Survey of the Village and Carved Rocks of Orongo, Easter Island, by the Mana Expedition

Survey of the Village and Carved Rocks of Orongo, Easter Island, by the Mana Expedition. Author(s): Scoresby Routledge Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 50 (Jul. - Dec., 1920), pp. 425-451 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843492 Accessed: 04-01-2016 04:03 UTC

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SURVEY OF THE VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO, EASTER ISLAND, BY THE MANA EXPEDITION.'

[WITH PLATES III-XVII, AND MAPS.]

By MRS. SCORESBY ROUTLEDGE.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE. DURINGthe firstportion of the timespent by the Expeditionon the Island, 1914-15, they residedat the foot of the hill on which Orongo stands, and for some weeks, wheneverthe weather and other circumstancesrendered it possible, ascended to the site and spentthe day in examiningthe remains. They werefrequently accom- panied by natives with the object of gaininglocal information,but the knowledge acquiredin thisway withregard to structure,as distinctfrom folk-lore, was not very great. Various visits were also paid to the localityby the Expeditiontowards the end of theirsojourn, and doubtfulpoints were studied afresh. Every possible house was thus in turn enteredand many of themimore than once. This was not always an easy process,as it usually necessitatedscrambling on hands and knees,or wrigglinglike a serpent,through the diminutivetunnel-like entranceswhich give access to the interior; the investigationwas attendedalso by a certainapprehension that the large slabs of the roof,often in a precariouscon- dition,might descend on the heads of the visitors. In perfectspecimens the inside was almostdark and had to be examinedby means of candles. It mustbe remeni- bered, in extenuationof a certainlack of uniformitywhich at times exists in the notes,that knowledgewith regardto thedwellings was onlyprocured by degreesaild as the studyproceeded. Some of the workalso had to be done duringthe absence in Chile of the head of the Expedition,owing to the outbreakof the EuropeanWar. The survey of the village was made independentlyby the Surveyorto the Expedition. Withregard to each individualhouse, only a generalaccuracy of grotnd plan was aimed at by him,and when the detailed drawinghas obviouslyconflicted with fullerinformation obtained by othersit has been alteredaccordingly. In the illustrations,the photographsare topographicallyaccurate. The sketches have been drawnso as to conveya generallytruthful impression, but not so as to be necessarilycorrect in everydetail, which was not theirobject. Some of the illus- trationswhich have previouslyappeared are repeatedfor more detailed reference. The carved rockswere studied on many occasions and in variouslights, and photographswere taken. Attemptswhich were made to obtain paper squeezes were not very successful,as owingto the distancefrom camp it was rarelyfound ' The cost of the blocksfor the illustrationof thispaper was defrayedby Mrs.Routledge.

This content downloaded from 129.96.252.188 on Mon, 04 Jan 2016 04:03:49 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 426 MRS. SCORESBYROUTLEDGE.-Survey of Village and CarvedRocks possibleto removethem at the right moment.the high eddyingwind fromthe cliff tearingthem to pieces as they dried. While every endeavourhas been made to ensure accuracy, it will be readily understoodthat it has been almost impossibleto avoid all mistakesand omissions, especiallywhen n3atterscannot be fullywritten up on the spot. These it is to be hoped willbe rectifiedby our successors. Finally,an appeal mustbe made forkind indulgence owing to the circumstances under which the text has inevitablybeen finished,which renderit impossibleto obtainfriendly criticism or make personalcorrection of the proofs. S.S. Camito,off Jamaica, ChristmasDay, 1920.

HISTORY, POSITION, AND PLAN OF THE VILLAGE. On the summitof the extinctvolcano known as Rano Kao, which formsthe south-westernangle of Easter Island, stand the old stonevillage and carved rocksof Orongo. There is as yet no clue to the date of the earliesthouses or carvings,but the dwellingswere occupied as lately as the sixtiesof last century,and the builder of one of the latest is said to have been rememberedin recenttimes. The site was connectedwith a bird-cultpractised in the islands,and the inhabitantsawaited here the coming of a migatorysea bird,the Sooty Tern, which nested on some rocky islets near at hand. Such informationas could be gathered about the bird-cult has been recordedelsewhere,' and it is proposedto deal hereonly with the existing stone remains. On threeof its aspects the mountainof Rano Kao has been worn away by the sea till its sides are almostvertical, and, in its outermostportion, only a narrowedge of rockseparates the lake, whichlies withinthe craterbasin, fromthe PacificOcean. The village commenceswhere the widthof the rim,between the craterwall and the sea cliff,is about one hundredyard&. It followsthe diminishingsummit for about two hundredyards and terminatesvery shortly before the narrowestpart of the rim is reached,and wherethe breadthof level groundis only 30 to 40 feet (Plate III). Where the houses begin the crater edge is somewhathigher than that of the cliff,and the dwellingslie, broadlyspeaking, in two rowswhich at one point overlap one another. The final houses are built amongsta groupof rockswhich are highly carved. All the houses face the sea, and are enteredfrom that side. For the sake of convenience,the front,or seaward aspect, will be uniformlytermed the " south" side; acttiallyit varies somewhat,but is most generallysouth-west. The total numberof dwellingsis forty-eight.2 1 See Folk Lore,December, 1917: The Mysteryof EasterIsland, p. 258. 2 The numbersshown on plan reach forty-five,but in threecases, wherea house has not been identifiedby the Surveyor,it has beeninserted and the numbersduplicated.

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Many of the houses are in good repair,in othercases they have been ruinedto obtain the painted slabs and carveddoorposts, and have no doubt in someinstances sufferedfrom natural decay. The rocksare much weathered,but a large proportion of the designscan be clearlytraced.

CONSTRUCTION OF A TYPICAL HOUSE. All the houses are built of stone obtainedfrom a quarrywhich is close at hand on the craterside ofthe summit. The rockis a finegrained volcanic sandstone bedded in large laminae. In certain parts of the quarry the laminaeare curved and the section then resemblesthat of an onion (Plate V, Fig. 1). In size and shape the dwellingsdiffer greatly from one another,accommodating themselves to the forma- tion of the ground and pre-existingstructures; they have, however,in common, not onlythe materialof whichthey are constructed,but also a typicalform to which the betterspecimens approximate in greateror less degree. Such a typicalbuilding will be firstdescribed, and latereach house will be dealt within detail. The Orongo house differswidely from that usually foundelsewhere in the island. In both cases the dominantnote is that of the upturnedcanoe, but, on the lower ground,the "ribs and keel " are of wooden rods, and the " skin " is of thatch, stone being employedfor the foundations,or " gunwale,"alone, and that only in the best built specimens.' Though,as will be seen, thereis evidenceto show that at least one of these thatchedbuildings has antedated at Orongo some of the stone dwellings,it is obvious that as a class it is unsuitedfor so windyand exposed a position. The nativesterm the Orongohabitation not hareor houses,but ana or cave. A typicalhouse is built as follows:- The Site is chosenon slopingground and the soil excavated sufficientlyto obtain the requiredlevel space. The Foundationsare of rough cubes of rock weighingperhaps one cwt. each. They are laid in the formof an oval, the greatestlength of whichmay be 26 feet, and the greatestwidth 6 feet (Fig. 3, in text). The Walls.-On the innerside of the foundationcourse, slabs are set up on edge, the largest and flattestsections of stone fromthe quarrybeing used forlining the interiorand placed vertically(Plate IV, Fig. 2). The two side edges of the slabs approximateto the side edges of the adjoining slabs. The panels are of greatestheight and size in the centreof the house, and diminishon eitherhand. In theory,the whole interiorof the house is lined with slabs; in practice,towards the extremeends of the house they are frequently altogetherwanting.

1 See The Mysteryof EasterIsland, p. 215. There are, however,scattered throughout the island numerouscairns with chamberswhich have been used as dwellings,and in one or two instancesmore carefully built stone houses.

