a unique history in ment. Since public libraries are one of the terms of diplomatic relations with foreign constituents of local government they cannot countries at the middle of 19th century, there are avoid accepting its decisions. Providing library lots of precious pictures, maps, and documents services to the public usually requires substantial preserved in the library. Figure 7 shows an amounts of money, and some local governments example and many others are accessible.24 are reluctant to invest in libraries. As the result, the merging of local governments brings about a decrease in the number of public libraries.

The Shitei Kanrisha System Under partial amendment of the Local Autonomy Law enforced in 2003, the Shitei Kanrisha System was established, which intro­ duces appointed management to manage or administer public institutions and facilities. Organizations which are to be involved in the operational management of public institutions had to meet several conditions and regulations, and thus the number of eligible organizations was limited. So far, only local governments themselves or organizations which have very close relations with them have been found to be Figure 6. The PC corner in Nara Prefectural acceptable for performing such tasks. Library.

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on outsourcing is usually low, in most cases the quality of the services provided is not high enough from the viewpoints of the librarians.

Professionalism of Public Librarians There has been an increase in the number of complex buildings in which public libraries, community centers, concert halls, gymnasiums, and other social education agencies physically Figure 7. A sample from the ‘Memory of the co-exist. The Shitei Kanrisha System is intro­ Central Library of Yokohama City’. duced in many cases to efficiently manage whole operations and issues in such buildings, namely, Data provided by the JLA as of February 2006 to reduce spending on the personnel who are show how information technologies are distrib­ providing services. The professionalism of public uted in public libraries.25 There are 1,009 librarians in such a context is in a state of crisis libraries which offer Web-based OPACs, 497 and drastic measures, such as enacting a law to libraries which provide Web-based functions for force local governments to hire professional reservation services and 172 libraries with i- staff, are necessary. Maintaining professionalism mode OPACs, 91 of them with reservation is an extremely tough problem. services. Eighty-four libraries accept reference questions via e-mail. In addition, examples of It has been said for a long time that the existing reference questions as well as answers, regional library qualifications in Japan are quite inade­ information, and digital materials are accessible quate. What kinds of qualifications are necess­ via the Internet. ary, then, in a society dominated by the Internet? What kinds of knowledge and skills should be considered to fulfill the need for legit­ Problems and Issues for imate qualifications? A number of projects have Public Libraries been implemented to solve these problems. An example is the project by the Japan Society of There are a lot of problems and issues in the Library and Information Science, of which the 27 public library world in Japan. Some of them are report was published in 2006. It proposes a common to all libraries. It is possible to consider new curriculum and a special qualification test that problems and issues are the environments for library and information science education. under which libraries are required to behave However, no definite persuasive answers are adequately or the triggers by which libraries obtained because they have to clear up such embark on a new service. Thus, only the two complicated matters as identifying eligible insti­ most severe ones are mentioned here as tutions and teachers. problems and issues. Challenges Beyond Traditional Frameworks Decrease in Budgets Under severe conditions public libraries are Budget cuts between 2000 and 2005 created an doing their best. Copyright issues are compli­ immeasurable burden for public library services. cated and sometimes hamper effective library The budget for library materials as a whole services. For example, whenever libraries made declined during this period. The total amount tape recordings of books for the blind in the past was about JPY 30.7 billion in 2005 – a decrease it was necessary to get permission from the copy­ of 4 billion yen from 2000.20,26 right owners. Since this is time consuming, the JLA tried to reduce the burden. It succeeded in Budget cuts compelled many libraries to changing the agreement with copyright owners, outsource their work to a variety of commercial which now permits libraries to freely make tape firms which have created a new business market recordings of works in a list compiled in advance relating to library work. Although expenditure by libraries and copyright owners.

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Public libraries are also developing new services needed for circulation transactions. The system and trying to implement new technology in is a promising alternative tool for newly built existing services. libraries because it is not necessary to replace already settled magnetic components in books by IC tags. It is said that this technology has Information services for supporting business been introduced in about 40 public libraries – activities more than the number of university libraries Providing business information of any kind has which have done so. At present the technology not been outside the mainstream of basic is not used for inventory purposes, although it is services in public libraries since several refer­ a powerful means to make inventory more ence questions dealt with there have been efficiently, which is a very time consuming task related to business activities. In fact, many for libraries. library staff have strong expertise in answering questions of this kind. The aim of offering business information services is to attract more Conclusion users to the libraries. In December 2000, organ­ ized business information services began to be Assessment of performance and outcome with provided by a number of libraries which had regard to library services is inevitable. University strong incentives to offer such service and now libraries in Japan have been assessed by nearly 50 libraries are doing so. At present the university administration and outside organiz­ main activity is developing special collections of ations. This is a good opportunity for libraries to business books, journals, and periodicals. Refer­ indicate strategically their importance and needs ence services are provided by a few libraries and – for example, to demonstrate their contribution seminars are also held to promote the services. to research and education, in the case of The service is highly evaluated by the university libraries, or to the benefit of the community and has been picked up as a news community, in the public library setting. topic by newspapers. Both university and public libraries are function­ ing in an unstable society or community and so Consumer health information services more advanced, sophisticated, and unique This kind of service started quite recently. The services are required. Information technology aim is almost the same as for business infor­ has broken some physical barriers, such as mation services. The main activity at present is distance and time, for people who are seeking to provide materials or data related to consumer information. We are in an era when borders of health information. The number of libraries any kind seem to disappear. This is also true of engaging in the service is limited and they work the flow of information. The role of libraries as in close coordination with concerned medical physical places is decreasing, although their role institutions. The Tokyo Metropolitan Library as information providing and navigating and the Tottori Prefectural Library are typical agencies is increasing. This means that every examples which provide this service. Since library has to develop new concepts, strategies, public libraries do not have sufficient experience and plans for providing information services. in this field so far, it is hard to say now whether or not the future of this service is promising. It is time to close long-standing rifts between different types of libraries and work more co­ operatively to serve the information-oriented IC tag systems users of today. An early sign is seen in Japan in IC tags are very compact media on which infor­ the union catalog networks operated by some mation about library materials, users, circulation prefectural libraries, in which university libraries and other matters are stored. The tag is put on are also members.25 Promising trials to develop, library materials and used for automatic for example, ILL services between university and charging of books, book detection, inventory of public libraries are found in the Tokai Region. materials, and so forth. This technology means MEXT and the National Diet Library are inter­ that users can charge books by themselves, thus ested in this kind of cooperation and the JLA will allowing libraries to reduce the number of staff be expected to play a pivotal role in the scene.

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References 15. Kyoto University Library. Old map collection. http:// ddb.libnet.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit/sj02/image/01/ 1. Koizumi, Toru and others. Librarianship in Japan. sj02m0005.html Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. 16. Negishi, M. Development of mobile phone culture in Marcel Dekker, 2003. p. 1553–1560. Japan and its implications to library services: 2. Japan Library Association. http://www.jla.or.jp/ prospecting information services in coming ‘ubiqui­ index-e.html tous society’. NII Journal, No.6, 57–67 (2003.3) 3. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science http://www.nii.ac.jp/hrd/HTML/Journal/pdf/06/06 and Technology (MEXT). http://www.mext.go.jp/ –05.pdf b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu4/toushin/05071402/ 17. Access statistics of the OPAC by i-mode. http:// 002.htm (in Japanese) www.lib.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dl/toukei/imode2005. html (in 4. National Diet Library. http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/ Japanese) index.html 18. MediaNet, no.12, p.84 (2005) (in Japanese) 5. Keio University Library. http://www.mita.lib.keio. 19. Kashiwa Library, University of Tokyo. http:// ac.jp/index_e.html www.lib.u-tokyo.ac.jp/kashiwa/outline.html (in 6. Hosono, Kimio. Academic libraries in Japan. Japanese) Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. 20. Japan Library Association. Library statistics. http:// Marcel Dekker. (online update version) http:// www.jla.or.jp/2005pub.html (in Japanese) www.dekker.com/sdek/abstract~db=enc~content= 21. Yokohama City Library. http://www.city.yokohama. a713532123 jp/me/kyoiku/library/ 7. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science 22. Parker, Sandra. Public libraries in Japan; a glimpse and Technology. Library statistics of colleges of the Far East. Update, 4(12), p.33–35 (2005) and universities. http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/ 23. Nara Prefectural Library. http://www.library.pref. toukei/001/05070501.htm (in Japanese) nara.jp/index.html 8. National Institute of Informatics. http://www.nii. 24. Yokohama’s Memory. http://memories.lib.city.yoko ac.jp/index.html hama.jp/cats/main_fr1.html 9. NACSIS-CAT. http://www.nii.ac.jp/CAT-ILL/contents 25. Japan Library Association. Service in Web sites at /ncat_stat_org.html public libraries. http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jla/link/ 10. NACSIS-CAT. http://www.nii.ac.jp/CAT-ILL/contents public2.html (in Japanese) /ncat_stat_db.html 26. Japan Library Association. Library statistics. http:// 11. NACSIS-ILL. http://www.nii.ac.jp/CAT-ILL/INFO/ www.jla.or.jp/2000.htm(in Japanese)_ ILL/stat/flow/flow-stat_h16.html 27. Ueda, Shuichi and others. LIPER (Library and Infor­ 12. GeNii. http://ge.nii.ac.jp/genii/jsp/index-e.jsp mation Professions and Education Renewal) project 13. NII-REO. http://reo.nii.ac.jp/journal/HtmlIndicate/ in Japan. World Library and Information Congress: html/index_en.html 71th IFLA General Conference and Council. 14. A link list created and maintained by the Ryukyu Libraries–A voyage of discovery. p. 33–42 (2005) University Library. http://www.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/ erwg/denshika.html (in Japanese)

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The Library and Information Economy in Turkmenistan

John V. Richardson Jr. Abstract A report on the current national, university, and school libraries situation in Turkmenistan, covering the social, political, economic, and techno­ logical constraints in the development of its information economy. This account includes details of the 2000 national information policy law and the off-the-cuff Presidential remarks of April 2005 as well as several recommendations for improving the state of affairs. Keywords: Libraries; Turkmenistan; PEST/STEPE Analysis

Introduction

On 27 October 1991, the Soviet Republic of Turkmenistan declared itself an independent country. With an estimated 2004 population of 4.9 to 5.2 million, the country covers 188,500 square miles. The 55 to 45 rural-urban split means that almost all of the urban area is centered in just five cities: the capital, Ashgabat with a population of 696,900; Turkmenbashy; Dr. John V. Richardson Jr. is UCLA Dashoguz; Türkmenabat; and Mary.1 While these five cities have Professor of Information Studies, a number of libraries, library and information science (LIS) Graduate School of Education researchers, educators, and practitioners worldwide know little and Information Studies, Depart­ about the current status of its library and information economy in ment of Information Studies, 204 general – other than the Presidential ‘decree’ of April 2005 GSE&IS Bldg., CB 951520, Los supposedly closing all libraries because people do not read (see Angeles, CA 90095–1520. Tel. below). Understandably, the older professional literature covers +1 (310) 206 9369 (UCLA Turkmenistan as part of the former Soviet Union,2 so this article’s Office). Fax: +1 (310) 825 main objectives are, first, to describe the barriers and constraints 8099. E-mail: [email protected]. in developing these library centres using a modified PEST/STEPE Website: http://purl.org/net/jrichar environmental scanning technique to identify trends, or emergent dson. Since 1996, Dr. Richardson issues;3 and secondly, to provide a set of library-related recom­ has consulted on international mendations or ‘next steps’ for interested parties. library matters in Eritrea, Russia (notably, Moscow, Khabarovsk, Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Socio-Cultural Constraints and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Uganda, and Zambia. In 2005, he was a Much of Turkmenistan’s developing country, which is roughly the Fulbright Lecturer at Vladivostok size of California, is still committed to nomadic pastoralism4 or a State University of Economics and village economy outside the capital. Because only 3 percent of the Service. land is arable even with irrigation, the country must transition to an industrialized society.

Turkmenistan still enjoys high literacy – reportedly 98.8 percent for youth over 15 years and adults.5 Nonetheless, a flourishing reading culture does not yet exist because there are too few, or even no new books in the countryside, or just simply too expen­ sive books. Even for librarians, books are expensive; an entry level bachelor degree-holding ‘librarian’ may only earn 2 million Manat, the local currency, (USD 80.00) a month whereas a department head might earn 3 million Manat (USD 120.00) and head librarian might make 4 million Manat per month

Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 32(2): 131–139. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206066410 131 06_richardson_066410 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:24 pm Page 132

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(USD 160.00), whereas USD 150 is about the the government. The Turkmen-Chinese mobile national average income. service Huawey has been rapidly entering the communications market. Even given the govern- In addition to its modest reading culture, Turk­ ment’s long-range 2020 modernization plan for menistan is also multilingual6 and multicultural. telecommunications, which aims to increase Students are taught in Turkmen from age 7 availability and access, countrywide, restrictive through the compulsory 9th grade (age 15). government policies, such as eavesdropping and Russian is commonly used as a lingua franca Internet filtering, may prevent Turkmenistan among the intelligentsia and older generation.7 from truly advancing into the high-tech era. “In 1993 English was moved ahead of Russian as the ‘second state language,’ although in prac­ 10 tical terms Russian remains a key language in Economic and Political Constraints government and other spheres.”8 The role and status of women in Turkmenistan is improving; By World Bank standards, Turkmenistan is a for example, one-fourth of all elected officials lower middle income country with Gross are women and they are protected under the rule National Income (GNI) per person estimated at of law. However, there are dress codes for USD 1,130 in 2003.11 The current rate of infla­ women in school and at work. tion is about 9 percent. Energy is a major export. Industry experts consider Turkmenistan to be among the top five natural gas regions in the Technical Constraints world. Turkmenistan is positioned to do well in the future, economically speaking. The Turkmenistan information technology infra­ structure is struggling, given the expense of high Having overwhelmingly won the 1992 election license costs, fees for services, and import taxes for a 5-year term, the President’s term was on equipment as well as an opaque, time- extended to 10 years by a January 1994 referen- consuming government application process for dum.12 More recently, however, Saparmyrat telecom companies.9 In 1998, about 1,000 Niyazov, the former Soviet nomenklatura, has Internet hosts were using the state Internet been confirmed President for life, first in 1999 monopoly, STC Turkmentelecom. Searches are and again in 2002 at the end of his first 10-year filtered by the government for pornography, term. Recently, though, he proposed to retire violence, and anti-government sentiments; the and not run again in 2009. In any event, the Director of the Internet Access and Training President is proud of Turkmenistan being Program (IATP) at the National Library has confirmed as an independent, neutral state by been visited by government officials from the the United Nations in December 1995; for Ministry of National Security as well as the example, Turkmenistan hosted the first inter­ Ministry of Communication/Turkmen Telecom national conference on the Caspian Sea in the seeking assurances that the free Internet spring of 2005, which suggests its interest in searches are not pornographic and must be being a political player in the region. educational and supportive of national policy in the government’s view. In the meantime, NATO is building their ‘virtual silk highway’, using Legislative and Quasi-Legal Constraints satellites for high-speed Internet communi­ cation; the World Bank already offers its June 2000 Legislation materials to in-house users via high-speed satel­ lite downlink. On 15 June 2000, the President signed a piece of legislation, ‘About Libraries and Library Countrywide cellular communication penetra­ Activities’, or Zakon #31–II. Part 1 defines a tion is only 1 percent; for those 59,000 who can library (in Article 1) and librarianship (Article afford to be subscribers (or roughly 97 percent 2) as well as the national information policy of the country’s users), their cell service is (Article 3). It places responsibility for libraries managed by Barash Communications Technolo­ under the Cabinet of Ministers, but especially gies Inc. (BCTI GSM). Otherwise, GSM service the Ministry of Culture and Tele/Radion Broad­ of variable quality exists outside Ashgabat in casting. Part 2 addresses the library system of Dashoguz, Türkmenabat and Mary. Further­ Turkmenistan; Part 3 covers library collections more, one should assume that all calls, including and the acquisition of these collections; Part 4 short message service (SMS), are monitored by deals with library services; Part 5 discusses the 132 06_richardson_066410 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:24 pm Page 133

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creation and registration of libraries; Part 6 Because some Turkmen readers regard it as concentrates on the finances and economic second only in importance to the Koran or the foundations of libraries; and Part 7 encourages Bible, one should know more about this 400­ international cooperation among libraries. page book. On a practical level, novice drivers However, this legislation is largely descriptive of wishing to obtain a license must first pass an 16­ good library practice, but it definitely does not hour course and examination on the book; address copyright concerns (see below) or students applying to university are questioned in privacy issues. person about it Soviet-style; and ministerial workers have a weekly study hour in a special room or corner devoted to it. Every library, The April 2005 ‘Decree’ including universities, must have a Rukhnama In Turkmenistan, Presidential decrees are formal Room, devoted to the cult of this book. pronouncements similar to the United States President’s Executive Orders. In fact, the Turk­ Given the Presidential perspective that “Knowl­ menistan President’s comment that “No one edge is the light of happiness and that knowl­ goes to libraries and reads books anyway; edge should first of all be of use to society”,16 it accordingly, they must close” was an off-the-cuff is surprising that reading is not more popular in comment –actually said in front of his Cabinet of his country. For instance, according to the Ministers and televised by Watan on 22 April Rukhnama, “the best way to learn is to read. 2005.13 Apparently, there have been some And the best way is reading through reflection. library closings using his statement as justifi­ If there is no reflection, then there is no science cation. Indeed, there are word-of-mouth rumors at all.”17 Even the President himself knows first­ of increased library centralization (for instance, hand the value of libraries because he comments books in a village library were transferred into on learning his people’s past at the Leningrad the local high school library due to the lack of Polytechnic University’s library in 1954. funds to sustain these small libraries in remote areas) and those branchlets of branches, or small Reading Culture, State Publishing, and the rooms, have been locked up in the southeast part Role of Bookstores of the country while western provinces report no changes. Reading print materials, on the street or in cafés, does not seem as popular as it is in Russia, for instance. Unfortunately, the news radio Mayak, The Information Economy widely thought to be the most popular station, was suspended by the government on 11 July This section briefly examines the constraints on 2004, although there is still modest Internet Turkmenistan’s education and literacy, reading access to news. There are some 20 local news­ culture as well as the role of book clubs and papers18 such as the widely available Neytralny bookstores, and the role of the university as well Turkmenistan or ‘Neutral Turkmenistan’ in as the national library in providing information Russian and Turkmenistan in Turkmen. Hence, resources. reading culture is rather backward here.

