DOCSLIB.ORG

Agricultural

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

PJ -A f~ "/ d- "-)" ( ~~'" q,/9~ AGRICULTURAL POL;CY ANALYSIS PROJECT, PHASE II Under contract to the Agency for Intemational Development, Bureau for Research and Development, vI/ice of Agriculture Project OffIce Hampden Square, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 600, Bethesda, MD 20814 • Telephone: (301) 913-0500 Telex: 312636 • Fax: (301) 652-3839 IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY REFORM IN AFRICA: THE CASE OF ZAMBIA I September 1993 APAPll Collaborative Research Report No. 359 Prepared for Agricultural Policy Analysis Project, Phase II (APAP II) and USAID/AFRIARTSIFARA A.I.D. Contract Nos. DAN-4084-Z·11·8034-00 and LAG-4084·C-QO·2044 Authors:. William T. Levine, AbtAssociates Inc. Charles J. D. Stathacos, Abt ASsociates Inc. Prime Contractor: Abt Auoci~ Inc., 55 Wheeler Street. Cambridge. MA 02138. (617) 492·7100 Subcontractors: Harv.rd Inltltute tor Int8m8tJoft81 Development, Harvard University, One Eliot Street, Cambridge. MA 02138 • (617) 495·9779 Food ......rch Inl'HUIe, Stanford University, Stanford, OA 94305·6084· (415) 723·0693 North C8ro1'ft8 S.... Un'VIrIlty, Department of Economics and Business, Box 7845, Raleigh, NC 27695·~645. (919) 515·3107 Abel, Daft. ElrIey, 1410 King Street, Alexandria, VA 22314· (703) 739·9090 'nl8mltlo....ScIence and Technology InItHute, 1129 20th Street. NW, Suite 800, Washington, 0.0.20036 • (202) 785·0831 , l ZAMBIA ,;• TANZANIA ;• :l.ambCen batder \, PnM1cI8I bomdaIy '\ InI8ma1on11 bcxnf8ty .. • • ClIy "'I .:I \ ZAIRE t, -''.,.... .....' ... -.' ANGOLA NORTHWESTERN :,.-' ...... ., • "1-_"--: .... "., ',... - w·' ~. '\, i • Mongu I , ~ MOZAMBIQUE ,. ,, WESTERN L_._~_~ ., ~~ , , -, ; SOUTHERN ~-.', , ... ~­, ".-. ". ZIMBABWE , J .I I ,, \- I ~ " ~ , - _.- -- NAMIBIA ..... , .- -. ..,--- -,- "".-' ~.' \ -, o 100 200 -- .... ---;. _.- -.. ., .. •; KiamII.... , r- - _.- - 1./ BOTSWANA \'. .' ;' TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS It ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ' iii 1. INTRODUCTION. .......................................... .. 1 1.1 The Analytical Framework Employed in this Study ................ .. 2 2. FROM INDEPENDENCE TO REFORM: THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT . .. 6 2.1 The Political Context of Maize Reform: 1964-1985 ................ .. 7 2.1.1 Policy Origins: The Colonial Legacy 7 2.1.2 Independence and Mter: The Foundation of the One Party State ,........... 8 2.2 The Context of Economic Policy: 1964-1985 10 2.2.1 Macroeconomic Policy ......•...•............... .".. .. 10 2.2.2 Agricultural Sector Policy ............................ .. 11 3. POLITICAL ACTORS IN ZAMBIA 12 3.1 Coalitions and Mass Political Pressure ........................ .. 12 3.2 Donor-Government Relations ................•............... 15 3.3 Political Elites ......................................... .. 17 3.4 Bureaucratic Interaction ........•.•............. .. 19 4. MAIZE MARKETING REFORM 25 4.1 Economic Crisis and Rationale for the Agricultural Reform Program ... .. 25 4.2 Agricultural Reform in Zambia 1985-1993 .• ................... .. 25 4.2.1 The 1985 IMF Structural Adjustment Program .............. .. 26 4.2.2 The UNIP Response to the December Riots 28 4.2.3 The Rise and Fall of the New Economic Reform Program (NERP). 1987·1990 29 4.2.4 1991 Victory of the MMD Party and Political Support for Maize Marketing Reforms ............•................... .. 31 4.3 The Political Economy of Agricultural Sector Reform Implementation ... 32 ~ 4.3.1 Coalitions and Mass Political Pressure for Maize Marketing Reforms. ....................................... .. 33 4.3.2 Donor-Government Relations in Implementing Maize Marketing Reforms ................................ .. 3S 4.3.3 Political Elite.s .................................... .. 36 4.3.4 Bureaucratic Interaction: The 1993 Maize Marketing Season •.•••• ·37 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 41 REFERENCES ATTACHMENTS I". LIST OF ACRONYMS AFR/ARTS/FARA Bureau for Africa/Office of Analysis, Research, and Technical Support/Division of Food, Agriculture, and Resources Analysis BOZ Bank of Zambia ANC African National Congress CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CUSA Cooperative Union Savings Association DCU District Cooperative Unions GNP Gross National Product GRZ Government of the Rep,ublic of Zanlbia IDA International Development Association IMF International Monetary Fund MAFF Ministry of Agriculture Food and Fiaheries MMD _ Movement for Multi-party Democracy MMDP Maize Market Decontrol Program NAMBOARD National Agricultural Marketing Board NCDP National Commission for Development Planning NCZ Nitrogen Chemicals of Zambia NERP New Economic Reform Program NFUfZNFU Zambia National Fanners Unions PCU Provincial Cooperative Unions REDSO/ESA Regional Economic Support OfficelEast & Southern Africa SPCMU Southern