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SURVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCRS OF

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MANA EXPEDI T I ON TO E AS TER ISLAND Pla of thrVi ,' age

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The body of the wall is form-iedof sniall or shatteredfragments of the stone, laid in horizontalcourses with broken joints. These small, horizontallyplaced slabs are governedin positionby the verticalslabs, behindand betweenand aboxve

4ANAJXEFDITION TQOEASTR ISLAND

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FIG. 4.-V7ER-TICAtL SES,TION OF A HOUSE. wzhichthey are built up. In portionsof the wall whe.rethere is no panel-that is,! above and betweenthe vertical slabs-the lamina3are broughtforward to suchla degreethat thleedges, which are directedtowards the interiorof the house,are in thXe vOL. L~.2G

This content downloaded from 129.96.252.188 on Mon, 04 Jan 2016 04:03:49 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 430 MRS. SCORESBY ROUTLEDGE.-SUrVey of Village and Carved Rocks same plane as the panels,thus holdingthem in place. The resultis that the finished wall presentsa series of panels of irregularmargin with the space behind,above, and betweenthem filled in withdry masonry (Plate X, Fig. 1).1 Whenthe back wall-viz., that on theside wherethe ground is highest-has risen to a certainpoint, it is panelledon the exteriorside also by means of large wedge- shaped slabs of inferiorshape and quality,thicker at one end than at the other (Plate IV, Fig. 1). These exteriorslabs are held in place by the excavated earth being filledup again behindthem. The frontwall-viz., that facingthe sea-does not have exteriorvertical slabs. The wallsare of greatthickness; wherethey can be measured--i.e.,on the front side-their widthis usually 6 feetor 7 feet. It is not unusual to findintervals in the masonrycarefully arranged to act as nichesor shelves,and sometimesas a hatch betweentwo adjoininghouses, through whicharticles could be passed. The Entrance.-At the level of thefloor and in the centreof the frontor sea side of the house, a means of ingressand egressis providedin the shape of a rectangular tunnel,of whichthe roof,two sides and floorare, in the best builtspecimens, formed of slabs (Plate VI, Fig. 2). At eitherend ofthe tunnel-i.e., whereit entersthe house and the open air respectively-isa doorframe (Plate XI, Fig. 1). The frameconsists of twouprights, a lintel,and, in perfectspecimens, also of a sill. The last is formed ofa slab sunkvertically into the ground, so thatits upperedge shall be flushwith the surfaceof the floor.2 The uprightsat the exteriorend are oftenstones of considerable size,and carved. Wherethese framesremain in place, accurate measurements can be givenof the passage at eitherend. Each house has typicallyonly one aper- ture, but sometimestwo are found,or one is in duplicate,the two passages being side by side. The Floor is raised slightlyabove the level of the foundations. Selected earth is used; it is neverpaved withstone. The Roof.-WVhenthe walls have reached their full height the laminoeare imbricated,or " tumblehome," till the openingis reducedto such a size that it can be spanned by a series of single slabs, thus completingthe arch or roof(Plate V, Fig. 2). For these roofingslabs the curvedlamina are chosen,and they are often of such dimensionsthat ten menwould be requiredto move a singleslab into place. If the house is seen in longitudinalvertical section the roof resemblesa dome, of which,say, the middletwo-fourths is flattened(Fig. 4, in text). The heightof the chambermeasured from the highestpart of the roofto the flooris usuallyabout 5 feet.

I This methodis practicallyidentical with that employedin buildingthe seaward face of many of the ahu or burialplaces. See The Mysteryof EasterIsland (Fig. 37). 2 In the followingdescriptions there is frequentlyno mentionof the sill, but it is believed thatwhere there is no note on the subjectit did not exist,or was,not visible.

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Form of Structure.-Theshape of the house,when the roofis added, nioticeably resemblesthat of an invertedCanadian canoe, i.e., both ends are alike, and as it diminishesin breadth,so does it diminishin height. EarthCovering.-When the house is completedsoil is placed overit; the depthof the roofmay amountto about 2 feet. The anteriorwall alone is leftbare. Other- wise the house is so coveredwith earth as to blend with the surroundingsurface (Plate VIII, Fig. 1). Decoration.-The interioris oftendecorated by means of a whitepigment, with whichthe walls and roofare covered,giving the effectof whitewash. The largest slabs-i.e., thoseopposite the doorway,where they obtain most light-are frequently also adornedwith designs in colour(Plate IV, Fig. 2). ExteriorCavity for Stores.-Outside the house a small pit is not unusuallyfound, a fewfeet from the door and in line with it. These pits are lined, and in the best specimen,also flooredand roofed,with slabs. Nodules of volcanic ash were fre- quentlyfounld in them,which are said to have been used forheating purposes, and the pits were at firstreported to have been used for cookingpurposes. Later it was stated that they wereintended to containstores, and as practicallyno charred ash was found,this latter statementis probably correct (Plate VII, Figs. 1, 3). These pits are shownin the plan where discovered,but many are probablyburied or destroyed.1 Kitchens.-The site of the cookingplaces was pointedout nearerthe cliffedge. They were,it was said, simplycavities dug in the earthand not lined withmasonry.

THE HOUSES IN NUMERICAL SEQUENCE.

Nos. 1 and 2 are covered by the same mound of earth. Their orientationis unique,as theystand at rightangles to the crater,and also at rightangles to the main row of buildings. No. 1. Condition:---one-third of house at the north-westend brokendown. Roof and partof wall absent. Panels2 largelybroken away. Passage :-6' 8", outerend indeterminate,inner end 1' 6" x 2' 1"; roofof flatslabs; has apparentlynever had panels. Chamnber:-23'O" x 4' 4" x 4' 3". East end square,made from slab 3' 6" wide; westend rounded. Decoration:-exterior, a large sculpturedstone, contiguousto outer door but partiallyburied, was laid bare. It bore one small bird-man3 figureand a largerdesign obliterated by weathering.

I The " drain for the dead," mentionedby SurgeonPalmer (EthnologicclReview, Vol. I, p. 371), was carefullysought and excavatedfor, but could not be recognized. 2 In the followingdescription, for the sake of simplicitythe laminae will be termed" panels" whereemployed vertically, and " slabs " whenused horizontally. 3 See below, " Carvingsaccording to Type," Bird-man. 2 G 2

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SmallPit :-immediatelyin frontof door (excavated) defective, lower portion of stoneapparently circular, diam. about 2' 0"; containedshells of sea snails,no traceof fire. No. 2. (Plate VI, Fig. 1.) Condition:-unroofed. Passage :-outer end fallenin, innerend 1' 2" x 2' 1'. Chamber:-23' 0" x 5' 8"; both ends bluntlyrouinded, radius east end 23",west end 32"; mostof roof fallen on to floor; panelslargely removed. Decoration:-none. Small Pit :-5' 0" fromapproximate position of formnerdoor, contained small chunksof volcanicash. Nos. 3, 3A and 4 are built individuallyand covered by a commonmound of earth. They commencethe line of houses with theirbacks to the crater. No. 3 is coinpletelywrecked, but excavationmade clearthat it has been a distinct housefrom the one nextto it, No. 3A.- No. 3A. Condition:--roof partially fallen in at one extremity.Outside door had to be searchedfor and cleared. Passage :-6' 7", outerend indeternminatex 1' 5", innerend 1' 6" X 2' 0". Chamber:-23' O" x 5' 7" x 4' 7". Decoration:--traces of interiorcovering of whitepigment. On slab facing doora paintingin red on whiteground of a full riggedship with her yardsin line withher keel, two squaresails on each..mast. Objectsfound :--On floor,large number of marineshells, remains of chicken and rabbitbones, one rabbitbone withtraces of red paint--a bone needle. No. 4. Condition:--alnmost perfect Passages:--two ; easternpassage 7' 9", outerenid (partially filled up) i' 9" x 1' 5"; innierend 1' 10"x 1' 11"; westernpassage 7' 0", outerend 2' 6" x 2' 9ff no sill. The wallsconsist in theirlower part of large bars of stone hlaving a smooth surface; in theirupper part of smnall slabs with their free edges accurately adjusted Chamber:- -23' 5" x 5' 9" x 5' 0"; radiuseast end3' 3",west end 2' 10". The largestof the panels is 3' 10" x 2' 10", fromthis theyrange down as required. The walls " tumblehoine," leaving an intervalof 2' 6", whichspace is coveredby flatslabs. The central12 feetof the roofis almostflat, the slabs beingplaced edgeto edge. Decoration-whole of interiorsuirface of walls and roofhas been covered withwhite pigment.

Nos. 2 and 3 are presumablythose wreckedby the AmericanExpedition in 1886, but it is not possibleto make the plan of Orongomade by the Moloicancoincide entirely with our own. The accountof PaymasterThomson is as follows: " Fromhouses Nos. 2, 3 and 4 (Fig. 6) on Lieut. Symonds'chart of Orongo,were takensamples of these sculptures (i.e., carveddoor-posts). . . . Housesmarked 1, 5, 6, were demolishedat the expense of great labour,and the frescoedslabs obtained."- SmithsonianReport, 1889, p. 480. The photographsof Orongoin the Reportare excellent.

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Objects found:-one of the sea boulderswhich are used as pillow stones (Plate XVI, Fig. 3) and two mataa(spear-heads). Small Pits :-two. One is 3' O" fromeast door, 2' o0 x 2' O"; the other (excavated)is 5' 0" fromwest door, 2' 0" X 1' 5" X 1' 3" deep; it is formedof slabs placedvertically, no definedbottom. No signsof firesave one piece of charcoal.

Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 forma group; 6 and 8 are divided by a partitionwall only; 7 and 9 have been subsequentlyadded. 9 is remarkablefrom the circular shape,which has been foundthe best way of utilizingthe available space. 5,6 and 7 have all been decoratedwith designsof European ships. In the rocks above this group at its westwardend is a cave which has been inhabited.

No. 5. Condition:-fair. Passage :-5' 0", outerend indeterminatex 1' 5' innerend 1' 10' x 1' 7, withsill. Walls of small slabs withfree edges corresponding. Chamber:-23' 5' x 6' 4" x 5' 0'. Frontwall is somewhatirregular, forming club-shapedextremities. East end has rectangularcorners and is 5' 4' wide. West end has also cornersalmiost rectangular, and is 7' 2" wide. Decoration:-does not appear to have been " whitewashed" generally,but two of largestpanels, those oppositethe door, have had painteddesigns, one showingindication of a square-riggedship, red on whiteground, as inHouse No. 3A. SmallPits :-two ; one6' 0" fromdoor, 1' 10" x 1' 10' ; theother 9' 10' from doorin approximatelysame line,1' 5' x 2' 1'.

NaturalCave, used as dwellingplace, above No. 5. The excavationdisclosed the foundationof a wallwhich closed the mouth of thecave, allowing entrance through a doorway. The insidearea was excavatedto a depthof 1 foot. A well-finished mataawas found,also a quantityof flakesand chipsand a hammer-stone. Outsidethe wall,and immediatelycontiguous to it on theright of the entrance, was a smallpit, containingsheep bones and shellsand the roundednodules of ash used forheating-no charcoal.

No. 6. Condition:-almost perfect. Passage :-6' 2' x 2' 10', outerend 1' 6" x 1' 2",inner end not stated, no sill. Chamnber:-21' 4"' x 5' 10' x 4' 9". East end is only dividedby a rough partitionfrom No. 8. On west side of entrance,4' 0' fromdoor, a cavity has been leftbetween the upper portionsof two large panels,making a V-shaped openingwhich has been formedinto a properlymade hatch leading into No. 7. Decoration:-two large panels opposite doorway with painted designs. A, a face adornedwith paint, red on whiteground; B, three-mastedship, black on whiteground, with two small figuresin rigging,one of themwearing a red shirt(Plate IV, Fig. 2, II). Roofpainted white.

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No. 7. (Plate VII, Fig. 1.) Condition:-Front ofhouse has fallen down through door-posts beingf removed: entrancepassage blockedby debris. A smallopening was madein the westend ofroof by whichto enter. Passage :-outer end brokendown and excavated,inner end 1' 8' x 1' 9", lowerportion of frame in situ; flooredwith slabs in and nearentrance. Chamber:-18' 10' x 6' 5' x 4' 2'. Connectinghatch to No. 6, q.v. A small pit was foundin the floornear the door,the onlyinstance discovered of such a pit withina building; two sides remained,leingth 2' 1"; containedtwo sea boulders,bird bones and shells; no signof fire. Decorations:--outside: a sculpturedstone, partiallyburied, in exterior wall about 3' 0' fromdoorway, which was excavatedand foundto bear a roughly carvedface, the eyes slantingfrom the nose upwards; the ear is indetermina:te but approachesthe natural rather than the elongatedtype (Plate VII, Fig. 2). Inside: roofwhitewashed in places: panelfacing door has indicationsof square- riggedship, black on whiteground. Objectsfound :-three pillowstones. Small Pits:-one in chamber(as above). Two outsidethe house in linie withthe door and withone another. The first1' 4" fromdoor, 1' 6" X 1' 41', smallboulder inside. Thesecond 4' 0" fromdoor, oval, 3' 0 x 2' 0",made of pieces of laminatedrock placed on edgein themiddle and on side at end: flooredin major portionwith two large slabs anidelsewhere in part withsmall pieces; the roof not perfectbut formedof slabs,imbricated like the houses,and apparentlyclosed by one slab. Depth fromroof to floorhas been about 7". It containedpipi (shells)and chickenbones, and at the edge roundedstones such as are used in heating. No traceof fire.

No. 8. Condition:--good, Passage :-6' 3", outerend 1' 7" x 1' 4", innerend 1' 8" x 1' 8", withsill; carefullypaved. Chamber:-14' 10" x 5' 4" x 4' 9". East end radius1' 11",west end blunt and only slightlycurved, its terminalwall 3' 1" iin width. The partitionwall dividingfrom No. 6 is not uiniformlysolid, and wouldpermit of the passageof articles,but not of persons. The dolmieof theroof consists, as to itsmiddle three- fifths,of slabs laid side bv side. Decoration:-white paint on somneslabs of roof. No. 9 Condition:-good, but protectingearth fromone side and dome of roof washedaway. Exteriorwalls raisedon naturalboulders. Passage :-1' 2" only,outer end 1' I1" X 1' 41") innerend 1' 3" x 1' 6"9no sill; paved withone slab. Chamber:-almost circular6' 9" x 6' 4". Walls formedof large panels extending2' O"above the floorline; the roofrests on the panelsand is gradually domedinwards, its summitis formedby one largeslab closinga terminalopening of 3' 0" in width. Decoration:---none.

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The group comprisinghouses Nos. 10 to 16 (Text-fig.5; Plate VIII, Fig. 1), formsthe most interestingand also the most difficultproblem in the village. The followingexplanation for the positionof threehouises is put forward,with reserve on certainpoints. Nos. 13 and 16 are the earliesthouses of the group,forming part of the original line of the village. No. 14 was obviouslybuilt to accommodateitself to them,and

MANA EPEDITION TO EASTER ISLAND Plan of GROUP OF STONE HOUSES at ORONGO Surveyed bylaeut .D .R.Ritcbie RP.N.

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FIG. 5. it may reasonablybe concludedthat it originallycommunicated direct with the outer air, otherwisethe lengthof its passage wouldbe pointless. No. 13 has been wreckedby a fall of stones fromabove and never repaired. No. 15 was subsequentlybuilt in frontof the now uselessentrance of No. 13, and also in frontof No. 14, turningthe latterinto an innerchamber ? (Text-fig.5). The end wall by this later addition,No. 15, also made Nos. 16, 17 and 18 open on to a small court.

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Nos. 10 and 11 are only separated fromone anotherby a partition,and were thereforepresumably built at the same time. The east end ofNo. 11 has the appearance, as far as it was surveyed,of having been built to accommodateitself to the westend of No. 15; ifthis is the factNos. 10 and 11 are laterthan No. 15. No. 11 is the house which containedthe statue now at the BritishMuseum (HOA-HAKA- NANAIA) and is unique in shape. Either the house was built to contain the image, or this is the originalposition of the statue and the house was erectedlater; in view of the irregularform of the building,the latterseems the moreprobable. Not only is No. 11 presumablymore recent than No. 15 and consequentlythan No. 16, but thereis evidence of a differentand interestingcharacter to connectit chronologicallywith the later numbers17 and 18. It contains,in commonwith the last two houses,stones wrought in the mannertypical of the foundationstones of the thatchedtype of dwelling. Not only is theirshape remarkable,but most of these stones possess also cup-shapeddepressions in which were insertedthe rods which were tied togetherat the top to supportthe thatch,and are quite unmistakable. Inside No. 11 is a small stone of this nature,while two large ones wroughtto type have apparentlybeen its door-posts(Plate VJII, Fig. 2). Nos. 17 and 18 have no less than eightsuch stonesbuilt into theirwalls, includingtwo of the curvedshape whichform the ends of the thatchedhouses. A structureof the typenow associated with the lowerground has thereforepresumably existed in this neighbourhood,and been at some time destroyed,the material being used in the new buildings. A wroughtstone of similarorigin forms the west end of No. 22, whichis near by,other wise the only other places in the village where such stones are to be found are, curiouslyenough, in Nos. 43 and 44 at its extremeend. Not less interestingthan the old foundationstones is a circularstone, also of hard basalt, whichis built into No. 18, and preciselyresembles the bed plates of the images on the ahu (Plate X, Fig. 2). Its measurementsare 3 feet5 inchesby 2 feet 10 inches,those of the base of the statue,3 feetby 1 foot6 inches. The probability seems great that the statue originallystood on it, in the open, in the same manneras the otherstatues in the island. The only difficultylies in the contracted formof the base of the image whichis not associated with the ahu, but with the buriedstatues. The image is said to have been, beforeits removal,embedded in the ground,which presumablyaccounts for the excavated conditionin which we foundthe floorof No. 11. It seemsnot unlikely,however, that the figurewould in any case be sunk whenplaced in or surroundedby the house,in orderto lessen the necessaryheight of the building. If the statuewas in place beforeany of the houses wereerected it wouldaccount forNo. 13 beingbuilt so farback and out ofthe line ofits neighbours,a positionwhich provedits ruin. No. 12 seems to have been erectedlast of all, and when sites were still more difficultto obtain. It is on a higherlevel than Nos. 8 and 10. Its foundation