Role of the Rukhnama State Publishing Rukhnama: reflections on the spiritual values of Manuscripts for publication are presented to the the Turkmen14 (aka ‘The Book of Souls’) was State Publishing House, Miras,19 which has the written by the President between 1997 and 2001. capability of publishing about 500 book titles per His stated purpose in writing it was “to express year, mostly titles for early education and on the explicitly how the nation has contributed much country’s cultural heritage. Each title receives a to the sciences, literature, civilizations, and registration number, which makes it easy to development of the world and in every area of create the national bibliography. There is no life . . . to enable my nation to perceive our past national bibliography per se, but one might argue and to envision our own dignity . . . The that the national library’s catalog is the bibliog­ Rukhnama deals with the new form of national raphy. Many books seem to have Cataloging in consciousness . . . to open the dwindling spring Publication information, including classification of national pride by clearing it of grass and numbers based on the Universal Decimal stones and letting it flow again. I hope to enliven Classification (UDK/UDC) and Bibliotechno­ the heart with the medication of Philosophy”.15 bibliograficheskaya Klassifikasiya (BBK). The 133 06_richardson_066410 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:24 pm Page 134

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average press run is 20,000 copies; the zakon or per year. Statistical sources comparable to the ‘Library Law of 2000’ requires that copies be US Statistical Abstract or the United Nations reserved for certain libraries of national import­ Statistical Yearbook are available from the ance as designated by the Cabinet of Ministers of National Institute of Statistics, but a national Turkmenistan (see below). Foreign books are census has not been published. approved for importing and licensed by the printing committee, a part of the Cabinet of Ministers. Twin Principles of Librarianship

The Turkmenistan library law of 2000 has one of Government Operated Bookstores the best definitions of a library, stating: Seven government-run ‘Miras’ bookstores are available in Ashgabat. At Store Number 3, the A library is a cultural, educational, and largest of these, one can find about 2,000 unique informational institution that provides for titles; besides the ever-prominent Presidential the satisfaction of spiritual/intellectual and Rukhnama in multiple languages, one can find informational needs of the citizens by some inexpensive used Russian books, new accumulating, systematizing, storing, and French and German works and office supplies. spreading the printed literature and other Interestingly, children’s stories are Turkmenized materials.”21 by taking Russian characters (such as a bear or wolf) and making them into camels or sheep. Necessarily, this definition involves preservation and access. Book Stalls and Retail Bookstores Preservation In addition to the state-run bookstores, one can find at least two private bookstores in Ashgabat, Most collections consist largely of cast-offs; which carry upwards of 1,000 titles including almost every library contains dated and worn some Russian language reference manuals for collections. If there is anything worth saving or driving and car repair. In the Russian Market, maintaining, the requisite environmental several bookstalls sell recent inexpensive conditions are not present. For instance, high Russian novels, some popular reference ultraviolet radiation, numerous open windows, materials such as the works of Dr. Benjamin and frequent poor closures around door and Spock, and bi-lingual Russian–English diction­ window openings work against long-term aries. However, there are no glossy periodicals preservation. Fortunately, much of the country from countries other than Russia; there are a has a hot dry climate with low humidity. The handful of Russian periodicals devoted to good major issue is the change in interior tempera­ housekeeping, dieting, and crossword puzzles. tures between day and night. The charge of the They are usually sold in kiosks at the local Institute of Manuscripts is to preserve Turkmen markets. Otherwise, no magazines are to be seen literary culture; they have an imposing job ahead anywhere. of them. The forthcoming new National Library building should be a brand new, state-of-the-art facility with proper temperature and humidity Basic Reference Materials controls. At present, there are no preservation or In order to support the national curriculum, the conservation facilities in existence. State Publishing House undertook to publish a series of reference materials, starting in 1996. Information Access While a variety of reference formats have appeared thus far, however, no indigenous Most libraries maintain relatively short hours of atlases or even detailed maps of the countryside operation; circulation services are based on exist. The Institute of Language and Literature, possession of a membership card, which can be a branch of the Supreme Council on Science and acquired by paying a modest fee. Collections are Technology, is publishing a two-volume diction­ orderly, using BBK or UDC. Cataloging records ary20 of the Turkmen language. Other more are quite minimal, mainly shelf inventories. specialized dictionaries are published for the Other than at the National Library and Turkmen local institutes and universities by Ylym State University, no typed, printed, or computer (‘Science’), a specialized government publisher, catalogs (i.e. no full standard cataloging by which has an output of approximately 100 titles author, title, and subject access according to

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AACR2R or LCSH) appear to exist. Nonethe­ appears to be heavily dependent upon gifts from less, as personal computers become less expen­ local embassies, other countries, and interlibrary sive, there is increasing use of computer loan. The national library also supervises the technology for word processing and email, along provincial libraries in Turkmenbashy, Dashoguz, with filtered Internet access. The professional Türkmenabat and Mary. The library advertises concept of question answering is not wide­ itself, notably by broadcasting television features spread; hence, reference desk service is not on Thursdays and re-broadcasting them on widely apparent. Given the government restric­ Mondays, as well as hosting local artists’ work tions on Internet access, Internet cafés are still for sale in the lobby. The library also mounts 200 rare in Ashgabat. book exhibitions per year locally and in the provinces. Article 7 of the 15 June 2000 library law addresses the national library’s five goals: Types of Libraries 1. to describe and preserve comprehensive Estimates of the total number of libraries in collections of native and foreign material; Turkmenistan vary, but the Ministry of Culture 2. to contribute to the development of culture, and Broadcasting claims 88 state-funded education and science; libraries, which seems like a reasonable estimate. 3. to record bibliographically all printed An estimated 10 percent of the national budget materials; is spent on museums and libraries, which seems 4. to conduct research and development projects high. As for the actual numbers of libraries of for book and library science instructional different types, there are currently no good esti­ materials; and mates. There are three national libraries (the 5. to participate in international cooperation. National Library itself, the State Children’s Library with outreach to kindergartens and The US Department of State’s Internet Access schools, and the Science Library). The five and Training Program (IATP), which provides provinces (Ahal, Balkan, Mary, Dashoguz, and free Internet, sharing of information, and social Lebap Velayats) each have one central public networking, is administered by IREX locally, library for adults; in the cities each district and housed in the national library. should have one (for instance, Ashgabat should have seventeen libraries). There is a national Although they have a handsome building, it does archive and national museum related to national need repair and updating for computerization, culture as well as one devoted to Turkmen so the President has given them a striking new carpets. Under the national library law, all 23,000 square meter building, which will include libraries are charged with developing the an online public access catalog, located at the national Turkmen culture and preserving intersection of Archabil and Turkmenbashy national Turkmen heritage. avenues. The projected completion date is set for October 2006. The National Library In addition, there is a State Children’s Library, Formerly known as the Turkmen State Public which is part of the national library, named after Library, the national library was established in B. Amanov and founded in September 1935 to 1895, and is the largest of the depository work with kindergartens and schools in the five libraries with a collection of 5 million items regions. This unit promotes the love of reading (including 16,200 maps, 400 manuscripts, theses via reading clubs and after-school programs. and dissertations, 2,900 magazines and journals, The library is divided into seven departments, and newspapers in 45 languages). In addition to dealing with: elementary school children; receiving all items from the national publishing middle school children and teenagers; arts; house, it is a United Nations (since 2000), collection development; cataloging; archives; Organization of American States, and World and instructional and bibliographic work. One Bank depository as well. quarter of its 250,000–item collection, in closed stacks, is for younger children; many of its texts The library has 22,000 registered users per year, are in English from Russia. There are also circu­ to whom 2 million items a year are circulated. lating and reference, or reading, halls for its Items are found via a card catalog, which 12,000 registered readers, especially art and provides author and subject access. The Depart­ music school students, who circulate 100,000 ment of Foreign Literature, with a staff of fifteen, items per year.

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The Central Science Library by Moscow State University’s Scientific Library. Otherwise, their current digitization projects Receiving no less than 1 percent of the nation’s include faculty lectures and student notes as well income, the Central Science Library (MYK) is as theses and dissertations. In the short term, the one of three branches of the Supreme Council of librarians download hot topics (i.e., Astronomy, Science and Technology (VSNT), founded in Biology, Energy, Mathematics, Medicine, Seis­ 1924. The other two branches are the Institute mology, and Technology) from the Web; in the of Language and Literature and the National near future they are looking forward to offering Institute of Manuscripts22. The library’s mission library instruction to their students in a new is to provide bibliographical resources for the 20 library building with open stacks in late 2007. research centres or institutes23 which take their direction from the nation’s priorities. The collec­ tion numbers about 1.3 million items (making it School Libraries one of the largest in Central Asia) and contains The Ministry of Education is responsible for mostly foreign language materials. The library is secondary education and oversees about 1,800 staffed by a total workforce of 75. It has book schools offering some or all of the secondary exchange programs with the University of Cali­ grades. “Secondary schools have 66,192 teachers fornia and the Library of Congress and is also a who serve 831,000 students. The primary and World Bank depository library. User registration secondary systems are being restructured is free of charge. according to Western models, including shorter curricula, more vocational training, and human 25 University Libraries resource development.” However, more recent analysis suggests that the Turkmenistan school In addition to the Agricultural University, the system is in decline,26 although schools are no 24 International Turkmen Turkish University, and longer closed from 1 September through 1 the Turkmen State University (TGU), there are November for cotton harvesting outside of the nine institutes, including the Turkmen State capital because Turkmenistan has passed a Law Institute of Culture, which offers coursework in on Guarantees of Youth’s Rights to Labour in librarianship, and two pedagogical institutes for February 2005 (Child Labour Law, in other training teachers. Apart from the Turkmen State words) that bans child labour. However, the Pedagogical Institute in Türkmenabat and the number of teachers has been decreased and State Institute of Energy in Mary, the remainder English and Russian schools have been closed. are located in Ashgabat. The actual size of a school’s library depends on the capacity of the school. For example, a school The Turkmen State University building with 1,500 authorized students (but The Turkmen State University’s library contains they can have more than 2,000 students, due to 650,000 book titles (the oldest book dates from the fact that some other schools are being the 18th century) housed in three buildings (the demolished and students are transferred to main building, a law library, and the theology schools neighboring them) would have one division) and is staffed by seventeen librarians room devoted to the library. The actual collec­ under the university librarian. The library also tions are Spartan – often, they lack the essential provides textbooks to students, who may check textbooks. Nonetheless, they do have recent them out for a year. Recently, however, it has books published in Turkmenistan such as the become more popular among students to Rukhnama and others. Also, some fiction as purchase their books outright. Many of the well as a few English language books may be English language texts come from Russia. found in school libraries (although English language books are found only in schools where At the present, the library has a local area they teach English). Textbooks are loaned out for network and is automating its card catalog, with the entire academic year; other books circulate assistance from the ENSSIB: École Nationale as well, unless the library owns only one copy. Supérieure des Sciences de l’information et des Reference works are non-circulating. No Bibliothèques at the University of Lyon, computers and no Internet access are available supported by funding from a 2003 European specifically for library purposes, but most of the Union Tempus higher education grant of EUR schools in Ashgabat and some other cities have 292,000. Electronic catalog records are searched modest computer laboratories for their school via SIGLA, a Russian library portal, established children.

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Education for Librarianship Recommendations

The School of Librarianship at the Turkmen As the national government fosters its develop­ State Institute of Culture, the sole program of its ment as an independent state and becomes a type in the country, was founded in 1992 when leader in Central Asia, the country’s library and the Ministry of Culture transferred the study of information economy must have more attention librarianship from the Turkmen State from its own government, its own national University, where it was started in 1974. Today, library, and its non-governmental organizations there are several faculties within the School of (NGOs), as well as support from relevant inter­ Librarianship: Libraries and Museum Adminis­ national organizations and foreign donors. tration; Theatre and Arts; and Preservation of Interested parties must work in true partnership Cultural Heritage. In addition, there is a unit –no more cast-offs, no more unwanted books, devoted to the Rukhnama. The Libraries and and no more second-hand periodicals. Relevant Museum Administration faculty consists of two and lightly-used material would be much more sections: Library Science and Bibliography and appropriate. Certainly, any approaches to the Informatics and Book Business.27 The organiz­ government could be couched in terms of the ation of the book trade was added to the President’s value of ‘reading through reflection.’ curriculum in early 1990s, archival training and paper resources was added in 1996, and trends One hopes that the Turkmenistan Government in museum administration in 2000. Two collec­ will ensure that the promotion of reading, book­ tions of books exist –45,000 in the dormitory for stores, and libraries are truly part of its national its library science and informatics students strategic development plans, so that the lack of while another small working collection for scientific, technical, engineering, and medical librarianship is housed on the second floor. information is not a constraint. The national Only 12 students are enrolled each year from all policy in Article 3 of the 2000 law should be over the country each summer, the actual expanded upon in the near future to include number being determined by the nation’s Presi­ such topics as copyright (because Turkmenistan dent and his Cabinet. The female to male is not a member of the Berne Convention or the student ratio is about 80/20. The typical Geneva Phonograms Convention) and privacy curriculum covers up-to-date topics such as issues. archives and manuscripts, cataloging, children’s literature, library automation, the pedagogical- The establishment of a national library associ­ sociological aspects of reading, and reference as ation, as well as a national booksellers’ associ­ well as foreign languages, Turkmen language ation, would go a long way toward encouraging, and literature, the history of Turkmenistan, the supporting and preserving Turkmenistan’s Rukhnama, and the policies of Neutral Turk­ indigenous culture. Such associations should menistan. Small seminar-style classrooms are push for more open access to international available for the seven full-time faculty periodicals, especially those in the Russian members, and some rooms are devoted to IBM language, and to foreign newspapers, available computers, but with only limited Internet on the street and not just in supervised settings access. Everything is in good repair. Students like the National Library. The library association spend their first two years in the classroom, could support the implementation of the then two more years of internships in their local national information policy of 2000 while the velayats (regions), and then after two more booksellers association could support a copy­ years of work in a state library agency, they right law as well as a full deposit law for the receive their diplomas. Although it is the only country, which would encourage innovation. library and archival education facility in the Finally, these associations would help document country, its modest intake and output may not Turkmenistan’s cultural heritage and could be sufficient for the national demand for encourage the provision of current information librarians; however, there is no formal, national resources which might answer the pressing survey of manpower needs for archivists, social, technical, economic, political and eco­ curators, or librarians. logical questions of the Cabinet, the government ministries, the National Assembly, and People’s Council. The opening of the new national library building might be an auspicious time to hold the first meeting of such a library association. The

