Study Guide Latin America

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Study Guide Latin America Week 1 Please bring your colored pencils to class this week! Latin America Middle America Mexico Central America Caribbean Islands Bahamas Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola & Puerto Rico) Lesser Antilles (smaller Caribbean Isles) South America ______________________________________________________________________________ Mental Map (2 points) Draw on back of this page Reason for name (Latin America): Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 Why Learn about Latin America? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Week 1 Assignments Map Rubric Points Map of Latin America due: All Countries Labeled 25 1. Label these features: Capital of Mexico 1 Nicely colored 5 Middle America Panama Canal Labeled 1 Mexico Mexico Physical Features 8 The Capital of Mexico Labeled Baja California Total 40 Physical Features Bodies of Water: o The river the forms the border between Mexico & the U.S. o Gulf of Mexico Mexico Plateau Mountain Ranges: o Sierra Madre Occidental o Sierra Madre Oriental Yucatan Peninsula Central America The Seven Countries that make up Central America o Belize o Honduras o Nicaragua o Guatemala o El Salvador o Costa Rica o Panama The Panama Canal Caribbean Islands Bahamas Greater Antilles o Cuba o Jamaica o Hispaniola o Puerto Rico Lesser Antilles Bodies of Water: Caribbean Sea South America The 12 countries that make up South American o Venezuela o Colombia o Ecuador o Peru o Chile o Argentina o Paraguay o Uruguay o Brazil o Guyana o Suriname o French Guiana Bodies of Water o Amazon River o Pacific Ocean o Atlantic Ocean Physical Features o Andes Mountains o Llanos o Pampas 2. After your map is labeled it’s time to color! Please neatly color each country a different color. 3. Crossword Puzzle (Middle America) 18 points Due: Climate & Vegetation of Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean Islands, and South America Text: pgs. 202-203, 208-211 (20 points) Mexico Half of Mexico lies south of the _______________________________. The driest part of Mexico is in the _______________________. Tropical rain forests thrive in this part of Mexico _________________. These types of vegetation grow at high elevations in Mexico _______________ & _____________________. Central America What area of Central America receives the most precipitation? ______________________ What type of vegetation grows in the drier areas on the Pacific Side of Central America? ______________ The Caribbean Islands What body of water keeps the Caribbean Islands warm year round? ________________________ South America Climate in the mountains of South America depends largely on _______________________. You would find the ___________ ___________________climate at the height of the Andes. The ___________________and the _______________________are used for grazing cattle. The _____________________ ____________________is an example of a hot desert; ______________________ is a cold desert. The average temperature in Brazil’s _____________ __________________ ________________ is 80° F, but it often seems much warmer because of the humidity. Putting it all together Look at the map on p. 201. What landforms do Mexico, Central America, & The Caribbean Islands have in common. How do these landforms affect the climate of these areas? What similarities do you see between the climates of South America and the rest of Latin America? Latin American Country Comparison Chart (18 pts.) Visit: http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/places/find/ Pick two Latin American countries and fill out the chart below to compare their histories, geography, and cultural elements. Country #1: Country #2: Physical Features Bodies of water Landforms (mtns., deserts, etc.) Nature Animals Vegetation History Explorers/settlers Conflicts Government Type Sports/Recreation Economy Crops/Exports Population Size Language Done early? Explore this site on Puerto Rico http://americanhistory.si.edu/vidal/map/ .

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Kinematic Reconstruction of the Caribbean Region Since the Early Jurassic