This content downloaded from 129.96.252.188 on Mon, 04 Jan 2016 04:03:49 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ofOtongo, Easter Island, by the Mana Expedition. 437 wall rests on theirback walls and is approachedbetween their respective covering mounds. A regularline of small boulderswhich runs in frontof houses Nos. 9 to 15 has the appearance of part of a foundation,but no satisfactoryexplanation was forth- comingand none could be found. No. 10. Condition:-good. Passage :-7' 9", outerend had to be partiallyexcavated, width 1' 5', inner end 1' 10" x 1' 10o. Chamber:-length14' 6". The east end is the widestportion; it is formed by a straightwall 8' 5" in length;about the middleof the chamber-i.e.,at 7' O" fromthe east wall-the widthis 8' 0"; at 10' O" fromthe east wallit is 6' 5" and at 11' O" it is 4' 3". The two end walls and the two side walls curve inwards, and greatslabs are placed on the top; theresult is a completelyvaulted chamber. The greatestheight is 5' 1". Parallel to the northwall, and on the furtherside of it, is a longcupboard 5' 6" x 2' 11" x 2' 3". It is reachedfrom the chamber by an aperturethrough the wall,with a widthof 1' 0" at the bottom,5" at the top,and a beightof 1' 4". Decoration:-none. No. 11. (Plate X, Fig. 1.) No. 11 presentsa formentirely different from that of any otherhouse. It is a chamberwith vertical walls and an almostflat roof. It has one squareend, that at the north-westcorner, and a rectangularrecess at the north-eastcorner. One end ofthe roof and one end ofthe building,those on thesouth aspect, are entirely nmissing.The wallsare laid baresome six to nineinches below the foundations. The east side is formedas to its southernpart by a straightwall, as to its northernpart by a recess. The foundationconsists of threeblocks of stone,one of whichblocks is hand-wrought.The floorhas been excavatedto the extent of 9" belowthe lowerborder of the blocks. On thesethree foundation blocks the wall is built by placing slabs horizontally. These lamine graduallyextend inwardsat the top of the wall so as to formthe lowerportion of theroof, which is finallycomaipleted by the super-positionof large slabs measuringrespectively in the clearinside 3' 5" x 3' 2", 3' 1" x 1' 3", and 3' 0" x J' 2". The heightof the east wall fromthe assumedold floorline to the springof the archedroof is 3' 9". The lengthis 8' 5". The recess commencesat 8' 5" fromnthe south end of the east wall and extendsfrom that point to the northwall of the building. This recessis a continuationof east side of the houseand is 4' 10" in length. It is 1' o0 in depth. The southside ofthe recessis formedby the end ofthe slabs ofthe east wail being graduallybrought inwards to formhalf an arch. In the north side of the recess(coinciding with the easternend of the northwall of the house),the lower 22" are panelled,above whichslabs graduallyproject inwards, thereby formingthe correspondinghalf of an arch. The east, or back side,of the recess is formedof fourpanels, one of whichpanels extendsabove the floorline 2' 5". Restingon the upper edge of this panel the slabs extendupwards, each slab

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projectinginwards, forming a curvedsurface blending with the roof. The three panelswhich form the remainderof the east wall of the recessare onlyslightly built to the lamellarstruicture. The total resultis a recess,or alcove, with a rectangularfloor and walls in its lowerpart, but concavefrom side to side and concavefrom above downwardsin its upperportion. The curvatureof the east and northwalls graduallyblends into the flatroot of the building,formed by fourflat tiles, imbricated. The northside is a wall whichconsists in its lowerpart of threepanels, two of whichmeasure respectively 2' 5" x 3' 2" and 4' 0" x 2' 11"; on thesethree panelsrest the upper part of thewall, which is madeof imbricatedslabs gradually projectinginwards to formthe roof. Thisnorth wall is builtinto a solidbank. Its lengthis 8' 8", includingthe recessat its east end. TI'hewest side is a wallwhich consists in itslower part of five panels, two of which measurerespectively 3' 4" x 3' 4" and 5' O" x 1' 3". These panelssimply form an imperfectpartition betweeni this and the adjoininghouse (No. 10), and there is no indicationthat, at thispoint, a wall builtof slabs everexisted. The panels havebeen undermined and displaced,but have evidentlycarried, and do stillcarry, the upperportion of the wall, which is ofslabs and is uncurved. Length12' 6'. At the north-westcorner is a wroughtfoundation stone of basalt with a cup-shapedcavity 1'hesoutth side is reportedto have beendestroyed when the imagewas taken out. The house is stated to have originallyhad a passage entrancesimilar to the otherdwellings, but no such foundationsare at presentvisible. Exterior to the presententrance is a cupboardniche which seems to have servedthe same purposeas the small pits. Line of embeddedstones, carved stone, and two door-posts. In frontof housesNos. 9 to 15 and sometwenty feet from them is a line of bouldersinserted in theground which extends for about fifty feet. Adjacentto thisline of stones, on the sea side,is a horizontalstone on whichis carvedthe figure of a bird-manseated on a head or skull.1 Also near the line of stones,but onithe craterside, werelying the two large stoneswrought as foundationsfor a thatchedhouse, which have been presumedto be the door-postsof No. 11,thrown aside whenthe housewas destroyed. On one of these a face has been carved (Plate VIII, Fig. 2). No. 12. (Plate VI, Fig. 2.) The situationof thishouse is unique. It is builton a higherlevel than those in frontof it, Nos. 8 and 10, and its frontwalls rest on theirroofs. Condition:--major portionof roofand southwall deficient.Exterior door and passagehad to be excavated,only the lower portion remained. Passage:-7' 4", outerend widthat bottom1' 4" withsill, inner end width at bottom1' 9", no sill; paved withblocks, Chamber:-25' 6" x 5' 2". Central portion uiiroofed. East end semi- circular;west end rectangular 3' 0" ill width,the end wall 1' 0" in heightfrom which springsthe domedroof. The lowerpart of the northwall is formedof irregular

l The positionof this stone was alteredslightly by us in orderto photographit.

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cubes withpanels in places,slabs superimposed.The lowerportion of the south wall is facedwith thin panels and slabs superimposed. No. 13. Situatedimmediatelv against and 10' 0" belowa verticalwall of rock. Condition:-eastend perfect. At westend two-thirdsof the roofhave been crushedin, and the housefilled up withrocks and debrisfroim above. Passage :---noneconnecting with present exterior, but on southside of house (7' 9" fromeast end) is an openingwith perfect frame 1' 9" x 2' 2" withsill. The east door-posthas two slots cut in it, I" and 2" respectively;no corresponding slotsin westframe. The openingis theentrance to a passage9' 0" in lengthand in perfectcondition, which is closedat the furtherend. The wallsare formedfrom floorto roofof slabs; theroof is ofslabs placed edge to edge; thefloor has nioslabs. Chamber:--13'0" X 6' O" x 4' O". East end semi-circular,normal domed roof; westend in ruiins. Decorations:-the edgeof oneof theslabs in thepassage, mleasuring 2' 0" long by 3" deep, is engravedthroughout its entirelength with ko mari' figuresand coveredwith white pigment. Objectsfound :-3' 6" fromfurther end of passagea skulllay on its leftside siltedup to line of the sagittalsuture. The earthwas not in contactwith the buriedsurface of the skull,being distant froin it all roundfor about halfan inch, thetip of the finger could be inisertedbeneath the skull on theleft side. A quantity of birdbones and sea shellswere lying in passage. No. 14. Openingout ofNo. 15. Condition:--good. Passage :--4' 7" ; outerend (fromNo. 15) broken2' 9" x 1' 9", innerend 1' 9" x 1' 5". Chamber:-a symmetricalrecess each side of the inner end of passage. Greatestlength of main chamber 7' 6"; greatestwidth 6' 6" (fordetails see plan); height4' 7". Objectsfound :-mataa in passage. No. 15. Condition:--perfect,except exterior entrances, which are brokendown. Passages:-two ; west passage 7' 9", ouiterend broken(excavated), inner end 1' 9" x 1' 5" ; east passageblocked. Chamber:--17' 9". East end senmi-eircular,greatest width 6' 0" (radius2' 0"), westend almostrectangular, width 7' 8". (For detailssee plan.) Decoration:-panel oppositewest passage,2' 4" x 2' 11",with painting of a bird. No. 16. Condition:---practically perfect. Passage :-6' 0", outerend inmperfect,inner end 1' 9" x 1' 7" withsill. Chamber:-12' 9" x 5' 0" x 6' 2". Ends oval and flattened.Walls lined withparticularly large panels, the surfacesof two of these,as theyshow above the floor,measure respectively 5' 0" x 4' 0" and 4' 0" x 4' 0". This house and No. 17 are exceptionallvhigh. See below," Carvingsaccording to Type,"ko mari.