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new Turkmenistan Library Association could Notes and References co-sponsor in-service workshops, or continuing 1. U.S. Department of State, ‘Background Note: education seminars at the Turkmen State Turkmenistan’ at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/ University as well as the Institute of Culture. 35884.htm (accessed 12 April 2005). 2. Library Literature indexes only two articles on Local libraries and librarians might find willing libraries (both in Russian from the 1980s) while partners through IFLA’s ‘Twinning Project’ or ERIC contains none; and according to OCLC’s First- ALA’s Sister Library Project. Any library wishing Search, only 26 dissertations to date have been written on Turkmenistan. The best English language to partner with the Turkmenistan National source on Turkmenistan publishing and libraries is Library should e-mail their Department of ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Printing: The Foreign Literature at [email protected]. In any Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic,’ in the Ency­ case, Turkmen librarians can certainly apply for clopaedia of Library and Information Science (New the IFLA/OCLC Early Career Development York: Marcel Dekker, 1981, vol. 31). FirstGov lists Fellowship. Local LIS faculty need exposure to 150 federal government documents, all of which the international library community; attending seem to be from the United States Department of international conferences such as those of the Energy. 3. Originally conceived as ETPS (a mnemonic for the American Library Association or the Association four sectors of his taxonomy of the environment: for Library and Information Science Education, economic, technical, political, and social) by Francis their primary peer group, would be one way of J. Aguilar (see his Harvard dissertation which was achieving this. published as Scanning the Business Environment. New York: Macmillan, 1967). A little later in the Finally, the future of Turkmen librarianship will 1960s, Arnold Brown for the Institute of Life Insur­ be determined largely by the character of the ance reorganized it as STEP (or strategic trend evaluation process) as a way to organize the results next generation of students. Proactive recruit­ of his environmental scanning. Thereafter, this ment of outstanding students; sufficient financial macro external environment analysis, or environ­ support during their studies; an excellent faculty mental scanning for change, was modified yet again (who would benefit from Fulbright support) and to become a so-called STEPE analysis (i.e., the an up-to-date curriculum in information social, technical, economic, political, and ecological resources, technology, and user needs; and a taxonomy). In the late 1980s, James L. Morrison and stronger information infrastructure would go a Thomas V. Mecca, ‘Managing Uncertainty,’ in Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research (New long way to ensuring a bright future in Ashgabat. York: Agathon Press, 1989), vol. 5, pp. 334–382 developed Ed QUEST, or ‘Quick Environmental Acknowledgements Scanning Technique,’ which focused on education as the final E. Even more recently, the L for legislative While I wish to thank the US Department of or legal concerns has also been added, but seems State, especially Dr. Ilya D. Levin, for the oppor­ redundant or duplicative of the political, but which tunity to visit Turkmenistan during June and could be useful in some contexts. Half seriously, I early July 2005, neither he nor the State Depart­ think the L should be used for libraries. 4. “Predominantly settled Turkmen are known as ment nor any other governmental agency, for chomur, while mainly nomadic Turkmen are known that matter, necessarily endorses the preceding as charwa,” according to Adrienne L. Edgar, Tribal analysis and recommendations. In addition, I Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan (Prince­ wish to thank the many library leaders who ton: Princeton University Press, 2004), page 23. discussed Turkmenistan’s state of affairs with Today, all of population is settled, though historically me, but given the potentially political impli­ nomadic tribes were from the western part of the cations of doing so, I will merely acknowledge country. 5. See Table 2A ‘Adult and Youth Literacy Figures’ from Mr. Begench Karayev, Head, Department of Youth in Numbers Series, Europe and Central Asia, Foreign Political Information and Analysis, Draft November 2004, at http://siteresources.world Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and Mr. Nury bank.org/INTCY/Data/20333452/YIN-ECA.pdf Nuryev, Library Specialist at the Ministry of (accessed 2 June 2005). Notably, in August 2002, the Culture and Television and Radio Broadcasting, President of the country reclassified age groups as: who accompanied me on my official visits. 0–12: childhood; 13–25: adolescence; 25–37: youth; Finally, I especially appreciated the assistance of 37–49: maturity; 49–61: prophetic; 61–73: inspira­ tional; 73–85: wisdom; 85–97: old age; and 97–109: Elena Boudovskaia, of UCLA’s Department of Oguzkhan. Slavic Languages and Literatures, for assistance 6. See ‘Chapter Five, Dueling Dialects: The Creation of in translating the Russian legal texts, as well as a Turkmen Language,’ in Edgar’s Tribal Nation, the Islamic law insights of my UCLA law school pp. 129–164. colleague, Dr. Khaled Abou El Fadl.

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7. In 2003, according to the CIA World Factbook at 18. The US Embassy in Ashgabat maintains a list of http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ ‘Media in Turkmenistan’ which includes four tx.html (accessed 2 June 2005). regional newspapers, eleven magazines as well as 8. Glenn E. Curtis, editor, Country Studies: Turk­ two radio/TV companies at http://www.usemb- menistan (Library of Congress, 1996) at http:// ashgabat.usia.co.at/media.html (accessed 13 June lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html (accessed 11 2005). June 2005). 19. The ISBN is a tripartite number; for Turkmenistan, 9. Turkmenistan: Overview of the Wireless Communi­ it begins with 5, which stands for the area code cations Market (Ashgabat: US Embassy, 2004) at which includes Russia, and is followed by the http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/bisnis/bisdoc/040319TX publisher number, and finally a unique book number. WrlsComm.htm (accessed 13 June 2005). 20. In addition, they have published flora and fauna 10. The best current scholarly work on Turkmenistan is dictionaries along with those on economics, herbal by Adrienne L. Edgar (Tribal Nation, Princeton medicine, and animal husbandry among others. University Press, 2004) while the best current 21. ‘About Libraries and Library Activities, 2000 Zakon’; popular source is by Hugh Pope (Sons of the translated by Elena Boudouvskaya. Conquerors, Overlook Duckworth, 2005), specifi­ 22. Its agenda is to revive Turkmen traditions and cally his chapter 6, ‘The Cult of Turkmenbashy: writers, reprinting epochal literature, fairy tales The Method in Turkmenistan’s Mad Tyranny,’ (Yarty Gulak, would be a good candidate – it’s the pp. 95–109. story of tiny, little fellow – literally, half ears – who 11. World Bank. Turkmenistan, Country Brief, 2004. (see loves a girl of ordinary size, but she has to marry a http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ local khan and what he must do in order to obtain COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/TURKMENISTANEXTN/ her), proverbs, and indigenous stories. 0,,contentMDK:20139165~pagePK:141137~piPK: 23. Including geology and seismology, oil and gas, desert 141127~theSitePK:300736,00.html (accessed 2 June wildlife, agriculture (especially cotton and animal 2005). husbandry), history and literature as well as manu­ 12. ‘His Excellency Saparmurat Niyazov “Turkmenbashi” scripts, medicine, oncology, opthamology, and President of Turkmenistan and Chairman of the pharmacology. Cabinet of Ministers’ at http://www.turkmenistan 24. Claims to have the first and only WiFi hot spot in the embassy.org/turkmen/gov/presbio.html (accessed 9 country, according to Wi-Fi Hotspot Directory at June 2005). http://www.hotspot-locations.com/modules.php? 13. The quotation varies somewhat, but was widely name=HotSpots&op=show_detail&which=12218& picked up in the US media such as American backlink= percent2Fmodules.php percent3Fname Libraries and Library Journal (http://www.library percent3DHotSpots percent26op percent3Dhotspot journal.com/article/CA527241.html?display=break _query percent26hsl_countryhs percent3DTM per ingNews (accessed 4 July 2005) as well as inter­ cent26hs_city percent3DAshgabat (accessed 13 June nationally, for example, see Mike Russell, ‘Our Low 2005). Shelf Esteem,’ The Herald, Web Issue 2312, 18 July 25. Country Studies, ‘Education System’ (1996) at 2005 (accessed 18 July 2005). Readers should also http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tmtoc.html#tm0026 note ‘The IFLA/FAIFE Statements: Closure of (accessed 11 June 2005). Libraries,’ IFLA Journal, 31 (September 2005): 271 26. For a pessimistic view on the dumbing down of the at http://www.ifla.org/V/iflaj/IFLA-Journal-3–2005. country, see ‘Turkmenistan’s Education System in pdf (accessed 23 January 2006). Downward Spiral’ (4 June 2004) at http://www. 14. The new, second volume was published during eurasianet.org/departments/rights/articles/eav0505 summer 2005, but is not available in English yet. 04.shtml (accessed 13 June 2005). 15. Rukhnama, pp. 60–63. 27. Türkmen Döwlet Medenic,et Instituty [Ashgabat: 16. Ibid., pp. 334–335. n.p., 2005]. 17. Ibid., page 342.

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Sustainable Digital Library Development for Scientific Communities in China

Zhang Xiaolin Abstract The paper analyses the digital library services for China’s scientific communities, explores the challenges toward sustainable digital libraries, presents a development strategy for digital libraries using Chinese Academy of Sciences as an example, and provides a layered design framework for a digital library in an e-science environment. Keywords: Digital libraries; Sustainable development; Scientific communities; China; Chinese Academy of Sciences

Trends of Chinese Digital Library Development for Science and Technology

Generally speaking, digital library development in China can be grouped into local digital library projects, national specialized digital library systems, and national digital library programs. While local digital library projects have produced rich digital cultural materials from local libraries that can be accessed Dr. Xiaolin Zhang is Director, through networks, it is the national programs that make possible Library of Chinese Academy of the wide and rapidly increasing availability of digital information Sciences (LCAS), Director, resources, especially for scientific research and educational insti­ Chinese Science Digital Library, tutes. and Member of the Governing Board, Chinese National Science Since the late 1990s several national digital library efforts have and Technology Libraries. He is a been made that gradually put in place a national digital and member of the Governing Board networked information infrastructure to support the nation’s and the Professional Board of scientific research and education. A few examples are briefly IFLA, a Vice Chairman of the described below. Governing Board of the China Society for Library Science, and a Chinese Science Digital Library member of the Governing Board 1 of the China Society for Infor­ The Chinese Science Digital Library (CSdigital library) was initi­ mation Science. He is currently ated in 2001 by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) as digital leading several national research information service platform to serve its 91 research institutes projects, including Chinese Digital across the country. At the current stage, CSdigital library provides Library Standards Project, Digital CAS researchers with full text scientific, technical and medical Preservation Network Planning, (STM) journals, conference proceedings, theses and dissertations and Open Access Policy Guide­ (ETDs), patents, reference books, and e-books. For e-journals lines. Contact address: Library of alone, CSdigital library now covers 4,000 core western STM Chinese Academy of Sciences, journals and 10,000 Chinese ones. At the same time CSdigital 33 Beisihuan Xilu, Haidian library provides a wide range of networked services including District, Beijing, 100080, China. union catalogs, federated database search, integrated e-journal E-mail: [email protected] browsing, document delivery, digital reference, MyLibrary customization, and remote authentication.

Chinese Academic Library and Information System The Chinese Academic Library and Information System (CALIS)2 was first funded in 1998 by the Ministry of Education (MoE) to organize a digital library consortium among academic libraries.

Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 32(2): 140–146. 140 ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206066412 07_zhang_066412 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:24 pm Page 141

Sustainable Digital Library Development

CALIS membership has grown very fast to 500 found that 2,223 had access to information in 2005 with most of the members joining resources mainly from their office or labora­ together under CALIS sponsorship to collec­ tory, and only 111 from various libraries. tively negotiate acquisitions of e-journals, e- • Most information services, even including books, ETDs, etc., and many of them also taking reference services, are increasingly provided part in building specialized subject gateways or by collaborative effort among libraries through digitization of special educational and cultural networks. materials. With the help of CALIS, readers at • Most physical libraries are increasingly inte­ most Chinese universities can now access far grated into virtual digital information systems more materials than their local print collections that are now the first entry point for most allow. Again taking journals as an example, the scientific users. average number of foreign STM titles in print format stands at less than 500 per university, but While this trend has created a far more effective most universities can access more than 3,000 information space for scientific users and has foreign STM e-journals, while many can cover provided libraries with great accessibility power, more than 8,000. it also presents a revolutionary transformation of the information environment and of the ways in which libraries define themselves and operate National Science and Technology Library their services. It is no longer ‘business as usual’. The National Science and Technology Library Clear analysis of the challenges brought by the (NSTL),3 established in 2000 by the Ministry of changes is a critical prelude to any effort to Science and Technology (MoST), is a virtual sustain development for libraries, digital or library consisting of seven special libraries from otherwise. the basic sciences, agricultural sciences, medial sciences, and engineering, to form a national reserve library and a supply center for scientific Challenges to Sustain and Develop information. NSTL supports its member libraries with acquisition of additional foreign journals, Library Services production of a central abstract database for all 13,000 foreign journals in its members’ collec­ Challenges come from two major directions. The tions, and supply of requested documents with first is the challenge of effectively managing and only nominal fees and fast turn-around time. sustaining the digital library itself to serve Since NSTL is open to all in China as a reliable traditional information needs; the second goes and timely service, its entire collaborative collec­ beyond library services in the traditional sense to tion of foreign and Chinese materials serves as a support new user needs and behaviors in the back-up system for all libraries, even including new e-science environment. those within CSdigital library and CALIS, who now can concentrate on building core e- When digital information becomes a way of life resources that can be retrieved immediately by for users as well as for libraries,5 we are faced their clienteles while relying on NSTL to provide with many new tasks that require drastically additional coverage. different knowledge, methods, and mechanisms. Just mention a few: The Changing Information Environment • Resource development becomes primarily a With systems like NSTL, CSdigital library, and consortium effort so that any one library has CALIS, the information environment is to plan and work together with other, often changing very rapidly for Chinese scientific different, libraries based on systematic analysis communities, especially those in advanced of coverage and strength, the distribution of research institutes and universities. In this new user needs, availability of resources and environment: methods of supply, and various supply chain structures. • The dominant information resources for scien­ • Resource structures of libraries are increas­ tific users are now digital. ingly changing with the steady transformation • The default and preferred way of accessing from the print-plus model to the e-plus model information for scientific users is now through and then to an e-only model, which asks for networks. A 2005 investigation4 of 2,563 CAS new strategies, new supply chain structures, researchers carried out by the Library of CAS new funding models, new organizational