Earth-Science Reviews 138 (2014) 102–136 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Kinematic reconstruction of the Caribbean region since the Early Jurassic Lydian M. Boschman a,⁎, Douwe J.J. van Hinsbergen a, Trond H. Torsvik b,c,d, Wim Spakman a,b, James L. Pindell e,f a Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands b Center for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 24, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway c Center for Geodynamics, Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Leiv Eirikssons vei 39, 7491 Trondheim, Norway d School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa e Tectonic Analysis Ltd., Chestnut House, Duncton, West Sussex, GU28 OLH, England, UK f School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3YE, UK article info abstract Article history: The Caribbean oceanic crust was formed west of the North and South American continents, probably from Late Received 4 December 2013 Jurassic through Early Cretaceous time. Its subsequent evolution has resulted from a complex tectonic history Accepted 9 August 2014 governed by the interplay of the North American, South American and (Paleo-)Paciﬁc plates. During its entire Available online 23 August 2014 tectonic evolution, the Caribbean plate was largely surrounded by subduction and transform boundaries, and the oceanic crust has been overlain by the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP) since ~90 Ma. The consequent Keywords: absence of passive margins and measurable marine magnetic anomalies hampers a quantitative integration into GPlates Apparent Polar Wander Path the global circuit of plate motions.
Surface Currents Near the Greater and Lesser Antilles

SURFACE CURRENTS NEAR THE GREATER AND LESSER ANTILLES by C.P. DUNCAN rl, S.G. SCHLADOW1'1 and W.G. WILLIAMS SUMMARY The surface flow around the Greater and Lesser Antilles is shown to differ considerably from the widely accepted current system composed of the Caribbean Current and Antilles Current. The most prominent features deduced from dynamic topography are a flow from the north into the Caribbean near Puerto Rico and a permanent eastward-flowing counter-current in the Caribbean itself between Puerto Rico and Venezuela. Noticeably absent is the Antilles Current. A satellite-tracked buoy substantiates the slow southward flow into the Caribbean and the absence of the Antilles Current. INTRODUCTION Pilot Charts for the North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea (Defense Mapping Agency, 1968) show westerly surface currents to the North and South of Puerto Rico. The Caribbean Current is presented as an uninterrupted flow which passes through the Caribbean Sea, Yucatan Straits, Gulf of Mexico, and Florida Straits to become the Gulf Stream. It is joined off the east coast of Florida by the Antilles Current which is shown as flowing westwards along the north coast of Puerto Rico and then north-westerly along the northern edge of the Bahamas (BOISVERT, 1967). These surface currents are depicted as extensions of the North Equatorial Current and the Guyana Current, and as forming part of the subtropical gyre. As might be expected in the absence of a western boundary, the flow is slow-moving, shallow and broad. This interpretation of the surface currents is also presented by WUST (1964) who employs the same set of ship’s drift observations as are used in the Pilot Charts.
By the Becreu^ 01 Uio Luterior NFS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev

NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NFS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) 0MB No. 1024-0018 FORT FREDERIK (U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS) Page 1 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service____________________________ National Register of Historic Places Registration Form l^NAMEOF PROPERTY Historic Name: FORT FREDERIK (U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS) Other Name/Site Number: FREDERIKSFORT 2. LOCATION Street & Number: S. of jet. of Mahogany Rd. and Rt. 631, N end of Frederiksted Not for publication:N/A City/Town: Frederiksted Vicinity :N/A State: US Virgin Islands County: St. Croix Code: 010 Zip Code:QQ840 3. CLASSIFICATION Ownership of Property Category of Property Private: __ Building(s): X Public-local: __ District: __ Public-State: X Site: __ Public-Federal: Structure: __ Object: __ Number of Resources within Property Contributing Noncontributing 2 __ buildings 1 sites 1 __ structures _ objects 1 Total Number of Contributing Resources Previously Listed in the National Register :_2 Name of related multiple property listing: N/A tfed a by the becreu^ 01 uio luterior NFS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 FORT FREDERIK (U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS) Page 2 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service _______________________________National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 4. STATE/FEDERAL AGENCY CERTIFICATION As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this __ nomination __ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.
2. Geophysics and the Structure of the Lesser Antilles Forearc1