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No. 17. Condition:-Almost perfect. Passage :--6' 6", outerend imperfect,inner end 1' 8" x 2' 3", withsill. Chamber-14' 0" x 5' 7" x 6' 6". Normaltype. Ends curvedand flattened, End wall vertical,6' 0" in height. Solid wall separatefrom No. 16. Builtinto walls are fivewrought stoines of the typeused forfoundation of thatchedhouses, fourof themshow drilled lholes of customarystyle anid two of them are also curved as used forthe ends of the houses,one has no holes. Roofis onlyslightly domed. Objectsfound:--a numberof pillowstones. No. 18. (Plate X, Fig. 2.) Condition:-very good. Exteriorwall containsa drilledstone of previoustype, also a roundstone withflattened surface, measturing 3' 5" x 2' 10". Passage:-4' 6". outterend imperfect, inner end 1' 5" x 1' 11",with sill; walls ofpanels, not of slabs. Chamber:-13' 0" x 5' 7" x 5' 0". One end roundedand muchflattened, givingwidth on floorof 5' 0". Into easternwall are builttwo wroughtstones, one containingone hole and the otherone and a halfholes. Decoration:-one stonehighly ornamented, painted, and with seven k(o mari figuresdeeply cut. Objectsfound :-four mnataa.

Carved stone built into wall between entrancesof No. 18 and No. 19. Design, bird-man. Nos. 19 to 21 terminatethe line of buildingson the higherportion of the ground. The only dwellingsin this section of which the groundplan calls for remark are Nos. 19 and 19A. Here we have two structures,as withNos. 14 and 15, opening out of each other,not directly,but with a passage betweenthem of considerable length. In this case the interiorabode is moreof the natureof a cave, beingpartly excavated out of the rock. That the outer chamberwas here also an afterthought seems not improbable. It is possible,however, that it may have been deliberately constructedas a place ofhiding, a theoryto whichthe attemptto concealthe entrance wouldlend some colour. The concludinghouses, Nos. 21 and 21, are fallinginto decay. No. 19. Condition:-practically perfect. Passage 5' 0", outerend broken,inner end 1' 8" x 1' 7k",sill perfect. Chamber:-14' 0" x 4' 0" x 4'0". Constructiontypical throughout.Ends oval. Floorlevel with sill. A properlybuilt hatch 9" x 9", opensinto No. 20. Decoration:-slabs oppositedoor have been painted,almost obliterated; on roof,birds red on white,a figure8" x 4" whichmay be a mataa,and various otherdesigns. No. 19A. Cave Annexeto No. 19. Condition:-halfof slabs formingroof have fallenin, largeamount of ea-rth workedin fromabove, floorvery wet.

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Passage :-8' O",outer end 1' 8" x 2' 2",is a concealedentrance behind a slab in No. 19, the innerend opensinto the cave. Chanmber(cave) :-circular 6' 0' in diam. x 5' O" in height,hollowed out of naturalrock and walledup in places. Roofformed of flatslabs, Decoration:-lintel ofdoor behind slab coveredu ithko mari figures; opposite door a paintingon naturalslate, red outlinedin white,possibly a canoe under canvas. White,patch on ceiling. No. 20. Condition:--roof and southside threateningto fall. Passage:-about 5' 0", outerend missing,inner end 1' 9" x iiideterminate, no sill or liiltelin accurateposition. Chamber:--18' O" x 4' 10" x 5' 6". West end oval, termination2' 2" in width; east end flattened,termination 4' 1" in width. Northernwall exclusively composedof largeblocks and slabs. Hatch comrmunicatingwith No. 19 ha,san openingof 1' 6" and a length(through the wall) of 1' 10",the bottomformed by a singleslab. Imn^ediatelyiniside the doorwaya cavityhas been hollowed underthe floor and coveredwith slabs Decoration:-inorthwall manycarved ko marifigures. No otherdesign. No. 21. Condition:-a quarterof the roofat the east end is gone,entrance blocked, and wholetottering. Passage :-about -' 0" remains,outer end goile, inner end 1' 6" x 1' 7", no sill. Chamber:-20' 0" x 5' 6" x 5' 7". East end oval, on its northside a small alcove 3' 10' x 2' 1", havinga semilunarcurved roof and domed back, pillow stonein situ; west end flattened; a hole throughthe wall communicateswith No. 20. Objects found:-pillow stone, and sphagnumnfrom crater lake (used for caulkingboats). No. 22 begins the line of houses which stand at slightlylower level than the foregoing,and nearer the sea. Theycontinue in a comparativelystraight line till No. 32 is reached. The shape ofthe housesvaries considerably. No. 22 is one ofthe largestand most typicallycanoe-shaped in the village. The floorwas excavated, but nothingfound which would, it was felt,justify similar work in otherhouses. Nos. 24 and 25 are of irregularform with curious extensions, while No. 27 is oblong, not oval. Near the entranceto No. 22 are some stones carved with a bird-man and a face. No. 22. (Text-fig.3.) Large and typicalcanoe shape. Conditiongood. Passages:-two, inearlyidentical, each 6' 9", outerends framiesniissing and measurementuncertain, inner ends west 1' 8" x i' 8", east 1' 10" X 1' 5": both withsills, innler portion of both passagesflagged; in outerportions flags appear to have been removed. Chamber:-52' 0" x 5' 9" x 4' 8". (See Text-fig.3.) Size of panielssomewhat irregular. Cupboardin thewall 5' 0" fromwest passage entrance, 1' 0" x 2' 0" and 1' 8" back to front.

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Floor was excavatedby drawinga line down the centreand verycarefully scrapingthe surfaceof one-halfof it. For a depthof 2" the substancewas a brightyellow volcanic ash, homogeneouis, which had apparentlyformed a " pigaleered" floor. The uppersurface of thisfloor was undulating,having apparently sunklocally. At a depthof 1' O"the same materialwas foundnon-homogeneous, andin the shape of rough nodules. Restingon the pigaleered floor and fittedagainst the panels,but not passingunder them, were four small slabs. Charcoaldust, and piecesof charcoalthe size of a finger-nlailwere found in vervsmall quantities 10" beneaththe uppersurface of theseflagstones. Charcoal was also foundin one otherspot, a depressionin the floor,4" belowthe surroundingsurface, and mixedup withthe alluviumwhich had accumulatedin the hollow. With the exceptionof the foregoingno object suggestingaction of man was observedin cuttingthrough the floor,or in clearingthe surfaceof the floor of alluviumin. Decoration:-two panielsopposite entrance have been painted

No. 23. Condition:-very good a smallhole in roof. Passage :--outerend and part of passage blocked,inner end broken; lower halfof wall made of panels,upper half of slabs. Chamber:-21' 8" x 7' 4", the greatestheight is 5' 7", the walls at the east anidwest ends are respectively2' O" and 1' 5" in height. The ends are curved and domed. The wholeis particularlywell-built. Decoration:-on the northwall are two slabs withfaint traces of a square- riggedship painted in whiteon red background.

No. 24. Condition:-the two endsare in fairpreservation; the middleportion of the northwall and roofhave fallen. Passage:-ruined, outerend broken,inner end 1' 10" x 2' O",with sill Chamber:-total length,19' 6". Shape irregular,the entranceis not in the middleof the chamberbut at 5' 6" fromthe westend, towards the middleof the housethe northwall recedestill at about 11-6" fromthe west end the greatest widthis reached,14' 3". The heightof the wall at the west end is 2' O", at 4' O" fromthe east end the height is 4' O".

No. 25. Condition:-middle two-fourthsof roof of main part of house missing, both entrancesblocked Passages :-two ; west passage (10' O" from west end of chamber) in ruins, inner end still open but no post, lintel,or sill east passage (18' 6" fromwest end of chamber) outer end brokendown, innerend 1' 6" x 1' 6". Chamiber:-length 22' O", width (4' O' fromwest end) 7' 4". Height of dome roofat westend 3' 2". The westend is square6' 6" in width,and the north wall at thispoint is formedof a mass of basalt givinga heightof 2' 6" above the ground and a width of 5' O". At east end of chamberis an extension7' O" in length with uniformwidth of 5' O"; greatestheight 3' 4"; wall at east extremity1' 9". Decorations :-none exist.