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procedures, and new coordinating infrastruc­ research tools, online collaboration acts as the tures for print and e-copies. organizing mechanism, and virtual organiz­ • Digital preservation becomes a critical and ations dynamically support knowledge dis­ regular operation for a sustainable library covery and exchange. Effective services, far service, which requires new system infrastruc­ beyond simple search and delivery of known ture, financial support, technological and items, are demanded to help users to mine administrative expertise, and commitment to knowledge and knowledge relations among long term planning and management. seas of various scientific objects, and to do so • Preservation of imported information proactively along research workflows and resources manifests another challenge for any among research interactions. A service system country where much scientific information diffusing into and interacting with users’ comes from foreign publishers and most knowledge processes is essential for success in acquisitions of databases are only for the right such a situation. to access. Securing perpetual copies for one’s • Scholarly communication is taken new a turn own scientific communities is of national when forces like Google Scholar/Print,8 the importance and a network of shared responsi­ open access movement,9 and institutional bilities among distributed trustable archives is repositories10 are creating a new information urgently needed. supply chain. Access to information is no • The first line of services switches from physical longer solely intermediated by and channeled reading rooms to websites, while the main through a library; ‘library services’ can be stream of services transfers from passive more effectively provided by open or reading and circulation to active and inter­ commercial systems. A distributed, producer­ active personalized services such as digital driven, value-enriched, and competitive reference, selective dissemination of infor­ market is here to stay, and providing access to mation, information analysis, specialized information alone is no longer enough for a portals, virtual reading rooms, and infor­ sustainable future, as predicted by a PEW mation literacy. Collection-oriented work­ study which found that any organization flows and library-centered service structures, relying on intermediary services will be funda­ though a century old, are no longer adequate, mentally changed within the near future.11 and new user-centered and service-oriented • Digital libraries as they are today will be hard restructuring of libraries is called for. pressed. In many ways, most digital libraries are modeled after traditional libraries. While However, addressing only challenges like these recognizing the merit of this, one has to realize is not enough for libraries to sustain their the very nature and limitation of such digital development in the face of the drastic changes in libraries being resource-centric, document- the very environment where information is centric, and library-centric. Facing the new created and used. Fundamental changes lie environment, digital libraries have to contrib­ ahead that call inevitably for new models of ute more directly and uniquely to the core digital libraries: knowledge learning or creation processes of users than can be done by other information • Science is increasingly operating in a digital providers; they have to organize and present fashion. E-science or cyber-infrastructure6 digital content in context-sensitive and knowl- creates a networked infrastructure rich in data edge-aware manners; and they have to extend grids, computing grids, digital libraries, and their vision of information activities and infor­ collaboratories. Here all kinds of scientific mation services into the whole spectrum of objects, including people, programs, facilities, users’ problem-solving processes and users’ data and documents, procedures and work­ information environments. Digital libraries flows, and even policies and strategies, can be need to be re-designed as integral parts of and will be digitally represented, accessed, users’ knowledge work environments instead interconnected, and invoked through of as stand-alones or add-on extras.12 networked interaction. This calls for a new definition of information resources, infor­ Remodeling the Strategy for Digital mation organization, and information service integration. Library Development • Science is increasingly based on interactive virtual knowledge communities7 where New models of information and knowledge networked information becomes interactive services have to be invented. Libraries can either 142 07_zhang_066412 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:24 pm Page 143

Sustainable Digital Library Development

lead the way or be marginalized. The Library of content, context, and communities,13 the follow­ the Chinese Academy of Sciences (LCAS) takes ing framework of the CAS Digital Library is these challenges as opportunities to develop its outlined. digital library strategy by envisioning a process to transform digital libraries into an e-knowl- Overall Layered Framework edge infrastructure where: The Overall Layered Framework (Figure 1) • Digital objects in the research space are consists of three major layers: an Integrated described, organized, interlinked and inte­ Information Service (IIS) layer, a Discipline- grated as an open knowledge grid. based e-Scholarship Service (DSS) layer, and an • Networked services are provided in a person­ Institution-Based Knowledge Service (IKS) alizable and user-based way to retrieve, layer. An Information Analysis module is organize, link, visualize, re-purpose and re­ provided to aid knowledge discovery, an Onto­ distribute information on digital objects in the logical Integration Service is planned to provide research space. the semantic glue to integrate resources and • Knowledge processing mechanisms are built services at various layers, and a Workflow within user information environments and Management Service module is envisioned to embedded into user information processes to connect information processes between various support knowledge discovery, knowledge layers. organization and knowledge management. • Collaborative mechanisms are developed for The IIS is made of two parts: firstly, a distributed librarians to work together with researchers to information resources system that provides develop the above structures and services, and access services for CAS users to various full text to provide further value-added and personal­ STM resources and search services, and supports ized services. digitization, preservation and retrieval of CAS- produced knowledge assets such as theses and Aiming to build a digital library diffusing into the dissertations (of more than 10,000 graduate research environment, LCAS investigated students graduated yearly at CAS), journals development trends in e-science and digital (over 250 STM academic journals), technical libraries, and surveyed CAS users for their reports, and papers published at international current and future needs. Based on a new under­ journals and proceedings (over 20,000 yearly). standing of the essence of digital libraries as live Secondly, an integrated service platform is built knowledge systems incorporating knowledge upon the resource system layer but extends in

Information Analysis and Knowledge Discovery

Institutional Institutional Institutional Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge Ontological Portals Portals Portals Integration Workflow Services Composition Disciplinary Disciplinary Disciplinary Services e-Scholarship e-Scholarship e-Scholarship Portals Portals Portals

CAS Integrated Information Service Platform

CAS Distributed / Collaborative Info Resource System

Resources of Other Systems CAS Information Resources Figure 1. CAS digital library framework. 143 07_zhang_066412 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:24 pm Page 144

Zhang Xiaolin

three directions: to integrate resources from Resources guides users to various research facili­ NSTL, CALIS, and other digital libraries, to link ties in the field to support collaborative experi­ resources from e-science, e-learning, and e- ments; Tools and Methods Resources will help government, and to provide a seamless infor­ locate specific learning, research, and produc­ mation experience (not just a search and tion tools and methods used in the field; and retrieval process) where CAS users can make use Communications Resources leads users to of potentially multiple services from anywhere conferences, forums, journals, RSS feeders, and with one authentication, one input, in one logic other communications services for the fields. process, to support their information explo­ ration, access, and processing. Part of this is in For the Research Facet, the portal will help place in today’s CSdigital library, but a lot of organize and access the important institutions, user-based integration still needs to be woven in research plans or initiatives, ongoing projects, which will lead to restructuring of some of the people and communications and services current systems. providing materials and products needed or produced by the field, so that research activities in the field can be discovered, linked, analyzed, Discipline-based e-Scholarship Service Layer and easily utilized to facilitate one’s own The Discipline-based e-Scholarship Service research. Layer (Figure 2) consists of a series of Disciplin­ ary e-Scholarship Portals. ‘Disciplinary’ may be For the Service Facet, a range of services are a traditional discipline like physics, or a cross- integrated to provide information alerting, field discipline like biophysics or advanced selective dissemination of information, cross­ manufacturing. The emphasis here is to build database search, document delivery, and refer­ around the scholarly communications process to ence, to support research in the field. Many of support the whole spectrum of information these are provided by the services at the Inte­ activities, and to build an integrated information grated Information Services layer and may be service from an e-science point of view instead customized according to the needs and of a library point of view. So this layer has resources of the field. In addition, the portal may multiple facets of service. host open access journals, blog services, mailing lists, and open conference systems to facilitate For the Resource Facet, Information Resources communications. A Discipline Knowledge will cover STM literature, open access reposi­ Organization System service will be developed tories, and other web resources; Sci & Tech Data to organize these resources and services into a Resources will provide organization and access semantically meaningful knowledge network to data grids in the field; Educational Resources based on a research ontology,14 which can then will help discover and retrieve educational be personalized. Such a portal will be linked programs and courses, course-wares, teaching with other portals and integrated into the IIS materials, and other learning objects; Facilities layer.

Disciplinary e-Scholarship Portal

Integrated Integration Personalization Info Service Interface Discipline KOS Services Service Platform Search

Other Linking Disciplinary Information Educational Institutions InfoAlerts e-Scholarship Composition Portals resources Resources Projects InfoServices Workflowing Others Sci&Tech Data Facilities resources resources Plans/Policies OAPublishing

Communiti Blogs/Forums Others Tools & Methods Communications resources resources Mat&Prod Conferences Figure 2. Disciplinary e-Scholarship Portal.

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Institutional Knowledge Services Layer multi-partners, multi-scheduling, multi-control; PersonalOrgWare includes sets of tools for organ­ The Institutional Knowledge Services Layer izing personal information from or at multiple consists of a series of institutional knowledge resources or sites, producing well-formatted service portals that serve individual CAS papers, or producing course-wares. The emphasis research institutes, laboratories, or project teams. here is to organize the knowledge objects, Such a portal can be organized as dimensions. processes, and tools from an institutional and The Information Service Dimension may research point of view. Again, an Institutional include the three facets (resources, research, Knowledge Organization System will be service) in a disciplinary e-Scholarship Portal developed to organize them into a semantically previously described, but obviously with insti­ meaningful knowledge network. Like the tutional customization according to institutional Disciplinary e-Scholarship Portals, Institutional needs and service spectrums. The Knowledge Knowledge Service portals will be linked with Entity Dimension will describe, organize, and other portals and integrated into the IIS layer. provide access, on the one hand, to the ‘organiz­ Within an institution, the portal will also be ational’ knowledge entities of the institution such linked with the institution’s e-learning systems, as its departments, projects, teams, people, and co-laboratories, workflow management systems facilities, and on the other hand, to the ‘living’ (WfMS), and its Enterprise Planning system knowledge objects including plans, activities, (ERP, here as an integrated research manage­ processes, news, and results. The word ‘living’ is ment information system). important, for their dynamic nature, for revealing and capturing their changing states, and for linking them with other entities. The Knowledge Platform Dimension offers an institutional Conclusion repository system to capture the knowledge assets of the institution but extends to promote This is indeed an ambitious design that can only knowledge processing tools and environment. be implemented phase-wise. But what is import­ For this, a number of ‘wares’ are provided. ant is the vision and the approach for digital DiscoveryWare offers specialized search, visualiz­ library development from user knowledge ation, and analyses tools; CommunityWare helps processes. It is the author’s belief that the users to build their own web sites, forums, viability and sustainability of digital libraries lie open conferences, or other forms of virtual in their diffusing into and support for user community; WorkflowWare provides tools for knowledge processes. The design outlined here organizing research processes with multi-tasking, is an experimental step toward this goal.

Institutional Knowledge Service Portal

Integration Personalization Outside Interface Institutional KOS Services Service Resources

DiscoveryWare Resources Department Plans Dimension Objects Institutional CommunityWare Projects Activities Repository Research WorkflowWare Dimension Teams Processes Objects PersonalOrgWar Service People News Dimension Objects Facilities Results

ERP WfMS Co-labs E-learning Figure 3. Institutional knowledge platform.

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References 7. Google Scholar. http://scholar.google.com/; Google Book Search. http://print.google.com/ 1. Chinese Science Digital Library http://www.csdl.ac. 8. Suber, Peter. Open access overview. http://www. cn/ earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm 2. Chinese Academic Library and Information system. 9. Drake, Miriam. Institutional repositories: hidden http://www.csdl.edu.cn/; National Science and treasures. Information Today, Dec. 4, 2005. http:// Technology Library http://www.nstl.gov.cn/ www.infotoday.com/searcher/may04/drake.shtml 3. Library of Chinese Academy of Sciences: user 10. PEW Internet & American Life Project: The future resource needs and requirements survey, July 2005. of the Internet, January 2005.1 4. 2003 OCLC Environmental Scan: Pattern Recog­ 11. Lougee, W. P. Diffuse libraries: emergent roles for the nition. http://www.oclc.org/membership/escan/toc. research library in the digital age. Washington, D.C. htm Council on Library and Information Resources, 5. Atkins, D.E. et al. Revolutionizing science and engi­ August, 2002. neering through cyberinfrastructure. National 12. Norris, D., Mason, J. and Lefrere, P. Transforming Science Foundation Blue-Ribbon Advisory Panel on e-knowledge. http://www.transformingeknowledge. Cyberinfrastructure, January 2003. info/index.html 6. Atkins, D. E. Research libraries and digital library 13. Zhang, Xiaolin. An ontological service layer for research for cyberinfrastructure-enabled knowledge digital libraries: a requirement and architecture communities. In Proceedings of Digital Library- analysis. Digital Libraries: International Collabor­ Advances the Efficiency of Knowledge Utilization, ation and Cross-Fertilization. 7th Intl. Conf. On ed. Furui Zan, Beijing: Scientific Documentation Asian Digital Libraries. Shanghai, China, 2004. Press, 2004.9. pp. 115–123.

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Between East and West: libraries of the Russian Far East

Irina V. Filatkina Abstract Outlines the library network in the the Far East Federal District (FEDF) of the Russian Federation and describes the Far Eastern State Research Library (FESRL), the largest library in the FEDF. Its current collection is about 3 million items. The OPAC, created in 1994, contains 500,000 bibliographic records. Every year around 45,000 readers are registered. The FESRL is actively involved in library education and training and interlibrary cooperation. Library publications include regional biblio­ graphical manuals such as Books on the Far East and Literature on Khabarovsk Krai, a bibliography Published in Khabarovsk Krai, mono­ graphs, conference proceedings, current bibliographic indexes, a direc- tory-calendar of Far East events Time and Events and The Far East State Research Library Bulletin, a quarterly journal on the theory and practice of library science, bibliographic science and book science. The library plays the role of an educational, cultural and enlightenment center. Keywords: Libraries; Far Eastern State Research Library; Russian Feder­ ation; Khabarovsk

Irina V. Filatkina graduated from The Far East Federal District the Khabarovsk State Institute of Culture in library science and The Far East Federal District (FEFD) of the Russian Federation bibliography in 1978. From 2000 is a unique region from both geographical and climatic perspec­ to 2003 she was Deputy Director tives. Difficult climatic conditions (about 60 percent of the terri­ of the Far Eastern State Research tory is characterized as being extremely uncomfortable for human Library (FESRL) in Khabarovsk, life), remoteness from the central and western regions of Russia, and becaome Director in 2003. low density of population (1.2 people per square kilometer), the She has been responsible for local character of population dispersion, and a low level of organizing international and development of the social, transport and communication infra­ regional library conferences, is structure are the main features of the territory. The territory the author of about 50 articles on covers an area of 6,215,900 square kilometers, which accounts for problems of bibliology and library 36.45 percent of the entire territory of the Russian Federation; science, and is Editor-in-chief of however, the 7 million inhabitants constitute only 5 percent of the The Far Eastern State Research population of the Russian Federation. Library Bulletin, a quarterly journal on the theory and practice of library science, bibliographic The Library Network science and book science. E­ mail: ivfi[email protected] There are ten large state universal libraries in FEFD, which in fact perform the functions of ‘central libraries of subjects’ of the Russian Federation. They include one national library (the National Library of Sakha-Yakutia), two Krai (administrative region) libraries (the Far East State Research Library and the Primorsk State Public Library, named after Gorky), five regional libraries (the Amursk Regional Research Library; the Kamchatka Regional Research Library, named after Krasheninnikov; the Magadan Regional Research Library, named after Pushkin; the Sakhalin Regional Research Library and the Birobidjan Regional Research Library, named after Sholom-Alleyhem), two district libraries (Koryak District Public and Research Library and Chukotka District Public and Research Library, named after

Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 32(2): 147–152. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206066413 147 08_filatkina_066413 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:25 pm Page 148

Irina V. Filatkina

Tan-Bogoraz). There is also quite a rich net of growing each year and currently reach 100,000 municipal public libraries and libraries of items. Since 1994, after the adoption of the educational and research institutions. Federal Law on legal deposit, FESRL has been functioning as a legal deposit library and has Seven research centers of the Russian Academy become the main holder of information of Science are functioning in FEFD, and another resources on traditional carriers in the Far East. 153 organizations are also involved in research and development. There has been a stable The Library Collections positive tendency in the field of science, innova­ tion and information technologies during the last The overall activity of the library, including 5 years. The constant growth of allocations to collection development, is organized in compli­ these spheres testifies to this trend. The number ance with regional social needs and the of institutions that are involved in postgraduate economic, demographic, national and cultural studies has grown, likewise the number of staff peculiarities of Khabarovsk Krai (Khabarovsk in academic research institutions, organizations Krai is a large administrative region in the Far and universities. East and a part of FEFD) and the Russian Far East in general. Collecting literature published in All these factors, by definition, have to have an and about the region is one of the priorities of impact on the development of information and collection development. The collection of publi­ communication technologies (ICT) and the cations on local history, economics, culture, etc. information environment across the territory. At includes about 100,000 items, among them present the fastest rate of development is 30,000 titles of books. The volume and coverage peculiar to university libraries, particularly those of the collection is unique, not only for the Far considered the largest (the Humanitarian East, but for Russia as a whole. Some of the rare University in Khabarovsk and the Far East State titles are of interest to researchers from all over University in Vladivostok), and others. All of the world, since they exist nowhere else in the them are actively using external e-resources and Far East and even in Russia. The special collec­ creating their own. More and more libraries are tion of rare books and periodicals contains being considered as strategic partners in 15,000 items, among them 32 manuscripts as conducting research and developing the well as books dating from the 15th to the 20th educational system. centuries, including incunabula, books in Cyrillic script, and titles published during the As a whole, the library net in the Far East is epoch of Peter the Great. At present the library characterized by a high level of heterogeneous is compiling a union catalogue of rare and distribution of libraries, serious differences in the valuable publications from the holdings of number and quality of libraries in the different Khabarovsk Krai libraries. subjects of interest in the FEFD, and differing rates of development of libraries, both in differ­ The extension of the scope of international ent regions and within the same region. In contacts of the Russian Far East with other general, the quantitative and in some cases countries of the Asia-Pacific region and the qualitative level of library services provided to development of cultural ties with these countries the population of FEFD is lower than in the rest have increased public interest towards learning of Russia. The needs of the population for access the languages and cultures of neighboring Asian to information are not completely satisfied. Yet states. To answer these evolving needs the there are some leaders, which introduced good library is doing its best to enrich the collection practice, first of all in the field of ICT, but also in of the Department of Foreign Literature, which the development of civil society. at present houses about 70,000 items in 60 world languages. Affiliated to this department there is an International Information Center, which The Far East State Research Library unifies in a single unit American, Japanese and German information centers previously working One of the leaders is the Far East State Research separately. The center provides access to current Library (FESRL) – the largest library in the Far publications on history, economy and culture on East, created at the end of the 19th century. Its different media. International book exchange is current collection is about 3 million items, considered to be an important source of acquisi­ universal in scope and diverse in types of publi­ tion of foreign materials from the USA, Japan, cations and carriers. Annual acquisitions are China, Germany, etc.