Province CooJi<:rative Marketing Union USAID U.S. Agency for International Development UNIP United National Independence Party UPP United People's Party ZAMS Zambia Agribusiness and Management Support ZAMSEED Zambia Seed Company ZATPID Zambia Agricultural Training, Planning, and Insti~utional Development Project ZCF Zambia C~operative Federation ZCCM Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines ZIMCO Zambia Industry and Mining Corporation ZR Zambia Railways, Ltd. ZTCU Zambian Conference of Trade Unions ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the support and assistance offered by USAIDlLusaka in undertaking this study. Particular thanks are due to Dr. Fred Winch, Mission Director, Dr. Will Whelan, Agricultural Officer, Dr. James Polhemus, Democracy and Governance Officer, Ms. Betty Wilkinson, Private Enterptise Specialist, and Ms. Tu-Hue Mahan, Administrative Assistant. Special thanks are also due to Dr. DavidMartella, REDSO/ESA Evaluation Office.i, and Dr. James McKenzie, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries. Two additional notes of thanks are due to Drs. David Schroder, R&D/AGR/APP APAP n Project Officer, and George Gardner AFR/ARTS/FARA, for their constant support and encouragement throughout the preparatory stages of the study. Finally, the authors would like to thank Dr. Catherine Rielly and Mr. Nick Kulibaba of Abt Associates for their comments and editorial assistance. The fmdings and conclusions are the sole responsibility of the authors. • CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Agricultural policy in Zambia, from independence in 1964 until 1985, focused upon implementing the sectoral dictates of a command economy whose characteristics included state control of marketing, price policy, and high producer and consumer subsidies. This resulted in a manifestly unsustainable economic system requiring dramatic remedial action within the nation's agricultural sector. Since 1985, agricultural policy refonn effmts have reflected the nation's policy reform experience as a whole, careening between an interventionist orientation and a professed commitment to liberalization. This study seeks to chart the course of these reform efforts as they apply to Zambia's single most important staple, maize. The study uses a political eCJnomy approach developed as part of an effort sponsored by A.I.D./AFRIARTSIFARA, entitled, "Improving the Effectiveness of Policy Reform in Africa." As such, it employs a matrix that examines maize pricing, marketing and input marketing refonn, in seeking to determine the role of coalitions and mass political pressure, donor-government interactions, the role of political elites: and the bureaucracy as they affect the sequencing of refonns. Fo.t' purposes of analysis, the agricultural policy refonn process is sequenced within this matrix (see, Figure 1.0) into three phases: initiation/adoption, implementation, and sustainability. The authors also integrate an accounting of one particular USAID/Zambia assistance effort into this study-the Maize Market Decontrol (611-0229) Program (MMDP) (as amended, September 30, 1992): USAID assumed donor leadership in the agricultural policy sector in 1991, and a knowledge of MMDP is central to any understanding of the dynamics of the maize market reform process within the last five years. This study begins with a brief presentation of the framework which undergirds this and companion studies. This is followed by an historical overview of the political, macroeconomic and agriculture sectJral context of Zambia up to 1985. It next provides a description of those politically relevant actors who have been central to agricultural policy reform. The study then addresses the reforms introduced as central to zambia's agricultural liberalization efforts-maize pricing, marketing and input marketing refonn-from 1985 to the present. It concludes with some observations regarding the major political interactions that drive the reform program, successful and unsuccessful elements ofzambia's maize marketing reform efforts, and the impact of political change upon reform. I An earlier USAID effort. the Zambia Agricultural Policy Training, Planning and Institutional Development (ZATPID), in 1990, prepared adocument, Evaluation of the Perfonnance oflambia's Maize Subsector, which laid much of the conceptual groundwork. for subsequent liberalization efforts. 1.1 The Analytical Framework Employed in this Study This study of the political economy of agricultural policy reform in zambia is part of a larger undertaking supp·orted by A.I.D.'s Africa Bureau (AFRIARTS/FARA). As pan of a comparative study of agricultural structural adjusunent reforms, it seeks to provide Missions and government analysts coping with agricultural reform, and/or designing projects and programs to undertake such reforms,
Recommended publications
  • Members of the Northern Rhodesia Legislative Council and National Assembly of Zambia, 1924-2021