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No. 26. (Plate IV, Fig. 2, and Plate XI, Fig. 1.) Condition:-perfect. Passage :-5' 2", outerend 1' 8" x 1' 9", innerend 2' 3" X 1' 10",with sill; paved. Chamber:-23' 4" x 6' 6" x 4' 3". Constructionnormal. East end oval; westend flattened. Decorations:-Panels ofwall painted, showing three representations of " ao,"I red on white,one bird2 red on white,one design in black,possibly a ship; onroof, birdspainted in red,black and white. No. 27. Condition:-perfect. Passage :-1' 8" only,outer end 1' 10" x 1' 8", innerend 1' 9" x 1' 4", with sill; paved. Chamber:-8' 2" x 4' 3" x 3' 9" Shape oblong,not oval, northside longer than south side, cornersconsequently not rectangular.Door at west end, not in centre. Decorations:--one slab (not oppositedoor but near it on northside, shortness of passageallowing light) inscribed with design. No. 28. Condition:-mnostof roof and portionof north wall gone. Passage :-6' 6", outer end brokendown, inner end 2' 0" x indeterminate; roofslightly concave. Chamber:-length 24' 0' ; widthat 4' 0" fromeast end = 5' 3",at 8' 0" = 6' 4", at 16' 0" = 5' 11". heightindeterminate. East end is a domewith 2' 0" radius; thewest end is flattenedwith a widthof 2' 0". The southwall is almostentirely built ofslabs, while the north and theend walls are ofpanels from which the roof springs. The remainingpart of the roofis formedof slabs of fairlyuniform size, one of whichmeasures 4' 6" x 1' 4". Decoration:-none. No. 28A. A smallhouse in thecorner between Nos. 28 and 29; brokendown, could not be entered. No. 29. Rooffallen in, couldnot be entered. Lengthabout 19' 0". No. 30. Condition:-good Passage :-6' 3", outerend 2' 10" x indeterminate,inner end 1' 9" x 1' 10', withsill. Chamber:-20' 8" x 6' 8" x 5' 6". Panels of largesize; one oppositedoor 3' 10" x 3' 5" Decoration:-on panel oppositedoor pictureof sailingship, red on white. No. 31. West side passage fallenforward, preventing entrance, otherwise apparently in faircondition.

1 Ceremonialpaddle. 2 See below," Summaryof Carvings according to Type,"Bird figure.

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No. 32. Condition:-roofand sides fallingin. Passage:-6' 1X,outer end 1' 7" x 1' 7", innerend 1' 10' X 1' 10", with sill stillin situ,which is placedinside the chamberabutting against the uprights,its two ends do not fitbetween the uprights. Wall consistsin its lowerhalf of panels,in its upperhalf of slabs. Chamber:-21' 8" x 5' 3" x 4' 9", widthof east end 3' 9", ofwest end 4' 11". The panelshave in thiscase not beenbuilt into the wall but are placedagainst it. Theyare oflarge size, one ofthe biggest is 4' 1" square; another3' 10" x 3' 5".

A break occursin the line of houses betweenNos. 32 and 35; Nos. 33 and 34 stand apart underone covering,and slightlyto the rear,further from the cliffedge than theirneighbours. The notcheson the innerdoor-post of No. 33 are of interest. No. 33. (Plate XI, Fig. 2.) C ondition:-good. Passage :-6' 6", outerend 1' 8" X 1' 7", iiner end 2' 2" x 2' 1", withsill; wall entirelyof panels,slabs only beingused to bringthem to the level; floor partlypaved. Chamber:-19' 4" x 7' 2" x 5' 8". West end oval, east end flattenedto permitof gap betweenupper portionof panels as communicationwith No. 34. Panels oppositedoor horizontal not vertical,one 4' 9" witha heightof only1' II' remainderof panels generally low, the wall beingprincipally comnposed of slabs. Decoration:--at innerend of passagethe westdoor-post shows on each side a numberof rough notches On oneside of thepost they form a continuousseries, numberingfifty-five; on theother side they are in twoseries with a breakbetween them,the upperseries numbers seven notches,the lowerseries thirteen. Each notchwas said to representa day spent,in the houseby the recorders. Tracesof painton ceiling. Small pit in frontof entrance,1' 2" x 1' 0"; depthuncertain. No. 34. Condition:-roof of passagefallen down slightly, making it too low to enter. Otherwisein goodcondition. It can be seeninto from No. 33. Decoration:-tracesof paintingon two slabs oppositethe door.

Nos. 35 to 39 finishthe houses of Orongoproper, or those to the west of the carved rocks. No. 39, whichhas unique recesseson each side the entrance,abuts on the carved rocks. No. 35. Condition:-roofbroken in at inorthend; passage partlyclosed. Passage :-indeterminate. Chamber:-22' 2" X 6' 7" x 5' 5". East end oval; west end flat with northcorner rectangular, and south cornerslightly rounded. Right of door a small recessin wall 2' 0" in lengthand 1' 0" in height. Decoration:-some drawingson roof; thesubjects could not be determined.

This content downloaded from 129.96.252.188 on Mon, 04 Jan 2016 04:03:49 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journalof theRoy.al Anthropological Institute, Vol. L, 1920, Plate III.

1.RANO KAO FROM ISLET OF MOTU NUI.

2. CRATER OF RANO KAO, ORONGO ON THE RIGHIT (SKETCH)

SUTRVEY OF VILLACOE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO. a

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1.EXCAVATION SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF BACK. OF HOUSES.

0,n,

T0;00 n~~~~~a2~f

2. PAINTED SLABS (SKETCH). 1.-Two representationsof an ao, or ceremonialpaddle. No. 26. II.-A faceadorned with paint; a Europeanship. No. 6. SURVYTb7T7OFTT VILLAGE ANDT-CAVE OCSOFOONO

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1.GEOLOGICAL SECTION SHOWING CURVED JOINTING I-N ROCK USED AS CAPSTONES OF HO USES.

2. CAPSTONES OF HOUSES IN POSITION.

SU)IVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO.

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1.END OF A HOUSE UNROOFED. No. 2.

2. ENTRANCE PASSAGE UNROOFED. NO. 12.

SURVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO a 4

This content downloaded from 129.96.252.188 on Mon, 04 Jan 2016 04:03:49 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journalof theRoyal AnthropologicalInstitute, Vol. L, 1920, Plate VI].

1. A BROKEN DOORWAY, SMALL PIT, AND CARVED STONE. NO. 7.

2. STONE CARVED WITH FACE. No. 7. 3. A SMALL PIT. NO. 7.

SURVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO.

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4~~~~~~~~

1.CENTRAL IIOUSES OF VILLAGE (SKETCH). LEFT TO RIGHT, NOS. 10, 11, 15,16, 17, 18, AND 22 (DOUBLE ENTIRANCE).

2. DOOR-rOST, FOIRMERLY A FOUNDATION STONE, CARVED WITH FACE.

SURVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO.

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l~~~~~~~4N IIA

2. STATU3E FROM ORONGO, NOW AT BRITISH MUSEUM (BACK), RING AND GIRDLE; ALSO FIGURES OF BIRD-MAN, 1 STATUF FROM ORONGO, NOW AT BRITISH SHOWING AND MUSEUM (FRONT). BIRD, ao, rapa, tko marl.

SURVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO.

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1.HOUSE N'O. 1,WHICH CONTAINED THE STATUE.

2. HOUSE NO. 18, WITH CIRCULAR STONE, PROBABLY A PEDESTAL.

SURVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO.

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1. DOORWAYS OF HOUSES NOS. 26 AND 27.

2. HOUSE NO. 33.

SURVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO. b

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1.WESTERN GROUP OF ROCKS, WESTERN ASPECT.

2. FACE, CARVED ON WESTERN ROCKS, 1' 4" x 1' 6".

SURVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO. b 2

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HOL'SES NOS. 40 TO 44, AND CARV'ED ROCKS (SKETCII).h

This content downloaded from 129.96.252.188 on Mon, 04 Jan 2016 04:03:49 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journalof theRoyal AnthropologicalInstitute, Vol. L, 1920, Plate XII1A.

1. HOUSES Nos. 40 To 43.

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4

2.~~1WETRNGOUP OES ROCS, EASTER ASEC.

SURVE OFVLAEADCREDRCSO _RNO

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1STONE, CARVED WITH THREE ]BIRD -MEN, 6' 0" X 4' 0"-WESTERN GROUP.

2. CARVINGS OF TWO IBIRD-MEN AN9D A FACE.

SURVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROOKS OF ORONGO.

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1. BIRD-MAN HOLDING EGG.

2. GEOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE CLIFF OF WHICH 3. BIRD-MAN WITH CROOKED BEAK, HEIGHT THE TOP IS THE CARVED HORIZONTAL STONES. 4' 4"; ON LEFT, HANDS HOLDING AN EGG.

SURVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO.

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1.DOOR-POST BETWEEN Nos. 41 AND 42. 2. "9FAN"1 CARVING ON STONE BETWEEN Nos. 43 AND 44.

3. PORTION OF A PILLOW STONE, CARVED WITH ko zmri FIGURES.

SURVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO.

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1. CARVINGS AT ORONGO (SKETCHES): 1. BIRD-MAN WITH FAN FIGURE. 2. BlRD-MAN WITH APPENDAGES. 3. BIRD-MAN SHOWING TWO LEGS AND TAIL. 4. Ko mari. 5. NOT KNOWN. 6. Rei-miro. 7. BIRD- MAN, DOUBLE FIGURE. 8. BIRD-MAN HOLDING EGIG.

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2. CARVINGS FROM MOTU NUI: 1. BIRD WITH JOINTED WING. 2. BIRD CALLING. SURVEY OF VILLAGE AND CARVED ROCKS OF ORONGO.

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No. 36. Condition:-exteriorof entrancebroken down; can be enteredby hole in southwall. Passage :-broken downat outerend, inner end 1' 5" x 1' 11". Chamber:-1I' 9" x 6' 0" x 5' 7"; oblongwith corners bevelled. Nichein one cornerwith length (back to front)2' 1", widthl' 10",and heightabout 1' O". Decoration:-tracesof paintingon two panelsopposite door. A copingruns about 1' O" fromexterior wall withapparent object of keeping the soil fromslipping. No. 37. Condition:-good. Passage :-6' 6", outerend imperfect,inner end 2' 0" x 2' 8",with sill; walls builtof tiles only; partlyflagged. Chamber:---12' 2" x 5' 10" x 5' 7". West end rectangularwith rounded corners; east end rectangular.Opening at east end to No. 38 betweentops of twoslabs. Decoration:-two panels oppositedoor have been painted,one bears traces ofsailing ship, other indeterminiate. Ceiling, traces of white paint. No. 38. Condition:-a holein the roof; otherwisegood. Passage :-5' 9", outerend 2' 4" x indetermninate,inner end 1' 8" x 1' 9", no sill; not flagged. In the east wall at the innerend is a small recess,back to front9", width1' 0", height7". Chamber:-10' 4" X 5' 9" x 5' 0", oblongwith rectangular ends. Openingto No. 37. Recess on east side of door,on groundlevel but partlyenclosed by a stoneacross the bottom of the entrance, back to front2' O",width 2' 3",height 1' 9". Decoration:-slabs opposite door, traces of white paint. On roofsmall birdsin white,roughly drawn. No. 39. Condition:-Middle of northwall and roofbroken down. Exteriorentrance broken. Passage:-about 5' 2", outerend missinlg,inner end width5' 4'. Chamber:-plan peculiar. Rectangularmain chamber 16' 4" x 4' 8#; in addition,on each side of the entranceare two largerecesses, concave in form, whichextend from the walls of the passageto the respectiveends of the house. Theserecesses measure at each end-that is,at theirnarrowest points-about 2' 4". Theirroofs are domed. The effectgiven is thatthe passagepenetrates the house and dividesits southernside into two parts. The finalportion of the village,that built among upstandingrocks, seems to be mostcorrectly known, not as Orongobut as Mata-ngarau.I (Text-fig.6; Plates XIII, XIIIA, Fig. 1.) The earth coveringthe rear of housesNos. 40 to 45 blendswith the edgeof the crater. Nos. 40 to 44 open on to a small courtwith a naturalpavement of irregularslabs, lengthfrom west to east 20 feet,width from north to south 16 feet. 1 Preciselywhat this term covered or conveyedis a littlevague. It is hopedto discussit on somefuture occasion. VOL. L. 2 H

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On the west and east side of the " court" are verticalrocks, varying in heightfrom some 4 feetto 8 or 10 feet. Both pavementand rocksare coveredwith carving. The south side of the courtis the edge of the sea cliff,which is here fora short distancealmost vertical. The upper part of the face has crumbledaway, with the resultthat a sectionis exposed,measuring perhaps some 8 to 10 feetin depth. Of this section,the highestpart has fracturedinto the slabs which formthe carved pavement aforesaid. The slabs tend to be concavo-convexfrom below upwards afterthe mannerof the roofingslabs. The centralrock of the sectionhas fractured into large quadrilateralcubes. The bottomsection is of similarnature to the top layer,but is rubble. At the footof the sectiona smallportion of the clifftends to be horizontal,and it is possible to walk with comfortunderneath the section. This comparativelylevel portionis said to have been used forcooking purposes.

FIG. 6.-GROUND PLAN OF HOUSES Nos. 40 TO 45, SHOWING CERTAIN MEASUREMENTS.

Nos. 40 to 44 may perhapsbe most correctlyconsidered as formingone house divided into sections,of whichthe west end of No. 40, whichis oval, and the east end of No. 44, whichis also oval, formthe respectiveterminations. No. 45 is of normal type. It was stated independentlyby morethan one native authoritythat at the great bird festivalthese houses were lived in by old men, who chantedfrom the local tablets or script. Nos. 40, 41 and 42 were, it is said, occupied by the expertsfrom Kotuu, or the westside of the island,and Nos. 43, 44 and 45 by those fromHotu Iti, or the east side of the island. No. 40. Condition:-roofless and in ruins. Entrances:-two.

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Chamber:-total length14' 0", but indicationsin westwall that this may have been dividedand formedtwo houses. Westend oval. East end has presumably beenrectangular. No. 41. Condition:-good Entrances:-two, dividedby a row of panels whichcontinue half-way into the house. Chamber:-rectangularin the shape of a fan. Length south end 3' 7", expandingtowards the north or crater side. Widthwest end 10' 7",east end 12' 0". Decoration:-on the east wall is a figurewith body of a lizardand the head and armsof a man. The door-postbetween Nos. 41 and 42 bears on the lower portionof the southside a roughlycarved face. On its west side thereare six komari and at the bottoma compositefigure of a komari with three symmetrical holeson each side. No. 42. Condition:-entranceand partof northwall brokendown. Entrance:-the wall betweenthis house and No. 41 diminishesin breadth fromnorth to southand finallyconsists of one panel only. It terminatesin the door-postaforesaid, which partially blocks the entrance. Chamber:-this is also fan-shaped,radiating from a southernbase of 1' 5" Westwall 13' 11",east wall 12' 11". Presentheight 3' 0". Decoration:-on southwall a figureshaped like a hook. Objectfound:-sphagnum. (See houseNo. 21.) No. 43. Condition:-north wall brokendown, a stone bowl (tahzeta)has been built intoit. Roofoff Passage:-5' 3'. Thewest wall between Nos. 42 and 43 is partlybroken down, but at its outerend the door-post,which is commonto bothhouses, is clearly visible. The door-postat theinner end of the passageis a smallfoundation stone fromthatched house with two holes. Chamber:-an irregularoblong, walls measuringrespectively north 8' 9", south 8' 0", west 4' 6", east 5' 7". It is dividedby panels onlyfrom No. 44; articlescould be passedthrough. A largecarved rock separates the entrancesof Nos. 43 and 44. No. 44. Condition:-perfect. Passage :-west wall 5' 0", east wall 6' 0", outerend 1' 4' x 1' 8", innerend 1' 5" x 1' 8"; paved. Outer door-postis a foundationstone from thatched house. A nicheforming a cupboardon westside ofthe passageat the innerend. Chamber:-length 12' 3"; west end rectangular,4' 7"; east end oval. Height4'. Objectsfound :-a hammer-stonein passageniche; also one in chamber. No. 45. Condition:-fair. Passage can be traced. Chamber:-oval, 15' 6" X 7' 0". At westend on southside is a recesswith oval termination,4' 7" x 4' 4". 2 H 2

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CARVINGS ON ROCKS. A fewcarved stones are scatteredthroughout the village and have been alluded to in place, but the mostremarkable are thoseon the rocksat the easternend. These carvings,in some instancesat any rate, antedate the houses betweenthem, which have been built over and conceal the figures. Whilea fewof the carvingsstand out conspicuously,most are weatheredaway in greateror less degree,and have to be carefullysought for. Manyalso can onlybe seen at certaintimes of day, or whenthe light is propitious. This rendersthe work of tabulatingthem very difficult.In all cases, therefore,the " total " numberrecorded must not be consideredas dogmatic statementsregarding the numberof which traces may remain,still less as to the numberwhich have originallyexisted.