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The Library Catalogues Interlibrary Lending The collections are being reflected in a system of For many years, the Far East State Research catalogues which exist on different carriers: Library has been the largest regional centre of paper and electronic. The OPAC, which began interlibrary loan. The unique collections of the to be created in 1994, contains 500,000 biblio­ library are used by other libraries, not only in the graphic records. The OPAC became a reality for Far East, but also in other regions. Around 600 end users in 1998. The Information Library subscribers are served annually, including public System that has been implemented is called libraries (32 percent), research libraries (20 ‘MARC-SQL’ and has been developed by a percent), university and school libraries (10.2 Russian vendor. The OPAC is mounted on the percent), academic libraries (3.3 percent) and Internet. Other library services are also available medical libraries (3.6 percent). A system of elec­ via the Web. tronic document delivery was introduced to provide users with easy access to library collec­ The rapid development of information and tions. telecommunication technologies is typical for all parts of the world. The FESRL tries to keep up Preservation Activities to date, the automation of library and infor­ mation processes being an important direction The most important function of the library is of work, although the demand for a new level of preservation of its unique collections. The Far interlibrary interaction, cooperation and integra­ East State Research Library actively participates tion caused the creation of cooperative library in implementation of the National Programme systems. Special regulations issued by the for Library Collections Preservation. For several Khabarovsk Krai Administration in 2005 years, under the Federal Programme ‘Culture of provide the legal and financial basis for the Russia’ the project ‘Monuments of Book Culture development of cooperative technologies. In in Khabarovsk Krai’ has been under way. Within practical terms it led to purchasing and installa­ the project, unique photographs were converted tion of OPAC-global software which will facili­ to digital images and their master copies are tate the integration of the libraries of the Far under the watchful eye of curators. Work within East regions with the rest of Russia and in the framework of the project ‘Digital Library of general with global cyberspace. the Far East’ has just started. The most popular periodicals are converted to microfilm. In 2005, a target programme ‘Preservation of Cultural Bibliographic Control and Historical Memory of the Nation: Libraries Special attention is given to bibliographical and Archives of Khabarovsk Krai’ was launched control of local publishing products. Among in Khabarovsk Krai. library publications are the following: regional bibliographical manuals, Books on the Far East; Currently, a national system of repositories is Literature on Khabarovsk Krai; a bibliography being developed, which will redistribute low use Published in Khabarovsk Krai (since 2000); a materials throughout the country. It is planned directory-calendar on the Far East Times and that one of these repositories will be based in the Events (since 1957); a Catalogue of Theses Far East State Research Library in Khabarovsk, Abstracts in the Far East State Research Library the capital of the Far Eastern Federal District. (since 1999); a series of bibliographic indexes like Scientist and Library, Musical Life of the Library Users Far East; and a Bibliographic Bulletin. Apart from print editions an electronic database of One of the important tasks of the library is the books and articles on Khabarovsk Krai is being provision of access to library collections. Unlike maintained. A traditional (print) regional union archive depositories, the Far East State Research catalogue of all publications in the Far East is Library is trying to meet the diverse demands of being compiled. This became possible due to the all social groups. A well-known scientist, Sinol­ joint efforts of all central libraries of the FEFD. ogist and researcher in Japanese language and As a result, users of the Far East State Research culture, G.G. Permyakov, wrote in the book for Library can get access to numerous local publi­ important guests: cations.

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Irina V. Filatkina

I’m delighted with plenitude and availability graphs, bookplates and dedicatory descriptions; of books. My six books couldn’t be created they examine the collection of pre-revolutionary without you. . . . periodicals.

Every year around 45,000 new readers from For many years, the library serves as a methodo­ different social groups are registered. About 40 logical centre for libraries in Khabarovsk Krai percent of the readers are specialists with and as a coordination centre for research and graduate and postgraduate degrees. Since the special libraries of the Far East. Methodological beginning of the 1990s the number of students work is based on the results of scientific research using the library has been steadily increasing. and analysis of innovations in the field of librarianship. The library provides advisory The library has different digital products that assistance to the municipal libraries of constitute the basis for research and teaching: Khabarovsk Krai and holds regional competi­ electronic databases, electronic publications and tions of professional art. communication systems, particularly the Internet. The library was connected to the Education and Training Activities Internet in 1996. In 1999, an Internet reading room with 12 workplaces was equipped through The library serves also as an educational centre. a grant given under the programme IATP On the one hand, being an information insti­ (Internet Access and Training Programme), tution the library assures educational processes. conducted by the non-commercial organization, On the other hand, teaching is becoming a vital Project Harmony Inc. constituent of the entire library activity. Work­ shops have been held on the topics of ‘Library Service: Problems and Perspectives’, ‘Infor­ Research Activities mation and Bibliographic Activity of Libraries: The Far East State Research Library is also a Current Priorities and Key Issues’, ‘Indexing in research institution for studies in librarianship, Card and Electronic Catalogues’, and ‘Library as bibliography, book science and other related a Centre of Ecological Information and sciences. In 2000, the library was accredited as Enlightenment’. An interregional scientific a research institution, and this status was conference on ‘New Tables of Library Biblio­ confirmed in 2004. The library has an Academic graphic Classification: Organization, Tech­ Council, responsible for defining strategic issues nology, Principles of Use. Methods of Subject of research, guidance and publishing develop­ Analysis’, a master class ‘Modern Approaches ment. Major trends in research activities include and Methods in the Study of History of Book scientific support for the development of the Far Science’, a workshop on RUSMARC and a East State Research Library as well as the school for directors of the Central Library development of libraries of Khabarovsk Krai and System of Kamchatka Region, among others, the Far East, and bibliological and local history were also held. research. These research activities result in inter­ national and regional scientific and practical Taking into consideration the current tendency conferences such as ‘Modern Library in United to strengthen the role of the library in continu­ Information and Cultural Space of the Far ing education, the Centre of Continuing Eastern Region’, ‘Priamurye in the Historical, Professional Development for Library Special­ Cultural and Natural Science Context of Russia’, ists of the Far Eastern Region was set up in 2002 etc. based on the Far East State Research Library. Its creation was approved by the Board of the For several years, research activities in the field Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. of the history of the book have been under way Organizational models for raising professional under titles such as ‘Centres of Russian Book competencies as well as the main elements of Science in China in 1917–1949’, ‘Book Collec­ curricula have been defined and the concept of tions of Russian Emigrants and Repatriates from continuing professional library education in the China in Asian Region’, ‘Cyrillic Book-Learning Far Eastern Federal District has been formu­ in Libraries’ Collections’ and ‘Western European lated. In 2004, the library got a license to carry Publications in the Rare and Valuable Books out educational activity. Department of the Far East State Research Library’. Library staff carry out regular work on For quite a long period of time the FESRL has the disclosure and study of books with auto­ cooperated with the Khabarovsk State Institute

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Between East and West

of Arts and Culture (the Russian equivalent of a example in 2005 a large exhibition project was library school). Different courses within the completed to present a joint donation of a formal curriculum of teaching librarianship are National Library of Sakha and a Presidential being taught in the library, including ‘Automated and Governmental Library of the Republic of Search and Retrieval’, ‘Automation of Analytical Sakha. The donated book collection consisted of and Synthetic Processing of Information’, ‘Infor­ 500 editions of universal content and included mation Technologies’, ‘Technical Tools Facili­ belles-lettres, science literature about Yakutia tating Library Work’, ‘Conversion of Documents and publications in the Yakut language. The to Other Media’, and ‘Natural-Scientific and main aim of the project was to single out collec­ Scientific-Technical Book’. The library also tions of Yakut literature and upgrade and enrich serves as a basis for practical training. Special­ FESRL’s collection of national literatures, and to ists of the FESRL serve as consultants and provide access to new acquisitions to represen­ reviewers of students’ term and graduation tatives of the Yakut diaspora on the territory of papers. Khabarovsk Krai.

Publishing Activities Cooperative Activities Publishing activity is a logical continuation of The library carries out task-oriented work to the research and methodological work of the establish and maintain business relations with library. The Printing and Publishing Department different institutions and organizations and with was established in 1998. The library publishes individual scientists and specialists. For many monographs, proceedings of scientific and prac­ years of its existence, the library maintains close tical conferences, current bibliographic indexes, relations with the N.I. Grodekov Khabarovsk and the directory and calendar on Far East Regional Museum of Local History and Times and Events. A quarterly journal on the Economy, the Khabarovsk Krai State Archive, theory and practice of library science, biblio­ and libraries belonging to different parent graphic science and book science, The Far East bodies, including the largest libraries of the State Research Library Bulletin, has been Russian Federation: the Russian State Library, published since 1998. In 2001 there appeared a the National Library of Russia, the Library of the new methodological guideline Library Orbit. A Academy of Science, and the State Public Scien­ number of titles appeared in connection with the tific and Technical Library of the Siberian 110th anniversary of the Far East State Research Branch of the Academy of Science of Russia. Library, among them Chronicle of the Far East Partnerships are also established with a number State Research Library, Book Monuments of the of foreign libraries, the Russian Library Associ­ Far East State Research Library and an illus­ ation and other organizations. FESRL coordi­ trated publication The Far East State Research nates its work with educational and scientific Library: Pages of History. A bibliographic index, institutions and maintains contacts with the The Far East State Research Library, is being Institute of Economic Studies of the Far East compiled. In 1999, the library started to create a Department of the Russian Academy of Science, full text database of its own publications. the Far East State Humanitarian University, the Far East Academy of Public Service, the Pacific State University and others. Cultural Activities The library plays the role of a cultural and Nowadays an urgent need for the creation of a enlightenment center. It is a complicated but unified information interaction and information open and dynamic system whose development environment for all actors in the book market depends on a variety of internal and external (authors, publishers, polygraphists, booksellers) factors. Clubs such as ‘Flower-Grower’, ‘Retro’, is clearly perceived in the Far East. FESRL does ‘Tuning Fork’, ‘Open America’, ‘Japan Today, its best to contribute to this process: close ties ‘University of Gardeners’, and ‘English Club’ are have been established with the publishing tailored to the recreational needs of different houses ‘Private Collection’ and ‘Trans-Amur target groups. The ‘Local History Club’, created Bulletin’. Many contacts evolve into business 6 years ago, united famous scientists of local cooperation. In 2005, for example, due to its studies in Khabarovsk. The Library organizes close ties with the book publishing sector, the meetings with scientists, writers, and public library organized the first regional book fair figures for presentations of new works. Many ‘Science Publishing in Khabarovsk Krai: modern events have an interregional character. For tendencies and perspectives for the future’,

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Irina V. Filatkina

where 28 exhibitors presented more than 1,000 Conclusion titles. FESRL participates on a regular basis in the regional trade fair ‘Pechatniy Dvor’ in Vladi­ vostok. Participation provides an opportunity to This short overview of the activities of the trace books produced in the region and to publi­ FESRL gives a clue to understanding the role it cize the library’s own publications to a large plays in the social and cultural environment of number of potential users. the Far East. The library is an effective social institution which stimulates the development of the intellectual and spiritual potential of the largest region of Russia, the transmission of the new ideas and knowledge, and the upgrading of region science and economy. One of the most difficult strategic tasks in the territorial develop­ ment of Russia is the development of Siberia and the Far East. Libraries should take an important part in this process.

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NEWS

From the Governing Board

NEWS CONTENTS In 2003, IFLA contracted with 4. In light of the information Congrex Holland as our core pro­ provided, the Governing Board From the Governing Board . . 153 fessional conference organizer for decides on the city that will host From the Divisions and the congresses from 2005 through the Congress. Sections ...... 153 2009. This contract removes much Membership ...... 154 of the burden of organization from The first Congress to which this pro­ Future IFLA Conferences. . . . 155 local committees, allowing the cedure applies is that of 2009. The Grants and Awards...... 157 Congress to be held in a wider range region that the Governing Board IFLA Publications ...... 158 of countries. The new process con­ has selected for 2009 is Southern From Other Organizations . . . 159 tinues to ensure input from the local Europe. This region includes the Other Publications ...... 159 professional community. It also following countries: removes the costs of the bid process, which previously had been a Albania, Andorra, Bosnia & burden, from national associations. Herzegovina, Croatia, Gibraltar, Greece, Holy See, Italy, Macedonia World Library and The new process will operate as (Former Yugoslav Republic of), Information Congress: follows: Malta, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia new site selection process & Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain. 1. The Governing Board selects a geographic region in which it Congrex Holland will be compil­ At its meeting in December 2005, would like the Congress to take ing a shortlist of candidate cities the Governing Board discussed and place. between January and March 2006. approved changes to the procedure 2. The Governing Board asks its The host city will be announced at for selecting host cities for the IFLA Professional Conference Organ­ the IFLA World Library & Infor­ World Library and Information izer, Congrex Holland, to do the mation Congress in Seoul, Korea, in Congress. necessary research, obtain com­ August 2006. petitive quotations and put The new selection process forward a short-list of suitable For further information, please reflects the previous method, but is cities in that region. contact: Josche Neven, Communi­ much more transparent. It allows 3. In the decision-making process, cations Manager. E-mail: josche. IFLA to target specific regions to the organized library profession neven@ifla.org ensure that the IFLA World Library in the relevant countries is also and Information Congress is able to consulted (normally via the move around the world. national association).