    Members of the Northern Rhodesia Legislative Council and National Assembly of Zambia, 1924-2021

    NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF ZAMBIA Parliament Buildings P.O Box 31299 Lusaka www.parliament.gov.zm MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN RHODESIA LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL AND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF ZAMBIA, 1924-2021 FIRST EDITION, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................ 3 PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 5 ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 9 PART A: MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, 1924 - 1964 ............................................... 10 PRIME MINISTERS OF THE FEDERATION OF RHODESIA .......................................................... 12 GOVERNORS OF NORTHERN RHODESIA AND PRESIDING OFFICERS OF THE LEGISTRATIVE COUNCIL (LEGICO) ............................................................................................... 13 SPEAKERS OF THE LEGISTRATIVE COUNCIL (LEGICO) - 1948 TO 1964 ................................. 16 DEPUTY SPEAKERS OF THE LEGICO 1948 TO 1964 ....................................................................
  • Nationalization and the Zambian Copper Mining

    Nationalization and the Zambian Copper Mining

    NATIONALIZATION AND THE ZAMBIAN COPPER MINING INDUSTRY SIMON JOHN CUNNINGHAM Ph. D. UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH 1985 fý Ar DECLARATION I declare that this thesis has been composed by myself and is my own work. Parts of the thesis, particularly material included in Chapter 2,3,4,6 and 8, have been published previously in my work The Copper Industry in Zambia (Praeger, New York, 1981). LAýk wo.A Simon Cunningham ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis was conceived and much of the work carried out under the sponsorship of a Shell Research Fellowship that enabled me to travel to Zambia. Mr. Michael Hodd of the University of London supervised the final preparation of the manuscript. Professor J. N. Wolte and Dr. Gavin Reid gave me much support and encouragement. I am particularly grateful to Sir Ronald Prain for his constructive reading of my work and his encouragement. I would also like to thank the past and present editors of the Natural Resources Forum, Steven Hein, Bension Varon, and Keith Walton, for their support and advice. This wor k benefited greatly from discussions with Jean Vuillequez, R. H. Hobson, 0. Woolcott, W. H. Ellis, G. Brebner, A. J. Wilson and F. T. Ostrander and many company and government in Zambia. Professor Raymond Mikesell and Dr. Lewis Gann and my colleagues at the United Nations, Jozef van Brabant, Ulrich Hewer, Manuel Agosin, Shahrokk Fardoust, Mansoor Dailami and Adrzej Krassowski provided me with many helpful criticisms. Mr. Henry Chamberlain, the London archivist of the Anglo-American Corporation, allowed me to consult the company reports that were used extensively in the research.