2. GEOPHYSICS AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE LESSER ANTILLES FOREARC1 G. K. Westbrook, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Durham and A. Mascle and B. Biju-Duval, Institut Français du Pétrole2 ABSTRACT The Barbados Ridge complex lies east of the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc along the eastern margin of the Caribbean Plate. The complex dates in part from the Eocene, and elements of the arc system have been dated as Late Cretaceous and Late Jurassic, although most of the volcanic rocks date from the Tertiary, particularly the latter part. It is probable that the arc system was moved a considerable distance eastward with respect to North and South America during the Tertiary. The accretionary complex can be divided into zones running parallel to the arc, starting with a zone of initial accre- tion at the front of the complex where sediment is stripped from the ocean floor and the rate of deformation is greatest. This zone passes into one of stabilization where the deformation rate is generally lower, although there are localized zones of more active tectonics where the generally mildly deformed overlying blanket of sediment is significant dis- turbed. Supracomplex sedimentary basins that are locally very thick are developed in the southern part of the complex. The Barbados Ridge Uplift containing the island of Barbados lies at the western edge of the complex; between it and the volcanic arc lies a large forearc basin comprising the Tobago Trough and Lesser Antilles Trough. There are major longitudinal variations in the complex that are broadly related to the northward decrease in sedi- ment thickness away from terrigenous sources in South America and that are locally controlled by ridges in the oceanic igneous crust passing beneath the complex.
Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: Implications for Cenozoic Biogeography

PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE CARIBBEAN REGION: IMPLICATIONS FOR CENOZOIC BIOGEOGRAPHY MANUEL A. ITURRALDE-VINENT Research Associate, Department of Mammalogy American Museum of Natural History Curator, Geology and Paleontology Group Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Obispo #61, Plaza de Armas, CH-10100, Cuba R.D.E. MA~PHEE Chairman and Curator, Department of Mammalogy American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 238, 95 pages, 22 figures, 2 appendices Issued April 28, 1999 Price: $10.60 a copy Copyright O American Museum of Natural History 1999 ISSN 0003-0090 CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................... 3 Resumen ....................................................................... 4 Resumo ........................................................................ 5 Introduction .................................................................... 6 Acknowledgments ............................................................ 8 Abbreviations ................................................................ 9 Statement of Problem and Methods ............................................... 9 Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: Evidence and Analysis .................. 18 Early Middle Jurassic to Late Eocene Paleogeography .......................... 18 Latest Eocene to Middle Miocene Paleogeography .............................. 27 Eocene-Oligocene Transition (35±33 Ma) .................................... 27 Late Oligocene (27±25 Ma) ...............................................
Thematic Report for the Insular Caribbean Sub-Region

CLME-TT/3 Prov Barbados, February 2007 Original: English THEMATIC REPORT FOR THE INSULAR CARIBBEAN SUB-REGION A discussion paper for the CLME Synthesis Workshop by Sherry Heileman, Ph.D. CLME Project Implementation Unit Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES) University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus, Barbados February 2007 Insular Caribbean - CLME Thematic report CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 2. THE INSULAR CARIBBEAN .......................................................................................................... 1 Geography and oceanography ................................................................................................................... 1 Ecological features..................................................................................................................................... 3 Socio-economic background...................................................................................................................... 5 2.4 Environmental and socio-economic vulnerability of SIDS ................................................................. 6 3. PRIORITY TRANSBOUNDARY PROBLEMS.............................................................................. 7 3.1 Unsustainable exploitation of living marine resources ........................................................................ 8 3.1.1 Description of the problem and justification
Active Structures in the Barbados Accretionary Wedge of the Lesser Antilles Subduction: Implications for Slip Partitioning

EGU2020-10732 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-10732 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Main active structures in the Barbados accretionary wedge of the Lesser Antilles Subduction: implications for slip partitioning Gaëlle Bénâtre1, Nathalie Feuillet1, Hélène Carton1, Eric Jacques1, and Thibaud Pichot2 1Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS UMR7154, Paris, F-75005, France ([email protected]) 2Beicip-Franlab, Rueil-Malmaison, France At the Lesser Antilles Subduction Zone (LASZ), the American plates subduct under the Caribbean plate at a slow rate of ~2 cm/yr. No major subduction megathrust earthquakes have occurred in the area since the 1839 and 1843 historical events, and the LASZ is typically considered weakly coupled. At the front of the LASZ, the Barbados accretionary wedge (BAW) is one of the largest accretionary wedges in the world. The width of the BAW decreases northward, owing to the increasing distance to the sediment source (Orinoco river) and the presence of several aseismic oceanic ridges, in particular the Tiburon ridge, that stops sediment progression. Marine geophysical studies conducted to date over the northern part of the BAW (Guadeloupe-Martinique sector) have mostly focused on resolving the geometry of the backstop. However, the structure of the wedge and the mechanical behavior of the subduction interface remain poorly known. Our study aims to describe the geometry of the BAW by a detailed morpho-tectonic analysis in order to place constraints on present and past dynamic interactions between the subducting and overriding plates.
Colonisation of the Antilles by South American Fauna: Giant Sunken Islands As a Passageway?