From the Divisions and Sections

Regional Manager for Asia and c/o National Library Board, 100 IFLA Regional Office Oceania, the IFLA Regional Office Victoria Street, Singapore 188064. Moves for Asia and Oceania in Bangkok is Tel: (65) 6332 3347. Fax: (65) 6332 now closed. The new IFLA 3616. E-mail: [email protected] Regional Manager for Asia and Following the retirement of Ms Oceania is Mrs. Tan Keat Fong, Pensri Guaysuwan, former IFLA

Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 32(2): 153–160. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206066414 153 09_news_066414 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:25 pm Page 154

News

Membership

New Members Ms Christine Tuttle, United States that they have also joined us as a Ms Teri De Voe, United States Gold Corporate Partner. Ms Paige Fujisue, United States We bid a warm welcome to the SAGE Publications, a leading following 30 members who have international publisher of books, joined the Federation between 1 IFLA Welcomes New journals, and electronic media, is a January and 21 March 2006. Gold Corporate Partners privately owned publishing company dedicated to the global dissemination of information. National Associations IFLA, on behalf of our members, wishes our new Corporate Partners Founded over 30 years ago with Asociación de Bibliotecarios de El welcome to the IFLA community. Salvador (ABES), El Salvador a mandate to make the best and most current scholarship accessible ProQuest Information And to a broad academic audience, Institutions Learning SAGE recognizes that high quality scholarship requires dedication and The Capital Library of China, China IFLA is very pleased to announce commitment. SAGE works closely Universidad Nacional de Colombia, that ProQuest Information and with authors and editors to produce Colombia Learning has joined with IFLA as a the most outstanding work in the Development Policy Library/ Gold Corporate Partner. fields in which it publishes. Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Finland ProQuest Information and SAGE Publication acquires, Bibliothèque de Rennes Metropole, Learning is a world leader in col­ develops, markets, and distributes France lecting, organizing, and publishing knowledge. By disseminating schol­ Médiathèque José Cabanis, France information worldwide for arly and professional materials Ministry of External Affairs Library, researchers, faculty, and students in throughout the world, SAGE sets India libraries and schools. Known widely the standard for innovative, inter­ National Institute of Informatics, for its strength in business and disciplinary, and international Japan economics, general reference, scholarship. Biblioservice Gelderland, Nether­ humanities, social sciences, and lands STM content, the company Pakistan Space & Upper Atmos­ develops premium databases com­ EBSCO Information Services phere Research Commission prising periodicals, newspapers, (SUPARCO), Pakistan EBSCO, which has been a Bronze dissertations, out-of-print books, Corporate Partner for more than a University of Dar-Es-Salaam, and other scholarly information Tanzania, United Republic of decade, has decided to upgrade its from more than 8,500 publishers membership to Gold Corporate worldwide. Partner. We are thrilled that Personal Affiliates EBSCO has increased its support, Users access the information and look forward to continuing our Ms Mia Massicotte, Canada through the ProQuest® Web-based excellent relationship with them. Jeff Barber, Canada online information system, Ms Natalija Kilikeviciene, Lithuania Chadwyck-Healey™ electronic and EBSCO Information Services is a Ms Felicia Edu-Uwem Etim, Nigeria microform resources, UMI® micro­ worldwide leader in providing Ms Luiza Baptista Melo, Portugal form and print reference products, information access and manage­ John Mark Moore, United Kingdom eLibrary®, SIRS® and Voyager ment solutions through print and Ms Jeanne Drewes, United States Expanded Learning educational electronic journal subscription Ms Farideh Tehrani, United States resources, and XanEdu® online services, research database develop­ Ms Elise Sheppard, United States faculty and student resources. ment and production, online access Ms Susann Rutledge, United States Through its sister company Serials to more than 100 databases and Ms Jane Mirandette, United States Solutions, ProQuest also offers e- thousands of e-journals, and e- Ms Doris Wisher, United States journal access and management commerce book procurement. Ms Glenda Lammers, United States solutions. EBSCO has served the library and Jim Cole, United States business communities for more Sage Publications than 60 years. Student Affiliates Sage Publications has been the pub­ Ms Somsri Vongdeelerd, Thailand lisher of the IFLA Journal since Ms Sally Quiroz, United States January 2005. IFLA is very pleased

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Future IFLA Conferences

Future IFLA Conferences

WLIC Seoul, Korea, 2006 interpretation will be available Asia and Oceania Section during the Opening Ceremony. Reg­ Open Session istered participants are entitled to The World Library and Information attend the Opening Ceremony of Theme: Open access – Congress, 71st IFLA General the 3rd Shanghai International promoting implementation in Library Forum on August 17, 2006 Conference, will be held in Seoul, Asia and Oceania Korea, from 20–24 August 2006. free of charge. The theme of the Congress sessions and related Third SILF is ‘Management Innova­ Contact: Gary Gorman. E-mail: events which have been notified to tion and Library Services’. [email protected] IFLA Journal are listed below. Contact: Zhang Yijing, Shanghai Library. E-mail: [email protected]. Classification and Indexing Hangzhou Pre-Conference, cn Section Open Session 14–16 August 2006 Theme: Interoperability of Theme: Chinese written and IFLA Satellite Meeting: subject access for multilingual printed cultural heritage and Scholarly Information on East and multi-script networked library work Asia in the 21st Century environment, particularly for IFLA Rare Books and Manuscripts Organized by the Council on East Asia Asian Libraries (CEAL) of the Section Preconference. The pro­ Contact: Patrice Landry. E-mail: Association for Asian Studies. Spon­ gramme will include visits to [email protected] modern libraries and the 400 years sored by the IFLA Asia and Oceania old Tianyi Ge Library, to traditional Section (RSCAO), the Korean printing and paper making villages, Library Association (KLA), and the Continuing Professional and to a writing brush museum. Korean Education and Research Development and Workplace Information Service (KERIS). Learning Section, Further information: Jan Bos, Secre­ Preservation and Contacts: Philip Melzer. E-mail: tary, IFLA Rare Books and Manu­ Conservation Section and scripts Section. Tel. +31 70 [email protected]; Joy Kim. E-mail: [email protected] PAC Core Activity Joint 3140336. E-mail: [email protected]. Programme Conference website: http://www. zjlib.cn/hpc2006ifla/index_en.html Acquisitions & Collection Theme: Preservation advocacy Development and Serials and education Shanghai Pre-Conference, Sections Joint Programme Contacts: PAC Section: Sarah 16–17 August 2006 Toulouse. E-mail: sarah.toulouse@ Working title: Evolving bm-rennes.fr. CPDWL Section: Theme: Library management business models for hybrid Susan Schnuer. E-mail: schnuer@ and marketing in a collections uiuc.edu. PAC Core activity: multicultural world Contact: Pentti Vattulainen (Mr), E­ Christiane Baryla. E-mail: christiane. [email protected] Hosts: IFLA Management and mail Pentti.Vattulainen@nrl.fi. Marketing (M&M) Section; Shanghai Pudong New Area Agricultural Libraries Document Delivery and Government. Discussion Group Open Resource Sharing Section. Satellite Meeting Organizers: Shanghai Library; Session Shanghai Pudong New Area Theme: Resource sharing, Library; Shanghai Life Sciences Theme: Forging partnerships Library, Chinese Academy of between libraries and reference and collection Sciences. extension services for improved development in the digital age access to agricultural – a practical approach. Special Supporter: Communi­ information Contact: E-mail: [email protected]. cation and Cooperation Committee, edu. Fax: +1 11 412–6944. Website: China Society for Library Science Contact: Deva E. Reddy, Convenor, Agricultural Libraries Discussion http://www.nl.go.kr/satellite/index .php English is the working language. Group. E-mail: devaereddy@tamu. Chinese-English simultaneous edu

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News

Document Delivery and Information Technology Libraries for the Blind Resource Sharing Section Section, with Audio-Visual Section Open Session Open Session and Multimedia Section, in association with National Theme: Accessible web pages Theme: Best practice in Libraries Section and accessible OPACS document delivery and Contact: Helen Brazier. E-mail: resource sharing Theme: New Access [email protected] Technologies: Part 1 – Contact: Poul Erlandsen, Section Chair. E-mail: [email protected] Exploring the heritage; Part 2 – Tomorrow’s retrieval. Library Buildings and Equipment Section Open Education and Research Contact: Hanna de Vries. E-mail: Session [email protected] Division VII Theme: Libraries in multi­ Theme: Hidden biases in Knowledge Management functional complexes: library concepts – cultural and Section and Statistics and facilitating the sharing and linguistic differences in Evaluation Section. Open exchange of learning, research and education Program knowledge and information across different types of Contact: Ragnar Audunson. E-mail: [email protected] Theme: Statistical evaluation institution through synergy as a tool for knowledge and design management. Education and Training Contact: Andrew Cranfield. E-mail: [email protected] Section Off-Site Whole Day Contacts: Michele Farrell. E-mail: [email protected] Workshop or Management of Library Themes: Regional cooperation Associations Section Open of LIS Education Institutes in Margaret Haines. E-mail: margaret. Session East Asia; Education and [email protected] lifelong learning among LIS Theme: Advocacy In action; teachers and educators new roles for library Libraries and Research associations. Contact: Mouna Benslimane. E­ Services for Parliaments mail: [email protected] Section and Government Contact: Keith Michael Fiels, Exec­ Information and Official utive Director, American Library Publications Section Joint Association. Tel. +1 (800) 545– Genealogy and Local History 2433 ext.1392 Section Open Session Session

Theme: Local History: a Themes: Government National Libraries Section dynamic partnership of information: dynamic energy Open Session libraries, archives, and sources for business; bridging museums session on content Theme: National libraries: management systems, dynamic partners for the Contact: Mel Thatcher. E-mail: information architecture and knowledge society [email protected] web design issues; the model Contact: Ingrid Parent. E-mail: e-parliament: powerful force [email protected] Geography and Map Libraries for positive change in the Section Open Session knowledge society. Public Libraries Section Open Contacts: Donna Scheeder, Chair, Session Theme: Which name is it? The Libraries and Research Services for geographic naming of places. Parliaments Section. E-mail: [email protected] Theme: Dynamic digitized Contact: Further information: Anita services with audio visual K. Oser, PO Box 2834, Cullowhee, content NC 28723 USA. Tel. +1–828–293– and 5484. E-mail: [email protected] Contact: John Lake. E-mail: john. Irja Peltonen, GIOPS 2006 Pro­ lake@corpoflondon.gov.uk gramme Chair. E-mail: Irja. Peltonen@vm.fi

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Grants and Awards

Rare Books and Manuscripts Regional Activities, Division Social Science Libraries Section Open Session VIII Open Session Section and Government Libraries Section Open Theme: West by East – East by Theme: Information literacy for Session West: cultural and the knowledge society technological exchange – old Theme: Partnership building. Contact: Gary Gorman. E-mail: technology, new technology, [email protected] Contact: Steve Witt. E-mail: swwitt collecting and describing rare @uiuc.edu materials. School Libraries and Contact: Section Secretary, Jan Bos. Resource Centres Section Statistics and Evaluation E-mail: [email protected] Open Session Section and Division I General Research Libraries Reading Section and Libraries Theme: Information literacy for Joint Program for Children and Young young people: evolving models Adults Section Open Session in a changing world Theme: Quality measures on a national scale. Contact: James Henri. E-mail: Theme: Family reading. [email protected] Contacts: Michael Heaney. E-mail: Contact: Gwynneth Evans. E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Science and Technology or Libraries Section Open Reference and Information Session Donna Scheeder. E-mail: dsch@loc. Services Section Open gov Session Theme: Workings of the ubiquitous library Theme: Marketing reference University Libraries and other Contact: Ray Schwartz. E-mail: General Research Libraries services in today’s library – on- [email protected] site and virtual. Section Open Session Contact: Bodil Wöhnert. E-mail: Theme: The role of academic [email protected] libraries in online and blended learning and teaching Contact: Gillian McCombs. E-mail: [email protected]

Grants and Awards

following winners of the InfoShare J.K. Vijayakumar (Vijay) – Assistant ASIST SIG-III InfoShare awards for 2006: Director, Health Sciences Membership Award Library, American University of Winners 2006 Ifeanyi (Ify) Faith Njoku – Antigua, Antigua Librarian, Federal College of L. Ariunaa – CEO, Intec Co. Ltd, Fisheries, Nigeria Mongolia The Special Interest Group for P.R. Goswami – Director, National International Information Issues Social Science Documentation The winners receive one year’s free (SIG-III) of the American Society Centre, Indian Council of Social membership of ASIST. for Information Science and Tech­ Science Research, India nology (ASIST), has announced the Further information: http://www. asis.org/SIG/SIGIII/index.htm

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News

IFLA Publications

Marketing Library and Infor­ of collection building and is prac­ the day-to-day practice in storing and mation Services: international ticed by almost all major libraries. accessing digital objects illustrate a perspectives. Edited on behalf of mutual need for certain standards? IFLA by Dinesh K. Gupta, Christie The 5th edition of this handbook Are there currently any standards for Koontz, Angels Massisimo and addresses these changes in all three the development and building of Réjean Savard. Munich: K. G. Saur parts: Practices (sources of docu­ digital repositories, and how are these Verlag, 2006. xvi, 419 pages. ISBN­ ments, organization and methods), being applied? Are there common 10: 3–598–11753–1; ISBN-13: History and Current Examples (e.g. standards in research on permanent 9–783598–117534. Price: EUR international book exchange: has it access? Or is it still too early to speak 68.00. any future in the electronic age?) of standards, and is it only possible to and the Directory (list of exchange distinguish best practices? Marketing of library services has centres, selected bibliography). now been recognized as an essential Read more on the state of the art of agenda item for almost all kinds of Networking for Digital Preser­ digital repositories, preservation libraries all over the world. As the vation: current practice in 15 strategies and current projects in the term ‘marketing’ has different national libraries. Ingeborg national libraries of Australia, Austria, meanings for different colleagues, Verheul. München: Saur, 2006, 269 Canada, China, Denmark, France, the bundling of dozens of contri­ p. (IFLA Publications: 119) ISBN­ Germany, Japan, Netherlands, New butions from a truly international 13: 978–3-598–21847–7. ISBN-10: Zealand, Portugal, Sweden, Switzer­ group of librarians which is pre­ 3–598–21847–8. Price: EUR 78.00 land, the United Kingdom and the sented in this book, provides a broad (IFLA Members EUR 58.00) United States of America. scale on the topic. Therefore this book offers a useful tool for both Libraries all over the world have to International Newspaper Librari­ working librarians and future deal with fast growing numbers of anship for the 21st Century. Edited librarians to understand vital issues digital materials that need to be by Hartmut Walravens. München: relating to marketing of library and safeguarded. Publications in digital Saur, 2006, 298 pp. (IFLA Publi­ information services at the local, form, online or on CD, digitized cations: 118) ISBN-13: 978–3– national and international level. The images, and born-digital objects 598–21846–0. ISBN-10: 3–598–21 book is divided into six sections: need to be preserved and kept 846–0. Price: EUR 78.00 (IFLA accessible. Especially for national Members EUR 58.00) • Marketing concept: a changing libraries, safeguarding the digital perspective heritage is a major issue, because of This volume consists of presentations • Marketing in libraries around the their legal task to preserve the at recent events of the IFLA News­ world national heritage of a country. papers Section (Oslo 2005, Canberra • Role of library associations 2005, Buenos Aires 2004, Shanghai • Education, training and research Safe storage of the digital heritage 2004, Berlin 2003 and Cape Town • Excellence in marketing and ensuring access for future use, 2003) and documents the variety and • Databases and other marketing requires libraries to have a trusted intensity of newspaper activities literature digital repository system in place, worldwide. Emphasis is put on two and to have an ongoing R&D pro­ main focuses: regional activities and Handbook on the International gramme aimed at developing current work in the fields of preser­ Exchange of Publications. Edited preservation strategies, such as vation and digitization. Another on behalf of IFLA by Kirsti Ekonen, migration and emulation. essential subject covered in this Päivi Paloposki and Pentti Vat­ volume is the very complex issue of tulainen. 5th completely new In 2005 digital preservation in newspapers and copyright. This pub­ edition. 2006. Munich: K. G. Saur libraries has become increasingly lication presents the current state of Verlag, 2006. 158 pages. ISBN-10: important. Two national libraries newspaper librarianship on all five 3–598–11752–3; ISBN-13: 978–3- already have a fully operational continents. It reflects not only the 598–11752–7. Price: EUR 54.00. digital repository in place, and in remarkable progress made during several other countries, the recent years, but also the major chal­ Since publication of the previous development of digital repositories lenges for the future. (fourth) edition of this handbook by is well under way. UNESCO in 1978, drastic techno­ IFLA Publications published by: logical progress and very important When planning digital preser­ K.G. Saur Verlag, PO Box 701620, changes in the political-economic vation activities and improving 81316 Munich, Germany. Tel: sphere have taken place, with great cooperation in digital preservation, +49–89–76902–300. Fax: +49–89– impact on library work. The inter­ an overview of recent developments 76902–150/250). E-mail: saur.info national exchange of publications in the field of digital preservation @thomson.com. Website: www. continues to be an important mode issues could be a valuable aid: Does saur.de 158 09_news_066414 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:25 pm Page 159