SUMMARYOF CARVINGSAccORDING TO TYPE. 1. Bird-man. This formis the most prevalent,and representationsof it appear some 120 timeson the end rocks,Las well as some fourtimes in the earlierpart of the village. It consistsof the figureof a man in a crouchingposition with the head of a bird. It has frequentlya hooked beak and gular pouch in a mannerreminiscent of the frigate-bird.2The hands are usually held up (Plate XV, Fig. 3), and in at least three known cases hold an egg (Plates XV, 1; XVII, 1, No. 8). The figurein at least one case is seated on a humanhead or skull. In one instancea carved design extendsbelow the buttockwhich may be a tail, and a crescentsprings from the shoulder,possibly representing a wing (Plate XVII, 1, No. 2). The bird-manis always shown in profile,but in an isolated case both legs are depictedas spread out and have a possible tail between them (Plate XVII, 1, No. 3). Apart fromthe rocks of Orongoand one or more stones on IRano Kao, at the top ofthe descentto thecrater, it is believedthat the designof the bird-mancan only be found in two places on the island, at Tongarikion the south coast, and near Ahu Vaitara-kaiua on the north side.3 In both cases it was roughlycarved on horizontalrock. 2.-Bird Figure. A figureof a bird occurs some four times on the rocks, and is found inthe decorationof someof the houses; it is also seen on the back of the statue Hoa-haka- nanaia (Plate IX, Fig. 2). This bird designis always of the same generalcharacter as that foundpainted on the roofof the cannibal cave (Ana kai-tangata).4 In the I Previouslyprovisionally given as 111. 2 See H. Balfour,Folk Lore,December, 1917, and The Mysteryof Easter Island, p. 296. 3 The carvingsscattered throughout the island,of whichthere are a largenumber, have not yet been tabulated. 4 The Mysteryof Easter Island (Fig. 102).

This content downloaded from 129.96.252.188 on Mon, 04 Jan 2016 04:03:49 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions of Oronqo,Easter Island, by the Mana Expedition. 449 roughcarving, however, on back ofthe statuethe forkedtail, which is veryprominent there,and can be seen elsewhere,does not appear, possiblyfor reasons of space. The figureof a bird witha joint in the outstretchedwings, which is foundocca- sionallyin the island and also in a cave in the island of Motu Nui, is not foundat Orongo. It is illustratedfor purposes of comparison(Plate XVII, 2, No. 1).

3. Ko mari (or ko marie). Next to the bird-manthe most frequentsymbol is a small geometricaldesign said to representthe femalesex. It occurs most oftenon the horizontalrocks or " pavement." It was reportedthat women of the island, possessed of personal attractions,"fine women,"came up to thisspot to be immortalizedafter this manner by professionalartists, and that each ofthese designs represented a particularwoman. The symbolis frequentlyfound on pillowstones (Plate XVI, Fig. 3),1 and elsewhere. Total numberon rocks,49. 4. Faces. These occur 19 times on the end rocks and two or three times in the village besidesthose on door-posts. In two cases names weregiven to themby an old man knownas Kapiera. 5. Rei-miro. The breast ornamentsof women are picturedtwice. In one case one end is geometric,the other representsa face (Plate XVII, 1, No. 6). In the othercase, whichis close to it, both ends of the rei-miroare geometric,but thereis a face almost immediatelyabove it.2 6. Fan Figure. A peculiarfigure with lines radiatingfrom a centreforming a sectionof a circle. If the carving below the buttock of No. 2, Plate XVII, 1, which somewhat resemblesthe fan, is not countedbut reckonedas the tail of the bird-man,the figure in some formoccurs three times; once as forminga centreto the bird-man(Plate XVII, 1, No. 1), once on the stonebetween Nos. 43 and 44, whereit is near to but not in any sort of conjunctionwith the buttockof a bird-man(Plate XVI, Fig. 2), and once roughlyand independentlyscratched on the pavement. There are a few othercarvings not includedin the above types,but not suffi- cientlydefinite to be classified.

SUMMARYOF CARVINGSAcCORDING TO POSITION. I. WesternGroup of Rocks,between No. 39 and the horizontalstones. 1. Western aspect looking towards the main portion of the village. Total carvings,21 bird-menand two faces. The face which is most prominentwas 1 This stone is now in the possessionof Capt. A. W. F. Fuller, (to whomit was presented by Mr P. H. Edmunds.of Easter Island) who has kindlyconsented to the figureof the stone beinggiven in this paper. 2 In the rei-miroin the BritishMuseum both ends are carved as faces. TIhe Mystery,of EasterIsland (Fig. 115).

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reportedto be known as " Aringa-o-Tupa" (face of Tupa), and to represent" a man who slept in No. 39." 2. Eastern aspect looking towards the horizontalstones or pavement(Plate XIIIA, Fig. 2). The most prominentcarvings are on an upperrock on the seaward sideand consistof three bird-men in an invertedposition (Plate XIV, Fig. 1). Below this is the bird-man,and fan compositefigure and near it two birds,also a rei-miro. A largerock on the grass at a still lower level is nearlydescending into the sea it has numerouscarvings. One of the lowest rocks on the landwardside, next to the entranceto No. 40, had to be excavated and the carvingswere foundwell preserved. They consisted of two bird-menback to back with a face between (Plate XIV, Fig. 2). Total carvings,18 bird-men,3 birds,5 faces,1 rei-miro.

II. Eastern Group of Rocks, formingthe conclusion of village. 1. Western aspect looking towards the horizontalstones or pavement. The rocksof thisgroup are moredetached than those of the western. The solitarystone whichstands betweenthe entrancesto No. 43 and No. 44 has been also included. It bears several bird-men,and on the top a face said to represent" Tukihiva-a- Haumoana." At the bottomof the same stone near the entranceto No. 43 is the fan figure(Plate XVI, Fig. 2). (See above, p. 449.) A big stone (Plate XV, Fig. 3), on the east side of the entranceto No. 44, shows a large bird-man; the back of the head and figureare almost obliterated,but the hands are clear and hold an egg. Next to this last is a vertical rock,in shape resemblinga tombstonesaid to be known as " Hare-o-Viki." Its westernface is covered with a bird-manstrikingly unweathered. The marked feature of this figureis the mannerin whichthe beak has been curved,apparently to accommodate it to the space available.' A conical stone stands on the sea side among the horizontalstones of the pavement. The bird-manon it also holds an egg. Total carvings,27 bird-men,3 ko mari, 1 face, 1 fan figure. 2. Eastern face, lookingtowards narrowest part of crater rim. The rocks on this aspect are muchweathered and much carvinghas probablydisappeared. Total carvings,10 bird-men. III. NorthernGroup qf Rocks. On back side of housesNos. 40-44, and facingcrater, are two carved stoneswith a total of7 bird-menand 2 komari. Here is thebird-man with the uniqueappendages whichmay representa tail and wing(Plate XVII, Fig. 1, No. 2. See p. 448). Two other bird-menface each otherwith hands and feet united (Plate XVII, Fig. 1, No. 7). 1 In Plate XTI, Fig. 1, thisstone can be seen betweenthe stonesof the westerngroup, but is not one of them.

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IV. HortzontalStones or " Pavement" betweenhouses Nos. 40-44 and the edge of the cliff. Here the ko mari figureis most numerous,being foundall over the pavement. Near the south or seaward edge on the west side and close to the similarfigures on the west groupof rocksis a rei-mirofigure, with face at one end. (See above, p. 449, Plate XVII, Fig. 1, No. 6.) Below the edge,on a verticalface towards the sea, is the bird-manwith two extendedlegs. (See p. 448.) Thereare also two faces. On the north side the pavementopposite the entrancesto housesNos. 40-44 is lowerthan the generallevel, and had become filledwith soil and debris. Excavation, though it failed to reveal,as had been hoped, mattergiving clue to date, or of otherfirst- class interest,brought to light some comparativelyunweathered carving. Also a detached stone on whichthe bird-man,though somewhat worn, very clearly holds an egg.1 (Plate XV, Fig. 1.) Total carvingson these horizontalrocks are 44 ko man, 37 bird-men,11 faces, 1 rei-miro,1 bird and 1 fan figure; this includes 1 bird-man,and 2-faces on their seawardor verticalaspect. One or morerocks beyond the villagebear tracesof carving.

1 This stonecan be seen in Plate XIIIA, Fig. 1, removedfrom lower level and placed on pavement. It is now at the British Museum. For photographfrom a cast made by Mr. H. Balfour, see The Mysteryof Easter Island, Fig. 112.

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