  • There Used to Be Order Life on the Copperbelt After the Privatisation Of

    There Used To Be Order Life on the Copperbelt after the privatisation of the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines A thesis submitted for the Degree of DoctorTown of Social Anthropology Cape of Patience Ntelamo Mususa Social Anthropology Department of African and Gender Studies, UniversityAnthropology and Linguistics University of Cape Town February 2014 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Abstract The thesis examines what happened to the texture of place and the experience of life on a Zambian Copperbelt town when the state-owned mine, the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM) was privatized beginning 1997 following the implementation of structural adjustment policies that introduced free market policies and drastically reduced social welfare. The Copperbelt has long been a locus for innovative research on urbanisation in Africa. My study, unusual in the ethnographic corpus in its examination of middle-income decline, directs us to thinking of the Copperbelt not only as an extractive locale for copper whose activities are affected by the market, but also as a place where the residents’ engagement with the reality of losing jobs and struggling to earn a living after the withdrawal of mine welfare is re-texturing simultaneously both the material and social character of the place.
  • The Case of Chinese Investments in Zambia's

    The Case of Chinese Investments in Zambia's

    Regulating Foreign Direct Investments in Resource-Dependent African Countries: The case of Chinese Investments in Zambia’s Copper Mining Sector Beyongo Mukete Dynamic A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University. June 2018 © Copyright by Beyongo Mukete Dynamic 2018 All Rights Reserved 0 1 Acknowledgement I owe sincere gratitude to several people, without whom, I would never have completed this thesis. I would like to thank my supervisor, Associate Professor Jane Golley, for her time as well as the inspiration and motivation she gave me throughout this project. Jane always pushed me to do something better in the next version of my Chapters. She read all my draft Chapters thoroughly and made extensive comments. This has not only improved my research ability, but her comments have taught me to go more deeply into topics and focus on my written expression. She was immensely supportive and opened my eyes to countless essential details. I also want to thank other members of my supervisory panel who read and commented on this work, most notably Margaret O’Callaghan, Dr Graeme Smith and 2 Dr Jolyon Ford. Margaret helped me to meet several people in Zambia, and these contacts made my fieldwork a success. She also commented extensively on my Chapters and helped me to know more about Zambia. I deeply appreciate Graeme’s and Joylon’s feedback and support during the later stages of completing the thesis. I am grateful to the Australian Centre on China in the World for their support to the study. My appreciation goes to the professional and administrative staff at the Centre, especially to Jasmine Lin and Merrilyn Fitzpatrick.
  • CHIPOLOPOLO: a POLITICAL and SOCIAL HISTORY of FOOTBALL (SOCCER) in ZAMBIA, 1940S – 1994

    CHIPOLOPOLO: a POLITICAL and SOCIAL HISTORY of FOOTBALL (SOCCER) in ZAMBIA, 1940S – 1994

    CHIPOLOPOLO: A POLITICAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF FOOTBALL (SOCCER) IN ZAMBIA, 1940s – 1994 By Decius Chipande A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of History-Doctor of Philosophy 2015 ABSTRACT CHIPOLOPOLO: A POLITICAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF FOOTBALL (SOCCER) IN ZAMBIA, 1940s-1994 By Decius Chipande This dissertation explores the complex relationships between football, culture, and politics in Zambia, from the Second World War through the aftermath of the first multiparty elections of the postcolonial era. It reconstructs the rise and development of African football clubs, competitions, players, and personalities, and connects the everyday lives of ordinary people to broader shifts in colonial and postcolonial political history. The main primary sources for this study are Zambian government records, local newspapers and magaZines, and doZens of oral intervieWs and informal conversations I recorded in Zambia With former players, administrators, journalists, and fans. The research reveals how football Was used as a tool for social control and propaganda. As the economic heartland of Zambia, the Copperbelt looms large throughout this story. Beginning in the late colonial period, football boomed in this industrial region as miners and other African Wage-earning Workers quickly made the British game their own. They did so not only by acquiring sporting skills, but also by forging new loyalties and identities that nurtured, directly and indirectly, the broader anti-colonial struggle for self-determination. Football took on a nation-building function after independence in 1964. Under President Kenneth Kaunda, a former player and referee, and his UNIP ruling party, the government invested considerable economic and political capital into the Football Association of Zambia, school sport, domestic clubs, and the national team.