From Other Organizations

From Other Organizations

A Glance at BOBCATSSS Although it was obviously imposs­ Arts, Charles University, Prague, ible to participate in every section Czech Republic. Website: http:// 2006 (there were three to five sections uisk.ff.cuni.cz/. E-mail: skolkova@ held at a time), there was a topic for chello.cz The whole idea of organizing an interest for everyone involved. annual symposium for both LIS International ISBN students, teachers and other pro­ The symposium has also proved fessionals in the field came into that the city of Tallinn becomes Agency Moves being in the early 1990s. The 2006 more and more electronic – places without wireless access to the symposium held in Tallinn, Estonia, After more than 30 years the Inter­ Internet and places where it is from 30th January till 1st February, national ISBN Agency is on the impossible or simply inconvenient has clearly shown that the idea is move. The international agency, to use a card to make a payment – still alive and relevant nowadays. which provides support and infor­ are rather hard to find. So Tallinn And maybe especially nowadays mation to more than 160 ISBN has undoubtedly been the right city when it becomes evident that, agencies around the world, is for a conference dealing with issues despite virtually ubiquitous infor­ leaving its long-term home at the of the emerging network society. mation and communication tech­ State Library of Berlin. The move The conference has been very care­ nologies, face-to-face communica­ follows a decision by the Prussian fully prepared and its organizers tion can still make a difference. And Cultural Foundation to discontinue truly deserve a special thank you for what can be a better opportunity for its support for the agency. face-to-face communication with their excellent performance. people studying or working in the The agency’s new home will be Now it will be a real challenge for same profession than an inter­ London. From April this year us, LIS students and teachers from national conference where you can EDItEUR, the international body Prague, to maintain and possibly meet old friends and make new that develops and promotes book even improve the quality of the ones? trade standards, will take over event. We are, together with our col­ responsibility for the day-to-day leagues from Stuttgart Media Uni­ BOBCATSSS 2006 has offered a running of the agency. The new versity, responsible for organizing variety of lectures; the participants Executive Director of the Inter­ the next BOBCATSSS symposium. could also take part in diverse national ISBN Agency will be Brian It will be held in Prague from 29th workshops, have a look at a number Green. The changes do not affect till 31st January 2007 and will be of posters and, last but not least, the ISBN agency for the UK and focused on the issues of marketing enjoy the accompanying social and Ireland which continues to be of information services (for more cultural events. The overall theme operated by Nielsen BookData information please visit our website of the symposium, i. e. Information, from its office in Woking, Surrey at http://www.bobcatsss.org/). And Innovation, Responsibility: Infor­ (www.isbn.nielsenbookdata.co.uk). mation professional in the network so we cordially invite you to come and see the results of our joint society, has included a wide range For further information, please efforts in Prague early next year! of more specific topics, ranging contact: Brian Green. Tel: +44 207 from information literacy to accessi­ 607 0021. E-mail: [email protected]. Linda Skolková, BA, Institute of bility issues or from LIS education Website: www.bic.org.uk and research to the role of public Information Studies and Librarian­ libraries in the network society. ship, Faculty of Philosophy and

Other Publications

International Information Literacy invite your to participate in an of information literacy experiences Resources Directory. exciting new web directory, the around the world. Access to the International Information Literacy database is free to anyone. Have you developed information Resources Directory. literacy resources, created a course, Visit the website at: http://www. developed standards or assessment This web repository has been uv.mx/usbi_ver/unesco, and con­ tools or written a thesis on the designed by the Information tribute entries for the resources that subject? Would you like to give Literacy Section of IFLA in a you have found most useful in your international visibility to your infor­ UNESCO-funded project. The aim own information literacy endeav­ mation literacy work? Then, we of the directory is to enable sharing ors. It is your participation that will

159 09_news_066414 (jk-t) 9/5/06 5:25 pm Page 160

News

enrich this website so that it can people about copyright and fair use. One of the authors’ main goals in serve as a global clearinghouse for It is aimed specifically at miscon­ preparing this publication is to Information Literacy resources. You ceptions about clearances in docu­ produce a high quality educational can begin submitting your records mentary film making, but it uses resource that people can use in immediately. that particular use as a way to classes from high school to grad elucidate fair use doctrine more school, from film school, to social Further information: Jesus Lau, generally. studies to library school, as well as General Project Coordinator, Chair, for the general public. Information Literacy Section/ Bound by Law is available (1) IFLA, Director, Universidad Vera­ free online under a CC license, (BY- Website: http://www.law.duke.edu/ cruzana, USBI VER Library, NC-SA), (2) in hard copy form cspd/comics/ Veracruz, Mexico. Amazon.com, and (3) from Duke directly at a very discounted subsi­ Winston Tabb, Chair, IFLA Com­ Bound by Law dized price for orders above 50 mittee on Copyright and other Legal (USD 4.00 per book including Matters (CLM) Duke University’s Law School has shipping). [All details at the link just published Bound by Law, a below.] comic book designed to educate

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INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR

October 25–28, 2006. Mèrida, December 5–8, 2006. New Delhi, 2006 Spain. India. InSciT2006. International Con- ICDL 2006. International Con­ 16–17 August, 2006, Shanghai, ference on Multidisciplinary ference on Digital Libraries. China. Information Sciences and Tech- Further information: Debal C. WLIC Pre-Conference: Library nologies. Kar, Organising Secretary. Tel. Management and Marketing in a Further information: E-mail: ins +91–11–24682141, 24682111 or Multicultural World. [email protected]. Website: http:// 24682100. Fax +91–11–246821 Contact: Zhang Yijing, Shanghai www.instac.es/inscit2006/ 44, 2468 2145. E-mail: ICDL@ Library. [email protected]. teri.res.in. Website: www.teriin. October 26–29, 2006. Nashville, org/events/icdl August 22–28, 2006. Seoul, Korea. Tennessee, USA. World Library and Information Library and Information Tech­ Congress: 72nd IFLA General nology Association National Conference and Council. Forum 2006. Theme: NetVille in 2007 Theme: Libraries: dynamic Nashville: Web services as library engines for the knowledge and services. information society. For more information visit: 2007. Durban, South Africa. For more information: IFLA http://www.ala.org/ala/lita/litae World Library and Information Headquarters, POB 95312, 2509 vents/litaeventsprograms.htm Congress: 73rd IFLA Council CH, The Hague, The Nether­ and General Conference. lands. Tel. +31 70 314–0884. Fax: November 8–10, 2006. Sofia, Theme: Libraries for the future: + 31 70 3834827. Bulgaria. progress, development and part- Sofia 2006: Globalization, Digi­ nerships. September 7–11, 2006. Moscow, tization, Access and Preser- Further information from: Inter­ Russia. vation of Cultural Heritage. national Federation of Library Cooperation in Acquisitions: For more information, visit the Associations and Institutions East and West. Sofia 2006 website: http://slim. (IFLA), PO Box 95312, 2509 CH Further information: Dr Mikhail emporia.edu/globenet/Sofia2006 The Hague, Netherlands. Tel. +31 Afanas’ev, Director, State Histori­ /Index.htm (70) 3140884. Fax: +31 (70) 383 cal Public Library of Russia. Tel. 4827. E–mail: IFLA@ifla.org. +7 495 625 65 14. Fax: +7 494 November 9–11, 2006. Baltimore, Website: http://ifla.inist.fr/index. 928 02 84. E-mail: [email protected] Maryland (USA) htm. FOIS-2006. International Con­ October 8–11, 2006. Wellington, ference on Formal Ontology in New Zealand. Information Systems. LIANZA Conference 2006. Further information: Dr. Leo 2008 Theme: Next Generation Libraries Obrst, The MITRE Corporation, – He Huarahi Whakamua. Information Semantics Center Contact: The Conference for Innovative Computing & August 10–14, 2008, Québec, Company (TCC). E-mail: lianza Informatics. Tel. +1 703–983– Canada. @tcc.co.nz 6770. Fax: +1 703–983–1379. E- World Library and Information mail: [email protected]. Website: Congress: 74th IFLA General October 16–17, 2006. London, UK. http://www.formalontology.org/ Conference and Council. ILI2006. Internet Librarian Further information from: Inter- International. December 4–8, 2006. Moscow, national Federation of Library Further information: E-mail: info Russian Federation. Associations and Institutions @internet-librarian.com. Website: 9th International Conference (IFLA), PO Box 95312, 2509 CH www.internet-librarian.com. EVA 2006 Moscow. Theme: The Hague, Netherlands. Tel. +31 Culture and information society (70) 3140884. Fax: +31 (70) technologies, Century XXI. 3834827. E–mail: IFLA@ifla.org. Further information: Leonid Kuy- Website: http://ifla.inist.fr/index. byshev, Head of the Organising htm. Committee. E-mail: leonid@eva russia.ru

Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 32(2): 161. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206066415 161 Sommaires SOMMAIRES

Hee-Yoon Yoon, Duk-Hyun Chang vigoureux des bibliothèques en John V. Richardson Jr. The Library et Young-seok Kim. Libraries in Chine.] and Information Economy in Korea: a general overview. [Les IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, Turkmenistan. [La bibliothèque bibliothèques en Corée: un aperçu pp. 113–118 et l’économie de l’information au général.] Turkménistan.] IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, Expose les grandes lignes du déve­ IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, pp. 93–103 loppement des bibliothèques en pp. 131–139 Chine, y compris la Bibliothèque Décrit la situation actuelle des Nationale, les bibliothèques uni­ Un rapport sur la situation actuelle bibliothèques dans la République versitaires, les bibliothèques publi­ des bibliothèques nationales, uni­ de Corée, y compris la Bibliothèque ques, les bibliothèques spécifi ques versitaires et scolaires au Turkmé­ Nationale de la Corée, la Bibliothè­ et d’autres types de bibliothèques nistan, qui couvre les contraintes que de l’Assemblée Nationale, la et le travail de la Société Biblio­ sociales, politiques, économiques Bibliothèque de la Cour Suprême, thécaire de Chine. et technologiques dans le dévelop­ les bibliothèques publiques, aca­ pement de son économie de l’infor- démiques, scolaires et spécifi ques. Kimio Hosono. Changes in Uni­ mation. Ce compte-rendu comporte L’informatisation, le développe­ versity and Public Libraries in les détails de la loi de 2000 relative ment équilibré, la promotion de la Japan. [Les changements dans à la politique nationale de l’infor- lecture, les changements légaux et les bibliothèques universitaires et mation et les remarques présiden­ réglementaires et les mécanismes publiques au Japon. tielles non officielles d’avril 2005 institutionnels sont les éléments IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, ainsi que plusieurs recommanda­ clés des efforts pour continuer le pp. 119–130 tions pour l’amélioration de l’état développement des bibliothèques des circonstances. en Corée. Décrit les facteurs et les institutions influençant les bibliothèques uni­ Zhang Xiaolin. Sustainable Digital Jingfeng Xia. Scholarly Commu­ versitaires et publiques au Japon, Library Development for Scien­ nication in East and Southeast la structure organisationnelle et les tific Communities in China. [Le Asia: traditions and challenges. caractéristiques fondamentales de développement des bibliothèques [La communication du savoir en ces deux types de bibliothèques. numériques à soutenir pour les Asie de l’Est et du Sud-est: les Les grandes lignes du rôle et des communautés scientifi ques en traditions et les défi s.] activités du Ministère de l’Educa- Chine.] IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, tion, de la Culture, des Sports, des IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, pp. 104–112 Sciences et de la Technologie, de pp. 140–146 l’Institut National d’Informatique, Expose les grandes lignes de la de la Bibliothèque Nationale de la Le papier analyse les services tradition de la communication du Diète et de l’Association Bibliothé­ bibliothécaires numériques pour savoir dans quatre pays d’Asie de caire du Japon sont exposées. Les les communautés scientifi ques en l’Est et du Sud-est. Compare les bibliothèques universitaires sont Chine, explore les défi s par rapport similitudes et les différences dans confrontées à des problèmes liés aux bibliothèques numériques à l’histoire et dans les conditions aux restrictions budgétaires, aux soutenir, présente une stratégie actuelles des pratiques de recher­ augmentations des prix des jour­ de développement pour les biblio­ che et de publication en Chine, au naux, à la capacité insuffi sante thèques numériques en prenant Japon, en Corée et au Myanmar. de rayons, au développement de l’Académie Chinoise des Sciences Surligne les défis soulevés par la collection, aux emprunts inter- comme exemple, et fournit un cadre les progrès des technologies de bibliothécaires, à l’expertise du per­ de conception en strates pour une l’information et de la communica­ sonnel. Les bibliothèques publiques bibliothèque numérique dans un tion. En analysant les déséquilibres sont confrontées aux problèmes environnement de la science par existants dans le développement, le liés à la fusion des administrations électronique (e-science). papier évalue les différentes solu­ locales, au Système Shitei Kan­ tions instaurées ou proposées par risha (sous-traitance de la gestion Irina V. Filatkina. Between East ces pays. Il découvre que chaque des autorités locales), aux restric­ and West: libraries of the Russian pays a ses propres caractéristiques tions budgétaires et aux qualifi ca­ Far East. [Entre l’Est et l’Ouest: relatives à la communication du tions médiocres du personnel. Les Les bibliothèques de l’Extrême savoir, rendant le monde divers et bibliothèques publiques sont en Orient de la Russie.] coloré. train d’introduire des services d’in- IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, formation concernant le commerce pp. 147–152 La Société Bibliothécaire de Chine. et l’industrie et concernant la santé The Vigorous Advancement of des consommateurs, ainsi que des Expose les grandes lignes du Libraries in China. [Le progrès systèmes d’onglets CI. réseau bibliothécaire dans le

Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 32(2): 162–166. 162 ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206066416

11_abstracts_066416.indd 162 10/5/06 8:36:04 am Zusammenfassungen

District Fédéral d’Extrême Orient l’Extrême Orient est activement phiques actuels, un calendrier/ de la Fédération Russe et décrit impliquée dans l’éducation et la répertoire des événements en la Bibliothèque de Recherche formation bibliothécaire et dans la Extrême Orient ‘Temps et Evéne- d’Etat de l’Extrême Orient, la plus coopération inter-bibliothécaire. ments’ et le bulletin de la Bibliothè­ grande bibliothèque dans le Dis- Les publications bibliothécaires que de Recherche d’Etat d’Extrême trict Fédéral d’Extrême Orient. Sa comprennent des manuels biblio- Orient, un journal trimestriel sur la collection actuelle compte environ graphiques régionaux tels que des théorie et la pratique de la science 3 millions d’éléments. L’OPAC, Livres sur l’Extrême Orient et bibliothécaire, la science biblio­ créé en 1994, contient 500.000 de la Littérature sur Khabarovsk graphique et la science des livres. enregistrements bibliographiques. Krai, une bibliographie publiée à La bibliothèque joue le rôle d’un Tous les ans, environ 45.000 lec- Khabarovsk Krai, des mono- centre d’éducation, de culture et teurs sont enregistrés. La Biblio­ graphies, des comptes-rendus de d’instruction. thèque de Recherche d’Etat de conférences, des index bibliogra-

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN

Hee-Yoon Yoon, Duk-Hyun Chang in der Geschichte der Länder ein­ [Neuentwicklungen bei den Uni­ und Young-seok Kim. Libraries ander gegenüber und beleuchtet bibliotheken und den öffentlichen in Korea: a general overview. auch den heutigen Status Quo im Bibliotheken in Japan.] [Bibliotheken in Korea: Ein allge­ Hinblick auf die Forschung und IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, meiner Überblick.] Publikationspraktiken in China, pp. 119–130 IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, Japan, Korea und Myanmar. pp. 93–103 Zudem beleuchtet der Artikel die Hierbei geht es um die Faktoren Herausforderungen, die sich aus und Institutionen, die die Unibi­ Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die aktu­ dem Fortschritt der Informations- bliotheken und die öffentlichen elle Situation im Hinblick auf und Kommunikationstechnologien Bibliotheken in Japan beeinfl u­ die Bibliotheken in der Republik ergeben. Anhand einer Analyse ssen; zudem geht der Text auch auf Korea, einschließlich der Nati­ der bestehenden Missverhältnisse die organisatorische Struktur und onalbibliothek von Korea, der in der Entwicklung werden diverse die grundlegenden Charakteris­ nationalen Sammelbibliothek, der Lösungen ausgewertet, die von den tika beider Arten von Bibliotheken Bibliothek des obersten Gerichts­ fraglichen Ländern implementiert ein. Ebenfalls besprochen werden hofs sowie im Zusammenhang mit oder vorgeschlagen worden sind. die Rolle und die Aktivitäten des den öffentlichen Bibliotheken, Uni­ Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass jedes Kultusministeriums, das auch für bibliotheken, Schul- und Spezialbi­ Land seine eigene Art der akademi­ Sport und Technologie zuständig bliotheken. Die Informatisierung, schen Kommunikation hat, was für ist, des Nationalinstituts für Infor­ die ausgeglichene Entwicklung, eine interessante Bandbreite und matik, der Nationalbibliothek für die Förderung der Lesefähigkeit, Diversifizierung der Welt sorgt. Ernährungsfragen und des japa­ die Änderung der gesetzlichen und nischen Bibliotheksverbands. Die behördlichen Vorgaben sowie insti­ Die Bibliotheksgesellschaft in Unibibliotheken kämpfen mit dem tutionelle Mechanismen gelten als China. The Vigorous Advance­ Problem der Budgeteinschränkun­ Schlüsselkomponenten der Bemü­ ment of Libraries in China. [Die gen, der steigenden Kosten für die hungen um eine weiterführende Bibliotheksgesellschaft in China. Fachzeitschriften, der unzureichen­ Entwicklung der Bibliotheken in Die intensive Fortentwicklung den Regalkapazitäten, der Weiter­ Korea. der Büchereien in China.] entwicklung der Sammlungen, der IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, Fernleihe und der Expertise der Jingfeng Xia. Scholarly Communi­ pp. 113–118 Bibliotheksmitarbeiter. Die öffent­ cation in East and Southeast Asia: lichen Bibliotheken haben Schwie­ traditions and challenges. [Die Dieser Text befasst sich mit der rigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit der akademische Kommunikation in Entwicklung der Bibliotheken in Zusammenlegung örtlicher Regie­ Ost- und Südostasien: Traditio­ China, einschließlich der National­ rungsstellen, dem Shitei Kanrisha nen und Herausforderungen.] bibliothek, der Unibibliotheken, – System (dem Outsourcing der IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, der öffentlichen Bibliotheken, der örtlichen Regierungsverwaltung), pp. 104–112 Spezialbibliotheken und anderer Budgeteinschnitten und schlecht Bibliotheken. Zudem wird die ausgebildeten Mitarbeitern. Die Dieser Beitrag umreißt die Tradition Arbeit der Bibliotheksgesellschaft öffentlichen Bibliotheken führen der akademischen Kommunika­ in China besprochen. Dienstleistungen im Zusammen­ tion in vier ost- und südostasiati­ hang mit Business-Informationen schen Ländern. Dabei stellt er die Kimio Hosono. Changes in Univer­ und der Verbrauchergesundheit Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede sity and Public Libraries in Japan. wie auch IC-Tagsystemen ein.