NATIONAL PRESS RELEASE – PARIS – 18 MAY 2021 Colonisation of the Antilles by South American fauna: giant sunken islands as a passageway? Fossils of land animals from South America have been found in the Antilles. The appearance/disappearance of archipelagos is due to tectonic plate movements and glacial- interglacial cycles. Archipelagos have emerged and sunk in a cyclic manner for millions of years, favouring the displacement of the Antilles. Fossils of land animals from South America have been found in the Antilles, but how did these animals get there? According to scientists from the CNRS, l’Université des Antilles, l’Université de Montpellier and d’Université Côte d’Azur, land emerged in this region and then disappeared beneath the waves for millions of years, explaining how some species were able to migrate to the Antilles. This study will be published in June 2021 issue in Earth-Science Reviews. Fossils of land animals from the Antilles, including mammals and amphibians, have their closest relatives in South America. The crossing of the Caribbean Sea from South America was therefore possible, but how? As swimming across the continent must be ruled out, given that several hundred kilometres separate the South American continent from the Antilles, the dispersal of this fauna has been attributed either to natural rafts coming out of the continent's flooded rivers, or to the existence of land bridges that are now submerged. A scientific project involving geologists, palaeontologists and geophysicists1 is now solving some of the mysteries related to these terrestrial species in the Antilles. The researchers have reconstructed the geography of the northern Lesser Antilles over the last 40 million years and have shown that the movements of the tectonic plates at the junction between the Lesser Antilles, the Greater Antilles and the Aves Ridge (an underwater mountain), have several times given birth to archipelagos and islands quite close to each other, which were then swallowed up in the course of time.
Shipwrecks of St. John: ECU Investigations of Submerged Cultural Resources in the U.S

Research Report No. 16 Shipwrecks of St. John: ECU Investigations of Submerged Cultural Resources in the U.S. Virgin Islands National Park, 2002 Bradley A. Rodgers, Frank Cantelas, Nathan Richards, Annalies Corbin, Erica Seltzer, Andrew Pietruszka, Keith Meverden, Sami Seeb, and Andrew Weir Program in Maritime Studies East Carolina University Greenville, North Carolina Primary Investigators: Bradley A. Rodgers, Annalies Corbin, and Frank J. Cantelas 2006 Research Report No. 16 Shipwrecks of St. John: ECU Investigations of Submerged Cultural Resources in the U.S. Virgin Islands National Park, 2002 Bradley A. Rodgers, Frank Cantelas, Nathan Richards, Annalies Corbin, Erica Seltzer, Andrew Pietruszka, Keith Meverden, Sami Seeb, and Andrew Weir © 2006 by the Program in Maritime Studies, East Carolina University, Admiral Ernest M. Eller House, Greenville, North Carolina 27858. Nathan Richards, series editor. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 0-9741937-7-1 (Volume 16) Cover: Heather White and Andy Weir working on the Leinster Bay site, 2002. Contents Contents . iii Illustrations . v Tables . viii Abstract . ix Acknowledgements . ix 1. Introduction . 1 2. Project Location and Environment . 3 3. Historical Background. 9 4. Previous Maritime Archaeological Investigations in the U.S.V.I. 27 5. Methodology . 33 6. Description of Findings . 39 7. Conclusion . 87 References Cited. 91 iii Illustrations Figure 1. Location of the U.S. Virgin Islands. (Program in Maritime Studies, 2002) . 4 Figure 2. Map of Coral Bay Harbor, by Anders So/rensen Diinsen, 1720 (Low and Valls 1985: frontispiece) . 10 Figure 3. Undated French naval chart of Coral Bay (believed to be pre 1789) (Low and Valls 1985: 9).
The Application of GIS to the Reconstruction of the Slave-Plantation Economy of St