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John V. Richardson Jr. The Library Dieser Text analysiert die Entwick­ gegründete OPAC besitzt 500.000 and Information Economy in lung der Digitalbibliotheken für bibliographische Aufzeichnungen. Turkmenistan. [Die Bibliotheks- die Forschungsinstitute in China. Jedes Jahr werden ungefähr 45.000 und Informationswirtschaft in Zudem untersucht er die Heraus­ Leser registriert. Die fernöstliche Turkmenistan.] forderungen für langfristig trag­ Staatsforschungsbibliothek bemüht IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, fähige Digitalbibliotheken. Zur sich aktiv um die Bibliotheksaus­ pp. 131–139 Sprache kommt außerdem eine bildung und einschlägige Schulun­ Entwicklungsstrategie für Digi­ gen sowie um die Zusammenarbeit Dies ist ein Bericht über die aktu­ talbibliotheken am Beispiel der zwischen den Bibliotheken. Die elle Situation der Nationalbibli­ chinesischen Akademie der Wis­ Bibliothekspublikationen bein­ othek, der Unibibliotheken und senschaften; schließlich beschreibt halten regionale bibliographische der Schulbibliotheken in Turk­ der Artikel einen vielschichtigen Handbücher, wie beispielsweise menistan, wobei die sozialen, Design-Rahmen für eine digi­ Bücher über den fernen Osten und politischen, wirtschaftlichen und tale Bibliothek in der E-Science Literatur über Khabarovsk Krai, technologischen Einschränkun­ – Umgebung. eine Bibliographie aus Khabarovsk gen in der Entwicklung der Infor­ Krai, Monographien, Konferenz­ mationsökonomie angesprochen Irina V. Filatkina. Between East berichte, aktuelle bibliographische werden. Hinzu kommen Detailin­ and West: libraries of the Russian Indices, einen Veranstaltungska­ formationen über das Gesetz zur Far East. [Zwischen Ost und lender für den fernen Osten (Time nationalen Informationspolitik aus West: Bibliotheken des russischen and Events) sowie den Bulletin dem Jahr 2000 und auch die spon­ fernen Ostens.] der fernöstlichen Staatsforschungs­ tanen Bemerkungen des Präsiden­ IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, bibliothek, eine vierteljährlich ten vom April 2005 sowie diverse pp. 147–152 erscheinende Zeitschrift, die sich Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung mit der Bibliothekswissenschaft in der heutigen Sachlage. In diesem Artikel geht es um das Theorie und Praxis, den bibliogra­ Bibliotheksnetz im fernöstlichen phischen Wissenschaften und den Zhang Xiaolin. Sustainable Bundesdistrikt der russichen Buchwissenschaften befasst. Dabei Digital Library Development for Föderation; er beschreibt die übernimmt die Bibliothek die Rolle Scientific Communities in China. fernöstliche Staatsforschungsbib­ eines Zentrums für Bildung, Kultur [Entwicklung von zukunftsfähi­ liothek, die größte Bibliothek im und Aufklärung. gen Digitalbibliotheken für die fernöstlichen Distrikt der russischen Forschungsanstalten in China.] Föderation, deren aktuelle Samm­ IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, lung etwa drei Millionen Gegen­ pp. 140–146 stände umfasst. Die im Jahr 1994

RESÚMENES

Hee-Yoon Yoon, Duk-Hyun Chang Jingfeng Xia. Scholarly Commu­ estos países han implementado o y Young-seok Kim. Libraries nication in East and Southeast propuesto. Descubre que cada país in Korea: a general overview. Asia: traditions and challenges. tiene sus propias características [Bibliotecas en Corea: una visión [Comunicación académica en el en lo que a comunicación acadé­ global.] este y sudeste asiático: tradicio­ mica se refiere, lo que convierte al IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, nes y desafíos.] mundo en un lugar más heterogé­ pp. 93–103 IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, neo y variado. pp. 104–112 Describe la situación actual de La Sociedad Bibliotecaria de China. las bibliotecas en la República de Sintetiza la tradición de la comuni­ The Vigorous Advancement of Corea, incluyendo la Biblioteca cación académica en cuatro países Libraries in China. [El avance vigo­ Nacional de Corea, la Biblioteca de del este y sureste asiático. Compara roso de las bibliotecas en China.] la Asamblea Nacional, la biblioteca las similitudes y diferencias en las IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, de la Corte Suprema, bibliotecas condiciones históricas y actuales pp. 113–118 públicas, académicas, de escuelas de las prácticas de investigación y y especiales. La informatización, el publicación en China, Japón, Corea Sintetiza el desarrollo de las desarrollo equilibrado, el fomento y Myanmar. Destaca los desafíos bibliotecas en China, incluyendo de la lectura, cambios legales y que los avances en informática y la Biblioteca Nacional, las biblio­ normativos y los mecanismos insti­ comunicación han traído consigo. tecas universitarias, públicas, espe­ tucionales son componentes clave Al analizar los desequilibrios exis­ cializadas y otros tipos de librerías, de los esfuerzos para proseguir el tentes en el desarrollo, este docu­ así como la obra de la Sociedad desarrollo de bibliotecas en Corea. mento evalúa varias soluciones que Bibliotecaria de China.

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Kimio Hosono. Changes in Uni­ John V. Richardson Jr. The Library Irina V. Filatkina. Between East versity and Public Libraries in and Information Economy in Tur­ and West: libraries of the Russian Japan. [Cambios en las bibliote­ kmenistan. [Las bibliotecas y la Far East. [Entre oriente y occi­ cas universitarias y públicas de economía de la información en dente: Bibliotecas en el oriente Japón.] Turkmenistán.] ruso.] IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, pp. 119–130 pp. 131–139 pp. 147–152

Describe los factores e institucio­ Un informe sobre la situación Sintetiza la red bibliotecaria en el nes que han influido en las biblio­ actual de las bibliotecas nacionales, Distrito Federal Extremo Oriental tecas universitarias y públicas de universitarias y escolares en Turk­ de la Federación Rusa y describe Japón, la estructura organizativa y menistán, que cubre las limitacio­ a la Biblioteca de investigación del las características básicas de estos nes sociales, políticas, económicas estado oriental, la mayor biblioteca dos tipos de bibliotecas. Se sinte­ y tecnológicas en el desarrollo de la del estado federal. La colección tizan el papel y las actividades del economía de la información. Este actual está compuesta de unos 3 Ministerio de Educación, Cultura, informe incluye detalles de la ley millones de elementos. La OPAC, Deportes, Ciencia y Tecnología, promulgada en 2000 sobre la infor­ que fue creada en 1994, cuenta con el Instituto Nacional de Informá­ mación nacional y los desacerta­ más de 500.000 registros bibliográ­ tica, la Biblioteca Nacional del dos comentarios presidenciales de ficos. Cada año se registran unos Diet y la Asociación de Bibliotecas abril de 2005, además de varias 45.000 lectores. La Biblioteca de de Japón. Las bibliotecas univer­ recomendaciones para mejorar el Investigación del Distrito Federal sitarias se enfrentan a problemas estado de la situación. Extremo Oriental está involucrada relacionados con costes de presu­ de manera activa en la formación puestos, aumento en el precio de Zhang Xiaolin. Sustainable Digital bibliotecaria y en la cooperación los diarios, falta de capacidad en las Library Development for Scienti­ entre bibliotecas. Entre las publica­ estanterías, desarrollo de la colec­ fic Communities in China. [Desa­ ciones de la biblioteca se encuen­ ción, préstamos entre las diferen­ rrollo digital sostenible de las tran los manuales bibliográfi cos tes bibliotecas y cualifi cación del bibliotecas para las comunidades regionales, como libros publicados personal. Las bibliotecas públicas científi cas en China.] sobre la literatura oriental y litera- se enfrentan a problemas relacio­ IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, tura sobre Khabarovsk Krai, una nados con la fusión de gobiernos pp. 140–146 bibliografía publicada en Khaba­ locales, el sistema Shitei Kanrisha rovsk Krai, monografías, actos de (subcontratación de la gestión Este documento analiza los servi­ conferencias, índices bibliográfi cos local del gobierno), cortes en los cios digitales de las bibliotecas para actuales, un directorio de los acon­ presupuestos y personal poco cua­ la comunidad científi ca, explora tecimientos en el estado y el boletín lificado. Las bibliotecas públicas los desafíos para lograr bibliotecas de la Biblioteca de investigación están introduciendo servicios de digitales, presenta una estrategia de del estado oriental, un periódico información comercial e informa­ desarrollo para las bibliotecas digi­ trimestral sobre la teoría y la prác­ ción sobre la salud del consumidor, tales usando a la Academia China tica de la ciencia bibliotecaria y de así como sistemas de etiquetas CI. de las Ciencias como ejemplo, y los libros. La biblioteca desempeña proporciona un marco de diseño el papel de un centro educativo, estratificado para bibliotecas digi­ cultural y de ilustración. tales en el entorno de la e-ciencia.

Рефераты статей

Хе-Йоон Йоон, Дук-Хиун Чанг и школьную и специальную Asia: traditions and challenges. Йанг-сеок Ким. Libraries in Korea: библиотеки. Использование [Коммуникации я в научной сфере a general overview. [Библиотеки в современных технологий, в Восточной и Юго-Восточной Корее: общий обзор.] сбалансированное развитие, Азии: Традиции и трудности.] IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, пропаганда чтения, изменения в IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, pp. 93–103 законодательной сфере и механизмы pp. 104–112 функционирования организации – все Описывает современную ситуацию это ключевые составляющие усилий Дает представление о коммуникации библиотек в Республике Корея, с целью продолжения развития в научной сфере в четырех странах включая Национальную библиотеку библиотечного дела в Корее. Восточной и Юго-восточной Азии. Кореи, Библиотеку Национальной Сравнивает сходства и различия Ассамблеи, Библиотеку Верховного Джинфенг Ксия. Scholarly Com между прошлым и настоящим в суда, общественную, академическую, munication in East and Southeast области исследований и публикаций

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в Китае, Японии, Корее и Мианмаре. проблемами, связанными с обществ Китая, рассматриваются Подчеркивает трудности, связанные урезанием бюджета, ростом цен на сложности в отношении постоянно с развитием информационных выписку журналов, недостатком действующих цифровых библиотек, технологий и новшеств в области места на полках, увеличением предлагается стратегия развития коммуникации. Путем анализа коллекции, межбиблиотечным цифровых библиотек на примере существующего дисбаланса в обменом и экспертизой сотрудников. Китайской академии наук и развитии дает оценку различным Публичныебиблиотекисталкиваются обеспечивается ступенчатая решениям, проведенным в жизнь или с проблемами объединения разработка системы цифровой предложенным этими странами. В локальных органов управления, библиотеки в научном окружении. работе обосновывается тот факт, что системой Шитей Канриша (Shitei каждая страна имеет собственные Kanrisha) (делегирования со стороны Ирина В. Филаткина. Between East показатели коммуникации в научной муниципального управления), and West: libraries of the Russian Far сфере, внося в мир разнообразие и недостаточно квалифицированного East. [Между Востоком и Западом: местный колорит. персонала и урезания бюджета. Библиотеки Российского Дальнего Публичные библиотеки вводят услуги Востока.] Библиотечное общество Китая. The в области деловой и потребительской IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, Vigorous Advancement of Libraries информации, а также системы с pp. 147–152 in China. [Значительный рост электронным радио-ярлыком. библиотек в Китае.] Дает представление о сети библиотек IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, Джон В.Ричардсон Юн. The в Дальневосточном федеральном pp. 113–118 Library and Information Economy округе Российской федерации и in Turkmenistan. [Библиотека и описывает крупнейшую библиотеку Подчеркивает факт развития Информационная экономика в данного округа – Государственную библиотек в Китае, включая Туркменистане.] исследовательскую библиотеку Национальную библиотеку, IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, Дальнего Востока. В настоящее время университетские библиотеки, pp. 131–139 коллекция библиотеки включает публичные библиотеки, около 3 миллионов экземпляров. специализированные библиотеки Обзор ситуации в современных Созданный в 1994 году публично и другие типы библиотек, а также национальных, университетских доступный каталог (OPAC) включает работу библиотечного общества и школьных библиотеках 500 000 библиотечных записей. Китая. Туркменистана, дающий Каждый год регистрируются информацию о факторах, порядка 45 000 читателей. Данная Кимио Хосоно. Changes in University сдерживающих развитие библиотека принимает активное and Public Libraries in Japan. информационной экономики участие в процессе библиотечного [Изменения в Университетских в социальной, политической, образования и тренингов, а также и публичных библиотеках в экономической и технологической межбиблиотечного сотрудничества. Японии.] областях. Этот обзор включает в Среди литературных публикаций IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, себя детали закона Туркменистана – региональные библиографические pp. 119–130 по информационной политике 2000 справочники, такие как книги по года, а также импровизированные Дальнему Востоку и литература Описывает организации и президентские замечания в апреле по Хабаровскому Краю, факторы, оказывающие влияние 2005 года и несколько советов по библиография, опубликованная в на университетские и публичные улучшению состояния дел. Хабаровском Крае, монографии, библиотеки в Японии, их материалы конференций, текущие организационные структуры Занг Ксиаолин. Sustainable Digital библиотечные индексы, календарь и основные характерные Library Development for Scientific директорий Событий Дальнего особенности обоих типов Communities in China. [Создание Востока, бюллетень государственной библиотек. Определяются роль постоянно действующей цифровой исследовательской библиотеки и деятельность Министерства библиотеки для научных обществ Дальнего Востока, квартальный образования, культуры, спорта, в Китае.] журнал по теории и практике науки и технологии, Национального IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 2, библиотечной науки, науки института информатики, pp. 140–146 библиографии и книг. Библиотека Национальной парламентской играет роль образовательного, библиотеки и Ассоциации японских В этой работе подвергаются анализу культурного и просветительного библиотек. Университетские цифровые библиотечные услуги, центра. библиотеки сталкиваются с предназначенные для научных

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IFLA JOURNAL – NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS

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Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 32(2): 167. ISSN: 0340-0352. 167