The Application of GIS to the Reconstruction of the Slave-Plantation Economy of St. Croix, Danish West Indies Daniel Hopkins, Philip Morgan, and Justin Roberts he project of developing a historical-geographical understanding of slavery and the economic and social systems that supported it requires the exploration of primary data sources that have otherwise notT received significant attention. This paper focuses on a remarkable se- ries of maps, cadastral records, and censuses of the island of St. Croix, in the Danish West Indies (now the United States Virgin Islands) which provide uniquely rich materials for the analysis of the workings of an eighteenth-century slave-plantation society. These Danish records are so susceptible to demographic, economic, and cultural analysis, and the information they convey can be so precisely placed within the mapped physical realities of the landscapes of St. Croix, that they may represent a be nchmark for studies of the geography of New World plantation society in general. Atlantic slavery dominated huge agricultural areas, and its profits permeated the European, African, and American economies, to say noth- ing of its cultural implications,1 and research on this tremendously impor- tant subject has proliferated enormously. Most of this work has been published by historians,2 but the dividing line between history—and es- pecially economic history—and geography can of course not be very sharply drawn in the case of the slave-plantation system. Some very solid historical geography of plantation slavery in the Caribbean has been writ- ten, but the field remains quite open.3 The source material is widely scat- tered and by no means uniform or easy to handle, and a great deal of the fundamental record of the geography of slavery doubtless remains to be re- constructed and interpreted.
Preliminary Geologic Map of the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands

Preliminary Geologic Map of the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands By Frederic H. Wilson, Greta Orris, and Floyd Gray Pamphlet to accompany Open-File Report 2019–1036 2019 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2019 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Wilson, F.H., Orris, G., and Gray, F., 2019, Preliminary geologic map of the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1036, pamphlet 50 p., 2 sheets, scales 1:2,500,000 and 1:300,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191036. ISSN 2331-1258 (online) Contents Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 Geologic Summary.........................................................................................................................................1
Christiansted National Historic Site AND/OR HISTORIC: Wharf Area, Christiansted

3- Form 10-306 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (Oct. 1972) NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES St. Croix INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM FOR NPS USE ONLY FOR FEDERAL PROPERTIES ENTRY DATE (Type all entries - complete applicable sections) COMMON: Christiansted National Historic Site AND/OR HISTORIC: Wharf Area, Christiansted STREET AND NUMBER: Christiansted National Historic Site CITY OR TOWN: ___Christiansted. St. Croix STATE: CODE Virgin Islands 078 CATEGORY OWNERSHIP STATUS ACCESSIBLE (Check One) TO THE PUBLIC District Q Building (31 Public Public Acquisition: Occupied Yes: Sit* Q Structure Q Private Q In Process f~1 Unoccupied O Restricted 0 Object Cl Both ( I Being Considered (~1 Preservation work 2] Unrestricted In progress QNo PRESENT USE (Check One or Man a* Appropriate; O Agricultural Government I I Transportation Q Comments [ | Commercial Industrial [~1 Private Residence Q Other (Spicily) C] Educational ilitary [~) Religious |~1 Entertainment X I Museum I I Scientific National Park Service REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS: (II applicable) STRBET AND NUMBER: Southeast Region 1895 Phoenix Boulevard CITY ON TOWN: STATE: COD* M Atlanta Georgia 30349 13 COURTHOUSE. REGISTRY OF DEEDS, ETC: Registry of Deeds, Government House STREET AND NUMBER! King Street CITY OR TOWN: Christiansted, St. Croix Virgin Islands 078 TITLE OF SURVEY:: Fort Christiansvaern, Scale House, Steeple Building, Old Customs House, Histnrir American *--- - -- - *» DATE OF SURVEY, 1957-1Q61 QJ Federal County O Local DEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS: